51583431 political law review sandoval

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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS IN POLITICAL LAW ANDPUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAWAtty. EDWIN REY SANDOVAL

POLITICAL LAW

1. Distinguish sovereignty from dominion.

Held: Sovereign!is the righ o e"er#i$e he %&n#ion$ o% aSae o he e"#l&$ion o% an! oher Sae. It is often referred to asthe 'o(er o% imperium, whih is defined as the !o"ern#ent a$thority%ossessed &y the State. On the other hand, dominion, or domini&m, isthe #a'a#i! o% he Sae o o(n or a#)&ire 'ro'er!s$h as 'ands andnat$ra' reso$res. (Se%arate O%inion, )a%$nan, *., in Isagani Cruz v.

Secretary of DENR, +.R. No. --/, De. 0, 1222, En 3an, See 4ootnote

/05

2. What was the basis for the early Spanish decrees embracing the

theory of jura regalia? Is this also the basis of the declaration in

Section 2, rticle !II of the "#$% &onstitution that all lands of

the public domain are owned by the State? &onse'uently, did Spain

ac'uire title over all lands in the (hilippines in the ")thcentury?

Held: Dominium was the &asis for the ear'y S%anish dereese#&rain! the theory of jura regalia. The de'aration in Setion 1,

Arti'e 6II of the 7/8 Constit$tion that a'' 'ands of the %$&'i

do#ain are owned &y the State is 'i9ewise fo$nded on dominium. If

dominium, not imperium, is the &asis of the theory of jura regalia,

then the 'ands whih S%ain a:$ired in the 0th ent$ry were 'i#ited to

non;%ri"ate 'ands, &ea$se it o$'d on'y a:$ire 'ands whih were not

yet %ri"ate'y;owned or o$%ied &y the 4i'i%inos. e$ti"e

&ranh or entered into &y %ri"ate %ersons for %ri"ate %$r%oses, i$ n&ll

and void and (iho& an! %or#e and e%%e#* Th&$+ $in#e heCon$i&ion i$ he %&ndamenal+ 'aramo&n and $&'reme la( o% henaion+ i i$ deemed (rien in ever! $a&e and #onra#.(Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS 108 SCRA ?2/ @778 @3e''osi''o5

+. What are selfe-ecuting and nonself e-ecuting provisions of the

&onstitution?

Held: Pro"isions whih la! do(n a general 'rin#i'le, s$h asthose fo$nd in Arti'e II of the 7/8 Constit$tion, are $s$a''y no$el%,e"e#&ing. 3$t a %ro"ision whih is #om'lee in i$el% and

-e#ome$ o'eraive (iho& he aid o% $&''lemenar! or ena-linglegi$laion, or that whih $&''lie$ $&%%i#ien r&le -! mean$ o% (hi#h

he righ i gran$ ma! -e en.o!ed or 'roe#ed, is $el%,e"e#&ing.Th$s a onstit$tiona' %ro"ision is se'f;e>e$tin! if the nat$re and

e>tent of the ri!ht onferred and the 'ia&i'ity i#%osed are fi>ed &y

the Constit$tion itse'f, so that they an &e deter#ined &y an

e>a#ination and onstr$tion of its ter#s, and there is no 'an!$a!e

indiatin! that the s$&Bet is referred to the 'e!is'at$re for ation.

(Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS 108 SCRA ?2/ @778 @3e''osi''o5

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. re provisions of the &onstitution selfe-ecuting or nonself

e-ecuting? Why?

Held: Unle$$ i i$ e"'re$$l! 'rovided ha+ a legi$laive a# i$ne#e$$ar! o en%or#e a #on$i&ional mandae, the %res$#%tion now is,that all 'rovi$ion$ are $el%,e"e#&ing. If the onstit$tiona'%ro"isions are treated as re:$irin! 'e!is'ation instead of se'f;

e>e$tin!, the 'e!is'at$re wo$'d ha"e the %ower to i!nore and

%ratia''y n$''ify the #andate of the f$nda#enta' 'aw. This an &e

ata'ys#i. (Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS 108 SCRA ?2/ @778

@3e''osi''o5

). Is the /0ilipino 0irst1 (olicy e-pressed in Section ", rticle !II

of the &onstitution a selfe-ecuting provision?

Held: Yes. It is amandaor!+ 'o$iive #ommand (hi#h i$ #om'leein i$el% and (hi#h need$ no %&rher g&ideline$ or im'lemening la($ or

r&le$ %or i$ en%or#emen. 4ro# its "ery words the %ro"ision does notre:$ire any 'e!is'ation to %$t it in o%eration. It is per se

.&di#iall! en%or#ea-le. When o$r Constit$tion #andates that 3i4n thegrant of rights, privileges, and concessions covering the national

economy and patrimony, the State shall give preference to 'ualified

0ilipinos,it #eans B$st that :$a'ified 4i'i%inos #$st &e %referred.

(Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS +.R. No. /17, ay 1, 778, 108 SCRA

?2/ @3e''osi''o5

%. 5ive e-amples of nonself e-ecuting provisions of the &onstitution.

Held: 3y its "ery nat$re,!rticle II of the Constitution is ade'aration of %rini%'es and state %o'iies.F These %rini%'es in

Arti'e II are not intended to &e se'f;e>e$tin! %rini%'es ready for

enfore#ent thro$!h the o$rts. They are $sed &y the B$diiary as aid$or a$ g&ide$ in he e"er#i$e o% i$ 'o(er o% .&di#ial revie(+ and -!he legi$la&re in i$ ena#men o% la($. As he'd in the 'eadin! aseof "ilos#ayan Incorporate$ v. Morato (1?0 SCRA ?2, 0?, *$'y 8,

775, the %rini%'es and state %o'iies en$#erated in Arti'e II and

so#e setions of !rticle %II are not se'f;e>e$tin! %ro"isions, the

disre!ard of whih an !i"e rise to a a$se of ation in o$rts. They

do not e#&ody B$diia''y enforea&'e onstit$tiona' ri!hts &$t

!$ide'ines for 'e!is'ation.F (&ana$a v. !ngara 181 SCRA / @778, En

3an @Pan!ani&an5

$. When are acts of persons considered /State action1 covered by the

&onstitution?

Held: In onstit$tiona' B$ris%r$dene, the ats of %ersonsdistint fro# the !o"ern#ent are onsidered state ationF o"ered &y

the Constit$tion /01 when the a#ivi! i engage$ in i$ a 2'&-li#%&n#ion34 /51 when the !o"ern#ent is so $igni%i#anl! involved (ihhe 'rivae a#or a$ o ma6e he governmen re$'on$i-le %or hi$ a#ionGand /71 when the !o"ern#ent has a''roved or a&hori8ed he a#ion.(Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS 108 SCRA ?2/ @778 @3e''osi''o5

THE DOCTRINE O9 STATE IUNIT; 9RO SUIT

#. Discuss the basis of the doctrine of State immunity from suit.

Held: The &asi %ost$'ate enshrined in the Constit$tion that


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legal righ a$ again$ he a&hori! ha ma6e$ he la( on (hi#h herigh de'end$. Tr$e, the dotrine, not too infre:$ent'y, is derisi"e'ya''ed the roya' %rero!ati"e of dishonestyF &ea$se it !rants the

state the %rero!ati"e to defeat any 'e!iti#ate 'ai# a!ainst it &y

si#%'y in"o9in! its non;s$a&i'ity. We ha"e had oasion to e>%'ain in

its defense, howe"er, ha a #onin&ed adheren#e o he do#rine o%non,$&a-ili! #anno -e de'lored+ %or he lo$$ o% governmenale%%i#ien#! and he o-$a#le o he 'er%orman#e o% i$ m&li%ario&$%&n#ion$ (o&ld -e %ar greaer in $everi! han he in#onvenien#e ha

ma! -e #a&$ed 'rivae 'arie$, if s$h f$nda#enta' %rini%'e is to &ea&andoned and the a"ai'a&i'ity of B$diia' re#edy is not to &e

aordin!'y restrited. (Department of !griculture v. N'RC 118 SCRA

07-, No". , 77- @Vit$!5

". Is the rule absolute, i.e., that the State may not be sued at

all? 6ow may consent of the State to be sued given?

Held: The r$'e, in any ase, is not rea''y a&so'$te for it doesnot say that the state #ay not &e s$ed $nder any ir$#stanes. On the

ontrary, as orret'y %hrased, the dotrine on'y on"eys, the state#ay not &e s$ed witho$t its onsentGF its 'ear i#%ort then is that the

State #ay at ti#es &e s$ed. The StateHs onsent #ay &e !i"en either

e"'re$$l! or im'liedl!. 7!(87SS &9:S7:; #ay &e #ade thro$!h a generalla( > > is not,

howe"er, witho$t :$a'ifiation. Not a'' ontrats entered into &y the

!o"ern#ent o%erate as a wai"er of its non;s$a&i'ityG distintion #$st

sti'' &e #ade &etween one whih is e>e$ted in the e>erise of its

$overeign %&n#ion and another whih is done in its 'ro'riear!#a'a#i!.

In /nite$ States of !merica v. Ruiz (-0 SCRA ?/85, where the

:$estioned transation dea't with the i#%ro"e#ents on the whar"es inthe na"a' insta''ation at S$&i 3ay, we he'd

The traditiona' r$'e of i##$nity e>e#%ts a State fro#

&ein! s$ed in the o$rts of another State witho$t its onsent or

wai"er. This r$'e is a neessary onse:$ene of the %rini%'e of

inde%endene and e:$a'ity of States. >

The restriti"e a%%'iation of State i##$nity is %ro%er

on'y when the %roeedin!s arise o$t of #ommer#ial ran$a#ion$ ofthe forei!n so"erei!n, i$ #ommer#ial a#iviie$ or e#onomi#

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a%%air$. Stated different'y, a Sae ma! -e $aid o havede$#ended o he level o% an individ&al and #an h&$ -e deemed ohave a#il! given i$ #on$en o -e $&ed onl! (hen i ener$ino -&$ine$$ #onra#$* I doe$ no a''l! (here he #onra#$relae o he e"er#i$e o% i$ $overeign %&n#ion$. In this asethe %roBets are an inte!ra' %art of the na"a' &ase whih is

de"oted to the defense of &oth the =nited States and the

Phi'i%%ines, indis%$ta&'y a f$ntion of the !o"ern#ent of the

hi!hest orderG they are not $ti'iJed for nor dediated to

o##eria' or &$siness %$r%oses.F

(Department of !griculture v. N'RC 118 SCRA 07-, No". , 77- @Vit$!5

"". When is a suit against a public official deemed to be a suit

against the State? Discuss.

Held: . The dotrine of state i##$nity fro# s$it a%%'ies too#%'aints fi'ed a!ainst %$&'i offiia's for a#$ done in he

'er%orman#e o% heir d&ie$. The r$'e is that the s$it #$st &ere!arded as one a!ainst the State where the $ai$%a#ion o% he

.&dgmen again$ he '&-li# o%%i#ial #on#erned (ill re)&ire he Saei$el% o 'er%orm a 'o$iive a#+ $h a$ a''ro'riaion o% he amo&nne#e$$ar! o 'a! he damage$ a(arded o he 'laini%%.

The r&le doe$ no a''l! (here he '&-li# o%%i#ial i$ #harged inhi$ o%%i#ial #a'a#i! %or a#$ ha are &nla(%&l and in.&rio&$ o herigh$ o% oher$. P$&'i offiia's are not e>e#%t, in their %ersona'a%aity, fro# 'ia&i'ity arisin! fro# a#$ #ommied in -ad %aih.

Neither does it a%%'y where the %$&'i offiia' is 'ear'y &ein!

$&ed no in hi$ o%%i#ial #a'a#i! -& in hi$ 'er$onal #a'a#i!,a'tho$!h the ats o#%'ained of #ay ha"e &een o##itted whi'e he

o$%ied a %$&'i %osition. (!ma$o 1. 'ansang v. C! 5.8. :o. "2))%,

0eb. 2*, 2, 2ndDiv. 3Auisumbing45

1. As ear'y as 7?, this Co$rt has %rono$ned that an offier

annot she'ter hi#se'f &y the %'ea that he is a %$&'i a!ent atin!

$nder the o'or of his offie when his ats are who''y witho$t

a$thority. =nti' reent'y in 77 (&have= v. Sandiganbayan, 7- SCRA

1/1 @775,this dotrine sti'' fo$nd a%%'iation, this Co$rt sayin!

that i##$nity fro# s$it annot instit$tiona'iJe irres%onsi&i'ity and

non;ao$nta&i'ity nor !rant a %ri"i'e!ed stat$s not 'ai#ed &y any

other offiia' of the Re%$&'i. (Repu#lic v. San$oval, 112 SCRA

1?, arh 7, 77-, En 3an @Ca#%os, *r.5

"2. State instances when a suit against the State is proper.

Held: So#e instanes when a s$it a!ainst the State is %ro%er are

1) When the Re'&-li# i$ $&ed -! nameG

2) When the s$it is again$ an &nin#or'oraed governmen agen#!G

3) When the s$it is on its fae a!ainst a !o"ern#ent offier &$tthe ase is s$h that &limae lia-ili! (ill -elong no ohe o%%i#er -& o he governmen.

(Repu#lic v. San$oval, 112 SCRA 1?, arh 7, 77-, En 3an @Ca#%os,

*r.5

"*. 6as the government waived its immunity from suit in the endiola

massacre, and, therefore, should indemnify the heirs and victims ofthe endiola incident? &onse'uently, is the suit filed against the

8epublic by petitioners in said case really a suit against the

State?

Held: Petitioners > > > ad"ane the ar!$#ent that the State hasi#%'ied'y wai"ed its so"erei!n i##$nity fro# s$it. It is their

onsidered "iew that &y the reo##endation #ade &y the Co##ission for

the !o"ern#ent to inde#nify the heirs and "iti#s of the endio'a

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inident and &y the %$&'i addresses #ade &y then President A:$ino in

the after#ath of the 9i''in!s, the State has onsented to &e s$ed.

6 > >

Thi$ i$ no a $&i again$ he Sae (ih i$ #on$en.

4irst'y, the re#ommendaion #ade &y the Co##ission re!ardin!inde#nifiation of the heirs of the deeased and the "iti#s of the

inident &y the !o"ern#ent doe$ no in an! (a! mean ha lia-ili!a&omai#all! aa#he$ o he Sae. It is i#%ortant to note that A.O. e>%ress'y states that the %$r%ose of reatin! the Co##ission was to

ha"e a &ody that wi'' ond$t an in"esti!ation of the disorder, deaths

and as$a'ties that too9 %'ae.F In the e>erise of its f$ntions,

A.O. %ro"ides !$ide'ines, and what is re'e"ant to O$r dis$ssion

reads

. Its on'$sions re!ardin! the e>istene of %ro&a&'e a$se

for the o##ission of any offense and of the %ersons %ro&a&'y !$i'ty

of the sa#e sha'' &e s$ffiient o#%'iane with the r$'es on

%re'i#inary in"esti!ation and the har!es arisin! therefro# #ay &efi'ed diret'y with the %ro%er o$rt.F

In effet, (haever ma! -e he %inding$ o% he Commi$$ion+ he$ame $hall onl! $erve a$ he #a&$e o% a#ion, in the e"ent that any%arty deides to 'iti!ate hisKher 'ai#. Therefore, the Co##ission is

#ere'y a'reliminar! ven&e. The Co##ission is not the end in itse'f.Whaever re#ommendaion i ma6e$ #anno in an! (a! -ind he Saeimmediael!+ $h re#ommendaion no having -e#ome %inal and e"e#&or!*Thi$ i$ 're#i$el! he e$$en#e o% i -eing a 9ACT,9INDIN> BOD;.

Seond'y, whate"er ats or $tteranes that then President A:$ino

#ay ha"e done or said, the sa#e are not tanta#o$nt to the State ha"in!

wai"ed its i##$nity fro# s$it. The Presidents at of Boinin! the

#arhers, days after the inident, does not #ean that there was an

ad#ission &y the State of any 'ia&i'ity. In fat to &orrow the words

of %etitioner > > >, it was an a# o% $olidari! -! he governmen(ih he 'eo'le.F oreo"er, %etitioners re'y on President A:$inoss%eeh %ro#isin! that the !o"ern#ent wo$'d address the !rie"anes of

the ra''yists. 3y this a'one, it annot &e inferred that the State has

ad#itted any 'ia&i'ity, #$h 'ess an it &e inferred that it has

onsented to the s$it.

A'tho$!h onsent to &e s$ed #ay &e !i"en i#%'ied'y, sti'' it

annot &e #aintained that s$h onsent was !i"en onsiderin! the

ir$#stanes o&tainin! in the instant ase.

Third'y, the ase does not :$a'ify as a s$it a!ainst the State.

6 > >

Whi'e the Re%$&'i in this ase is s$ed &y na#e, the &limaelia-ili! doe$ no 'erain o he governmen. A'tho$!h the #i'itaryoffiers and %ersonne', then %arty defendants, were dishar!in! their

offiia' f$ntions when the inident o$rred, heir %&n#ion$ #ea$edo -e o%%i#ial he momen he! E?CEEDED THEIR AUTHORIT;. 3ased on theCo##ission findin!s, here (a$ la#6 o% .&$i%i#aion -! he governmen%or#e$ in he &$e o% %irearm$. oreo"er, the #e#&ers of the %o'ie and#i'itary rowd dis%ersa' $nits o##itted a %rohi&ited at $nder 3.P.

3'!. //2 as there was $nneessary firin! &y the# in dis%ersin! the

#arhers.

As ear'y as 7?, this Co$rt has %rono$ned that an o%%i#er#anno $heler him$el% -! he 'lea ha he i$ a '&-li# agen a#ing&nder he #olor o% hi$ o%%i#e (hen hi$ a#$ are (holl! (iho&a&hori!* =nti' reent'y in 77 (C)avez v. San$igan#ayan, 7- SCRA1/1 @775, this dotrine sti'' fo$nd a%%'iation, this Co$rt sayin!

that imm&ni! %rom $&i #anno in$i&ionali8e irre$'on$i-ili! andnon,a##o&na-ili! nor gran a 'rivileged $a&$ no #laimed -! an!

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oher o%%i#ial o% he Re'&-li#. The #i'itary and %o'ie fores werede%'oyed to ens$re that the ra''y wo$'d &e %eaef$' and order'y as we''

as to !$arantee the safety of the "ery %eo%'e that they are d$ty;&o$nd

to %rotet.


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of Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi% > > >. So a'so, the %rini%'e of jus

sanguinis, whih onfers itiJenshi% &y "irt$e of &'ood re'ationshi%,

was s$&se:$ent'y retained $nder the 78- and 7/8 Constit$tions. Th&$+he herein 'rivae re$'onden+ Ro$alind ;-a$#o Lo'e8+ i$ a 9ili'ino#ii8en+ having -een -orn o a 9ili'ino %aher* The %a# o% her -eing

-orn in A&$ralia i$ no anamo&n o her lo$ing her Phili''ine#ii8en$hi'* I% A&$ralia %ollo($ he 'rin#i'le o% .&$ $oli+ hen a

mo$+ 'rivae re$'onden #an al$o #laim A&$ralian #ii8en$hi're$&ling o her 'o$$e$$ion o% d&al #ii8en$hi'. (2alles v. C3ME'EC,--8 SCRA ?-, A$!. 7, 1222, En 3an @P$risi#a5

". What are the ways of ac'uiring citi=enship? Discuss.

Held: There are two ways of a:$irin! itiJenshi% (5-! -irh,and (15 &y na&rali8aion. These ways of a:$irin! itiJenshi%orres%ond to the two 9inds of itiJens the nat$ra';&orn itiJen, and

the nat$ra'iJed itiJen. A %erson, who at the ti#e of his &irth is a

itiJen of a %arti$'ar o$ntry, is a nat$ra';&orn itiJen thereof.

As defined in the > > > Constit$tion, nat$ra';&orn itiJens arethose itiJens of the Phi'i%%ines fro# &irth witho$t ha"in! to %erfor#

any at to a:$ire or %erfet his Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%.F

On the other hand, nat$ra'iJed itiJens are those who ha"e &eo#e

4i'i%ino itiJens thro$!h nat$ra'iJation, !enera''y $nder Common(ealt)

!ct No. 4,*, otherwise 9nown as the Revise$ Naturalization 'a(, whih

re%ea'ed the for#er Nat$ra'iJation Law (At No. 17185, and &y Repu#lic

!ct No. 5*-. (!ntonio 6engson III v. HRE&, +.R. No. ?1/?2, ay

8, 122, En 3an @)a%$nan5

"). ;o be naturali=ed, what must an applicant prove? When and what

are the conditions before the decision granting (hilippine

citi=enship becomes e-ecutory?

Held: To &e nat$ra'iJed, an a%%'iant has to %ro"e that he'o$$e$$e$ all he )&ali%i#aion$ and none o% he di$)&ali%i#aion$%ro"ided &y 'aw to &eo#e a 4i'i%ino itiJen. The deision !rantin!

Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi% &eo#es e>e$tory on'y after two (15 years fro#

its %ro#$'!ation when the o$rt is satisfied that d$rin! the

inter"enin! %eriod, the a%%'iant has /01 no le% he Phili''ine$G /51has dedi#aed him$el% o a la(%&l #alling or 'ro%e$$ionG /71 has no

-een #onvi#ed o% an! o%%en$e or violaion o% governmen 'rom&lgaedr&le$G or /1 #ommied an! a# 're.&di#ial o he inere$ o% henaion or #onrar! o an! governmen anno&n#ed 'oli#ie$


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(e) years after he has reached the age of

majority?

Held: =nder !rticle I2 Section 78*9 of the 7:*5 Constitution,the itiJenshi% of a 'e!iti#ate hi'd, &orn of a 4i'i%ino #other and an

a'ien father, fo''owed the itiJenshi% of the father $n'ess, $%on

reahin! the a!e of #aBority, the hi'd e'eted Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%.

C.!. No. ;+5whih was enated %$rs$ant to Setion (-5, Arti'e IV of

the 7- Constit$tion, %resri&es the %roed$re that sho$'d &e fo''owed

in order to #a9e a "a'id e'etion of Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%.


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De%art#ent of State of the =nited States +o"ern#ent to the effet that

the e'etion sho$'d &e #ade within a rea$ona-le imeF after attainin!the a!e of #aBority. The %hrase reasona&'e ti#eF has &een inter%reted

to #ean that the ele#ion $ho&ld -e made (ihin hree /71 !ear$ %romrea#hing he age o% ma.ori!.

The $'an o% %o&reen /01 !ear$ that 'a%sed fro# the ti#e that%erson reahed the a!e of #aBority $nti' he fina''y e>%ressed his

intention to e'et Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi% is clearly way beyond the

contemplation of the re'uirement of electing /upon reaching the age of

majority.1

Phili''ine #ii8en$hi' #an never -e reaed li6e a #ommodi! ha#an -e #laimed (hen needed and $&''re$$ed (hen #onvenien* One (ho i$

'rivileged o ele# Phili''ine #ii8en$hi' ha$ onl! an in#hoae righo $h #ii8en$hi'* A$ $h+ he $ho&ld avail o% he righ (ih%ervor+ enh&$ia$m and 'rom'i&de. (Re< !pplication for

!$mission to t)e P)ilippine 6ar 2icente D. C)ing, 3ar atter No. 7?,

Ot. , 777, En 3an @)a%$nan5

2. 6ow may (hilippine citi=enship be renounced? Is the application

for an alien certificate of registration, and the possession of

foreign passport, tantamount to acts of renunciation of (hilippine

citi=enship?

Held: Petitioner a'so ontends that e"en on the ass$#%tion thatthe %ri"ate res%ondent is a 4i'i%ino itiJen, she has nonethe'ess

reno$ned her Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%. To &$ttress this ontention,

%etitioner ited %ri"ate res%ondents a%%'iation for an a'ien

Certifiate of Re!istration (ACR5 and I##i!rant Certifiate of

Residene (ICR5, on Se%te#&er 7, 7//, and the iss$ane to her of an

A$stra'ian %ass%ort on arh -, 7//.

6 > >

In order that itiJenshi% #ay &e 'ost &y ren$niation, s$h

ren&n#iaion m&$ -e E?PRESS. Petitioners ontention, that thea%%'iation of %ri"ate res%ondent for an a'ien ertifiate of

re!istration, and her A$stra'ian %ass%ort, is &ereft of #erit. This

iss$e was %$t to rest in the ase of !znar v. C3ME'EC (/ SCRA 82-

@7725 and in the #ore reent ase ofMerca$o v. Manzano an$ C3ME'EC

(+.R. No. -2/-, -28 SCRA 0-2, ay 10, 7775.

In the ase of =nar, the Co$rt r$'ed that themere %a# ha hei$ an Ameri#an did no mean ha he i$ no longer a 9ili'ino, and thatan a''li#aion %or an alien #eri%i#ae o% regi$raion (a$ no

anamo&n o ren&n#iaion o% hi$ Phili''ine #ii8en$hi'.

And, inMerca$o v. Manzano an$ C3ME'EC, it was he'd that the fat

that res%ondent anJano was re!istered as an A#erian itiJen in the

3$rea$ of I##i!ration and De%ortation and was ho'din! an A#erian

%ass%ort on A%ri' 11, 778, on'y a year &efore he fi'ed a ertifiate

of andiday for "ie;#ayor of a9ati, (ere .&$ a$$erion$ o% hi$Ameri#an naionali! &efore the ter#ination of his A#erianitiJenshi%.

Th$s, the #ere fat that %ri"ate res%ondent Rosa'ind Y&aso Lo%eJ

was a ho'der of an A$stra'ian %ass%ort and had an a'ien ertifiate of

re!istration are not ats onstit$tin! an effeti"e ren$niation of

itiJenshi% and do not #i'itate a!ainst her 'ai# of 4i'i%ino

itiJenshi%. 9or ren&n#iaion o e%%e#ivel! re$&l in he lo$$ o%#ii8en$hi'+ he $ame m&$ -e e"'re$$. As he'd &y this Co$rt in theaforeited ase of =nar, an a%%'iation for an a'ien ertifiate of

re!istration does not a#o$nt to an e>%ress ren$niation or re%$diation

of ones itiJenshi%. The a%%'iation of the herein %ri"ate res%ondent

for an a'ien ertifiate of re!istration, and her ho'din! of an

A$stra'ian %ass%ort, as in the ase of ercado v. an=ano, weremerea#$ o% a$$erion o% her A&$ralian #ii8en$hi' -e%ore $he e%%e#ivel!

10


11/178

reno&n#ed he $ame. Th$s, at the #ost, %ri"ate res%ondent had d$a'itiJenshi% she was an A$stra'ian and a 4i'i%ino, as we''.

oreo"er, $nder Common(ealt) !ct ;*, he %a# ha a #hild o%9ili'ino 'aren$ (a$ -orn in anoher #o&nr! ha$ no -een in#l&ded a$a gro&nd %or lo$ing one$ Phili''ine #ii8en$hi'. Sine %ri"ateres%ondent did not 'ose or reno$ne her Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%,

%etitioners 'ai# that res%ondent #$st !o thro$!h the %roess of

re%atriation does not ho'd water. (2alles v. C3ME'EC, --8 SCRA ?-,

A$!. 7, 1222, En 3an @P$risi#a5

21. 6ow may 0ilipino citi=ens who lost their citi=enship 87&ACI87 the

same?

An$(er: 4i'i%ino itiJens who ha"e 'ost their itiJenshi% #ay >> > rea:$ire the sa#e in the #anner %ro"ided &y 'aw. Common(ealt) !ct

No. ;*en$#erates the three #odes &y whih Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi% #ay

&e rea:$ired &y a for#er itiJen /01 &y na&rali8aion, /51 &yre'ariaion, and /71&y dire# a# o% Congre$$. (=rival$o v.

C3ME'EC, 18 SCRA 818, *$ne 1/, 770, En 3an @Pan!ani&anG !ntonio6engson III v. HRE&, +.R. No. ?1/?2, ay 8, 122, En 3an @)a%$nan5

22. Distinguish naturali=ation from repatriation.

Held: :;C8@I;I9: is a mode %or -oh a#)&i$iion andrea#)&i$iion of Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%. As a mode of initiallyac'uiring Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%, nat$ra'iJation is !o"erned &y

Common(ealt) !ct No. 4,*, as amended. On the other hand,

nat$ra'iJation as a mode for reac'uiring Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi% is

!o"erned &y Common(ealt) !ct No. ;*(n ct (roviding for the Ways in

Which (hilippine &iti=enship ay Ee @ost or 8eac'uired @7-05. =nder

this 'aw, a %ormer 9ili'ino #ii8en (ho (i$he$ o rea#)&ire Phili''ine#ii8en$hi' m&$ 'o$$e$$ #erain )&ali%i#aion$ and none o% hedi$)&ali%i#aion$ menioned in Se#ion o% C*A* F7.

87(;8I;I9:, on the other hand, #ay &e had $nder "ario$s

stat$tes &y those who 'ost their itiJenshi% d$e to /01de$erionofthe ar#ed fores (Section +, &.. :o. )*5G /51 $ervi#e in he armed%or#e$ o% he allied %or#e$in Wor'd War II (Section ", 8epublic ct:o. #) 3"#*45G /71$ervi#e in he Armed 9or#e$ o% he Unied Sae$at any other ti#e (Sec. ", 8epublic ct :o. 2)* 3"#)45G /1marriageo% a 9ili'ino (oman o an alien(Sec. ", 8epublic ct :o. $"%" 3"##45Gand /G1 'olii#al and e#onomi# ne#e$$i!.

As distin!$ished fro# the 'en!thy %roess of nat$ra'iJation,

87(;8I;I9:si#%'y onsists of the a6ing o% an oah o% allegian#e ohe Re'&-li# o% he Phili''ine$ and regi$ering $aid oah in he Lo#alCivil Regi$r! o% he 'la#e (here he 'er$on #on#erned re$ide$ or la$re$ided*

In!ngat v. Repu#lic(-? SCRA ?-/ @7775, we he'd

@Parenthetia''y, $nder these stat$tes (referrin! to RA

Nos. 70 and 10-25, the %erson desirin! to rea:$ire Phi'i%%ine

itiJenshi% wo$'d no e"en &e re:$ired to fi'e a %etition ino$rt, and a'' that he had to do was to a6e an oah o% allegian#eto the Re%$&'i of the Phi'i%%ines and to regi$er ha %a# (ihhe #ivil regi$r!in the %'ae of his residene or where he had

'ast resided in the Phi'i%%ines.

oreo"er, re%atriation res$'ts in the re#over! o% he originalnaionali!. This #eans that a nat$ra'iJed 4i'i%ino who 'ost hisitiJenshi% wi'' &e restored to his %rior stat$s as a nat$ra'iJed

4i'i%ino itiJen. On the other hand, if he was ori!ina''y a nat$ra';

&orn itiJen &efore he 'ost his Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%, he wi'' &e

restored to his for#er stat$s as a nat$ra';&orn 4i'i%ino. (!ntonio

6engson III v. HRE&, +.R. No. ?1/?2, ay 8, 122, En 3an @)a%$nan5

11


12/178

2*. Who may validly avail of repatriation under 8.. :o. $"%"?

Held: R.!. No. 7,7, whih has 'a%sed into 'aw on Oto&er 1-,77, is an at %ro"idin! for the re%atriation /a1 of 9ili'ino (omen

(ho have lo$ heir Phili''ine #ii8en$hi' -! marriage o alien$ and/-1 of na&ral,-orn 9ili'ino$ (ho have lo$ heir Phili''ine#ii8en$hi' on a##o&n o% 'olii#al or e#onomi# ne#e$$i!.

(Gerar$o !ngat v. Repu#lic, +.R. No. -11??, Se%t. ?, 777

@Vit$!5

2+. Eefore what agency should application for repatriation under 8.

$"%" be filed?

Held: =nder Section 7 of P.D. No. ,+5, dated *$ne , 78,a#endin! C.A. No. 0-, an a%%'iation for re%atriation o$'d &e fi'ed

with the S'e#ial Commiee on Na&rali8aion,haired &y the Soli#ior>eneralwith the Under$e#rear! o% 9oreign A%%air$and the Dire#or o%

he Naional Inelligen#e Coordinaing Agen#! as the other #e#&ers.A'tho$!h the a!eny was deati"ated &y "irt$e of President CoraJon C.

A:$inos e#orand$# of arh 18, 7/8, it was not, howe"er, a&ro!ated.

The Co##ittee was reati"ated on *$ne /, 77.


13/178

Setion ?. A nat$ra';&orn itiJen is one who is a itiJen

of the Phi'i%%ines fro# &irth witho$t ha"in! to %erfor# any at

to a:$ire or %erfet his Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%.

Two re:$isites #$st on$r for a %erson to &e onsidered as s$h

/01a %erson #$st &e a =ilipino citizen from #irt) and /51he doe$ nohave o 'er%orm an! a# o o-ain or 'er%e# hi$ Phili''ine #ii8en$hi'.

=nder the 78- Constit$tion definition, there were two ate!ories

of 4i'i%ino itiJens whih were not onsidered nat$ra';&orn (5 those

who were nat$ra'iJed and (15 those &orn &efore *an$ary 8, 78-


14/178

Held: In in'$din! Section 5 in!rticle I2 on itiJenshi%, he#on#ern o% he Con$i&ional Commi$$ion (a$ no (ih d&al #ii8en$ 'er$e -& (ih na&rali8ed #ii8en$ (ho mainain heir allegian#e o heir#o&nrie$ o% origin even a%er heir na&rali8aion. scountry t)e former are consi$ere$ citizens unless #y t)eir

act or omission t)ey are $eeme$ to )ave renounce$ P)ilippine

citizens)ip.

(Merca$o v. Manzano, +.R. No. -2/-, -28 SCRA 0-2, ay 10, 777

@endoJa5

2#. Does res judicata apply in cases hinging on the issue of

citi=enship?

Held: Petitioner #aintains f$rther that when itiJenshi% israised as an iss$e in B$diia' or ad#inistrati"e %roeedin!s, the

reso'$tion or deision thereon is !enera''y not onsidered res B$diata

in any s$&se:$ent %roeedin! ha''en!in! the sa#eG itin! the ase of

Moy ?a 'im ?ao v. Commissioner of Immigration(? SCRA 171 @785. eneral or hi$ a&hori8ed re're$enaive oo6a#ive 'ar in he re$ol&ion thereof, and

3) the %inding on #ii8en$hi' i$ a%%irmed -! hi$ Co&r.

14


15/178

A'tho$!h the !enera' r$'e was set forth in the ase of oy Ga @im

Gao, the ase did not fore'ose the wei!ht of %rior r$'in!s on

itiJenshi%. It e'$idated that re'iane #ay so#ehow &e %'aed on

these anteedent offiia' findin!s, tho$!h not rea''y &indin!, to #a9e

the effort easier or si#%'er. (2alles v. C3ME'EC, --8 SCRA ?-,

A$!. 7, 1222, En 3an @P$risi#a5

CIILIAN SUPREAC; CLAUSE

*. ;he (resident issued @etter of Instruction ordering the

deployment of members of the (hilippine arines in the metropolis to

conduct joint visibility patrols with members of the (hilippine

:ational (olice in various shopping malls. Will this not violate

the civilian supremacy clause under Section *, rticle II of the

&onstitution? Does this not amount to an Hinsidious incursionH of

the military in the tasB of law enforcement in violation of Section

, rticle !FI of the &onstitution?

Held: The de%'oy#ent of the arines does not onstit$te a &reah

of the i"i'ian s$%re#ay 'a$se. The a''in! of the #arines in thisase onstit$tes 'ermi$$i-le &$e o% miliar! a$$e$ %or #ivilian la(en%or#emen. > > > The limied 'ari#i'aion o% he arine$ is e"identin the %ro"isions of the LOI itse'f, whih $&%%i#ienl! 'rovide$ he

mee$ and -o&nd$ o% he arine$K a&hori!. It is noteworthy that thelo#al 'oli#e %or#e$ are he one$ in #harge o% he vi$i-ili! 'arol$ aall ime$+ he real a&hori! -elonging o he PNP. In fat, he ero

anila Poli#e Chie% i$ he overall leader o% he PNP,Phili''ine arine$.oin vi$i-ili! 'arol$. =nder the LOI, the %o'ie fores are tas9edto &rief or orient the so'diers on %o'ie %atro' %roed$res. It is

their res%onsi&i'ity to diret and #ana!e the de%'oy#ent of the

arines. It is, 'i9ewise, their d$ty to %ro"ide the neessary

e:$i%#ent to the arines and render 'o!istia' s$%%ort to these

so'diers. In vie( o% he %oregoing+ i #anno -e 'ro'erl! arg&ed hamiliar! a&hori! i$ $&'reme over #ivilian a&hori!*

oreo"er, the de%'oy#ent of the arines to assist the PNP does

not $n#a9e the i"i'ian harater of the %o'ie fore. Neither does it

a#o$nt to an insidio$s in$rsionF of the #i'itary in the tas9 of 'aw

enfore#ent in "io'ation of Setion @?, Arti'e 6VI of the

Constit$tion.

In this re!ard, it is not orret to say that +enera' An!e'o

Reyes, Chief of Staff of the A4P, &y his a''e!ed in"o'"e#ent in

i"i'ian 'aw enfore#ent, has &een "irt$a''y a%%ointed to a i"i'ian

%ost in dero!ation of the aforeited %ro"ision. The real a&hori! inhe$e o'eraion$+ a$ $aed in he LOI+ i$ lodged (ih he head o% a

#ivilian in$i&ion+ he PNP+ and no (ih he miliar!* Sh -einghe #a$e+ i doe$ no maer (heher he A9P Chie% a#&all!

'ari#i'ae$ in he Ta$6 9or#e T&l&ngan $in#e he doe$ no e"er#i$e an!a&hori! or #onrol over he $ame* Sin#e none o% he arine$ (a$in#or'oraed or enli$ed a$ mem-er$ o% he PNP+ here #an -e noa''oinmen o a #ivilian 'o$iion o $'ea6 o%. > > @So#e of the

multifarious activities wherein military aid has been rendered,

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e>e#%'ifyin! the ati"ities that &rin! &oth the i"i'ian and the

#i'itary to!ether in a re'ationshi% of oo%eration, are

. E'etionsG

1. Ad#inistration of the Phi'i%%ine Nationa' Red CrossG

-. Re'ief and res$e o%erations d$rin! a'a#ities and

disastersG

?. A#ate$r s%orts %ro#otion and de"e'o%#entG

. De"e'o%#ent of the $'t$re and the artsG

0. Conser"ation of nat$ra' reso$resG

8. I#%'e#entation of the a!rarian refor# %ro!ra#G

/. Enfore#ent of $sto#s 'awsG

7. Co#%osite i"i'ian;#i'itary 'aw enfore#ent

ati"itiesG

2. Cond$t of 'iens$re e>a#inationsG

. Cond$t of nationwide tests for e'e#entary and hi!h

shoo' st$dentsG

1. Anti;dr$! enfore#ent ati"itiesG

-. Sanitary ins%etionsG

?. Cond$t of ens$s wor9G

. Ad#inistration of the Ci"i' Aerona$tis 3oardG0. Assistane in insta''ation of weather foreastin!

de"iesG

8. Peae and order %o'iy for#$'ation in 'oa'

!o"ern#ent $nits.

This $n:$estiona&'y onstit$tes a !'oss on e>e$ti"e %ower

res$'tin! fro# a syste#ati, $n&ro9en, e>e$ti"e %ratie, 'on! %$rs$ed

to the 9now'ed!e of Con!ress and, yet, ne"er &efore :$estioned. What

we ha"e here is #$t$a' s$%%ort and oo%eration &etween the #i'itary and

i"i'ian a$thorities, not dero!ation of i"i'ian s$%re#ay.

In the =nited States, where a 'on! tradition of s$s%iion and

hosti'ity towards the $se of #i'itary fore for do#esti %$r%oses has

%ersisted and whose Constit$tion, $n'i9e o$rs, does not e>%ress'y

%ro"ide for the %ower to a'', the use of military personnel by

civilian law enforcement officers is allowed under circumstances

similar to those surrounding the present deployment of the (hilippine

arines. (I6P v. Hon. Ronal$o 6. @amora, +.R. No. ?1/?, A$!. ,

1222, En 3an @)a%$nan5

THE RI>HT TO A BALANCED AND HEALTH9UL ECOLO>;

*". Is the right to a balanced and healthful ecology any less

important than any of the civil and political rights enumerated in

the Eill of 8ights? 7-plain.

Held: Whi'e the ri!ht to a &a'aned and hea'thf$' eo'o!y is to&e fo$nd $nder the De'aration of Prini%'es and State Po'iies and not

$nder the 3i'' of Ri!hts, i doe$ no %ollo( ha i i$ le$$ im'oranhan an! o% he #ivil and 'olii#al righ$ en&meraed in he laer*Sh a righ -elong$ o a di%%eren #aegor! o% righ$ alogeher %ori #on#ern$ nohing le$$ han $el%,'re$ervaion and $el%,'er'e&aion+he advan#emen o% (hi#h ma! even -e $aid o 'redae all governmen$and #on$i&ion$* A$ a maer o% %a#+ he$e -a$i# righ$ need noeven -e (rien in he Con$i&ion %or he! are a$$&med o e"i$ %romhe in#e'ion o% h&man6ind. If they are now e>%'iit'y #entioned inthe f$nda#enta' harter, it is &ea$se of the we'';fo$nded fear of its

fra#ers that $n'ess the ri!hts to a &a'aned and hea'thf$' eo'o!y and

to hea'th are #andated as state %o'iies &y the Constit$tion itse'f,

there&y hi!h'i!htin! their ontin$in! i#%ortane and i#%osin! $%on the

state a so'e#n o&'i!ation to %reser"e the first and %rotet and ad"ane

the seond, the day wo$'d not &e too far when a'' e'se wo$'d &e 'ost

not on'y for the %resent !eneration, &$t a'so for those to o#e

!enerations whih stand to inherit nothin! &$t %arhed earth ina%a&'e

of s$stainin! 'ife. (3posa v. =actoran 1r., 11? SCRA 871 @77-

@Da"ide5

16


17/178

*2. ;he (rovince of (alawan and the &ity of (uerto (rincesa enacted

ordinances prohibiting the catching andor e-portation of live

tropical fishes, and imposing penalties for violations thereof, in

order to stop the illegal practice of cyanide fishing which destroys

the corals and other marine resources. Several fishermen

apprehended for violating the ordinances in 'uestion challenged

their constitutionality contending that the ordinances violated

their preferential right as subsistence and marginal fishermen to

the use of our communal marine resources guaranteed by the

&onstitution, under Section %, rticle !III. Will you sustain the

challenge?

Held: The 2're%erenial righ3 o% $&-$i$en#e or marginal%i$hermen o he &$e o% marine re$o&r#e$ i$ no a-$ol&e* Ina##ordan#e (ih he RE>ALIAN DOCTRINE+ marine re$o&r#e$ -elong o heSae+ and+ '&r$&an o he %ir$ 'aragra'h o% Se#ion 5+ Ari#le ?IIo% he Con$i&ion+ heir 2e"'loraion+ develo'men and &ili8aion "

" " $hall -e &nder he %&ll #onrol and $&'ervi$ion o% he Sae*3oreover+ heir mandaed 'roe#ion+ develo'men and #on$ervaion " " "

im'l! #erain re$ri#ion$ on (haever righ o% en.o!men here ma! -ein %avor o% an!one* Wha m&$ -e -orne in mind i$ he Sae 'oli#!en$hrined in he Con$i&ion regarding he d&! o% he Sae o

'roe# and advan#e he righ o% he 'eo'le o a -alan#ed and healh%&le#olog! in a##ord (ih he rh!hm and harmon! o% na&re /Se#ion 0+

Ari#le II5. The ordinanes in :$estion are #eant %reise'y to %rotetand onser"e o$r #arine reso$res to the end that their enBoy#ent #ay

&e !$aranteed not on'y for the %resent !eneration, &$t a'so for the

!enerations to o#e. The ri!ht to a &a'aned and hea'thf$' eo'o!y

arries with it a orre'ati"e d$ty to refrain fro# i#%airin! the

en"iron#ent. (&ano v. Gov. Salva$or P. Socrates, +.R. No. 21?7, A$!.

1, 7785

ACADEIC 9REEDO

**. ay a university validly revoBe a degree or honor it has

conferred to a student after the graduation of the latter after

finding that such degree or honor was obtained through fraud?

Held: In 5arcia v. 0aculty dmission &ommittee, @oyola School of;heology


18/178

re.e#ing $&den$ (ho are a#ademi#all! delin)&en (&angonan v. Pano,-8 SCRA 1? @7/5, or a la!(oman $ee6ing admi$$ion o a $eminar!(Garcia v. 'oyola Sc)ool of &)eology, 0/ SCRA 188 @785, or stu$ents

violating Sc)ool Rules on Discipline.F (!teneo $e Manila /niversity v.

Capulong, supra.5

(Isa#elo 1r. v. Perpetual Help College of Rizal Inc., 118 SCRA 7;

78, No". /, 77-, En 3an @Vit$!5

ECONOIC POLIC;

*. Does the &onstitutional policy of a /selfreliant and independent

national economy1 rule out foreign competition?

Held: The onstit$tiona' %o'iy of a se'f;re'iant andinde%endent nationa' eono#yF doe$ no ne#e$$aril! r&le o& he enr!o% %oreign inve$men$+ good$ and $ervi#e$* I #onem'lae$ neiher2e#onomi# $e#l&$ion3 nor 2mendi#an#! in he inernaional #omm&ni!.F

Aside fro# en"isionin! a rade 'oli#! -a$ed on 2e)&ali! and

re#i'ro#i!+3 he %&ndamenal la( en#o&rage$ ind&$rie$ ha are2#om'eiive in -oh dome$i# and %oreign mar6e$+3 here-!demon$raing a #lear 'oli#! again$ a $helered dome$i# radeenvironmen+ -& one in %avor o% he grad&al develo'men o% ro-&$ind&$rie$ ha #an #om'ee (ih he -e$ in he %oreign mar6e$.

(&ana$a v. !ngara, 181 SCRA / @7785

THE RI>HTS O9 INDI>ENOUS CULTURAL COUNITIESINDI>ENOUS PEOPLES

*). 7numerate the &onstitutional provisions recogni=ing and

protecting the rights and interests of the indigenous peoples.

Held: The fra#ers of the 7/8 Constit$tion, 'oo9in! &a9 to the'on! destit$tion of o$r 'ess fort$nate &rothers, fittin!'y saw the

histori o%%ort$nity to at$a'iJe the idea's of %eo%'e e#%ower#ent and

soia' B$stie, and to reah o$t %arti$'ar'y to the #ar!ina'iJed

setors of soiety, in'$din! the indi!eno$s %eo%'es. They

inor%orated in the f$nda#enta' 'aw se"era' %ro"isions reo!niJin! and

%rotetin! the ri!hts and interests of the indi!eno$s %eo%'es, to wit

Section ++. The State reo!niJes and %ro#otes the ri!hts of

indi!eno$s %eo%'es within the fra#ewor9 of nationa' $nity and

de"e'o%#ent.

Section 5. The State, s$&Bet to the %ro"isions of the

Constit$tion and nationa' de"e'o%#ent %o'iies and %ro!ra#s,sha'' %rotet the ri!hts of indi!eno$s $'t$ra' o##$nities to

their anestra' 'ands to ens$re their eono#i, soia', and

$'t$ra' we'';&ein!.

The Con!ress #ay %ro"ide for the a%%'ia&i'ity of $sto#ary

'aws !o"ernin! %ro%erty ri!hts and re'ations in deter#inin! the

ownershi% and e>tent of anestra' do#ains.

Section 7. The Con!ress sha'' !i"e the hi!hest %riority to

the enat#ent of #eas$res that %rotet and enhane the ri!ht of

a'' the %eo%'e to h$#an di!nity, red$e soia', eono#i and

%o'itia' ine:$a'ities, and re#o"e $'t$ra' ine:$a'ities &y

e:$ita&'y diff$sin! wea'th and %o'itia' %ower for the o##on

!ood.

To this end, the State sha'' re!$'ate the a:$isition,

ownershi%, $se and dis%osition of %ro%erty and its inre#ents.

18


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Section ;. The State sha'' a%%'y the %rini%'es of a!rarian

refor# or stewardshi%, whene"er a%%'ia&'e in aordane with

'aw, in the dis%osition and $ti'iJation of other nat$ra'

reso$res, in'$din! 'ands of the %$&'i do#ain $nder 'ease or

onession, s$&Bet to %rior ri!hts, ho#estead ri!hts of s#a''

sett'ers, and the ri!hts of indi!eno$s o##$nities to their

anestra' 'ands.

Section 7,. The State sha'' reo!niJe, res%et, and %rotet

the ri!hts of $'t$ra' o##$nities to %reser"e and de"e'o% their

$'t$res, traditions, and instit$tions. It sha'' onsider these

ri!hts in the for#$'ation of nationa' %'ans and %o'iies.

Section 7+. The Con!ress #ay reate a ons$'tati"e &ody to

ad"ise the President on %o'iies affetin! indi!eno$s $'t$ra'

o##$nities, the #aBority of the #e#&ers of whih sha'' o#e fro#

s$h o##$nities.

(Se%arate O%inion, )a%$nan, *., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary ofEnvironment an$ Natural Resources, et a'., +.R. No. --/, De. 0,

1222, En 3an5

37. Discuss the Indigenous (eoples 8ights ct .

Held: Repu#lic !ct No. *,7 is entit'ed MAn At to Reo!niJe,Protet and Pro#ote the Ri!hts of Indi!eno$s C$'t$ra'

Co##$nitiesKIndi!eno$s Peo%'es, Creatin! a Nationa' Co##ission on

Indi!eno$s Peo%'es, Esta&'ishin! I#%'e#entin! ehanis#s, A%%ro%riatin!

4$nds Therefor, and for Other P$r%oses.M It is si#%'y 9nown as M&)e

In$igenous Peoples Rig)ts !ct of 7::,M or the IPRA.

The IPRA re#ogni8e$ he e"i$en#e o% he indigeno&$ #&l&ral#omm&niie$ or indigeno&$ 'eo'le$ /ICC$IP$1 a$ a di$in# $e#or inPhili''ine $o#ie!* I gran$ he$e 'eo'le he o(ner$hi' and

'o$$e$$ion o% heir an#e$ral domain$ and an#e$ral land$+ and de%ine$he e"en o% he$e land$ and domain$* The o(ner$hi' given i$ heindigeno&$ #on#e' o% o(ner$hi' &nder #&$omar! la( (hi#h ra#e$ i$origin o naive ile.

6 > >

Wihin heir an#e$ral domain$ and an#e$ral land$+ he ICC$IP$are given he righ o $el%,governan#e and em'o(ermen(Setions - to125, social justice and human rights (Setions 1 to 1/5, he righ o

're$erve and 'roe# heir #&l&re+ radiion$+ in$i&ion$ and#omm&ni! inelle#&al righ$+ and he righ o develo' heir o(n$#ien#e$ and e#hnologie$ (Setions 17 to -85. (Se%arate O%inion,P$no, *., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, et a'., +.R. No.

--/, De. 0, 1222, En 3an5

*$. Define Hindigenous peoplesindigenous cultural communities.H

Held: . Drawin! ins%iration fro# &oth o$r f$nda#enta' 'aw andinternationa' 'aw, IPRA now e#%'oys the %o'itia''y;orret onB$nti"e

ter# Mindi!eno$s %eo%'esKindi!eno$s $'t$ra' o##$nitiesM as fo''ows

Se#ion 7. Definition of ;erms. ; 4or %$r%oses of this At,the fo''owin! ter#s sha'' #ean

(i) Indigeno&$ 'eo'le$Indigeno&$ #&l&ral #omm&niie$. ; refer toa gro&' o% 'eo'le or homogeno&$ $o#ieie$ ideni%ied -! $el%,a$#ri'ion and a$#ri'ion -! oher$+ (ho have #onin&o&$l!lived a$ organi8ed #omm&ni! on #omm&nall! -o&nded and de%inederrior!+ and (ho have+ &nder #laim$ o% o(ner$hi' $in#e imeimmemorial+ o##&'ied+ 'o$$e$$ed and &ili8ed $h erriorie$+

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$haring #ommon -ond$ o% lang&age+ #&$om$+ radiion$+ andoher di$in#ive #&l&ral rai$+ or (ho have+ hro&ghre$i$an#e o 'olii#al+ $o#ial and #&l&ral inroad$ o%#oloni8aion+ non,indigeno&$ religion$ and #&l&re$+ -e#amehi$ori#all! di%%ereniaed %rom he ma.ori! o% 9ili'ino$.Indi!eno$s %eo%'es sha'' 'i9ewise in'$de %eo%'es who are

regarded a$ indigeno&$ on a##o&n o% heir de$#en %rom he'o'&laion$ (hi#h inha-ied he #o&nr! a he ime o%#on)&e$ or #oloni8aion+ or a he ime o% inroad$ o% non,indigeno&$ religion$ and #&l&re$+ or he e$a-li$hmen o%

're$en Sae -o&ndarie$+ (ho reain $ome or all o% heir o(n$o#ial+ e#onomi#+ #&l&ral and 'olii#al in$i&ion$+ -& (ho

ma! have -een di$'la#ed %rom heir radiional domain$ or (homa! have re$eled o&$ide heir an#e$ral domain$ > > >.

(Separate 9pinion, Kapunan, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of

Environment an$ Natural Resources et al., +.R. No. --/, De. 0,

1222, En 3an5

1. The IPRA is a 'aw dea'in! with a s%eifi !ro$% of %eo%'e,

i.e., the Indi!eno$s C$'t$ra' Co##$nities (ICCs5 or the Indi!eno$s

Peo%'es (IPs5. The ter# MICCsM is $sed in the 7/8 Constit$tion whi'ethat of MIPsM is the onte#%orary internationa' 'an!$a!e in the

Internationa' La&or Or!aniJation (ILO5 Con"ention 07 .

Indigeno&$ C&l&ral Comm&niie$ or Indigeno&$ Peo'le$ re%er o agro&' o% 'eo'le or homogeneo&$ $o#ieie$ (ho have #onin&o&$l! lived a$an organi8ed #omm&ni! on #omm&nall! -o&nded and de%ined errior!.These !ro$%s of %eo%'e ha"e at$a''y o$%ied, %ossessed and $ti'iJed

their territories $nder 'ai# of ownershi% sine ti#e i##e#oria'. They

share o##on &onds of 'an!$a!e, $sto#s, traditions and other

distinti"e $'t$ra' traits, or, they, &y their resistane to

%o'itia', soia' and $'t$ra' inroads of o'oniJation, non;indi!eno$s

re'i!ions and $'t$res, &ea#e historia''y differentiated fro# the

4i'i%ino #aBority. ICCsKIPs a'so in'$de desendants of ICCsKIPs who

inha&ited the o$ntry at the ti#e of on:$est or o'oniJation, who

retain so#e or a'' of their own soia', eono#i, $'t$ra' and

%o'itia' instit$tions &$t who #ay ha"e &een dis%'aed fro# their

traditiona' territories or who #ay ha"e resett'ed o$tside their

anestra' do#ains. (Separate 9pinion, (uno, J., in Isagani Cruz v.

Secretary of DENR et al., +.R. No. --/, De. 0, 1222, En 3an5

*#. Define Hancestral domainsH and Hancestral lands.H Do they

constitute part of the land of the public domain?

Held: Anestra' do#ains and anestra' 'ands are he 'rivae'ro'er! o% indigeno&$ 'eo'le$ and do no #on$i&e 'ar o% he lando% he '&-li# domain.

The IPRA !rants to ICCsKIPs a distint 9ind of ownershi% o"er

anestra' do#ains and anestra' 'ands. Anestra' 'ands are not thesa#e as anestra' do#ains. These are defined in Setion -(a5 and (&5

of the Indi!eno$s Peo%'es Ri!hts At > > >.

An#e$ral domain$are all area$ -elonging o ICC$IP$ held &ndera #laim o% o(ner$hi'+ o##&'ied or 'o$$e$$ed -! ICC$IP$ -! hem$elve$or hro&gh heir an#e$or$+ #omm&nall! or individ&all! $in#e imeimmemorial+ #onin&o&$l! &nil he 're$en+ e"#e' (hen inerr&'ed -!

(ar+ %or#e ma.e&re or di$'la#emen -! %or#e+ de#ei+ $ealh or a$ a#on$e)&en#e o% governmen 'ro.e#$ or an! oher vol&nar! dealing$ (ihgovernmen andor 'rivae individ&al$ or #or'oraion$. Anestra'do#ains o#%rise 'ands, in'and waters, oasta' areas, and nat$ra'

reso$res therein and in'$des anestra' 'ands, forests, %ast$re,

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residentia', a!ri$'t$ra', and other 'ands indi"id$a''y owned whether

a'iena&'e or not, h$ntin! !ro$nds, &$ria' !ro$nds, worshi% areas,

&odies of water, #inera' and other nat$ra' reso$res. They a'so

in'$de 'ands whih #ay no 'on!er &e e>'$si"e'y o$%ied &y ICCsKIPs

&$t fro# whih they traditiona''y had aess to for their s$&sistene

and traditiona' ati"ities, %arti$'ar'y the ho#e ran!es of ICCsKIPs

who are sti'' no#adi andKor shiftin! $'ti"ators (Section *a IPR!5.

An#e$ral land$ are land$ held -! he ICC$IP$ &nder he $ame#ondiion$ a$ an#e$ral domain$ e"#e' ha he$e are limied o land$and ha he$e land$ are no merel! o##&'ied and 'o$$e$$ed -& are al$o&ili8ed -! he ICC$IP$ &nder #laim$ o% individ&al or radiionalgro&' o(ner$hi'. These 'ands in'$de &$t are not 'i#ited toresidentia' 'ots, rie terraes or %addies, %ri"ate forests, swidden

far#s and tree 'ots . (Separate 9pinion, (uno, J.,

inIsagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR et al., +.R. No. --/, De. 0,

1222, En 3an5

+. 6ow may I&&sI(s ac'uire rights to their ancestral domains and

ancestral lands?

Held: The ri!hts of the ICCsKIPs to their anestra' do#ains andanestra' 'ands #ay &e a:$ired in two #odes (5 &y naive ile o"er&oth anestra' 'ands and do#ainsG or (15 &y orren$ ile $nder theP$&'i Land At and the Land Re!istration At with res%et to anestra'

'ands on'y.(Separate 9pinion, (uno, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary

of DENR et al., +.R. No. --/, De. 0, 1222, En 3an5

+". What is the concept of Hnative titleH? What is a &ertificate of

ncestral Domain ;itle ?

Held: :;IF7 ;I;@7 refers to ICC$IP$ 're#on)&e$ righ$ oland$ and domain$ held &nder a #laim o% 'rivae o(ner$hi' a$ %ar -a#6a$ memor! rea#he$. These 'ands are deemed never o have -een '&-li#land$ and are indi$'&a-l! 're$&med o have -een held ha (a! $in#e

-e%ore he S'ani$h Con)&e$. The ri!hts of ICCsKIPs to their anestra'domains (whih a'so in'$de anestra' lands5 &y "irt$e of nati"e tit'e

sha'' &e reo!niJed and res%eted . 9ormalre#ogniion+ (hen $oli#ied -! ICC$IP$ #on#erned+ $hall -e em-odied ina Ceri%i#ae o% An#e$ral Domain Tile (CADT5, (hi#h $hall re#ogni8ehe ile o% he #on#erned ICC$IP$ over he erriorie$ ideni%ied anddelineaed.

Li6e a orren$ ile+ a CADT i$ eviden#e o% 'rivae o(ner$hi' o%land -! naive ile. :;IF7 ;I;@7,howe"er, is a ri!ht of %ri"ate

ownershi% %e$'iar'y !ranted to ICCsKIPs o"er their anestra' 'ands anddo#ains. The IPRA ate!oria''y de'ares an#e$ral land$ and domain$held -! naive ile a$ NEER TO HAE BEEN '&-li# land. Do#ains and'ands he'd $nder nati"e tit'e are, therefore, indis%$ta&'y %res$#ed to

ha"e ne"er &een %$&'i 'ands and are %ri"ate.

The one%t of nati"e tit'e in the IPRA was ta9en fro# the 727

ase of Carino v. Insular Government (? Phi'. 7- @727, 11 =.S.

??7, - L. Ed. 7?5. &arino fir#'y esta&'ished a one%t of %ri"ate

'and tit'e that e>isted irres%eti"e of any roya' !rant fro# the State.

(Separate 9pinion, (uno, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of

DENR et al., +.R. No. --/, De. 0, 1222, En 3an5

+2. Discuss the concept of Hjura regaliaH and how it evolved in the

(hilippines. Does it negate native title to lands held in private

ownership since time immemorial?

Held: +enera''y, $nder the one%t of 0ura regalia, 'rivaeile o land m&$ -e ra#ed o $ome gran+ e"'re$$ or im'lied+ %romhe S'ani$h Cro(n or i$ $#e$$or$+ he Ameri#an Colonial governmen+and herea%er+ he Phili''ine Re'&-li#. The &e'ief that the S%anish

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Crown is the ori!in of a'' 'and tit'es in the Phi'i%%ines has %ersisted

&ea$se tit'e to 'and #$st e#anate fro# so#e so$re for it annot iss$e

forth fro# nowhere.

In its &road sense, the ter# H0ura regaliaH refers to ro!algran$+ or ho$e righ$ (hi#h he ing ha$ -! vir&e o% hi$

'rerogaive$. In S%anish 'aw, it refers to a righ (hi#h he $overeignha$ over an!hing in (hi#h a $&-.e# ha$ a righ o% 'ro'er! orpropriedad. These were ri!hts enBoyed d$rin! fe$da' ti#es &y the 9in!

as the so"erei!n.

The theory of the fe$da' syste# was that tit'e to a'' 'ands was

ori!ina''y he'd &y the )in!, and whi'e the $se of 'ands was !ranted o$t

to others who were %er#itted to ho'd the# $nder ertain onditions, the

)in! theoretia''y retained the tit'e. 3y fition of 'aw, the )in! was

re!arded as the ori!ina' %ro%rietor of a'' 'ands, and the tr$e and on'y

so$re of tit'e, and fro# hi# a'' 'ands were he'd. The theory of jura

regaliawas therefore nothin! #ore than a nat$ra' fr$it of on:$est.

The Regalian heor!+ ho(ever+ doe$ no negae naive ile o

land$ held in 'rivae o(ner$hi' $in#e ime immemorial. In the 'and#ar9ase of &arino v. Insular 5overnment (? Phi'. 7-, 11 =.S. ??7, - L.

Ed. 7? @7275, the =nited States S$%re#e Co$rt, re"ersin! the

deision of the %re;war Phi'i%%ine S$%re#e Co$rt, #ade the fo''owin!

%rono$ne#ent

> > > E"ery %res$#%tion is and o$!ht to &e ta9en a!ainst

the +o"ern#ent in a ase 'i9e the %resent. It #i!ht, %erha%s, &e

%ro%er and s$ffiient to say that(hen+ a$ %ar -a#6 a$ e$imon!or memor! goe$+ he land ha$ -een held -! individ&al$ &nder a#laim o% 'rivae o(ner$hi'+ i (ill -e 're$&med o have -een heldin he $ame (a! %rom -e%ore he S'ani$h #on)&e$+ and never ohave -een '&-li# land. - - - (Carino v. Insular Government,s$%ra note 8, at 7?5

The a&o"e r$'in! instit$tiona'iJed the reo!nition of the

e>istene of nati"e tit'e to 'and, or ownershi% of 'and &y 4i'i%inos &y

"irt$e of %ossession $nder a 'ai# of ownershi% sine ti#e i##e#oria'

and inde%endent of any !rant fro# the S%anish Crown, as an e"#e'ion ohe heor! o% 0ura regalia.

6 > >

&arino was deided &y the =.S. S$%re#e Co$rt in 727, at a ti#e

when deisions of the =.S. Co$rt were &indin! as %reedent in o$r

B$risdition . We a%%'ied the

&arino dotrine in the 7?0 ase of 9h &ho v. Director of @ands (8

Phi'. /72 @7?05, where we stated that Movernmen eiher -! '&r#ha$e or -! gran+ -elong ohe '&-li# domain+ -&


23/178

involve$ a #onver$ion o% he #hara#er o% he 'ro'er! %rom aliena-le'&-li# land o 'rivae land+ (hi#h 're$&''o$e$ a ran$%er o% ile %romhe Sae o a 'rivae 'er$on. (Separate 9pinion, Kapunan, J., inIsagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, +.R. No. --/, De. 0, 1222, En

3an5

THE RI>HT O9 THE STATE TO RECOER PROPERTIES UNLAW9ULL; ACQUIRED B;PUBLIC O99ICIALS OR EPLO;EES

++. Does the right of the State to recover properties unlawfully

ac'uired by public officials or employees which may not be barred by

prescription, laches, or estoppel under Section ", rticle !I of

the &onstitution apply to criminal cases for the recovery of ill

gotten wealth?

Held: Section 75, !rticle %I, 7/8 Constit$tion %ro"ides that3;4he right of the State to recover properties unlawfully ac'uired by

public officials or employees, from them or from their nominees as

transferees, shall not be barred by prescription, laches, or estoppel.F

4ro# the'ro#eeding$ o% he Con$i&ional Commi$$ion o% 0+ ho(ever+i (a$ #lear ha hi$ 'rovi$ion a''lie$ onl! o #ivil a#ion$ %orre#over! o% ill,goen (ealh+ and no o #riminal #a$e$* Th&$+ he

'ro$e#&ion o% o%%en$e$ ari$ing %rom+ relaing or in#iden o+ orinvolving ill,goen (ealh #onem'laed in Se#ion 0G+ Ari#le ?I o%he Con$i&ion ma! -e -arred -! 're$#ri'ion. (Presi$ential !$Hoc =actF=in$ing Committee on 6e)est 'oans et al. v. Hon. !niano !.

Desierto et al., +.R. No. -2?2, Ot. 1, 777, En 3an @Da"ide,

C.*.5

STR=CT=RE O4 +OVERNENT

THE DOCTRINE O9 SEPARATION O9 POWERS

+. ay the 5overnment, through the (&55, validly bind itself to

cause the dismissal of all cases against the arcos heirs pending

before the Sandiganbayan and other courts in a &ompromise greement

entered into between the former and the latter?

Held: This is a dire# en#roa#hmen on .&di#ial 'o(er+'ari#&larl! in regard o #riminal .&ri$di#ion. We'';sett'ed is thedotrine that on#e a #a$e ha$ -een %iled -e%ore a #o&r o% #om'een.&ri$di#ion+ he maer o% i$ di$mi$$al or '&r$&an#e lie$ (ihin he%&ll di$#reion and #onrol o% he .&dge. In a ri#ina' ase, he

manner in (hi#h he 'ro$e#&ion i$ handled+ in#l&ding he maer o%(hom o 're$en a$ (ine$$e$+ ma! lie (ihin he $o&nd di$#reion o%

he governmen 'ro$e#&or4 -& he #o&r de#ide$+ -a$ed on he eviden#e'ro%%ered+ in (ha manner i (ill di$'o$e o% he #a$e* M&ri$di#ion+on#e a#)&ired -! he rial #o&r+ i$ no lo$ de$'ie a re$ol&ion+even -! he .&$i#e $e#rear!+ o (ihdra( he in%ormaion or odi$mi$$ he #om'lain* The 'ro$e#&ion$ moion o (ihdra( or odi$mi$$ i$ no he lea$ -inding &'on he #o&r. On the ontrary,deisiona' r$'es re:$ire the tria' o$rt to #a9e its own e"a'$ation of

the #erits of the ase, &ea$se !rantin! s$h #otion is e:$i"a'ent to

effetin! a dis%osition of the ase itse'f.

Th$s, the PC++, as the !o"ern#ent %rose$tor of i'';!otten wea'th

ases, annot !$arantee the dis#issa' of a'' s$h ri#ina' ases

a!ainst the aroses %endin! in the o$rts, for said dis#issa' is not

within its so'e %ower and disretion. (C)avez v. PCGG, 177 SCRA8??, De. 7, 77/ @Pan!ani&an5

DELE>ATION O9 POWERS

+). What are the tests of a valid delegation of power?

23


24/178

Held: E#%owerin! the COELEC, an ad#inistrati"e &ody e>erisin!:$asi;B$diia' f$ntions, to %ro#$'!ate r$'es and re!$'ations is a for#

of de'e!ation of 'e!is'ati"e a$thority > > >.


25/178

D$rin! the de'i&erations in the Constit$tiona' Co##ission, Co##.

Christian S. onsod %ointed o$t that the %artii%ants in the %arty;'ist

syste# #ay &e a re!iona' %arty, a setora' %arty, a nationa' %arty,

=NIDO, a!sasa9a, or a re!iona' %arty in indanao.F > > >.

Indeed, Co##issioner onsod stated that the %$r%ose of the %arty;

'ist %ro"ision was to o'en &' he $!$em, in order to !i"e a hane to%arties that onsistent'y %'ae third or fo$rth in on!ressiona'

distrit e'etions to win a seat in Con!ress. %'ained The'&r'o$e o% hi$ i$ o o'en he $!$em* In he 'a$ ele#ion$+ (e %o&ndo& ha here (ere #erain gro&'$ or 'arie$ ha+ i% (e #o&n heirvoe$ naion(ide+ have a-o& 0+JJJ+JJJ or 0+GJJ+JJJ voe$* B& he!

(ere al(a!$ hird or %o&rh 'la#e in ea#h o% he di$ri#$* So+ he!have no voi#e in he A$$em-l!* B& hi$ (a!+ he! (o&ld have %ive or$i" re're$enaive$ in he a$$em-l! even i% he! (o&ld no (inindivid&all! in legi$laive di$ri#$* So+ ha i$ e$$eniall! he

me#hani#$+ he '&r'o$e and o-.e#ive o% he 'ar!,li$ $!$em.F

4or its %art, Section + of R! ,:47 a'so %ro"ides for a %arty;

'ist syste# of re!istered nationa', re!iona' and setora' parties oror!aniJations or oa'itions thereof, > > >.F Setion - e>%ress'y

states that a %artyF is either a %o'itia' %arty or a setora' %arty

or a oa'ition of %arties.F ore to the %oint, the 'aw defines

%o'itia' %artyF as an or!aniJed !ro$% of itiJens ad"oatin! an

ideo'o!y or %'atfor#, %rini%'es and %o'iies for the !enera' ond$t

of !o"ern#ent and whih, as the #ost i##ediate #eans of se$rin! their

ado%tion, re!$'ar'y no#inates and s$%%orts ertain of its 'eaders and

#e#&ers as andidates for %$&'i offie.F

4$rther#ore, Section 77 of R! ,:47 'ea"es no do$&t as to the

%artii%ation of %o'itia' %arties in the %arty;'ist syste#. 6 > >

Ind$&ita&'y, therefore, %o'itia' %arties e"en the #aBor ones

#ay %artii%ate in the %arty;'ist e'etions.

That %o'itia' %arties #ay %artii%ate in the %arty;'ist

e'etions does not #ean, howe"er, that any%o'itia' %arty or any

or!aniJation or !ro$% for that #atter #ay do so. The re)&i$ie#hara#er o% he$e 'arie$ or organi8aion$ m&$ -e #on$i$en (ih he

'&r'o$e o% he 'ar!,li$ $!$em+ a$ laid do(n in he Con$i&ion andRA F0. 6 > > (!ng 6agong 6ayani 3=B 'a#or Party v. C3ME'EC, +.R.No. ?8/7, *$ne 10, 122, En 3an @Pan!ani&an5

+#. Who are the marginali=ed and underrepresented sectors to be

represented under the partylist system?

Held: The #ar!ina'iJed and $nderre%resented setors to &ere%resented $nder the %arty;'ist syste# are en$#erated in Section 5 of

R! ,:47 > > >.

Whi'e the en$#eration of #ar!ina'iJed and $nderre%resented

setors is no e"#l&$ive, it de#onstrates the #lear inen o% he la(ha no all $e#or$ #an -e re're$ened &nder he 'ar!,li$ $!$em. 6> >

@We stress that the %arty;'ist syste# see9s to ena&'e ertain

4i'i%ino itiJens s%eifia''y those &e'on!in! to marginali8ed and&nderre're$ened $e#or$+ organi8aion$ and 'arie$ to &e e'eted tothe


26/178

di$'arae4 hen#e+ he " " " 'o$iion o rea hem $imilarl! de%ie$rea$on and #ommon $en$e. 6 > >

While he -&$ine$$ mog&l$ and he mega,ri#h are+ n&meri#all!$'ea6ing+ a in! minori!+ he! are neiher marginali8ed nor&nderre're$ened+ %or he $ar6 reali! i$ ha heir e#onomi# #lo&engender$ 'olii#al 'o(er more a(e$ome han heir n&meri#al limiaion*Tradiionall!+ 'olii#al 'o(er doe$ no ne#e$$aril! emanae %rom he$i8e o% one$ #on$i&en#!4 indeed+ i i$ li6el! o ari$e more dire#l!%rom he n&m-er and amo&n o% one$ -an6 a##o&n$.

I i$ ironi#+ here%ore+ ha he marginali8ed and&nderre're$ened in o&r mid$ are he ma.ori! (ho (allo( in 'over!+de$i&ion and in%irmi!* I (a$ %or hem ha he 'ar!,li$ $!$em

(a$ ena#ed o give hem no onl! gen&ine ho'e+ -& gen&ine 'o(er4 ogive hem o''or&ni! o -e ele#ed and o re're$en he $'e#i%i##on#ern$ o% heir #on$i&en#ie$4 and $im'l! o give hem a dire# voein Congre$$ and in he larger a%%air$ o% he Sae. In its no&'estsense, the %arty;'ist syste# tr$'y e#%owers the #asses and $shers a new

ho%e for !en$ine han!e. Veri'y, it in"ites those #ar!ina'iJed and

$nderre%resented in the %ast the far# hands, the fisher fo'9, the$r&an %oor, e"en those in the $nder!ro$nd #o"e#ent to o#e o$t and

%artii%ate, as indeed #any of the# a#e o$t and %artii%ated d$rin!

the 'ast e'etions. The State annot now disa%%oint and fr$strate the#

&y disa&'in! the deseratin! this soia' B$stie "ehi'e.

3ea$se the #ar!ina'iJed and $nderre%resented had not &een a&'e

to win in the on!ressiona' distrit e'etions nor#a''y do#inated &y

traditiona' %o'itiians and "ested !ro$%s, 12 %erent of the seats in

the


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6 > >

We r$'e that a si#%'e readin! of Setion , Arti'e VI of the

Constit$tion, easi'y on"eys the e:$a''y si#%'e #essa!e that Congre$$(a$ ve$ed (ih he -road 'o(er o de%ine and 're$#ri-e he me#hani#$o% he 'ar!,li$ $!$em o% re're$enaion* The Con$i&ione"'li#il! $e$ do(n onl! he 'er#enage o% he oal mem-er$hi' in heHo&$e o% Re're$enaive$ re$erved %or 'ar!,li$ re're$enaive$.

In he e"er#i$e o% i$ #on$i&ional 'rerogaive+ Congre$$ena#ed R! ,:47. As said ear'ier, Con!ress de'ared therein a %o'iyto %ro#ote M%ro%ortiona' re%resentationM in the e'etion of %arty;'ist

re%resentati"es in order to ena&'e 4i'i%inos &e'on!in! to the

#ar!ina'iJed and $nderre%resented setors to ontri&$te 'e!is'ation

that wo$'d &enefit the#. I ho(ever deemed i ne#e$$ar! o re)&ire'arie$+ organi8aion$ and #oaliion$ 'ari#i'aing in he $!$em oo-ain a lea$ (o 'er#en o% he oal voe$ #a$ %or he 'ar!,li$

$!$em in order o -e eniled o a 'ar!,li$ $ea* Tho$e garneringmore han hi$ 'er#enage #o&ld have addiional $ea$ in 'ro'orion o

heir oal n&m-er o% voe$* 9&rhermore+ no (inning 'ar!+organi8aion or #oaliion #an have more han hree $ea$ in he Ho&$eo% Re're$enaive$. 6 > >

Considerin! the fore!oin! stat$tory re:$ire#ents, it wi'' &e

shown > > > that Se#ion G/51+ Ari#le I o% he Con$i&ion i$ nomandaor!* I merel! 'rovide$ a CEI'ING %or 'ar!,li$ $ea$ inCongre$$. (2eterans =e$eration Party v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. -08/,Ot. 0, 1222, En 3an @Pan!ani&an5

51. What are the I:FI9@E@7 (87;78S to determine the winners in a

(hilippinestyle partylist election?

Held: To deter#ine the winners in a Phi'i%%ine;sty'e %arty;'iste'etion, the Constit$tion and Re%$&'i At No. 87? #andate at 'east

fo$r in"io'a&'e %ara#eters. These are

0irst,T


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mem-er$hi' $ho&ld -elong o he marginali8ed and &nderre're$ened* Andi m&$ demon$rae ha in a #on%li# o% inere$+ i ha$ #ho$en or i$li6el! o #hoo$e he inere$ o% $h $e#or$.

SECOND, whi'e e"en #aBor %o'itia' %arties are e>%ress'y a''owed

&y RA 87? and the Constit$tion to %artii%ate in the %arty;'ist

syste#, they #$st o#%'y with the de'ared stat$tory %o'iy of ena&'in!

4i'i%ino itiJens &e'on!in! to #ar!ina'iJed and $nderre%resented

setors > > > to &e e'eted to the %'ained &y a #e#&er of the

Constit$tiona' Co##ission in this wise > > to &eo#e #e#&ers of the


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SI6T > >

SEVENT > > (!ng 6agong 6ayani 3=B 'a#or Party v.C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ?8/7, *$ne 10, 122, En 3an @Pan!ani&an5

*. ccusedappellant &ongressman 8omeo 5. Jalosjos filed a motion

before the &ourt asBing that he be allowed to fully discharge the

duties of a &ongressman, including attendance at legislative

sessions and committee meetings despite his having been convicted in

the first instance of a nonbailable offense. 6e contended that his

reelection being an e-pression of popular will cannot be rendered

inutile by any ruling, giving priority to any right or interest L

not even the police power of the State. 8esolve.

Held: The imm&ni! %rom arre$ or deenion o% Senaor$ andmem-er$ o% he Ho&$e o% Re're$enaive$ " " " ari$e$ %rom a 'rovi$iono% he Con$i&ion. The history of the %ro"ision shows that the%ri"i'e!e has a'ways &een !ranted in a restriti"e sense. The

%ro"ision !rantin! an e>e#%tion as a s%eia' %ri"i'e!e annot &e

e>tended &eyond the ordinary #eanin! of its ter#s. It #ay not &e

e>tended &y intend#ent, i#%'iation or e:$ita&'e onsiderations.

The 7- Constit$tion %ro"ided in its Arti'e VI on the

Le!is'ati"e De%art#ent

Se. . The Senators and e#&ers of the e#%tion a%%'ied on'y to i"i' arrests. A on!ress#an 'i9e the

a$sed;a%%e''ant, on"ited $nder Tit'e E'e"en of the Re"ised Pena'

Code o$'d not 'ai# %ar'ia#entary i##$nity fro# arrest. years

i#%rison#ent, &e %ri"i'e!ed fro# arrest d$rin! his attendane at

its sessions and in !oin! to and ret$rnin! fro# the sa#e.

4or offenses %$nisha&'e &y #ore than si> years i#%rison#ent,

there was no i##$nity fro# arrest. The restriti"e inter%retation of

i##$nity and the intent to onfine it within aref$''y defined

%ara#eters is i''$strated &y the on'$din! %ortion of the %ro"ision,

to wit

29


30/178

6 > > &$t the 3atasan! Pa#&ansa sha'' s$rrender the #e#&er

in"o'"ed to the $stody of the 'aw within twenty fo$r ho$rs after

its adBo$rn#ent for a reess or for its ne>t session, otherwise

s$h %ri"i'e!e sha'' ease $%on its fai'$re to do so.

The %resent Constit$tion adheres to the sa#e restriti"e r$'e

#in$s the o&'i!ation of Con!ress to s$rrender the s$&Bet Con!ress#an

to the $stody of the 'aw. The re:$ire#ent that he sho$'d &e attendin!

sessions or o##ittee #eetin!s has a'so &een re#o"ed. 4or re'ati"e'y

#inor offenses, it is eno$!h that Con!ress is in session.

The a$sed;a%%e''ant ar!$es that a #e#&er of Con!ress f$ntion

to attend sessions is $ndersored &y Setion 0(15, Arti'e VI of the

Constit$tion whih states that

(15 A #aBority of eah


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sessions and to s$rrender "o'$ntari'y to the a$thorities. Ironia''y,

it is now the sa#e &ody whose a'' he initia''y s%$rned whih a$sed;

a%%e''ant is in"o9in! to B$stify his %resent #otion. This an not &e

o$ntenaned &ea$se, > > > aside fro# its &ein! ontrary to we'';

defined Constit$tiona' restrainsG it wo$'d &e a #o9ery of the ai#s of

the States %ena' syste#.

A$sed;a%%e''ant ar!$es that on se"era' oasions, the Re!iona'

Tria' Co$rt of a9ati !ranted se"era' #otions to te#%orari'y 'ea"e his

e'' at the a9ati City *ai', for offiia' or #edia' reasons > > >.


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ha"e o%%ort$nity of &ein! heard thereon &y %etition or

otherwise if they sha'' so desire.

Setion 10(5 of Arti'e VI of the 7/8 Constit$tion is

s$ffiient'y o#%'ied with where > > > the ile i$ COPREHENSIEeno&gh o em-ra#e he general o-.e#ive i $ee6$ o a#hieve+ and i% allhe 'ar$ o% he $a&e are RELATED and >ERANE o he $&-.e# maerem-odied in he ile or $o long a$ he $ame are NOT INCONSISTENT (ihor %oreign o he general $&-.e# and ile. (!gripino !. DeGuzman 1r. et al. v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. 17/, *$'y 7, 1222, en 3an

@P$risi#a5

. Section ++ of 8.. :o. $"$# of rticle FI of the &onstitution allegedly because

it has an isolated and different subject from that of 8 $"$# and

that the same is not e-pressed in the title of the law. Should the

challenge be sustained?

Held: Section 44 of R! 7: i$ no i$olaed #on$idering ha ii$ relaed and germane o he $&-.e# maer $aed in he ile o% hela(. The tit'e of RA //7 is MThe VoterHs Re!istration At of 770Mwith a s$&Bet #atter en$niated in the e>%'anatory note as MAN ACT

PROVIDIN+ 4OR A +ENERAL RE+ISTRATION O4 VOTERS, ADOPTIN+ A SYSTE O4

CONTIN=IN+ RE+ISTRATION, PRESCRI3IN+ T


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their %ower. (!rroyo v. De 2enecia, 188 SCRA 10/, A$!. ?, 778

@endoJa5

%. What is the Eicameral &onference &ommittee? Discuss the nature

of its function and its jurisdiction.

Held: Whi'e it is tr$e that a onferene o##ittee is theme#hani$m %or #om'romi$ing di%%eren#e$ -e(een he Senae and heHo&$e, it is no limied in i$ .&ri$di#ion o hi$ )&e$ion. Its&roader f$ntion is desri&ed th$s

A #on%eren#e #ommiee ma! deal generall! (ih he $&-.e# maeror i ma! -e limied o re$olving he 're#i$e di%%eren#e$ -e(een he(o ho&$e$* Even (here he #on%eren#e #ommiee i$ no -! r&le limiedin i$ .&ri$di#ion+ legi$laive #&$om $everel! limi$ he %reedom

(ih (hi#h ne( $&-.e# maer #an -e in$ered ino he #on%eren#e -ill.3$t oasiona''y a onferene o##ittee %rod$es $ne>%eted res$'ts,

res$'ts &eyond its #andate. These e>$rsions o$r e"en where the

r$'es i#%ose strit 'i#itations on onferene o##ittee B$risdition.

This is sy#%to#ati of the a$thoritarian %ower of onferene o##ittee.(P)ilippine 1u$ges !ssociation v. Pra$o, 118 SCRA 82-, No". , 77-,

En 3an @Cr$J5

$. Discuss the 7nrolled Eill Doctrine.

Held: /n$er t)e enrolle$ #ill $octrine t)e signing of H. 6illNo. ,7: #y t)e SpeaAer of t)e House an$ t)e Presi$ent of t)e Senate

an$ t)e certification #y t)e secretaries of #ot) Houses of Congress

t)at it (as passe$ on Novem#er +7 7::; are conclusive of its $ue

enactment. - > > To &e s$re, there is no 'ai# either here or in the

deision in the EVAT ases (&olentino v. Secretary of =inance5 that heenrolled -ill em-odie$ a #on#l&$ive 're$&m'ion. In one ase (!storgav. 2illegas, 0 SCRA 8? @78?5(e 2(en -ehind3 an enrolled -ill and#on$&led he Mo&rnal o deermine (heher #erain 'rovi$ion$ o% a$a&e had -een a''roved -! he Senae.

B&+ (here a$ here here i$ no eviden#e o he #onrar!+ hi$Co&r (ill re$'e# he #eri%i#aion o% he 're$iding o%%i#er$ o% -ohHo&$e$ ha a -ill ha$ -een d&l! 'a$$ed* Under hi$ r&le+ hi$ Co&rha$ re%&$ed o deermine #laim$ ha he hree,%o&rh$ voe needed o

'a$$ a 'ro'o$ed amendmen o he Con$i&ion had no -een o-ained+-e#a&$e 2a d&l! a&heni#aed -ill or re$ol&ion im'or$ a-$ol&everi! and i$ -inding on he #o&r$.F > > >

This Co$rt has ref$sed to e"en 'oo9 into a''e!ations that the

enro''ed &i'' sent to the President ontained %ro"isions whih had &eens$rre%titio$s'yF inserted in the onferene o##ittee > > >.

(&olentino v. Secretary of =inance5

It has ref$sed to 'oo9 into har!es that an a#end#ent was #ade

$%on the 'ast readin! of a &i'' in "io'ation of Art. VI, Se. 10(15 of

the Constit$tion that, $%on the 'ast readin! of a &i'', no a#end#ent

sha'' &e a''owed.F (P)ilippine 1u$ges !ss>n v. Pra$o, 118 SCRA 82-,

82 @77-5

In other ases, this Co$rt has denied 'ai#s that the tenor of a

&i'' was otherwise than as ertified &y the %residin! offiers of &oth


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Senae+ and o% he Pre$iden o% he Unied Sae$+ #arrie$+ oni$ %a#e+ a $olemn a$$&ran#e -! he legi$laive and e"e#&ivede'armen$ o% he governmen+ #harged+ re$'e#ivel!+ (ih hed&! o% ena#ing and e"e#&ing he la($+ ha i (a$ 'a$$ed -!Congre$$* The re$'e# d&e o #oe)&al and inde'enden de'armen$re)&ire$ he .&di#ial de'armen o a# &'on ha a$$&ran#e+ ando a##e'+ a$ having 'a$$ed Congre$$+ all -ill$ a&heni#aed inhe manner $aed4 leaving he #o&r o deermine+ (hen he)&e$ion 'ro'erl! ari$e$+ (heher he A#+ $o a&heni#aed+ i$in #on%ormi! (ih he Con$i&ion. (Mars)all =iel$ L Co. v.ClarA, ?- =.S. 0?7, 081, -0 L. Ed. 17?, -2- @/75

To o"err$'e the dotrine now, > > > is to re%$diate the #assi"e

teahin! of o$r ases and o"erthrow an esta&'ished r$'e of e"idene.

(!rroyo v. De 2enecia, 188 SCRA 10/, A$!. ?, 778 @endoJa5

#. When should the @egislative Journal be regarded as conclusive

upon the courts, and why?

Held: The Mo&rnal i$ regarded a$ #on#l&$ive (ih re$'e# omaer$ ha are re)&ired -! he Con$i&ion o -e re#orded herein*Wih re$'e# o oher maer$+ in he a-$en#e o% eviden#e o he#onrar!+ he Mo&rnal$ have al$o -een a##orded #on#l&$ive e%%e#$.Th$s, in /nite$ States v. Pons (-? Phi'. 817, 8- @70, 'uoting e-

rel. 6erron v. Smith, ?? Ohio -?/ @//05, this Co$rt s%o9e of the

im'eraive$ o% '&-li# 'oli#! %or regarding he Mo&rnal$ a$ 2'&-li#memorial$ o% he mo$ 'ermanen #hara#er+3 h&$: 2The! $ho&ld -e'&-li#+ -e#a&$e all are re)&ired o #on%orm o hem4 he! $ho&ld -e'ermanen+ ha righ$ a#)&ired oda! &'on he %aih o% (ha ha$ -eende#lared o -e la( $hall no -e de$ro!ed omorro(+ or a $ome remoe

'eriod o% ime+ -! %a#$ re$ing onl! in he memor! o% individ&al$.F 6> >. (!rroyo v. De 2enecia, 188 SCRA 10/, A$!. ?, 778

@endoJa5

). What matters are re'uired to be entered on the Journal?

Held:

1) The !ea$ and na!$ on he hird and %inal readingof a &i''(Ar* I+ Se#* 5'$si"e'y

'od!ed with the


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andidate in the Seond Con!ressiona' Distrit of a9ati City. We

disa!ree.

Peiioner #onvenienl! #on%&$e$ he di$in#ion -e(een an&n'ro#laimed #andidae o he Ho&$e o% Re're$enaive$ and a mem-er o%he $ame* O-aining he highe$ n&m-er o% voe$ in an ele#ion doe$no a&omai#all! ve$ he 'o$iion in he (inning #andidae. Section7,of!rticle 2Iof the 7:, Constitutionreads

/;he Senate and the 6ouse of 8epresentatives shall have an

7lectoral ;ribunal which shall be the sole judge of all contests

relating to the election, returns and 'ualifications of their

respective embers.F

Under he a-ove,$aed 'rovi$ion+ he ele#oral ri-&nal #learl!a$$&me$ .&ri$di#ion over all #one$$ relaive o he ele#ion+re&rn$ and )&ali%i#aion$ o% #andidae$ %or eiher he Senae or heHo&$e onl! (hen he laer -e#ome EBERS o% eiher he Senae or he

Ho&$e o% Re're$enaive$* A #andidae (ho ha$ no -een 'ro#laimed and(ho ha$ no a6en hi$ oah o% o%%i#e #anno -e $aid o -e a mem-er o%

he Ho&$e o% Re're$enaive$ $&-.e# o Se#ion 0F o% Ari#le I o% heCon$i&ion. Whi'e the %ro'a#ation of a winnin! andidate in ane'etion is #inisteria', E.(. Elg. $$" in conjunction with Sec. ) of

8.. ))+) allows suspension of proclamation under circumstances

mentioned therein. Th$s, %etitioners ontention that after the

ond$t of the e'etion and (%etitioner5 has &een esta&'ished the

winner of the e'etora' e>erise fro# the #o#ent of e'etion, the

COELEC is a$to#atia''y di"ested of a$thority to %ass $%on the

:$estion of :$a'ifiationF finds no &asis in 'aw, &ea$se even A9TERhe ele#ion$ he COELEC i$ em'o(ered -! Se#ion /in relaion oSe#ion F1 o% R*A* o #onin&e o hear and de#ide )&e$ion$relaing o )&ali%i#aion$ o% #andidae$. 6 > >.

Under he a-ove,)&oed 'rovi$ion+ no onl! i$ a di$)&ali%i#aion#a$e again$ a #andidae allo(ed o #onin&e a%er he ele#ion /anddoe$ no o&$ he COELEC o% i$ .&ri$di#ion1+ -& hi$ o-aining hehighe$ n&m-er o% voe$ (ill no re$&l in he $&$'en$ion orerminaion o% he 'ro#eeding$ again$ him (hen he eviden#e o% g&ili$ $rong* Whi'e the %hrase when the e"idene of !$i't is stron!Fsee#s to s$!!est that the %ro"isions of Setion 0 o$!ht to &e

a%%'ia&'e on'y to dis:$a'ifiation ases $nder Setion 0/ of the

O#ni&$s E'etion Code, Setion 8 of R.A. 00?0 a''ows the a%%'iation of

the %ro"isions of Setion 0 to ases in"o'"in! dis:$a'ifiation &ased

on ine'i!i&i'ity $nder Setion 8/ of 3P. 3'!. //. 6 > >.

(!uino v. C3ME'EC, 1?/ SCRA ?22, Se%t. /, 77, En 3an

@)a%$nan, *.5

1. As to the erise

that %ower fo''owin! the %ro'a#ation and ass$#%tion of the %osition &y

4arinas is a reo!nition of the B$risditiona' &o$ndaries se%aratin!

the COELEC and the E'etora' Tri&$na' of the


36/178

so'e and e>'$si"e B$risdition o"er a'' ontests re'ati"e to the

e'etion, ret$rns, and :$a'ifiations of #e#&ers of the >

Petitioner f$rther ar!$es that the


37/178

THE E?ECUTIE DEPARTENT

64. Did former (resident 7strada resign as (resident or should be

considered resigned as of January 2, 2" when (resident 5loria

acapagal rroyo tooB her oath as the "+th(resident of the 8epublic?

Held: 87SI5:;I9:> > > is a fat$a' :$estion and its 7@77:;Sare &eyond :$i&&'e here m&$ -e an inen o re$ign and he inen

m&$ -e #o&'led -! a#$ o% relin)&i$hmen. ;he validity of aresignation is not governed by any formal re'uirement as to form. It

can be oral. It can be written. It can be e-press. It can be

implied. A$ long a$ he re$ignaion i$ #lear+ i m&$ -e given legale%%e#*

In the ases at &ar, the fats show that %etitioner did not write

any for#a' 'etter of resi!nation &efore he e"a$ated a'aanan! Pa'ae

in the afternoon of *an$ary 12, 122 after the oath;ta9in! of

res%ondent Arroyo. Conse:$ent'y, (heher or no 'eiioner re$ignedha$ o -e deermined %rom hi$ a#$ and omi$$ion$ -e%ore+ d&ring anda%er Man&ar! 5J+ 5JJ0 or -! THE TOTALIT; O9 PRIOR+ CONTEPORANEOUS AND

POSTERIOR 9ACTS AND CIRCUSTANTIAL EIDENCE BEARIN> A ATERIALRELEANCE ON THE ISSUE.

=sin! this ;9;@I;G ;7S;, (e hold ha 'eiioner re$igned a$Pre$iden.

6 > >

In s$#, we ho'd that the resi!nation of the %etitioner annot &e

do$&ted. It was onfir#ed &y his 'ea"in! a'aanan!. In the %ress

re'ease ontainin! his fina' state#ent, /01 he a#6no(ledged he oah,a6ing o% he re$'onden a$ Pre$iden of the Re%$&'i a'&eit withreser"ation a&o$t its 'e!a'ityG /51 he em'ha$i8ed he (a$ leaving hePala#e, the seat of the %resideny, %or he $a6e o% 'ea#e and in ordero -egin he healing 'ro#e$$ o% o&r naion* He $i$ not say )e (asleaving t)e Palace $ue to any Ain$ of ina#ility an$ t)at )e (as going

to reFassume t)e presi$ency as soon as t)e $isa#ility $isappearsG /71he e"'re$$ed hi$ grai&de o he 'eo'le %or he o''or&ni! o $ervehem* Wiho& do&-+ he (a$ re%erring o he past opportunity givenhim o $erve he 'eo'le a$ Pre$idenG /1 he a$$&red ha he (ill no$hir6 %rom an! future c)allenge ha ma! #ome ahead on he $ame $ervi#eo% o&r #o&nr!* Peiioner$ re%eren#e i$ o a future c)allenge after

occupying t)e office of t)e presi$ent(hi#h he ha$ given &'G and /G1 he#alled on hi$ $&''orer$ o .oin him in he 'romoion o% a #on$rivenaional $'iri o% re#on#iliaion and $olidari!* Certainly t)enational spirit of reconciliation an$ soli$arity coul$ not #e attaine$

if )e $i$ not give up t)e presi$ency. The 're$$ relea$e (a$

'eiioner$ valedi#or!+ hi$ %inal a# o% %are(ell* His presi$ency isno( in t)e past tense. (Estra$a v. Desierto, +.R. Nos. ?082;,

arh 1, 122, en 3an @P$no5

). Discuss our legal history on e-ecutive immunity.

Held: The dotrine of e>e$ti"e i##$nity in this B$risditione#er!ed as a case law. In the 72 ase of =or#es etc. v. C)uoco

&iaco an$ Crossfiel$ (0 Phi'. -? @725, the res%ondent Tiao, a

Chinese itiJen, s$ed %etitioner W. Ca#eron 4or&es, +o"ernor;+enera' of

the Phi'i%%ine Is'ands, *.E. overnor,>eneral4 ha he ma!+ &nder #over o% hi$ o%%i#e+ do (ha he (ill+&nim'eded and &nre$rained. S$h a onstr$tion wo$'d #ean thattyranny, $nder the !$ise of the e>e$tion of the 'aw, o$'d wa'9

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defiant'y a&road, destroyin! ri!hts of %erson and of %ro%erty,

who''y free fro# interferene of o$rts or 'e!is'at$res. Thi$doe$ no mean+ eiher+ ha a 'er$on in.&red -! he e"e#&ivea&hori! -! an a# &n.&$i%ia-le &nder he la( ha$ no remed!+

-& m&$ $&-mi in $ilen#e. On the ontrary, it #eans, si#%'y,that he >overnor,>eneral+ li6e he .&dge$ o% he #o&r$ and he

mem-er$ o% he Legi$la&re+ ma! no -e 'er$onall! m&l#ed in#ivil damage$ %or he #on$e)&en#e$ o% an a# e"e#&ed in he

'er%orman#e o% hi$ o%%i#ial d&ie$. The .&di#iar! ha$ %&ll 'o(ero+ and (ill+ (hen he maer i$ 'ro'erl! 're$ened o i and heo##a$ion .&$l! (arran$ i+ de#lare an a# o% he >overnor,>eneral illegal and void and 'la#e a$ nearl! a$ 'o$$i-le in$a&$ )&o an! 'er$on (ho ha$ -een de'rived hi$ li-er! or hi$

'ro'er! -! $h a#. This re#edy is ass$red to e"ery %erson,howe"er h$#&'e or of whate"er o$ntry, when his %ersona' or

%ro%erty ri!hts ha"e &een in"aded, e"en &y the hi!hest a$thority

of the state. The hing (hi#h he .&di#iar! #an no do i$ m&l#he >overnor,>eneral 'er$onall! in damage$ (hi#h re$&l$ %rom he

'er%orman#e o% hi$ o%%i#ial d&!,any #ore than it an a #e#&erof the Phi'i%%ine Co##ission or the Phi'i%%ine Asse#&'y. P$&'i

%o'iy for&ids it.

Neiher doe$ hi$ 'rin#i'le o% nonlia-ili! mean ha he#hie% e"e#&ive ma! no -e 'er$onall! $&ed a all in relaion oa#$ (hi#h he #laim$ o 'er%orm a$ $h o%%i#ial* On he#onrar!+ i #learl! a''ear$ %rom he di$#&$$ion hereo%ore had,%arti$'ar'y that %ortion whih to$hed the 'ia&i'ity of B$d!es

and drew an ana'o!y &etween s$h 'ia&i'ity and that of the

+o"ernor;+enera', ha he laer i$ lia-le (hen he a#$ in a#a$e $o 'lainl! o&$ide o% hi$ 'o(er and a&hori! ha he #anno -e $aid o have e"er#i$ed di$#reion in deermining (heheror no he had he righ o a#* Wha i$ held here i$ ha he

(ill -e 'roe#ed %rom 'er$onal lia-ili! %or damage$ no onl!(hen he a#$ (ihin hi$ a&hori!+ -& al$o (hen he i$ (iho&a&hori!+ 'rovided he a#&all! &$ed di$#reion and .&dgmen+ha i$+ he .&di#ial %a#&l!+ in deermining (heher he hada&hori! o a# or no. In other words, he is entit'ed to%rotetion in deermining he )&e$ion o% hi$ a&hori!. If hedeides wron!'y, he is sti'' %roteted %ro"ided the :$estion of

his a$thority was one o"er whih two #en, reasona&'y :$a'ified

for that %osition, #i!ht honest'y differG &$t he is not %roteted

if the 'a9 of a$thority to at is so %'ain that two s$h #en

o$'d not honest'y differ o"er its deter#ination. In s$h ase,

he ats, not as +o"ernor;+enera' &$t as a %ri"ate indi"id$a',

and, as s$h, #$st answer for the onse:$enes of his at.F

r. *$stie *ohnson $ndersored the onse:$enes if the Chief E>e$ti"e

was not !ranted i##$nity fro# s$it, vi=N > > >. A#ion &'on im'oranmaer$ o% $ae dela!ed4 he ime and $&-$an#e o% he #hie% e"e#&ive$'en in (rangling liigaion4 di$re$'e# engendered %or he 'er$on o%one o% he highe$ o%%i#ial$ o% he Sae and %or he o%%i#e heo##&'ie$4 a enden#! o &nre$ and di$order4 re$&ling in a (a!+ in adi$r&$ a$ o he inegri! o% governmen i$el%.F

O$r "#* &onstitution too9 effet &$t it did not contain any

specific provision on e-ecutive immunity. Then a#e the t$#$'t of the#artia' 'aw years $nder the 'ate President 4erdinand E. aros and the

78- Constit$tion was &orn. In 7/, it was a#ended and one of the

amendments involved e-ecutive immunity. Setion 8, Arti'e VII stated

The President sha'' &e i##$ne fro# s$it d$rin! his ten$re.

Thereafter, no s$it whatsoe"er sha'' 'ie for offiia' ats done

&y hi# or &y others %$rs$ant to his s%eifi orders d$rin! his

ten$re.

The i##$nities herein %ro"ided sha'' a%%'y to the in$#&ent

President referred to in Arti'e 6VII of this Constit$tion.F

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In his seond Viente

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