(522-486) united the Persian Empire - stretched from Iraq to Egypt and India – 35-50 million people

522-486)BCE He created an effective government with governors or Satraps, spies (eyes and ears of the king), Adopting the culture of those conquered, Allowing conquered people to keep their religions, pony express used

Emerged around 750 BCE, Largest cities Athens and

Sparta-Divided by mountains - independent city-states -

Common language and religion

emerged 776 BCE every 4 years conflict put aside

Created the Iliad and the Odyssey

Large military – boys sent to military training at age 7 – large helot (conquered people- slaves) population

594BCE –He broke the aristocracy – Debt slavery abolished – all citizens could vote (Athens)

Between the world’s largest empire and Greeks small independent city states. 490 & 480 BCE – Darius @ Battle of Marathon- Xerxes @ Battle of Thermopylae. War won by free men. Strengthened Athenian democracy

Conflict between Athens and Sparta and their allies. Ended the Golden Age 431-404 BCE

Darius I Darius I

Olympics games Homer Sparta

Solon Greco- Persian Wars Peloponnesian War

Greece

Son of Phillip- defeated Persians – created the largest Greek Empire. Spread Greek culture throughout his empire. Hellenistic Age

philosopher – believed the best government should regulate all aspects of people’s life- against democracy after Socrates execution

Philosophers - Socratic Method – pose questions and examine the implication of answers – executed for corrupting the youth

philosopher – Best government should be a single strong and virtuous leader

began on the west side of central Italy around 8th century BCEOriginally ruled by a king 509 BCE - Aristocrats established a republic

represented the Plebeians in the senate and could block unfair legislation

3 wars with Rome vs. Carthage includes Hannibal taking elephants over Alps into Italy- after 3rd was Carthage is destroyed. Gave Rome control of west Mediterranean

family dominated by males

He conquered the Roman province of Gaul (France) marched into Rome and declared himself Dictator – later killed by senate

Alexander the Great Plato

Aristotle RomeTribune

Punic Wars Patriarchal Julius Caesar

Socrates

He became Augustus (first citizen) became Emperor –

ending 500 years of the republic

Roman peace started with Augustus - lasted 200 years

Established around 2200 BCE - Previous emperors Xai, Shang and Zhou - had grown larger and more prosperous - 500 BCE had fallen in to civil wars

China– hundreds of thousands of people were forced to build this–designed to keep out invaders from the north

Unified China -developed an effective bureaucracy – army with iron weapons and rising agriculture and growing population -Empire stretched from northern Vietnam to northeast Korea

adopted by Qin – clear rules and harsh punishment to keep order

206BCE-220CE adopted Confucianism in place of legalism

Here Christianity started in a small part of the empire –

gained support in 4th century to maintain power – became

the dominate religion

In Roman Empire ___an alphabetic language would later give rise to Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian and Romanian

China Pax Romana

Great Wall Qin Shihuangdi (chihn-she- Huang-dee)

Legalism

Han Dynasty Rome Latin

Octavian

China based on_____trained officials, with instruction based in writing and created a bureaucracy - Civil service exam and selection by merit - this system helped to hold china together – lasted until 20th century

Both Empires too big to control, Resources became

too expensive – Disease and epidemics, invasions from

nomadic people

Most well known emperor of India was 268-232BCEConverted to Buddhism – considered an enlightened ruler who ruled in accord with religious values and moral teachings of Hinduism and Buddhism

320-550 CE India -Age of prosperity and peace - Free hospitals - flourishing of arts

Controlling another nation politically, culturally or economically

officials chosen by the people

ruler with absolute authority rule by land holding elite Rich land owners in Roman Senate

Ashoka Han Dynasty and Roman Empire

Gupta Empire Imperialism Republic

DictatorAristocracy patrician

Confucianism