5.1 © 2002 by prentice hall c h a p t e r 5 5 managing hardware hardware assets assets

5.5.11 © 2002 by Prentice Hall

c h a p t e r

55MANAGINGMANAGING

HARDWAREHARDWARE

ASSETSASSETS


LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES

• IDENTIFY HARDWARE COMPONENTSIDENTIFY HARDWARE COMPONENTS• DESCRIBE STORAGE, INPUT, DESCRIBE STORAGE, INPUT,

OUTPUT TECHNOLOGIESOUTPUT TECHNOLOGIES• COMPARE MAINFRAME, COMPARE MAINFRAME,

MIDRANGE, PERSONAL MIDRANGE, PERSONAL COMPUTERS, SUPER COMPUTERS, SUPER COMPUTERSCOMPUTERS

**

© 2002 by Prentice Hall


LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES• COMPARE ARRANGEMENTS OF COMPARE ARRANGEMENTS OF

COMPUTER PROCESSING: COMPUTER PROCESSING: CLIENT/SERVER, NETWORKCLIENT/SERVER, NETWORK

• ANALYZE TECHNOLOGY ANALYZE TECHNOLOGY ISSUESISSUES

**



MANAGEMENT CHALLENGESMANAGEMENT CHALLENGES

• INFRASTRUCTURE TECHNOLOGYINFRASTRUCTURE TECHNOLOGY

• SECONDARY STORAGESECONDARY STORAGE

• STORAGE INPUT & OUTPUT STORAGE INPUT & OUTPUT TECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES

• TYPES OF COMPUTERS & TYPES OF COMPUTERS & SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

• MANAGING HARDWARE MANAGING HARDWARE ASSETSASSETS

**


MANAGEMENT CHALLENGESMANAGEMENT CHALLENGES

1. CENTRALIZATION VERSUS 1. CENTRALIZATION VERSUS DECENTRALIZATION DEBATEDECENTRALIZATION DEBATE

2. MAKING WISE TECHNOLOGY 2. MAKING WISE TECHNOLOGY PURCHASING DECISIONSPURCHASING DECISIONS

**


INPUTDEVICES

SECONDARY STORAGE

PRIMARY STORAGE

COMPUTER COMPONENTSCOMPUTER COMPONENTSCPU

OUTPUT DEVICES

COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES

BUSES


• BIT:BIT: Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/NotBinary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not• BYTE:BYTE: Group of bits for one characterGroup of bits for one character

– EBCDIC- EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (8 or 9 bits per byte)Interchange Code (8 or 9 bits per byte)

– ASCII- ASCII- American Standard Code for American Standard Code for Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte)Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte)

• PARITY BIT:PARITY BIT: extra bit added to each byte to extra bit added to each byte to help detect errorshelp detect errors

**

HOW COMPUTERS REPRESENT DATAHOW COMPUTERS REPRESENT DATA


EXAMPLES OF BYTESEXAMPLES OF BYTES

C:C: 1100 0011 0 1100 0011 0 100 0011 1100 0011 1

A:A: 1100 0001 1 1100 0001 1 100 0001 0100 0001 0

T:T: 1110 0011 1 1110 0011 1 101 0100 1 101 0100 1

Note how sum for each byte is an Note how sum for each byte is an EVENEVEN number number

**

EBCDICEBCDIC ASCII ASCII (assume even-parity system)(assume even-parity system)


CPU & PRIMARY STORAGECPU & PRIMARY STORAGE

CPUCPUPRIMARYPRIMARY

STORAGESTORAGE

DATA BUSDATA BUS

ADDRESS BUSADDRESS BUS

CONTROL BUSCONTROL BUS

INPUT

DEVICES

OUTPUT

DEVICES

SECONDARY

STORAGE


CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)(CPU)

RAMRAM

PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORYPRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY

CONTROL UNITCONTROL UNITARITHMETIC/LOGICARITHMETIC/LOGIC

UNITUNIT

ROMROMCLOCKCLOCK


ALU & CONTROL UNITALU & CONTROL UNIT

• ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT:ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT: CPU CPU component performs logic and component performs logic and arithmetic operationsarithmetic operations

• CONTROL UNIT:CONTROL UNIT: CPU component CPU component controls, coordinates other parts of controls, coordinates other parts of computer systemcomputer system

**



STEPS NEEDED FOR SINGLE STEPS NEEDED FOR SINGLE INSTRUCTIONINSTRUCTION

• PCs & OLDER MACHINES:PCs & OLDER MACHINES: Microseconds Microseconds (millionth second)(millionth second)

• POWERFUL MACHINES:POWERFUL MACHINES: Nanoseconds Nanoseconds (billionth second)(billionth second)

**

MACHINE CYCLEMACHINE CYCLE


COMPUTER TIMECOMPUTER TIME

MillisecondMillisecond .001 second thousand.001 second thousand 15min 40 sec15min 40 sec

MicrosecondMicrosecond .001 millisecond million 11.6 days .001 millisecond million 11.6 days

Nanosecond Nanosecond .001microsecond billion .001microsecond billion 31.7 years31.7 years

PicosecondPicosecond .001 nanosecond trillion.001 nanosecond trillion 31,700 years 31,700 years

**

NAME LENGTH SECOND TO 1 SECONDNAME LENGTH SECOND TO 1 SECOND

# PER COMPARED# PER COMPARED


TYPES OF MEMORYTYPES OF MEMORY

• RAM:RAM: Random Access MemoryRandom Access Memory

– Dynamic: Dynamic: Changes thru processingChanges thru processing

– Static: Static: Remains constant (power on)Remains constant (power on)

• ROM:ROM: Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)

– PROM: PROM: Program can be changed onceProgram can be changed once

– EPROM: EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet lightErasable thru ultraviolet light

– EEPROM: EEPROM: Electrically erasableElectrically erasable

**


ADDRESSES IN MEMORYADDRESSES IN MEMORY

101101 102102 103103

201201

301301

202202 203203

302302 303303

Each location can hold data Each location can hold data

Each location is a Each location is a REGISTERREGISTER


MEMORY SIZEMEMORY SIZE

• KILOBYTE (KT):KILOBYTE (KT): 221010 bytes... 1024 bytes bytes... 1024 bytes• MEGABYTE (MB):MEGABYTE (MB): 221010 KB... “million” bytes KB... “million” bytes• GIGABYTE (GB):GIGABYTE (GB): 221010 MB... “billion” bytes MB... “billion” bytes• TERABYTE (TB):TERABYTE (TB): 221010 GB... “trillion” bytes GB... “trillion” bytes

**


VLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPUVLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPU• WORD LENGTH:WORD LENGTH: Bits processed at one timeBits processed at one time• MEGAHERTZ:MEGAHERTZ: One million cycles per secondOne million cycles per second• DATA BUS WIDTH:DATA BUS WIDTH: Bits moved between CPU & other Bits moved between CPU & other

devicesdevices• REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING (RISC):REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING (RISC):

Embeds most used instructions on chip to enhance Embeds most used instructions on chip to enhance speedspeed

• MultiMedia eXtension (MMX):MultiMedia eXtension (MMX): Enhanced Intel chip Enhanced Intel chip improves multimedia applicationsimproves multimedia applications

**

MICROPROCESSORMICROPROCESSOR


SEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSINGSEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSING

SEQUENTIAL PARALLELSEQUENTIAL PARALLEL

TASK 1

RESULT

TASK 2

RESULT

ProgramProgram

CPUCPU

ProgramProgram

CPUCPU

ProgramProgram

CPUCPUTASK 2TASK 2

CPUCPUTASK 3TASK 3

CPUCPUTASK 1TASK 1

RESULTRESULT

MASSIVE PARALLEL MASSIVE PARALLEL COMPUTERS CAN HAVE COMPUTERS CAN HAVE THOUSANDS OF CPUs TO THOUSANDS OF CPUs TO ATTACK LARGE COMPUTING ATTACK LARGE COMPUTING PROBLEMSPROBLEMS


•DISKDISK

•TAPETAPE

•OPTICAL STORAGEOPTICAL STORAGE

**

SECONDARY STORAGESECONDARY STORAGE


DIRECT ACCESS DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICESTORAGE DEVICE

• HARD DISK:HARD DISK: Steel platter array for Steel platter array for large computer systemslarge computer systems

• RAID:RAID: Redundant array of Redundant array of Inexpensive DisksInexpensive Disks

• FLOPPY DISK:FLOPPY DISK: Removable disk for Removable disk for PCPC

**


DISK PACK STORAGEDISK PACK STORAGE

• LARGE SYSTEMSLARGE SYSTEMS

• RELIABLE STORAGERELIABLE STORAGE

• LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATALARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA

• QUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLEQUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLE

• TYPICAL: 11 2-sided disksTYPICAL: 11 2-sided disks

• CYLINDER:CYLINDER: Same track all surfaces Same track all surfaces

**

CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK)CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK)

DISK 1DISK 1DISK 2DISK 2DISK 3DISK 3DISK 4DISK 4DISK 5DISK 5

READ/WRITEREAD/WRITEHEADSHEADS


TRACKS AND SECTORSTRACKS AND SECTORS

EACH TRACK HOLDSEACH TRACK HOLDSSAME AMOUNT OF DATASAME AMOUNT OF DATA

SECTORSECTOR

TRACKSTRACKS

DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0

STARTSTARTOFOFTRACKSTRACKS


• CD-ROM:CD-ROM: 500-660 MEGABYTES500-660 MEGABYTES

–LAND: LAND: Flat parts of disk surface reflects lightFlat parts of disk surface reflects light

–PITS: PITS: small scratch on surface scatters lightsmall scratch on surface scatters light

• WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM):WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM):–CD-R: CD-R: Compact Disk - RecordableCompact Disk - Recordable–CD-RW: CD-RW: CD - RewritableCD - Rewritable

• DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD):DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD): CD size, up to 10 CD size, up to 10 gigabytes of datagigabytes of data

**

OPTICAL STORAGEOPTICAL STORAGE


• STANDARD FOR STANDARD FOR SEQUENTIAL FILESSEQUENTIAL FILES• SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH

FERROUS OXIDE (2400 feet per spool)FERROUS OXIDE (2400 feet per spool)

• RECORD GROUPS:RECORD GROUPS: BLOCKING FACTORBLOCKING FACTOR (e.g., (e.g., 10 records per block)10 records per block)

• GROUPS SEPARATED BY GROUPS SEPARATED BY INTER-BLOCK GAPINTER-BLOCK GAP• RECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIMERECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIME

**

HEADER IBG BLOCK 1 BLOCK 2 BLOCK 3

MAGNETIC TAPEMAGNETIC TAPE


• ENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPEENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPE

• USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP RECORDSRECORDS

• INEXPENSIVEINEXPENSIVE

• STORED IN SAFE LOCATIONSTORED IN SAFE LOCATION

• CAN BE REUSEDCAN BE REUSED

**

MAGNETIC MAGNETIC CARTRIDGECARTRIDGE


STORAGE AREA NETWORK STORAGE AREA NETWORK (SAN)(SAN)

• HIGH-SPEED NETWORKHIGH-SPEED NETWORK• CONNECTS VARIOUS STORAGE DEVICESCONNECTS VARIOUS STORAGE DEVICES

– TAPE LIBRARIESTAPE LIBRARIES– DISK ARRAYSDISK ARRAYS

STORAGE SERVICE STORAGE SERVICE PROVIDER:PROVIDER: 3rd party 3rd party rents storage rents storage spacespace

**


INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICESINPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES

• POINTING DEVICESPOINTING DEVICES

• SOURCE DATA AUTOMATIONSOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

• OUTPUT DEVICESOUTPUT DEVICES

**



POINTING DEVICES:POINTING DEVICES:

• KEYBOARDKEYBOARD• MOUSEMOUSE

– WIREDWIRED– INFRA-REDINFRA-RED– TRACKBALLTRACKBALL– TOUCH PADTOUCH PAD

• JOYSTICKJOYSTICK• TOUCH SCREENTOUCH SCREEN

**



SOURCE DATA AUTOMATIONSOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT TIME CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT TIME & PLACE OF TRANSACTION& PLACE OF TRANSACTION

• OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR):OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR): Saves characters, formatSaves characters, format

• BAR CODE:BAR CODE: Identifies products in stores, Identifies products in stores, warehouses, shipmentswarehouses, shipments

• MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION (MICR):(MICR): Special ink identifies bank, account, Special ink identifies bank, account, amountamount

**



SOURCE DATA AUTOMATIONSOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

• PEN-BASED INPUT:PEN-BASED INPUT: Digitizes signatureDigitizes signature• DIGITAL SCANNER:DIGITAL SCANNER: Translates images & Translates images &

characters into digital formcharacters into digital form• VOICE INPUT DEVICES:VOICE INPUT DEVICES: Converts spoken Converts spoken

word into digital formword into digital form• SENSORS:SENSORS: Devices that collect Devices that collect data data

fromfrom environment for computer environment for computer input input (e.g., thermometers, pressure gauges)(e.g., thermometers, pressure gauges)

**



OUTPUT DEVICES:OUTPUT DEVICES:

• CATHODE RAY TUBE CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT)(CRT)

• PRINTERPRINTER

• PLOTTERPLOTTER

• VOICE OUTPUT DEVICEVOICE OUTPUT DEVICE

**


DATA PROCESSINGDATA PROCESSING

• BATCH PROCESSING:BATCH PROCESSING: Transaction data Transaction data stored until convenient to process as a stored until convenient to process as a group. Useful for less time-sensitive group. Useful for less time-sensitive actions. actions.

• ON-LINE PROCESSING:ON-LINE PROCESSING: Transaction data Transaction data entered directly into system, constantly entered directly into system, constantly updating files. Requires direct-access updating files. Requires direct-access devices.devices.

**


KEYBOARD INPUTKEYBOARD INPUTBATCH OF BATCH OF TRANSACTIONSTRANSACTIONS

SORTED SORTED TRANSACTION FILETRANSACTION FILE

OLD MASTER OLD MASTER FILEFILE

NEW NEW MASTER FILEMASTER FILE

VALIDATE AND UPDATEVALIDATE AND UPDATE

ERROR ERROR REPORTSREPORTS

REPORTSREPORTS

BATCH PROCESSINGBATCH PROCESSING


ON-LINE PROCESSINGON-LINE PROCESSING

TRANSACTIONSTRANSACTIONS

KEYBOARDKEYBOARD

PROCESS / PROCESS / UPDATE UPDATE

MASTER FILEMASTER FILE

MASTER MASTER FILEFILE

IMMEDIATE IMMEDIATE INPUTINPUT

IMMEDIATE IMMEDIATE PROCESSINGPROCESSING

IMMEDIATE IMMEDIATE FILE UPDATEFILE UPDATE


INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIAINTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA

• INTEGRATES TWO OR MORE MEDIAINTEGRATES TWO OR MORE MEDIA

• TEXT, GRAPHICS, SOUND, VOICE, TEXT, GRAPHICS, SOUND, VOICE, VIDEO, ANIMATIONVIDEO, ANIMATION

• STREAMING TECHNOLOGYSTREAMING TECHNOLOGY

• MP3:MP3: Audio compression standard Audio compression standard

**


CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERSCATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS

• MAINFRAMEMAINFRAME

• MIDRANGE & MINICOMPUTERMIDRANGE & MINICOMPUTER

• SERVERSERVER

• PERSONAL COMPUTER PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC)(PC)

• WORKSTATIONWORKSTATION

• SUPERCOMPUTERSUPERCOMPUTER

**


MAINFRAMEMAINFRAME

• LARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTERLARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTER

• 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAMGIGABYTE RAM

• COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS

• MASSIVE DATAMASSIVE DATA

• COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONSCOMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS

**

MIPS: Millions of Instructions per secondMIPS: Millions of Instructions per second


MIDRANGE/MINICOMPUTERMIDRANGE/MINICOMPUTER

• MIDDLE-RANGEMIDDLE-RANGE• 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE

GIGABYTE RAMGIGABYTE RAM• UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABSUNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS• USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR

FOR MAINFRAMEFOR MAINFRAME

**


• DESKTOP OR PORTABLEDESKTOP OR PORTABLE• 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128

MEGABYTES RAMMEGABYTES RAM• PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERSPERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS• AFFORDABLEAFFORDABLE• MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTSMANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS• CAN BE NETWORKEDCAN BE NETWORKED

**

MICROCOMPUTERMICROCOMPUTER


• NETWORKED COMPUTERSNETWORKED COMPUTERS• CLIENT:CLIENT: User (PC, workstation, User (PC, workstation,

laptop) requires data, application, laptop) requires data, application, communications it does not havecommunications it does not have

• SERVER:SERVER: Component (computer) Component (computer) having desired data, application, having desired data, application, communicationscommunications

**

CLIENT / SERVERCLIENT / SERVER


CLIENT SERVERREQUESTS

DATA, SERVICE

USER INTERFACEUSER INTERFACE

APPLICATION APPLICATION

FUNCTIONFUNCTION

DATADATA

APPLICATION FUNCTIONAPPLICATION FUNCTION

NETWORK RESOURCESNETWORK RESOURCES

CLIENT / SERVERCLIENT / SERVER


WORKSTATIONWORKSTATION

• DESKTOP COMPUTERDESKTOP COMPUTER

• POWERFUL GRAPHICSPOWERFUL GRAPHICS

• EXTENSIVE MATH CAPABILITIESEXTENSIVE MATH CAPABILITIES

• MULTI-TASKINGMULTI-TASKING

• USUALLY CONFIGURED TO SPECIAL USUALLY CONFIGURED TO SPECIAL FUNCTION:FUNCTION: e.g.; CAD, engineering, e.g.; CAD, engineering, graphicsgraphics

**


SUPERCOMPUTERSUPERCOMPUTERTERAFLOP: TRILLION TERAFLOP: TRILLION

CALCULATIONS/SECONDCALCULATIONS/SECOND

• HIGHLY SOPHISTICATEDHIGHLY SOPHISTICATED

• COMPLEX COMPUTATIONSCOMPLEX COMPUTATIONS

• FASTEST CPUsFASTEST CPUs

• LARGE SIMULATIONSLARGE SIMULATIONS

• STATE-OF-THE-ARTSTATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTS COMPONENTS

• EXPENSIVEEXPENSIVE

**


• CENTRALIZED:CENTRALIZED: PROCESSING BY CENTRAL PROCESSING BY CENTRAL COMPUTER SITECOMPUTER SITE– ONE STANDARDONE STANDARD– GREATER CONTROLGREATER CONTROL

• DISTRIBUTED:DISTRIBUTED: PROCESSING BY SEVERAL PROCESSING BY SEVERAL COMPUTER SITES LINKED BY NETWORKSCOMPUTER SITES LINKED BY NETWORKS– MORE FLEXIBILITYMORE FLEXIBILITY– FASTER RESPONSEFASTER RESPONSE

**

CENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTEDCENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTED


DOWNSIZINGDOWNSIZING

TRANSFER APPLICATIONS FROM TRANSFER APPLICATIONS FROM LARGE COMPUTERS TO SMALLLARGE COMPUTERS TO SMALL

• REDUCES COSTREDUCES COST

• SPEEDS RESULTS TO USERSPEEDS RESULTS TO USER

• COMPUTER ASSIGNED TASK IT DOES COMPUTER ASSIGNED TASK IT DOES BESTBEST

• COOPERATIVE PROCESSINGCOOPERATIVE PROCESSING

**


SHARING COMPUTERSSHARING COMPUTERS

• NETWORK COMPUTER:NETWORK COMPUTER: Simplified Simplified desktop computer stores minimum desktop computer stores minimum data to function (uses server)data to function (uses server)

• PEER-TO-PEER COMPUTING: PEER-TO-PEER COMPUTING: Networked computers share data, Networked computers share data, disk space, processing. Parallel disk space, processing. Parallel processing on a smaller scale processing on a smaller scale

**


MANAGING HARDWARE ASSETSMANAGING HARDWARE ASSETS

• UNDERSTAND TECHNOLOGY UNDERSTAND TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS

• DETERMINE DETERMINE TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIPTOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP:: Hardware, software, installation, training, Hardware, software, installation, training, support, maintenance, infrastructuresupport, maintenance, infrastructure

• PLAN CAPACITY & SCALABILITYPLAN CAPACITY & SCALABILITY• IDENTIFY TRENDSIDENTIFY TRENDS

**


c h a p t e r

55MANAGINGMANAGING

HARDWAREHARDWARE

ASSETSASSETS

5.1 © 2002 by prentice hall c h a p t e r 5 5 managing hardware hardware assets assets

Documents

prentice hall slide

prentice hall addresses

data slide

prentice hall c h

prentice hall vlsi circuit

microprocessor slide

register slide

parity system slide