5.1 Cultures of the Mountains 5.1 Cultures of the Mountains and the Seaand the Sea

The roots of Greek culture are based The roots of Greek culture are based on interaction of the Mycenaean, on interaction of the Mycenaean,

Minoan, and Dorian culturesMinoan, and Dorian cultures

5.15.1

Geography Shapes Greek LifeGeography Shapes Greek Life– Ancient GreeceAncient Greece

Collection of separate lands where Greek-Collection of separate lands where Greek-speaking people livespeaking people live

Includes mainland and about 2000 islandsIncludes mainland and about 2000 islands

– The SeaThe SeaThe sea shapes Greek civilizationThe sea shapes Greek civilization

Proximity to sea, lack of resources Proximity to sea, lack of resources encourage sea travel and tradeencourage sea travel and trade

Geography Shapes Greek LifeGeography Shapes Greek Life– The LandThe Land

Mountains slow travel, divide land into Mountains slow travel, divide land into regionsregions

Lack of fertile land leads to small Lack of fertile land leads to small populations, need for coloniespopulations, need for colonies

– The ClimateThe ClimateModerate climate promotes outdoor lifeModerate climate promotes outdoor life

Greek men, especially, spend much of their Greek men, especially, spend much of their time outsidetime outside

Mycenaean Civilization DevelopsMycenaean Civilization Develops

The Trojan WarThe Trojan War– Trojan War – fought by Mycenaeans Trojan War – fought by Mycenaeans

against city of Troy in 1200s BCagainst city of Troy in 1200s BC– Once thought to be fictional, Once thought to be fictional,

archaeological evidence has been foundarchaeological evidence has been found

Greek Culture Declines Under Greek Culture Declines Under the Doriansthe Dorians

Dorians Replace MycenaeansDorians Replace Mycenaeans– Mycenaean civilization collapses around Mycenaean civilization collapses around

1200 BC1200 BC

Greek Culture Declines Under Greek Culture Declines Under the Doriansthe Dorians

Epics of HomerEpics of Homer– Oral tradition grows, especially epics of Oral tradition grows, especially epics of

Homer – blind storytellerHomer – blind storyteller– Epic – a narrative poem about heroic Epic – a narrative poem about heroic

deedsdeeds– Homer’s Epic the Homer’s Epic the IlliadIlliad, about Trojan , about Trojan

War, shows Greek heroic idealWar, shows Greek heroic ideal

Greek Culture Declines Under Greek Culture Declines Under the Doriansthe Dorians

Greeks Create MythsGreeks Create Myths– Greeks develop their own myths – traditional Greeks develop their own myths – traditional

stories about godsstories about gods– Greeks attribute human qualities – love, hate, Greeks attribute human qualities – love, hate,

jealousy – to their godsjealousy – to their gods– Zeus, ruler of Gods, lives on Mount Olympus Zeus, ruler of Gods, lives on Mount Olympus

with his wife, Herawith his wife, Hera–

Warring City-StatesWarring City-States

Chapter 5, Section 2Chapter 5, Section 2

Section OpenerSection Opener

The growth of city states in Greece The growth of city states in Greece lead to the development of several lead to the development of several political systems, including political systems, including democracy.democracy.

Rule and Order in Greek City-Rule and Order in Greek City-StatesStates

By 750 B.C. the Greek city-state, or By 750 B.C. the Greek city-state, or polispolis, is the formal government., is the formal government.A A polispolis is a city and its surrounding is a city and its surrounding villages; 50-500 square miles.villages; 50-500 square miles.Population of a city-state is often less Population of a city-state is often less than 10,000.than 10,000.Citizens gather in the marketplace Citizens gather in the marketplace and and acropolisacropolis—a fortified hilltop—a fortified hilltop

Rule and Order in Greek City-Rule and Order in Greek City-StatesStates

Greek Political StructuresGreek Political Structures– City-states have different forms of City-states have different forms of

government.government.Monarchy-rule by a kingMonarchy-rule by a king

Aristocracy-rule by nobilityAristocracy-rule by nobility

Oligarchy-rule by a small group of powerful Oligarchy-rule by a small group of powerful merchants and artisansmerchants and artisans

Rule and Order in Greek City-Rule and Order in Greek City-StatesStates

Tyrants Seize PowerTyrants Seize Power– Rulers and common people clash in Rulers and common people clash in

many city-states.many city-states.– Tyrants—nobles and wealthy citizens win Tyrants—nobles and wealthy citizens win

support of common people.support of common people.– They seize control and rule in the They seize control and rule in the

interests of ordinary people.interests of ordinary people.

Athens Builds a Limited DemocracyAthens Builds a Limited Democracy

Building DemocracyBuilding Democracy– About 621 B.C., democracy—rule by the About 621 B.C., democracy—rule by the

people—develops in Athens.people—develops in Athens.– Nobleman, Draco, develops legal code Nobleman, Draco, develops legal code

based on equality of citizens.based on equality of citizens.– Only native-born, property-owning Only native-born, property-owning

males are citizens.males are citizens.

Athens Builds a Limited DemocracyAthens Builds a Limited Democracy

Athenian EducationAthenian Education– Schooling only for sons of wealthy Schooling only for sons of wealthy

families.families.– Girls learn from mothers and other Girls learn from mothers and other

female members of the household.female members of the household.

Sparta Builds a Military StateSparta Builds a Military State

Sparta’s Government and SocietySparta’s Government and Society– Sparta government has four branches: Sparta government has four branches:

citizens elect officialscitizens elect officials– Three social classes:Three social classes:

CitizensCitizens

Free non-citizensFree non-citizens

Helots--slavesHelots--slaves

Sparta Builds a Military StateSparta Builds a Military StateSpartan Daily LifeSpartan Daily Life– Spartan values: duty, strength, individuality, Spartan values: duty, strength, individuality,

discipline over freedom.discipline over freedom.– Sparta has the most powerful army in GreeceSparta has the most powerful army in Greece– Males move into barracks at age 7, train until 30, Males move into barracks at age 7, train until 30,

serve until 60.serve until 60.– Girls receive some military training and live hard Girls receive some military training and live hard

liveslives

The Persian WarsThe Persian Wars

A New Kind of Army EmergesA New Kind of Army Emerges– Cheaper iron replaces bronze, making Cheaper iron replaces bronze, making

arms and armor cheaperarms and armor cheaper– Leads to new kind of army; includes Leads to new kind of army; includes

soldiers from all classessoldiers from all classes– Phalanx—feared by all, formation of Phalanx—feared by all, formation of

soldiers with spears, shieldssoldiers with spears, shields

The Persian WarsThe Persian Wars

Battle of MarathonBattle of Marathon– Persian Wars—between Greece and the Persian Wars—between Greece and the

Persian Empire—begin in IoniaPersian Empire—begin in Ionia– Persian Army attacks Athens, is Persian Army attacks Athens, is

defeated at Marathon in 490 B.C.defeated at Marathon in 490 B.C.

-announce Greek victory.-announce Greek victory.

The Persian WarsThe Persian WarsThermopylae and SalamisThermopylae and Salamis– Persians launch a new invasion of Greece.Persians launch a new invasion of Greece.– Greek forces hold Thermopylae for three days Greek forces hold Thermopylae for three days

before retreating.before retreating.– Athenians defeat Persians at sea, near island of Athenians defeat Persians at sea, near island of

Salamis.Salamis.– Victories at Salamis and Plataea force Persian Victories at Salamis and Plataea force Persian

retreat.retreat.

The Persian WarsThe Persian WarsConsequences of the Persian WarsConsequences of the Persian Wars– New self-confidence in Greece due to New self-confidence in Greece due to

victory.victory.– Athens emerges as leader of Delian Athens emerges as leader of Delian

League.League.– League members essentially become League members essentially become

provinces of Athenian empire.provinces of Athenian empire.– Stage is set for a dazzling burst of Stage is set for a dazzling burst of

creativity in Athens.creativity in Athens.

Democracy and Greece’s Democracy and Greece’s Golden AgeGolden Age

Chapter 5, Section 3Chapter 5, Section 3

Democratic principles and classical cultureDemocratic principles and classical cultureflourish during Greece’s golden age.flourish during Greece’s golden age.

Pericles’ Plan for AthensPericles’ Plan for AthensPericles as LeaderPericles as Leader– Skillful politician, Skillful politician,

inspiring speaker, inspiring speaker, respected generalrespected general

– Dominates life in Athens Dominates life in Athens from 461 to 429 B.C.from 461 to 429 B.C.

Pericles’ Plan for AthensPericles’ Plan for Athens

Stronger DemocracyStronger Democracy– Direct democracy—citizens rule directly, Direct democracy—citizens rule directly,

not through representativesnot through representatives

Pericles’ Plan for AthensPericles’ Plan for AthensAthenian EmpireAthenian Empire– Takes over the Delian League; uses Takes over the Delian League; uses

money to strengthen Athenian fleet.money to strengthen Athenian fleet.– Sparta and other cities resent Athenian Sparta and other cities resent Athenian

power.power.

Glorious Art and ArchitectureGlorious Art and Architecture

Architecture and SculptureArchitecture and Sculpture– Pericles builds the Parthenon—a large Pericles builds the Parthenon—a large

temple to honor the goddess Athena.temple to honor the goddess Athena.– Classical art—values harmony, order, Classical art—values harmony, order,

balance, proportion, beautybalance, proportion, beauty

The Parthenon from the south.

Drama and HistoryDrama and HistoryTragedy and ComedyTragedy and Comedy– Greeks invent drama as an art form; includes Greeks invent drama as an art form; includes

chorus, dance, poetrychorus, dance, poetry– Two forms of drama: tragedy and comedyTwo forms of drama: tragedy and comedy

Tragedy—tells story of heroes’ downfall; themes of Tragedy—tells story of heroes’ downfall; themes of love, hate, and warlove, hate, and warComedy—makes fun of politics and respected people; Comedy—makes fun of politics and respected people; slapstick humorslapstick humor

– Greek dramatists include Aeschylus, Euripides, Greek dramatists include Aeschylus, Euripides, Aristophanes, SophiclesAristophanes, Sophicles

Historians Herodotus and Thucydides Historians Herodotus and Thucydides record and study past eventsrecord and study past events

A Greek theaterA Greek theater

Athenians and Spartans Go to WarAthenians and Spartans Go to War

War BeginsWar Begins– 431 B.C. Sparta declares war on Athens—431 B.C. Sparta declares war on Athens—

the beginning of the Peloponnesian War.the beginning of the Peloponnesian War.

Peloponnesian WarPeloponnesian War– Sparta has a better army.Sparta has a better army.– Athens has a better navy.Athens has a better navy.– Plague strikes Athens in 430 B.C., kills Plague strikes Athens in 430 B.C., kills

many—including Pericles.many—including Pericles.– Sparta and Athens sign a truce in 421 B.C.Sparta and Athens sign a truce in 421 B.C.

44thth Century B.C. Hoplite Century B.C. Hoplite

Athenians and Spartans Go to WarAthenians and Spartans Go to War

Sparta Gains VictorySparta Gains Victory– 415 B.C. Athens renews war, attacks 415 B.C. Athens renews war, attacks

Syracuse on the island of Sicily.Syracuse on the island of Sicily.– Athens is defeated in 413 B.C.Athens is defeated in 413 B.C.– Athens and its allies surrender to Sparta Athens and its allies surrender to Sparta

in 404 B.C.in 404 B.C.

Philosophers Search for TruthPhilosophers Search for Truth

SocratesSocrates– He believes in questioning and teaches He believes in questioning and teaches

through the method of questioning.through the method of questioning.– He is believed to have said “The He is believed to have said “The

unexamined life is not worth living.”unexamined life is not worth living.”– He is convicted of “corrupting the youth He is convicted of “corrupting the youth

of Athens and sentenced to death in 399 of Athens and sentenced to death in 399 B.C.B.C.

– He dies by drinking hemlock, a slow He dies by drinking hemlock, a slow acting poison.acting poison.

Philosophers Search for TruthPhilosophers Search for Truth

PlatoPlato– He is a student of Socrates.He is a student of Socrates.– He writes He writes The RepublicThe Republic, about an ideal , about an ideal

society ruled by Philosopher-Kingssociety ruled by Philosopher-Kings– His writings dominate European His writings dominate European

philosophy for 1,500 years.philosophy for 1,500 years.

Philosophers Search for TruthPhilosophers Search for Truth

AristotleAristotle– He was a student of Plato.He was a student of Plato.– He uses rules of logic for argument.He uses rules of logic for argument.– His work provides the basis for scientific His work provides the basis for scientific

method, still used today.method, still used today.– He tutors 13-year-old prince who He tutors 13-year-old prince who

becomes Alexander the Greatbecomes Alexander the Great

Alexander’s EmpireAlexander’s Empire

Chapter 5, Section 4Chapter 5, Section 4

Philip Builds Macedonian PowerPhilip Builds Macedonian PowerMacedoniaMacedonia– Macedonia—Kingdom of mountain Macedonia—Kingdom of mountain

villages north of Greecevillages north of Greece– Macedonians call themselves Greek; rest Macedonians call themselves Greek; rest

of Greece does notof Greece does not

Philip’s ArmyPhilip’s Army– King Philip II creates well-trained King Philip II creates well-trained

professional army; plans to invade professional army; plans to invade GreeceGreece

Philip Builds Macedonian PowerPhilip Builds Macedonian PowerConquest of GreeceConquest of Greece– Some Greek cities invited Philip to Some Greek cities invited Philip to

invadeinvade– Athens asked Sparta for help against Athens asked Sparta for help against

invasion, but Sparta declinedinvasion, but Sparta declined– 338 B.C. Macedonians defeat Greece338 B.C. Macedonians defeat Greece

Philip Builds Macedonian Power (cont.)Philip Builds Macedonian Power (cont.)

After the Battle of Chaeronea, Philip After the Battle of Chaeronea, Philip changes his strategy and treats Athens changes his strategy and treats Athens with great respect, releasing Athenian with great respect, releasing Athenian prisoners of war.prisoners of war.The Corinthian League is formed, led by The Corinthian League is formed, led by King Philip, with the intent of attacking the King Philip, with the intent of attacking the Persians.Persians.

Murder of PhilipMurder of Philip

Philip married again, for a fifth time, Philip married again, for a fifth time, a Macedonian woman.a Macedonian woman.

His son Alexander was legitimate, His son Alexander was legitimate, but half Greek. but half Greek.

..

Alexander Defeats PersiaAlexander Defeats Persia

Alexander’s Early LifeAlexander’s Early Life– Tutored by AristotleTutored by Aristotle– Inspired by the IliadInspired by the Iliad– Military trainingMilitary training– Becomes king when 20 years oldBecomes king when 20 years old– Destroys Thebes to curb rebellionDestroys Thebes to curb rebellion

Alexander Defeats PersiaAlexander Defeats Persia

Invasion of PersiaInvasion of Persia– 334 B.C. Alexander invades Persia with a 334 B.C. Alexander invades Persia with a

quick victory at Granicus River.quick victory at Granicus River.– Darius III, King of Persia, assembles an Darius III, King of Persia, assembles an

army of 50,000-75,000 men.army of 50,000-75,000 men.– Alexander defeats Persians again, forces Alexander defeats Persians again, forces

King of Persia to flee.King of Persia to flee.

Alexander’s Other ConquestsAlexander’s Other Conquests

Alexander in IndiaAlexander in India– Alexander fights his way across the Alexander fights his way across the

deserts of Central Asia to Indiadeserts of Central Asia to India– Alexander conquers Indus Valley area in Alexander conquers Indus Valley area in

326 B.C.326 B.C.– Reluctantly returns to Babylon and dies Reluctantly returns to Babylon and dies

in 323 B.C.in 323 B.C.

Alexander’s LegacyAlexander’s Legacy

Alexander melds Greek and Persian Alexander melds Greek and Persian cultures. (Hellenistic Age)cultures. (Hellenistic Age)

He takes a Persian wife.He takes a Persian wife.

Empire becomes three kingdomsEmpire becomes three kingdoms– Macedonia, Greek city-statesMacedonia, Greek city-states– EgyptEgypt– Old Persia, also known as the Seleucid Old Persia, also known as the Seleucid

kingdomkingdom

The Spread of Hellenistic The Spread of Hellenistic CultureCulture

Chapter 5, Section 5Chapter 5, Section 5

Hellenistic Culture in AlexandriaHellenistic Culture in Alexandria

Cultural BlendingCultural Blending– Result of Alexander’s Policies—a new Result of Alexander’s Policies—a new

vibrant culturevibrant culture– Hellenistic cultureHellenistic culture—Greek blended —Greek blended

with Egyptian, Persian, Indian culturewith Egyptian, Persian, Indian culture

Trade and Cultural DiversityTrade and Cultural Diversity– AlexandriaAlexandria—Egyptian city become the —Egyptian city become the

center of Hellenistic civilizationcenter of Hellenistic civilization

Science and TechnologyScience and TechnologyAlexandria’s ScholarsAlexandria’s Scholars– Scholars preserve Greek and Egyptian Scholars preserve Greek and Egyptian

learning in the scienceslearning in the sciences

AstronomyAstronomy– Astronomer Astronomer AristarchusAristarchus proves sun is proves sun is

larger than Earthlarger than Earth– Proposes planets revolve around sun; Proposes planets revolve around sun;

not accepted for 14 centuriesnot accepted for 14 centuries– EratosthenesEratosthenes uses geometry to uses geometry to

calculate Earth’s circumferencecalculate Earth’s circumference

Science and TechnologyScience and TechnologyMathematics and PhysicsMathematics and Physics– EuclidEuclid—mathematician; his work —mathematician; his work ElementsElements is is

the basis for courses in geometry.the basis for courses in geometry.– ArchimedesArchimedes—scientist and mathematician—scientist and mathematician

He accurately estimated the value of pi (He accurately estimated the value of pi ().).

He explained the law of the lever.He explained the law of the lever.

He invented the He invented the Archimedes screwArchimedes screw—a pump —a pump which raised water from one level to another.which raised water from one level to another.

He invented the compound pulley for lifting objects.He invented the compound pulley for lifting objects.