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Rachel Garson'sSifent Sprlng.( 6A

oday, most people in the UnitedStates know chemical pesticides

can be dangerous to the environ-ment. The Environme ntal Protection

Agenry FPA), a government organiza-tion, regulates the use of these substances.

But 50 years ago,people were not aware ofthe risks of pesticides. They knew only thatpesticides killed insects, and they thought thatwas good.

In L962, a scientist named Rachel Carsonpublished a book called, Silent Sping.Thatbook changed the way people think about pes-ticides and the environment. Despite its quiet

title, the book had apowerful effect.

Two LovesAs a child, RachelCarson had two loves:writing and natuue.At age 10, she pub-lished a story in achildren's magazinaRachel was also fasci-natedby birds.

Rachel Garson was a writerand a scientist.

Rachel Carsonloved the oceanIn college, she studied writing. and a1 of

But a course in biolog reawak- nature.

ened her interest in the natural world.carson earned a master's degree in zoolory.

After graduation, she wrote science articlesfor a newspaper she continued her studiesatthe woods Hole oceanographic Institutein Massachusetts. she became enchantedwith the sea.

A Career in Science BeginsIn the meantime, she needed to find a full-time job. In 1935, the U.S. Bureau ofFisheries needed a scientist to write scriptsfor radio. carson got the iob. A yeau. later,she was promoted. she became a junioraquatic biologist. Few women worked for thegovernment in those days. There were evenfewer women scientists.

To add to her incoffi€, carson continued towrite newspaper articles. Her reputation wasspreading. she got contracts to write books.The first two, (lnder the sea wind (lg4l) andThe sea Around us (lgsr), were very suc-cessful. she eventually left her job to becomea full-time writer.

t

Taking a StandCarson's fame gave her a chance to speak outabout issues that she cared about. One issuewas the use of new, synthetic (humanmade)chemical pesticides. The government hadbeen testing the pesticides in Maryland, notfar from Carson's home. She wrote an articleabout the dangers of these chemicals andsubmitted it for publication. No onewas interested.

But Carson was determined. "The more Ilearned about the use of pesticides," she said,"fr:te more appalled t became. . . . I realued thathere was the material for a book. What I discov-ered was tlnteverythingwhich meant most tome as a naturalist was being threatened, and thatnothing I could do would be more impor|ant."

The Evidence Piles UpThe evidence she would need to frII thatbookbegan to accumulate. Then one day, Carson gota leffer from afriend, ilga Owens Huckins.

Huckins was in a bird sanctuary outsideBoston when a low-flying airplane crossedoverhead. It was spraying DDT a pesticideused to kill mosquitoes. Soon after, Huckinssaw etght dead birds in the sanctuary. TheDDT was evidently killing more thanmosquitoes!

Huckins wToteto Carson, whohad always loved birds. Couldshe help stop the spraying?

By this time, reports aboutthe dangers of pesticides werepopping up in other places

throughout the country where these substanceswere being used. Carson knew that most maga-zines would not want to publish an articleabout DDT. It was too controversial. After all,most farmers thought DDT was wonderful. lt.killed pests and increased their haryests. Carsondecided to put away her other assignments. Shewould write a book about pesticides.

She had many questions: What did DDT dobesides kiII mosquitoes? What happenedwhen the chemicals washed into streams andlakes? What did DDT do to people who atefood sprayed with it? She asked the opinionsof biologists, naturalists, and other scientists.

Silent Sping was published in 1962. Itappeared frrst as a series of articles in IheNau Yorker magazine. The book had a grimconclusion: If people continued to use man-made pesticides, they would poison the planet.

The book drew a strong readion. Carson wasthreatened with lawsuits. Some people ques-tioned her research methods.

A year late\ President fohn E, Kennedy set upa commiffee to study environmental hazards. Itsreport agteed with Carson's frndings. Hearingson pesticides began in the tI.S. Congress. TheEPA was established.

Carson did not live to see all these changes.She died in L964. But she would have been

pleased. More than 40 years after itspublication, Silent Sping is consid-ered the foundation of environmen-tal awareness in the 20th century. I

ECOSYSTEMS O STC BOOKSRachel Garson

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