50 aedg-smo freedownload 04282011

Advanced Energy Design Guidefor Small to Medium Office Buildings

Achieving 50% Energy Savings Toward a Net Zero Energy Building

Advanced Energy D

esign Guide for Sm

all to Medium

Office B

uildings

Developed by:American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning EngineersThe American Institute of ArchitectsIlluminating Engineering Society of North AmericaU.S. Green Building CouncilU.S. Department of Energy

50%50%

Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small to Medium Office Buildings

This Guide was prepared under ASHRAE Special Project 133.

Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small to Medium Office Buildings is the first in a series designed to provide recommendations for achieving 50% energy savings over the minimum code requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004. The energy savings target of 50% is the next step toward achieving a net zero energy building, which is defined as a building that, on an annual basis, draws from outside resources equal or less energy than it provides using on-site renewable energy sources. ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004 provides the fixed reference point and serves as a consistent baseline and scale for all of the 50% Advanced Energy Design Guides.

This Guide focuses on small to medium office buildings up to 100,000 ft2. Office buildings include a wide range of office types and related activities such as administrative, professional, government, bank or other financial services, and medical offices without medical diagnostic equipment. These facilities typically include all or some of the following space types: open plan and private offices, conference and meeting spaces, corridors and transition areas, lounge and recreation areas, lobbies, active storage areas, restrooms, mechanical and electrical rooms, stairways, and other spaces. This Guide does not cover specialty spaces such as data centers, which are more typical in large office buildings.

The specific energy-saving recommendations in this Guide are summarized in a single table for each climate zone and will allow contractors, consulting engineers, architects, and designers to easily achieve advanced levels of energy savings without detailed energy modeling or analyses.

In addition, this Guide provides a greater emphasis on integrated design as a necessary component in achieving 50% energy savings and devotes an entire chapter to integrated-design strategies that can be used by teams who do not wish to follow the specific energy-saving recommendations.

Those looking for help in implementing the climate-specific recommendations of this Guide will find an expanded section of tips and approaches in the How to Implement Recommendations chapter. These tips are cross-referenced with the recommendation tables. The chapter also includes additional bonus recommendations that identify opportunities to incorporate greater energy savings into the design of the building.

Case studies and technical examples are sprinkled throughout the Guide to illustrate the recommendations and to demonstrate the technologies in real-world applications.

For more information on the entire Advanced Energy Design Guide series, please visit www.ashrae.org/aedg.

9 781936 504053

ISBN: 978-1-936504-05-3

Product Code: 90383 4/11

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Posted originally, 4/28/11

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2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.Advanced Energy Design Guide

forSmall to MediumOffice Buildings

This is an ASHRAE Design Guide. Design Guides are developed underASHRAEs Special Publication procedures and are not consensus docu-ments. This document is an application manual that provides voluntary rec-ommendations for consideration in achieving greater levels of energy savingsrelative to minimum standards.

2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org).

For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.

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2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.This publication was prepared under the auspices of ASHRAE Special Project 133.

PROJECT COMMITTEE

Bing LiuChair

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Merle McBrideVice-Chair

Owens Corning

Don ColliverSteering Committee Ex Officio

University of Kentucky

Daniel NallAIA/USGBC Representative

WSP Flack + Kurtz

Erin McConaheyMember at Large

Arup

Mick SchwedlerASHRAE Representative

Trane, a division of Ingersoll Rand

Brian ThorntonAnalysis Support


Michael LaneIES RepresentativeLighting Design Lab

Weimin WangAnalysis Support


Mathew TanteriIES RepresentativeTanteri + Associates

Lilas PrattStaff LiaisonASHRAE

STEERING COMMITTEE

Don ColliverChair

Bill Worthen AIA Representative

Jerome LamDOE Representative

Rita HarroldIES Representative

Mick SchwedlerASHRAE SSPC 90.1 Liaison

Brendan OwensUSGBC Representative

Adrienne ThomleASHRAE TC 7.6 Liaison

Tom WatsonASHRAE Representative

Lilas PrattASHRAE Staff Liaison

Anyupdates/errata to this publicationwill be posted on theASHRAEWebsite atwww.ashrae.org/publicationupdates.



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2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.Advanced Energy Design Guide

forSmall to MediumOffice Buildings

Achieving 50% Energy Savings Toward a Net Zero Energy Building

American Society of Heat ing, Refr igerat ing and Air-Condi t ioning Engineers

The American Inst i tu te of Archi tects

I l luminat ing Engineer ing Society of North Amer ica

U.S. Green Bui ld ing Counci l

U.S. Department of Energy



ISBN 978-1-936504-05-3

AduofAthTh

Nbrstou

AdSo I SStlev I 1.Co T 7

01_Front.fm Page iv Monday, April 25, 2011 10:06 AM

2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission. 2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigeratingand Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.

1791 Tullie Circle, N.E.Atlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.org

All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Printed on 10% post-consumer waste using soy-based inks.

Cover design and illustrations by Emily Luce, Designer.Cover photographs courtesy of ASHRAE and Michael Lane.

SHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims anyty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty bySHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information ine publication is free of errors, and ASHRAE does not necessarily agree with any statement or opinion in this publication.e entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.

o part of this book may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may quoteief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit; nor may any part of this book be reproduced,ored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwith-t permission in writing from ASHRAE. Requests for permission should be submitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

vanced energy design guide for small to medium office buildings : achieving 50% energy savings toward a net zero energy building / American ciety of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers ... [et al.]. p. cm.ncludes bibliographical references.ummary: "Designed to provide recommendations for achieving 50% energy savings over the minimum code requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA andard 90.1-2004 for small to medium office buildings; allows contractors, consulting engineers, architects, and designers to easily achieve advanced els of energy savings without having to resort to detailed calculations or analyses"--Provided by publisher.SBN 978-1-936504-05-3 (softcover : alk. paper) Office buildings--Energy conservation. 2. Office buildings--Design and construction. I. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-nditioning Engineers. J163.5.O35A38 201125'.0472--dc22

2011006680

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SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS

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Ackn

Abbr

Forew

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02_TOC.fm Page v Wednesday, April 27, 2011 10:00 AM

2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.owledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

eviations and Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

ord: A Message for Building Owners and Developers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

hapter 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Goal of this Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2How to Use this Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Energy Modeling Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Achieving 50% Energy Savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

hapter 2 Integrated Design Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

ntentsPrinciples of Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Using IPD to Maximize Energy Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Details by Project Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

hapter 3 Integrated Design Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Overview of Design Influences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Building and Site Design Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Climate Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Building Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.

vi | Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small to Medium Office Buildings

Plug Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Service Water Heating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

C

C

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2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.HVAC Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41HVAC Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Quality Assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Multidisciplinary Coordination for Energy Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Multidisciplinary Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Use of Energy Modeling as Design Guidance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

hapter 4 Design Strategies and Recommendations by Climate Zone . . . . . . . . . . . 71Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Climate-Related Design Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Hot, Humid Climates (Miami, Houston, Atlanta) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Hot, Dry Climates (Phoenix, Los Angeles, Las Vegas) . . . . . . . . . . 73Mild, Humid Climates (Baltimore) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Mild, Dry Climates (Albuquerque) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Marine Climates (San Francisco, Seattle) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Cold, Dry Climates (Denver, Helena) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Cold Climates (Chicago, Minneapolis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Climate Zone Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Zone 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Zone 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Zone 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Zone 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Zone 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Zone 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Zone 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Zone 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

hapter 5 How to Implement Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Opaque Envelope Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Vertical Fenestration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Window Design Guidelines for Thermal Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . 122Window Design Guidelines for Daylighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Daylighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127General Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139



Contents | vii

Electric Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Interior Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Ap

Ap

Ap

Ap

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2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.Exterior Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

References and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Plug Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

Equipment and Control Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155


Service Water Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

General Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

HVAC Systems and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

HVAC System Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

HVAC System Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170


Quality Assurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186


Additional Bonus Savings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

DaylightingToplighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Natural Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Renewable Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

pendix A Envelope Thermal Performance Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

pendix B International Climatic Zone Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

pendix C Commissioning Information and Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Commissioning Scope of Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Deliverables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Commissioning Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

pendix D Early-Phase Energy Balancing Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Perimeter Zone Optimization Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216



Chapter 2 Using Psychrometric Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Chapter 3 Building Orientation Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

External Shading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Additional Benefits of Daylighting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Radiant Floor System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

CMTA Office BuildingA Case Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

The Terry ThomasA Case Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Energy-Use Dashboards at ASHRAE Headquarters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Total Community Options Corporate HeadquartersA Case Study . . . . . . . 64

Chapter 4 Bonus Savings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Chapter 5 Daylight Zone Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Protection from Direct Solar Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Solar Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Choosing Premium T8 Ballasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

BEF-P Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2010 Occupancy Sensor Requirements. . . . . 145

Automatic Light Levels with Occupancy Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2010 Lighting Control Requirements . . . . . . 145

Recessed High-Performance Lensed Fluorescent Fixtures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Exterior Lighting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Radiant Heating/Cooling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Using Solar Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

SidebarsCase Studies and Technical Examples

02a_SidebarList.fm Page viii Wednesday, April 27, 2011 9:59 AM



Ac

03_Acknowl.fm Page ix Thursday, April 21, 2011 4:02 PM

2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small to Medium Office Buildings is the first in aseries of Advanced Energy Design Guide (AEDG) publications designed to provide designstrategies and recommendations to achieve 50% energy savings over the minimum coderequirements of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004, Energy Standard for BuildingsExcept Low-Rise Residential Buildings. This 50% AEDG series addresses building types thatrepresent major energy users in the commercial building stock. The publication of this Guide isthe result of collective efforts of many professionals who dedicatedly devoted countless hoursin writing this book.

The primary authors of this Guide were the nine members of the ASHRAE Special Project133 Committee (SP-133). The chair would like to personally thank all the members of the proj-ect committee, who worked extremely hard to pull together practical, technically sound infor-mation covering the full range of integrated designs of ultralow-energy-use office buildings.The authors brought to this project many years of experience and good practices in design,construction, commissioning, and research of office buildings to achieve significant energysavings.

knowledgmentsThe project committee met four times and held 12 conference calls in six months. Most ofthe face-to-face meetings were scheduled on weekends so the committee members could stillmeet deliverables and expectations from their daily paid jobs. Thus, the chair would also like toexpress her appreciations to the authors families for their sacrifice and support of this project.In addition, Id like to acknowledge the support from the employers of the project committeemembers, including Owens Corning, WSP Flack + Kurtz, ARUP, Lighting Design Lab, TraneCompany, Tanteri + Associates, the University of Kentucky, and Pacific Northwest NationalLaboratory (PNNL). The project would not have been possible without the financial contribu-tions of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), through the Building Technologies Program.

The project committees efforts were guided by the AEDG Steering Committee (SC),made up of members from the partner organizations: American Society of Heating, Refrigerat-ing and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), American Institute of Architects (AIA), Illu-minating Engineering Society of North America (IES), U.S. Green Building Council(USGBC), and DOE. The SC assembled an expert team of authors and defined a project scopethat kept the project committees task manageable and focused. The representatives from theseorganizations brought a collegial and constructive spirit to the task of setting policy for theGuide.


x | Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small to Medium Office Buildings

The AEDG SC convened a focus group of building owners, investors, architects, design-ers, contractors, and maintenance staff to help guide the overall concept of the document (i.e.,

03_Acknowl.fm Page x Thursday, April 21, 2011 4:02 PM

2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.the scoping document). The focus group members who provided valuable insight into theneeds of this Guide are Mark Pojar of Hines Conceptual Construction Group, Rives Taylor ofGensler, Brenda Mowara of BVM Engineering, Steve Winkel of the Preview Group, DavidOkada of Stantec, Zeina Grinnell of Beacon Capital Partners, Clark Manus of Heller ManusArchitects, Morgan Gabler of Gabler-Youngston Architectural Lighting Design, Chris Green ofAgo Studios, Tim McGinn of Cohas-Evamy, and Brian Livingston of Haselden Construction.

In addition to the voting members on the project committee, there were a number of otherindividuals who played key roles in the success of this Guide. The specific individuals and theircontributions are: Brian Thornton and Dr. Weimin Wang of PNNL for writing contributions toChapters 3 through 5 and extensive building simulation analyses and results; Lilas Pratt, MickSchwedler, and Michael Lane for serving as the gracious hosts of the meetings at their facili-ties; and Bill Worthen of AIA for his focus on Integrated Project Delivery and direct contribu-tions to Chapter 2. This Guide could not have been developed without all of their contributions.

Twenty people participated in the two peer reviews, providing more than 360 remarks thathelped to strengthen and clarify the Guide. We appreciate the considerable time they took fromtheir busy schedules to give us their thoughtful input and hope that they see the impacts of theirrecommendations in the finished product.

A huge debt of gratitude is extended to the authors of the previously published 30%AEDGs because they paved the way and defined the basic structure, content, and format of thebooks as well as the procedures for the reporting and the reviews. Following in their footstepshas provided consistency among the AEDGs in addition to being a tremendous time saver.Building upon the previous work also allowed the project committee to finish its work in a veryshort period of time.

Lilas Pratt, ASHRAE Special Projects Manager, went beyond the call of duty in managingan enormous number of documents and coordinating with all the authors with great compe-tence and efficiency. Cindy Michaels, Managing Editor of ASHRAE Special Publications, dida tremendous job in making the document into a first-class publication. Their efforts, as well asthose of many other ASHRAE staff persons, are greatly appreciated.

I am very proud of the Guide that the project committee developed and amazed at theaccomplishment in such a short time period. I hope you find this Guide provides resourcefuland practical information in guiding your energy-efficient office building design.

Bing LiuChair, Special Project 133

January 2011



Aban

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2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.100% OAS 100% outdoor air system (also dedicated outdoor air system [DOAS])AEDG-SMO Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small to Medium Office BuildingsAHRI Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration InstituteAIA American Institute of ArchitectsANSI American National Standards InstituteASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning

EngineersASTM ASTM InternationalBAS building automation systemBAU business as usualBEF ballast efficacy factorBEF-P ballast efficacy factorprimeBF ballast factorBoD Basis of DesignBtu British thermal unitC thermal conductance, Btu/hft2F

breviations d AcronymsCBECS Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption SurveyCD construction documentCDD cooling degree-dayscfm cubic feet per minuteCHW chilled waterc.i. continuous insulationCO2 carbon dioxideCOP coefficient of performance, dimensionlessCRI Color Rendering IndexCRRC Cool Roof Rating CouncilCx commissioningCxA commissioning authorityDCV demand-controlled ventilationDL Advanced Energy Design Guide code for daylightingDOAS dedicated outdoor air system (also 100% outdoor air system

[100% OAS])DOE U.S. Department of Energy


xii | Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small to Medium Office Buildings

DX direct expansionEA effective aperture

04_Abbrev&Acron.fm Page xii Thursday, April 21, 2011 4:03 PM

2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.ECM energy conservation measureEER energy efficiency ratio, Btu/WhEF energy factorEIA U.S. Energy Information AdministrationEL Advanced Energy Design Guide code for electric lightingEN Advanced Energy Design Guide code for envelopeERV energy recovery ventilatorESP external static pressureEt thermal efficiency, dimensionlessEUI energy use intensityF slab edge heat loss coefficient per foot of perimeter, Btu/hftFfc footcandleFC filled cavityFFR fenestration to floor area ratioGSHP ground-source heat pumpGuide Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small to Medium Office BuildingsHC heat capacity, Btu/(ft2F)HDD heating degree-daysHID high-intensity dischargeHSPF heating seasonal performance factor, Btu/WhHV Advanced Energy Design Guide code for HVAC systems and

equipmentHVAC heating, ventilating, and air-conditioningIAQ indoor air qualityICC International Code CouncilIEER integrated energy efficiency ratio, Btu/WhIES/IESNA Illuminating Engineering Society of North AmericaIGU insulated glazing unitin. inchin. w.c. inches of water columnIPD Integrated Project DeliveryIPLV integrated part-load value, dimensionlesskW kilowattkWh kilowatt-hourLBNL Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryLCCA life-cycle cost analysisLCD liquid crystal displayLED light-emitting diodeLEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental DesignLPD lighting power density, W/ft2

LPW lumens per wattLs liner systemLZ lighting zoneMERV Minimum Efficiency Reporting ValueN/A not applicableNEMA National Electrical Manufacturers AssociationNFRC National Fenestration Rating CouncilNV Advanced Energy Design Guide code for natural ventilationNREL National Renewable Energy LaboratoryOA outdoor airO&M operation and maintenanceOPR Owners Project Requirements



Abbreviations and Acronyms | xiii

PF projection factor, dimensionlessPL Advanced Energy Design Guide code for plug loads

04_Abbrev&Acron.fm Page xiii Thursday, April 21, 2011 4:03 PM

2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.PNNL Pacific Northwest National Laboratoryppm parts per millionPV photovoltaicQA quality assurance; Advanced Energy Design Guide code for quality

assuranceR thermal resistance, hft2F/BtuRE Advanced Energy Design Guide code for renewable energyrh relative humidityROI return on investmentSAT supply air temperatureSEER seasonal energy efficiency ratio, Btu/WhSHGC solar heat gain coefficient, dimensionlessSRI Solar Reflectance Index, dimensionlessSWH service water heatingTAB test and balanceU thermal transmittance, Btu/hft2FUSGBC U.S. Green Building CouncilVAV variable air volumeVFD variable-frequency driveVRV variable refrigerant volumeVSD variable-speed driveVT visible transmittanceW wattWH Advanced Energy Design Guide code for service water heatingWSHP water-source heat pumpWWR window-to-wall ratio



04_Abbrev&Acron.fm Page xiv Thursday, April 21, 2011 4:03 PM



FoA Ow

05_Foreword.fm Page xv Thursday, April 21, 2011 4:03 PM

2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small to Medium Office Buildings is the first in aseries of Advanced Energy Design Guide (AEDG) publications designed to provide recom-mendations to achieve 50% energy savings when compared with the minimum code require-ments of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004, Energy Standard for Buildings ExceptLow-Rise Residential Buildings (ASHRAE 2004). This guide applies to small to medium sizeoffice buildings with gross floor areas up to 100,000 ft2.

Use of this Guide can help in the design of new office buildings and major renovations thatconsume substantially less energy compared to the minimum code-compliant design, resultingin lower operating costs. Also important, through use of an integrated design process, anenergy-efficient building offers a great possibility to enhance the working environment, includ-ing indoor air quality, thermal comfort, and natural lighting. Studies show an enhanced work-ing environment can increase worker productivity, improve staff retention, increase corporatebrand awareness, have significant rental and sales prices premiums, and may contributedirectly to corporate social responsibility through reduced greenhouse gas emissions (RMI1994; Costar 2008).

The ability for a project to achieve and maintain 50% energy use reduction in any climate

reword: Message for Building ners and Developersand on any site requires more effort than project design team agreement on any specific set ofbuilding energy systems. Fundamental building program requirements by the owner need to beconsidered prior to making even basic architectural design decisions. Considerations includethe nature of project team contracts; a basic understanding of climate, site requirements, driv-ers for building orientation, and massing; and project budget/cost assumptions of the buildingowner and/or their designated construction manager. The project team should also set a goal toallow for ongoing maintenance and replacement of critical systems to ensure the enduring per-formance of the overall building design.

One of the goals of this Guide is to provide useful information about energy-efficient sys-tem design and how the performance of these systems relates to decisions made by the owner,from site selection, initial project budget, request for proposal language, and Owners ProjectRequirements to many of the building design decisions made very early in concept designs.There is also a direct relation of the skills and understanding of individual design team mem-bers as well as their awareness of concepts included in this guide and their ability to work col-laboratively, share risk, and have sufficient time and fees to achieve 50% energy use reduction.It is also worth noting here that whatever time and effort is spent by the projects design teamto achieve this level of efficiency has a high risk of being negated or lost if the buildings oper-


xvi | Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small to Medium Office Buildings

ation and maintenance staff is not provided with the tools, education, information, and deci-sions made during the initial design process, including the assumptions made concerning

ENHA

LOWE

REDU

05_Foreword.fm Page xvi Thursday, April 21, 2011 4:03 PM

2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.equipment, maintenance, calibration, and replacement of critical building systems. Ultimately,the design team has no control of the life and use of the building by its occupants beyondthe scope of their contract for services.

This Guide presents a broad range of subject matter, including broad concepts such as theintegrated design process, multidisciplinary design strategies, and design tips and good prac-tices on specific energy systems, while the focus of this Guide, especially the later chapters, ison building and system details that can help achieve the desired results.

NCED WORKING ENVIRONMENTS

Healthier working environments include favorable lighting, acceptable sound levels, andthermal comfort and are affected by many energy-efficiency measures. An increasing numberof surveys and studies show that natural light, proper ventilation, appropriate temperature andhumidity ranges, or even localized controls lead to healthier environments, increasing officeworker productivity (Miller et al. 2009).

Daylighting, which uses natural light to produce high-quality, glare-free lighting, canimprove office worker performance by as much as 25% (HMG 2003). Because it requires littleor no electrical lighting, daylighting is also a key strategy for achieving energy savings. Qualitylighting systems include a combination of daylighting and energy-efficient electric lightingsystems. These complement each other by reducing visual strain and providing better lightingquality.

Advanced energy-efficient heating and cooling systems can produce quieter, more com-fortable, and more productive spaces. Healthy indoor environments can increase employee pro-ductivity, according to an increasing number of case studies (Miller et al. 2009). Becauseworkers are by far the largest expense for most companies (for offices, salaries are 72 timeshigher than energy costs, and they account for 92% of the life-cycle cost of a building), this hasa tremendous effect on overall costs.

R CONSTRUCTION COSTS/FASTER PAYBACK

Through use of an integrated design process and project delivery, energy-efficient officescan cost less to build than typical offices. For example, optimizing the building envelope for theclimate can substantially reduce the size of the mechanical systems. An office with strategi-cally designed glazing will have lower mechanical costs than the one withoutand will costless to build. In general, an energy-efficient office

requires less heating and cooling energy use, costs less to operate, requires fewer lighting fixtures due to more efficient lighting systems, allows for downsized heating systems due to better insulation and windows, and allows for downsized cooling systems with a properly designed daylighting system, more

efficient electric lighting, and a better envelope.

Some strategies may cost more up front, but the energy they save means they often pay forthemselves within a few years.

CED OPERATING COSTS

According to the most recent Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey(CBECS) conducted by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), offices are rankedas the largest in terms of both floor space and primary energy consumption in the commercial



Foreword: A Message for Building Owners and Developers | xvii

building sector in the United States. Offices constitute 20% of the primary energy use and rep-resent 19% of the total square footage of commercial building stock. By using energy effi-

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05_Foreword.fm Page xvii Thursday, April 21, 2011 4:03 PM

2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.ciently and lowering an offices energy bills, hundreds of thousands of dollars can be redirectedeach year into upgrading existing facilities, increasing office workers salaries, and investing inthe latest technology in office appliances and equipment. Strategic up-front investments inenergy efficiency measures provide significant long-term operating and maintenance cost sav-ings. More importantly, studies show that productivity benefits are estimated to be as much asten times the energy savings (Kats 2003).

CED GREENHOUSE GAS EMMISSIONS

According to some estimates, buildings are responsible for nearly 40% of all carbon diox-ide emissions annually in the United States. Carbon dioxide, which is produced when fossilfuel is burned, is the primary contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Office buildings can bea part of the solution when they reduce their consumption of fossil fuels for heating, cooling,and electricity. The office occupants, staff, and society will appreciate such forward-thinkingleadership.

ENCES

ASHRAE. 2004. ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004, Energy Standard for BuildingsExcept Low-Rise Residential Buildings. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerat-ing and Air-Conditioning, Inc.

CoStar. 2008. Does green pay off? Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management14(4).www.costar.com/JOSRE/doesGreenPayOff.aspx, accessed January 20, 2011.

HMG. 2003. Windows and offices: A study of office worker performance and the indoorenvironment. Fair Oaks, CA: Heschong Mahone Group. www.h-m-g.com/downloads/Daylighting/order_daylighting.htm.

Kats, G., L. Alevantis, A. Berman, E. Mills, and J. Perlman. 2003. The costs and financial ben-efits of green buildingsA report to Californias Sustainable Building Task Force.www.usgbc.org/Docs/News/News477.pdf. Sacramento: California Department ofResources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle).

Miller, N.G., D. Pogue, Q.D. Gough, and S.M. Davis. 2009. Green buildings and productivity.Journal of Sustainable Real Estate 1(1):6589. www.costar.com/josre/JournalPdfs/04-Green-Buildings-Productivity.pdf.

RMI. 1994. Greening the Building and the Bottom Line. Boulder, CO: Rocky Mountain Insti-tute. www.rmi.org/rmi/Library/D94-27_GreeningBuildingBottomLine, accessed January20, 2011.



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In

06_Chapter1.fm Page 1 Thursday, April 21, 2011 4:03 PM

2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small to Medium Office Buildings (AEDG-SMO; theGuide) provides user-friendly, how-to design guidance and efficiency recommendations forsmall to medium office buildings up to 100,000 ft2. The intended audience of this Guideincludes, but is not limited to, building owners, architects, design engineers, energy modelers,general contractors, facility managers, and building operations staff. Specially, Chapter 2 iswritten for a target audience of all design team members, whether they are design profession-als, construction experts, owner representatives, or other stakeholders. Chapters 3 through 5orient more toward design professionals to pursue sound design advice and identify interdisci-plinary opportunities for significant energy reduction. Application of the recommendations inthe Guide can be expected to result in small to medium size offices with at least 50% siteenergy reductions when compared to those same facilities designed to meet the minimum coderequirements of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004, Energy Standard for BuildingsExcept Low-Rise Residential Buildings (ASHRAE 2004a).

This Guide contains recommendations to design a low-energy-use building and is not aminimum code or standard. A voluntary guidance document, this Guide is intended to supple-ment existing codes and standards and is not intended to replace, supersede, or circumvent

troduction 1

them. The Guide provides both multidisciplinary design strategies and prescriptive designpackages to significantly reduce energy consumptions in small to medium office buildings.Even though several design packages are provided in the document, this Guide represents away, but not the only way, to build energy-efficient small to medium office buildings with 50%energy savings.

The energy savings projections of this Guide are based on site energy consumption ratherthan source energy. Site energy refers to the number of units of energy consumed on the siteand typically metered at the property line. Source energy takes into account the efficiency withwhich raw materials are converted into energy and transmitted to the site and refers to the totalamount of energy originally embodied in the raw materials. For example, it is generallyaccepted that site electrical energy is 100% efficient, but in fact it takes approximately 3 kWhof total energy to produce and deliver 1 kWh to the customer because the production and distri-bution of electrical energy is roughly 33% efficient.

This Guide was developed by a project committee that represents a diverse group of profes-sionals and practitioners. Guidance and support was provided through a collaboration of mem-bers from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers(ASHRAE), American Institute of Architects (AIA), Illuminating Engineering Society of NorthAmerica (IES), U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), and U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).


2 | Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small to Medium Office Buildings

ASHRAE and its partners have, to date, published six Advanced Energy Design Guides(AEDGs) focused on new construction in small commercial buildings (ASHRAE 2010b). The

GOAL

SCOP


2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.purpose of these six published Guides is to provide recommendations for achieving at least30% energy savings over the minimum code requirements of ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999 (ASHRAE 1999). Building types covered include small office, small retail, K-12 schools,small warehouses and self-storage buildings, highway lodging, and small hospitals and health-care facilities. The published guides are available for free download at www.ashrae.org/aedg.

OF THIS GUIDE

The AEDG-SMO strives to provide guidance and recommendations to reduce the totalenergy use in office buildings by 50% or more, on a site energy basis, using a building that com-plies with ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004 as the minimum code-compliant baseline(ASHRAE 2004a). The energy savings goal is to be achieved in each climate location ratherthan at an aggregated national average. The 50% savings is determined based on whole-buildingsite energy savings, which includes process and plug loads.

One significant difference in this Guide is the inclusion of the Integrated Project Delivery(IPD) and multidisciplinary design strategies in addition to the prescriptive recommendationsas in the previous 30% AEDGs (ASHRAE 2010b). It is very challenging to reduce energy useby half using a set of prescriptive recommendations because design solutions in a particularbuilding vary depending on climate, site, building use, local code jurisdiction requirements,and other factors. Even though this Guide is intended to provide a variety of prescriptive designpackages to offer architects and designers options, it also acknowledges that not all options willbe appropriate solutions for an individual project. The climate-specific design strategies willprovide guidance and flexibility to design professionals.

E

This Guide applies to small to medium office buildings up to 100,000 ft2 in gross floorarea. Office buildings include a wide range of office-related activities and office types, such asadministrative or professional offices, government offices, bank or other financial offices, med-ical offices without medical diagnostic equipment, and other types of offices. These facilitiestypically include all or some of the following types of space usage: open plan and privateoffice, conference meeting, corridor and transition, lounge and recreation, lobby, active stor-age, restroom, mechanical and electrical, stairway, and other spaces. This Guide does not con-sider specialty spaces such as data centers, which are more typically presented in large offices.

The primary focus of this Guide is new construction, but recommendations may be equallyapplicable to offices undergoing complete renovation and in part to many other office renova-tion, addition, remodeling, and modernization projects (including changes to one or more sys-tems in existing buildings).

Included in the Guide are recommendations for the design of the building opaque enve-lope; fenestration; lighting systems (including electrical interior and exterior lights and day-lighting); heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems; building automation andcontrols; outdoor air requirements; service water heating; and plug and process loads. Addi-tional savings recommendations are also included but are not necessary for 50% savings. Theseadditional savings recommendations are discussed in the Additional Bonus Savings sectionof Chapter 5 and provide design tips for additional daylighting (toplighting), natural ventila-tion, and renewable energy systems.

The recommendation tables in Chapter 4 do not include all the components listed inASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004. Though this Guide focuses only on the primary energysystems within a building, the underlying energy analysis assumes that all the other compo-nents and system comply with the minimum design criteria in Standard 90.1 and ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (ASHRAE 2004a,



Chapter 1Introduction | 3

2004b). Also, Chapter 3 of this Guide provides general guidance and resources in terms of con-ditions to promote health and comfort.

HOW

ENER


2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.In addition, AEDG-SMO is not intended to substitute for rating systems or references thataddress the full range of sustainability issues in office design, such as acoustics, productivity,indoor air quality, water efficiency, landscaping, and transportation, except as they relate toenergy use. Nor is it a design text. The Guide assumes good design skills and expertise in officebuilding design.

TO USE THIS GUIDE

Review Chapter 2 to understand how an IPD process is used to maximize energy effi-ciency. Checklists show how to establish and maintain the energy savings target through-out the project.

Review Chapter 3 to understand the integrated design strategies, including architecturaldesign features and energy conservation measures by climate zone. This chapter providesintegrated design strategies for design professionals to make good decisions at the projectearly design stage. This is especially important when designers have to design a uniqueproject on a specific site whose characteristics do not match the analyzed baseline buildingin shape, orientation, or glazing in the Guide.

Use Chapter 4 to review climate-specific design strategies and select specific energy sav-ing measures by climate zone. This chapter provides prescriptive packages that do notrequire modeling for energy savings. These measures also can be used to earn credits forthe Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating Sys-tem (USGBC 2011) and other building rating systems.

Use Chapter 5 to apply the energy-saving measures in Chapter 4. This chapter has sugges-tions about best design practices, how to avoid problems, and how to achieve additionalsavings with energy-efficient appliances, plug-in equipment, and other energy-savingmeasures.

Refer to the appendices for additional information: Appendix AEnvelope Thermal Performance FactorsAppendix BInternational Climatic Zone DefinitionsAppendix CCommissioning Information and ExamplesAppendix DEarly-Phase Energy Balancing Calculations

Note that this Guide is presented in Inch-Pound (I-P) units only; it is up to the individualuser to convert values to metric as required.

GY MODELING ANALYSIS

To provide a baseline and quantify the energy savings for this Guide, two office prototypi-cal buildings were developed and analyzed using hourly building simulations. These buildingmodels include a 20,000 ft2 small office and a 50,000 ft2 medium office, each of which wascarefully assembled to be representative of construction for offices of its class. Informationwas drawn from a number of sources and various office templates from around the country.

Two sets of hour-by-hour simulations were run for each prototype. The first set meets theminimum requirements of ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004 (ASHRAE 2004a), and thesecond uses the recommendations in this Guide. Each set of prototypes was simulated in eightclimate zones adopted by International Code Council (ICC) and ASHRAE in development ofthe prevailing energy codes and standards. The climate zones were further divided into moistand dry regions, represented by 16 climate locations. All materials and equipment used in thesimulations are commercially available from two or more manufacturers.

Energy savings for the recommendations vary depending on climate zones, daylightingoptions, HVAC system type, and office type but in all cases are at least 50% when compared toStandard 90.1-2004, ranging from 50% to 61%. Analysis also determined energy savings of




approximately 46% when compared to Standard 90.1-2007 and 31% when compared to Stan-dard 90.1-2010 (ASHRAE 2004a, 2007, 2010a). It is estimated that the energy savings are 55%

ACHIE


2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.using this Guide when compared to Standard 90.1-1999 (ASHRAE 1999), the baseline stan-dard of the 30% AEDG series (ASHRAE 2010b). Energy-saving analysis approaches, method-ologies, and complete results of the prototype office simulations are documented in twotechnical reports published by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL): Technical Sup-port Document: 50% Energy Savings for Small Office Buildings and Technical Support Docu-ment: 50% Energy Savings for Medium Office Buildings (Thornton et al. 2009, 2010).

VING 50% ENERGY SAVINGS

Meeting the 50% energy savings goal is challenging and requires more than doing busi-ness as usual. Here are the essentials.

1. Obtain building owner buy-in. There must be strong buy-in from the owner and the opera-tors leadership and staff. The more they know about and participate in the planning anddesign process, the better they will be able to help achieve the 50% goal after the officebecomes operational. The building owner must decide on the goals and provide the leader-ship to make the goals reality.

2. Assemble an experienced, innovative design team. Interest and experience in designingenergy-efficient buildings, innovative thinking, and the ability to work together as a teamare all critical to meeting the 50% goal. The team achieves this goal by creating a buildingthat maximizes daylighting; minimizes process, heating, and cooling loads; and has highlyefficient lighting and HVAC systems. Energy goals should be communicated in the requestfor proposal and design team selection based in part on the teams ability to meet the goals.The design team implements the goals for the owner.

3. Adopt an integrated design process. Cost-effective, energy-efficient design requires trade-offs among potential energy-saving features. This requires an integrated approach to officedesign. A highly efficient lighting system, for instance, may cost more than a conventionalone, but because it produces less heat, the buildings cooling system can often be down-sized. The greater the energy savings, the more complicated the trade-offs become and themore design team members must work together to determine the optimal mix of energy-saving features. Because many options are available, the design team will have wide lati-tude in making energy-saving trade-offs.

4. Consider a daylighting consultant. Daylighting is an important energy savings strategy toachieve the 50% energy saving goal; however, it requires good technical daylightingdesign. If the design team does not have experience with a well-balanced daylightingdesign, it may need to add a daylighting consultant.

5. Consider energy modeling. This Guide provides a few design packages to help achieveenergy savings of 50% without energy modeling, but whole-building energy modeling pro-grams can provide more flexibility to evaluate the energy-efficient measures on an individ-ual project. These simulation programs have learning curves of varying difficulty, butenergy modeling for office design is highly encouraged and is considered necessary forachieving energy savings of 50%. See DOEs Building Energy Software Tools Directory atwww.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tools_directory for links to energy modeling programs(DOE 2011). Part of the key to energy savings is using the simulations to make envelopedecisions first and then evaluating heating, cooling, and lighting systems. DevelopingHVAC load calculations is not energy modeling and is not a substitute for energy modeling.

6. Use building commissioning. Studies verify that building systems, no matter how carefullydesigned, are often improperly installed or set up and do not operate as efficiently asexpected. The 50% goal can best be achieved through building commissioning (Cx), a sys-tematic process of ensuring that all building systemsincluding envelope, lighting, andHVACperform as intended. The Cx process works because it integrates the traditionally



Chapter 1Introduction | 5

separate functions of building design; system selection; equipment start-up; system con-trol calibration; testing, adjusting and balancing; documentation; and staff training. The

REFER


2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.more comprehensive the Cx process, the greater the likelihood of energy savings. A com-missioning authority (CxA) should be appointed at the beginning of the project and workwith the design team throughout the project. Solving problems in the design phase is moreeffective and less expensive than making changes or fixes during construction. See the sec-tion Using IPD to Maximize Energy Efficiency in Chapter 2 and the section titledQuality Assurance in Chapter 5 of this Guide for more information. Appendix C alsoprovides additional Cx information and examples.

7. Train building users and operations staff. Staff training can be part of the building Cxprocess, but a plan must be in place to train staff for the life of the building to meetenergy savings goals. The buildings designers and contractors normally are not responsi-ble for the office after it becomes operational, so the building owner must establish a con-tinuous training program that helps occupants and operation and maintenance staffmaintain and operate the building for maximum energy efficiency. This training shouldinclude information about the impact of plug loads on energy use and the importance ofusing energy-efficient equipment and appliances.

8. Monitor the building. A monitoring plan is necessary to ensure that energy goals are metover the life of the building. Even simple plans, such as recording and plotting monthlyutility bills, can help ensure that the energy goals are met. Buildings that do not meet thedesign goals often have operational issues that should be corrected.

ENCES

ASHRAE. 1999. ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999, Energy Standard for BuildingsExcept Low-Rise Residential Buildings. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerat-ing and Air-Conditioning.

ASHRAE. 2004a. ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004, Energy Standard for Build-ings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. Atlanta: American Society of Heating,Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning.

ASHRAE. 2004b. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor AirQuality. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning.

ASHRAE. 2007. ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007, Energy Standard for BuildingsExcept Low-Rise Residential Buildings. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerat-ing and Air-Conditioning.

ASHRAE. 2010a. ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2010, Energy Standard for BuildingsExcept Low-Rise Residential Buildings. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerat-ing and Air-Conditioning.

ASHRAE. 2010b. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning.DOE. 2011. Building Energy Software Tools Directory. www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/

tools_directory. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy. Thornton, B.A., W. Wang, M.D. Lane, M.I. Rosenberg, and B. Liu. 2009. Technical Support

Document: 50% Energy Savings Design Technology Packages for Medium Office Build-ings, PNNL-19004. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-19004.pdf.

Thornton, B.A., W. Wang, Y. Huang, M.D. Lane, and B. Liu. 2010. Technical Support Docu-ment: 50% Energy Savings for Small Office Buildings, PNNL-19341. Richland, WA:Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-19341.pdf.

USGBC. 2011. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rat-ing System. Washington, DC: U.S. Green Building Council. www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CategoryID=19.



InDe

07_Chapter2.fm Page 7 Monday, April 25, 2011 10:10 AM

2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.Chapter 2 provides an overview of a how an Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) processworks. Successful outcomes of an integrated design process directly relate to potential heating,ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) and lighting savings. Chapter 2 is written for a targetaudience of all design team members, whether they be design professionals, constructionexperts, owner representatives, or other stakeholders. To some technical team members, thischapter may seem to focus or be biased toward architectural thinking instead of presentingspecific technical strategies for improving building system performance. This is intentional.One of the most important concepts of IPD is that some of the simplest, up-front architecturaldecisions about a buildings form, orientation, and even architectural style can have the greatestlong-term impact on HVAC or lighting efficiency. IPD encourages that the earliest design deci-sions take these issues into account through active project team discussion and collaborativedialog between all parties on a project team.

The breadth of analysis completed in support of this 50% Advanced Energy Design Guidehas shown that there is a great deal of interconnectivity necessary between the critical decisionsmade by building envelope designers, HVAC engineers, lighting designers, and owner team

tegrated sign Process 2members. Because of this finding, and in response to requests from the stakeholder memberorganizations, this design guide has specifically included this chapter as guidance on aspects ofthe IPD process. It acknowledges that collaboration and communication are key to designingholistic solutions that are necessary to achieving the Guides stated 50% target or greater.

Under traditional design processes, energy use or a buildings overall energy performanceare not typically discussed in any meaningful way by engineers, architects, and building own-ers at a conceptual design level discussion. For IPD to truly be successful at obtaining energysavings in the range of greater than 50%, this tendency needs to change. All parties need toengage in much more detailed dialog earlier in the design processusing a team approachtaking the time to understand how their portion of the work affects the greater design of thewhole project. Chapter 2 attempts to present the principles of IPD in this context.

Because some important design contributors may be nontechnical, this chapter is writ-ten in language accessible to the lay person so that everyone can understand the criticalnature of the relationships and the process of decision making to support energy-efficientdesigns. It should be noted that Chapter 3 provides much greater technical detail withregard to overall multidisciplinary design strategies that might be pursued, and Chapter 5provides how-to tips to explain the nuances of the application of particular components.



Chapter 4 provides prescriptive recommendations for critical component-level performancecriteria that should result in the target 50% energy savings. As a way to achieve the 50%

PRINC


2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.savings, the compiled lists of recommendations were obtained from an iterative energyanalysis process that fine-tuned component-level performance and its aggregating influenceon energy savings accrued from other disciplines.

IPLES OF INTEGRATED PROJECT DELIVERY (IPD)

Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) is a new concept for design and construction that uses ateam approach to project management throughout all phases of the design process.

In a traditional system, the owner, designers, consultants, and constructors work on a frag-mented basis, with success often based strictly on the profit received (to each) rather than theoverall success of the final product. In IPD, all parties involved in the development of a build-ing work together to achieve the common goal of maximizing multiple efficiencies of thebuilding by having a more collaborative design and construction process. This approach isintended to not only save money but also provide higher-performing buildings than have beenseen with the traditional approach.

The efficiency and quality of the design and construction are obtained through the follow-ing items, all of which result in reciprocal respect and trust:

Early involvement of all design and construction team members Initially agreed-upon and documented common, desired goals Avoidance of adversarial protectionism Open communication Mutual cooperation toward the shared set of goals

A key element and differentiator of the IPD process is the formation of the project team asearly in the project as possible, with team members that are committed to the success of thefinal product. Mutually agreed-upon metrics of performance, success, and corresponding com-pensation then align all project members with the fundamental goal of overall project success.This inclusiveness and buy-in then facilitate open collaboration and trust between the partici-pants, which is paramount to IPDs success.

Cooperation hinges on participants working together as an integral teameither as partic-ipants who will be involved in the entire project from beginning to end or as key supportingparticipants who are included for advice pertaining to their specific areas of expertise as neededthroughout the projects development. As stated in the American Institute of Architects (AIA)publication Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide (AIA 2007):

Through the participation of all of the project participants in the decisionmaking process, whether as a member of the decision making body or in anadvisory role, the project benefits because the process allows all project par-ticipants to bring their expertise to bear on the issue at hand.

Figures 2-1 and 2-2 illustrate the interactions in traditional design team (Figure 2-1) andintegrated design team (Figure 2-2) structures.

IPD is a method that conscientiously moves toward a more open and transparent agree-ment, focusing on mutual benefits and rewards by encouraging parties to converge on the proj-ect outcomes rather than their individual goals. Project goals must be defined and recordedearly in the project. These goals should

be defined by collaborative agreement between all key participants; be concise, so that no disagreement can arise due to individual interpretation;



Chapter 2Integrated Design Process | 9


2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.Figure 2-1 Traditional Project Design TeamAdapted from ASHRAE (2009)

Figure 2-2 Integrated Project Design TeamAdapted from ASHRAE (2009)




define congruent rewards based on individual risk (and include points that illustrate howall parties will benefit more due to the overall success of the project); and

USING


2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission. contain clauses that describe how problems are to be resolvedthat they should beresolved in the board room and not the courtroom.

At the heart of IPD is the promotion of communal discussions not only to bring multiplehigh-level expertise to bear on design but also to resolve problems or mistakes quickly and effi-ciently, avoiding finger pointing and accusations of liability. Decisions involving conflict reso-lution are handled internally by unanimous agreement from the projects decision-makingbody, avoiding the development of adversarial relationships between industry team members.Mutual benefit and trusting working relationships are IPDs driving forces toward better perfor-mance and more efficient buildings.

High-performance building design should be the focus for the future, and IPD will be thecornerstone for the evolution to more effective results in actual building performance. Addi-tional details on how to set up and deliver an integrated project can be found in AIAs Inte-grated Project Delivery: A Guide (AIA 2007). A copy of the full guide can be downloadedfrom the contract documents section of the AIA Web site at www.aia.org/contractdocs/AIAS077630.

IPD TO MAXIMIZE ENERGY EFFICIENCY

As noted previously, IPD revolves around key collaboration agreements meant to removebarriers between parties and to encourage early contributions of wisdom and experience. Whileother sources are better suited to provide guidance on the contractual and organizationalaspects, this section provides an idealized design management guidance template that describeshow to use the more open relationships to achieve high energy-efficiency goals in the buildingdesign. Figure 2-3 gives a snapshot of the key steps in each phase that help lead toward energy-efficient solutions.

Figure 2-3 Key Design Activities for Energy Efficiency



Chapter 2Integrated Design Process | 11

DETAILS BY PROJECT PHASE


2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.Project KickoffThe project kickoff meeting is the most important meeting of the entire project with

regards to establishing the Owners Project Requirements (OPR). This exercise is usually ledby the commissioning authority (CxA) and allows the owners personnel and stakeholders todefine what a successful project means for them. The requirements can cover constructioncosts, longevity, operating costs, specific characteristics, spaces required, functional aspects,specific maintenance or system preferences, frequency of use, aspirational goals, and any othercritical issues. Functional requirements would typically include the indoor environmental qual-ity aspirations such design criteria for available power density to support business processes,thermal comfort for occupants, acoustic performance of the space, lighting levels to support thenecessary work tasks, and sufficient ventilation for indoor air quality (IAQ). It is strongly rec-ommended that the traditional OPR arising from the commissioning process is further aug-mented to include the following information:

Targeted energy labels and/or energy ratingse.g., ENERGY STAR (EPA 2011), Build-ing eQ (ASHRAE 2011), Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)(USGBC 2011), or Green Globes (GBI 2011)

Payback period/return on investment thresholds used by the owner with regard to intelli-gent investment in construction upgrades

Ownership/leasing arrangements, including utility back-charging or metering A clear prioritization of the requirements into necessary for basic function, necessary

for intended function, and desired upgrades A clear prioritization of the topics within each of the categories above to guide future fund

allocation decisions A clear delineation of the hierarchy related to decision making among the owners constit-

uent parties (who may request changes, who approves expenditures) Any pre-agreed-upon funding set-asides that are meant to achieve specific goals (such as

those due to departmental contributions or a named donor) Any constraints imposed by the site, code, or planning agreements with the city, pr

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