51: the trapezium rule © christine crisp “teach a level maths” vol. 1: as core modules
TRANSCRIPT
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51: The Trapezium 51: The Trapezium RuleRule
© Christine Crisp
““Teach A Level Maths”Teach A Level Maths”
Vol. 1: AS Core Vol. 1: AS Core ModulesModules
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The Trapezium Rule
To find an area bounded by a curve, we need to evaluate a definite integral.
If the integral cannot be evaluated, we can use an approximate method.
This presentation uses the approximate method called the Trapezium Rule.
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The Trapezium Rule
The area under the curve is divided into a number of strips of equal width. The top edge of each strip . . . . . . is replaced by a straight line so the strips become trapezia.
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The Trapezium Rule
The area under the curve is divided into a number of strips of equal width. The top edge of each strip . . .
The total area of the trapezia gives an approximation to the area under the curve.The formula for the area of a trapezium is: the average of the parallel sides
the distance apart
. . . is replaced by a straight line so the strips become trapezia.
0y 1y
h
hyy )(2
110
h seems a strange letter to use for width but it is always used in the trapezium rule
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The Trapezium Rulee.g.1
1
021
1dx
xSuppose we have 5 strips.
21
1
xy
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The Trapezium Rulee.g.1
1
021
1dx
xSuppose we have 5 strips.
0y1y
5y2y
4y3yThe parallel sides of the trapezia are the y-values of the function.The area of the 1st trapezium
20)(2
110 yy
21
1
xy
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The Trapezium Rulee.g.1
1
021
1dx
xSuppose we have 5 strips.
0y1y
5y2y
4y3yThe parallel sides of the trapezia are the y-values of the function.The area of the 1st trapezium
20)(2
110 yy
21
1
xy
The area of the 2nd trapezium 20)(
2
121 yy
etc.
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The Trapezium Rulee.g.1
1
021
1dx
xSuppose we have 5 strips.
0y1y
5y2y
4y3yAdding the areas of the trapezia, we get
20)(2
110 yy 20)(
2
121 yy 20)(
2
1... 54 yy
))(2(202
1543210 yyyyyy
Since is the side of 2 trapezia, it occurs twice in the formula. The same is true for to .
1y2y 4y
So,
1
021
1dx
x
)...(202
1522110 yyyyyy
( removing common factors ).
21
1
xy
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The Trapezium RuleUsing the Table Function on Your Calculator to Determine
the y Values
• Enter the equation of your graph in y1
• Press Table Setup (2ndF Table)• Press the down arrow to TBLStart and input the left • hand boundary for the required area.• Press the down arrow to TBLStep and input the • width of each strip (interval)
• Press Table to see the y values y0,y1,y2,y3 etc
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The Trapezium Rule•Values from table
dxx1
11
02
1/2h(y0 + 2(y1 + y2 + y3 + y4) + y5)
1/2x0.2(1+2(0.9615+0.8621+0.7353+0.6098)+0.5)
0.78374
x y
0.0 1.0000 y0
0.2 0.9615 y1
0.4 0.8621 y2
0.6 0.7353 y3
0.8 0.6098 y4
1.0 0.5000 y5
1
021
1dx
x
0y1y
2y 3y4y
5y
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The Trapezium Rule
Is the Approximate Area Too Large or Small?
-1
1
X->
|̂Y
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The Trapezium RuleThe general formula for the trapezium
rule is
))...(2(2 13210 nn
b
a
yyyyyyh
dxy where n is the number of strips.
The width, h, of each strip is given by
n
abh
The y-values are called ordinates.
There is always 1 more ordinate than the number of strips.
To improve the accuracy we just need to use more strips.
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The Trapezium Rule
dxx
0sin
e.g.2 Find the approximate value of
using 6 strips and giving the answer to 2
d. p. Solution: ))(2(
2 6543210 yyyyyyyh
dxyb
a
n
abh
66
0
h
Always draw a sketch showing the correct number of strips, even if the shape is wrong, as it makes it easy to find h and avoids errors.
( It doesn’t matter that the 1st and last “trapezia” are triangles )
h
The top edge of every trapezium in this example lies below the curve, so the rule will underestimate the answer.
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The Trapezium Rule
523606
h
05086600186600500 y
)0)508660018660050(20(2
52360
2
0sin
dxx
) p. d. 2( 951
To make sure that we have the required accuracy we must use at least 1 more d. p. than the answer requires. It is better still to store the values in the calculator’s memories.
Radians!
))(2(2
sin 65432100
yyyyyyyh
dxx
06
5
6
4
6
3
6
2
60
x
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The Trapezium Rule
dxx
0sinThe exact value of is 2.
The percentage error in our answer is found as follows:
1002
9512
52 %
Percentage error = exact
value100
error
( where, error = exact value the approximate value ).
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The Trapezium RuleSUMMAR
Y
))...(2(2 13210 nn
b
ayyyyyy
hdxy
where n is the number of strips.
n
abh
The width, h, of each strip is given by( but should be checked on a sketch )
The trapezium law for estimating an area is
The trapezium law underestimates the area if the tops of the trapezia lie under the curve and overestimates it if the tops lie above the curve. The accuracy can be improved by increasing n.
The number of ordinates is 1 more than the number of strips.
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The Trapezium RuleExercise
s Use the trapezium rule to estimate the areas given by the integrals, giving the answers to 3 s. f. 1.
2. 2
0cos
dxx
1
0)1( dxx using 4
strips
using 4 ordinates
Find the approximate percentage error in your answer, given that the exact value is 1.
How can your answer be improved?
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The Trapezium RuleSolution
s
1.
1
0)1( dxx
using 4 strips
))(2(2 43210 yyyyyh
A
41413231225111811 y
1750502500 x,4n250h
) f. s. 3( 221
The answer can be improved by using more strips.
xy 1
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The Trapezium Rule
2. 2
0cos
dxx
using 4 ordinates
))(2(2 3210 yyyyh
A
050866001 y
26
2
60
x,3n
6
h
) f. s. 3( 9770
The exact value is 1, so the percentage error
1001
97701
32 %
Solutions xy cos
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The Trapezium Rule
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The Trapezium Rule
The following slides contain repeats of information on earlier slides, shown without colour, so that they can be printed and photocopied.For most purposes the slides can be printed as “Handouts” with up to 6 slides per sheet.
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The Trapezium Rule
0y1y
5y2y
4y3y
21
1
xy
e.g.1
1
021
1dx
xSuppose we have 5 strips.Adding the areas of the trapezia, we get
20)(2
110 yy 20)(
2
121 yy 20)(
2
1... 54 yy
))(2(202
1543210 yyyyyy
Since is the side of 2 trapezia, it occurs twice in the formula. The same is true for to .
1y2y 4y
So,
1
021
1dx
x
)...(202
1522110 yyyyyy
( removing common factors ).
![Page 23: 51: The Trapezium Rule © Christine Crisp “Teach A Level Maths” Vol. 1: AS Core Modules](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56649e845503460f94b863a7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Trapezium Rule
e.g.1 cont.
1
021
1dx
x
))(2(202
1543210 yyyyyy
So,
1
021
1dx
x
For each value of x, we calculate the y-values, using the function, and writing the values in a table.
50609807353086210961501 y
)50)60980735308621096150(21(10 ) 3.s.f.( 7840
01806040200 x
0y1y
5y2y
4y3y
21
1
xy
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The Trapezium Rule
h
dxx
0sin
e.g.2 Find the approximate value of
using 6 strips and giving the answer to 2
d. p. Solution:
))(2(
2 6543210 yyyyyyyh
dxyb
a
n
abh
66
0
h
Always draw a sketch showing the correct number of strips, even if the shape is wrong, as it makes it easy to find h and avoids errors.
![Page 25: 51: The Trapezium Rule © Christine Crisp “Teach A Level Maths” Vol. 1: AS Core Modules](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56649e845503460f94b863a7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The Trapezium Rule
( It doesn’t matter that the 1st and last “trapezia” are triangles )
h
The top edge of every trapezium in this example lies below the curve, so the rule will underestimate the answer.
![Page 26: 51: The Trapezium Rule © Christine Crisp “Teach A Level Maths” Vol. 1: AS Core Modules](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56649e845503460f94b863a7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The Trapezium Rule
523606
h
05086600186600500 y
)0)508660018660050(20(2
52360
2
0sin
dxx
) p. d. 2( 951
To make sure that we have the required accuracy we must use at least 1 more d. p. than the answer requires. It is better still to store the values in the calculator’s memories.
Radians!
))(2(2
sin 65432100
yyyyyyyh
dxx
06
5
6
4
6
3
6
2
60
x
![Page 27: 51: The Trapezium Rule © Christine Crisp “Teach A Level Maths” Vol. 1: AS Core Modules](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56649e845503460f94b863a7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Trapezium RuleSUMMAR
Y
))...(2(2 13210 nn
b
ayyyyyy
hdxy
where n is the number of strips.
n
abh
The width, h, of each strip is given by( but should be checked on a sketch )
The trapezium law for estimating an area is
The trapezium law underestimates the area if the tops of the trapezia lie under the curve and overestimates it if the tops lie above the curve. The accuracy can be improved by increasing n.
The number of ordinates is 1 more than the number of strips.