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6-6-11 Management Information Systems Management Information Systems
for the Information Agefor the Information Age
Copyright 2004 Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
All rights reservedAll rights reserved
Chapter 6Chapter 6
Systems DevelopmentSystems Development
Steps, Tools, and TechniquesSteps, Tools, and Techniques
6-6-22 Management Information Systems Management Information Systems
for the Information Agefor the Information Age
Copyright 2004 Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
All rights reservedAll rights reserved
Presentation OverviewPresentation Overview
Seven Phases In The Systems Seven Phases In The Systems Development Life CycleDevelopment Life Cycle
Knowledge Workers and Their Roles In Knowledge Workers and Their Roles In The Systems Development Life CycleThe Systems Development Life Cycle
Why Systems FailWhy Systems Fail SelfsourcingSelfsourcing OutsourcingOutsourcing PrototypingPrototyping
6-6-33 Management Information Systems Management Information Systems
for the Information Agefor the Information Age
Copyright 2004 Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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IntroductionIntroduction
Systems development life Systems development life cycle (SDLC) -cycle (SDLC) - a structured a structured step-by-step approach for step-by-step approach for developing information developing information systems.systems.
6-6-44 Management Information Systems Management Information Systems
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Copyright 2004 Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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Plan Analysis Design Develop Test Implement Maintain
6-6-55 Management Information Systems Management Information Systems
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Copyright 2004 Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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Baking a Cake Example: Plan Find and review recipes Analysis Choose recipe
Buy ingredients Gather cooking items such as spoons, bowls, mixer, and pans
Design Decide on pan shape Decide on icing color
Develop Mix ingredients Pour batter into pan Cook cake Mix icing Ice cake
Test Taste cake Implement Cut cake
Eat cake Maintain Keep recipe in recipe box
Make cake again and change recipe for improvements
6-6-66 Management Information Systems Management Information Systems
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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 1: PlanPhase 1: Plan
Planning phasePlanning phase - involves determining a - involves determining a solid plan for developing your information solid plan for developing your information system. system.
Critical success factor (CSF)Critical success factor (CSF) - a factor - a factor simply critical to your organization’s simply critical to your organization’s success. success.
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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 1: PlanPhase 1: Plan
Project scopeProject scope – high-level system requirements. – high-level system requirements.
ProjectProject scope documentscope document – written project scope definition. – written project scope definition.
Project plan – Project plan – defines the what, when, and who questions.defines the what, when, and who questions.
Project milestonesProject milestones - key dates for deliverables. - key dates for deliverables.
Project manager -Project manager - an expert in project planning. an expert in project planning.
6-6-88 Management Information Systems Management Information Systems
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Copyright 2004 Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 2: AnalysisPhase 2: Analysis
Analysis phase - Analysis phase - involves end users and IT involves end users and IT specialists working together to gather, specialists working together to gather, understand, and document the business understand, and document the business requirements for the proposed system. requirements for the proposed system.
Business requirements -Business requirements - the detailed set of the detailed set of knowledge worker requests that the system knowledge worker requests that the system must meet in order to be successful. must meet in order to be successful.
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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 2: AnalysisPhase 2: Analysis
Joint application developmentJoint application development ( (JADJAD) - ) - knowledge workers and IT specialists meet, knowledge workers and IT specialists meet, sometimes for several days, to define or review sometimes for several days, to define or review the business requirements for the system.the business requirements for the system.
Requirements definition documentRequirements definition document – – prioritizes the business requirements and places prioritizes the business requirements and places them in a formal comprehensive document.them in a formal comprehensive document.
Sign-offSign-off - the knowledge workers’ actual - the knowledge workers’ actual signatures indicating they approve all of the signatures indicating they approve all of the business requirements. business requirements.
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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 3: DesignPhase 3: Design
Design phaseDesign phase - build a technical blueprint of - build a technical blueprint of how the proposed system will work. how the proposed system will work.
Technical architecture - Technical architecture - defines the defines the hardware, software, and telecommunications hardware, software, and telecommunications equipment required to run the system. equipment required to run the system.
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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 3: DesignPhase 3: Design
Modeling Modeling - the activity of drawing a graphical - the activity of drawing a graphical representation of a design.representation of a design.
Graphical user interface (GUI) - Graphical user interface (GUI) - the interface to the interface to an information system. an information system.
GUI screen designGUI screen design - the ability to model the - the ability to model the information system screens for an entire system. information system screens for an entire system.
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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 3: DesignPhase 3: Design
6-6-1313 Management Information Systems Management Information Systems
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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 4: DevelopmentPhase 4: Development
Development phase - Development phase - take all of your take all of your detailed design documents from the detailed design documents from the design phase and transform them into an design phase and transform them into an actual system. actual system.
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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 5: TestPhase 5: Test
Testing phaseTesting phase - verifies that the system - verifies that the system works and meets all of the business works and meets all of the business requirements defined in the analysis requirements defined in the analysis phase. phase.
Test conditionsTest conditions - the detailed steps the - the detailed steps the system must perform along with the system must perform along with the expected results of each step. expected results of each step.
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For example, to test cut and For example, to test cut and paste functionality you must paste functionality you must
ensure the following:ensure the following:
Cut textCut text Cut text in each available fontCut text in each available font Cut text in each available font for each available sizeCut text in each available font for each available size Cut text in each available font, for each available size, boldedCut text in each available font, for each available size, bolded Cut text in each available font, for each available size, italicizedCut text in each available font, for each available size, italicized Cut text in each available font, for each available size, bolded, Cut text in each available font, for each available size, bolded,
and italicizedand italicized Cut text in each available font, for each available size, bolded, Cut text in each available font, for each available size, bolded,
italicized, and underlineditalicized, and underlined Now all of the same for the paste functionalityNow all of the same for the paste functionality
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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 6: ImplementPhase 6: Implement
Implementation phase - Implementation phase - distribute the system distribute the system to all of the knowledge workers for use. to all of the knowledge workers for use.
User documentationUser documentation - how to use the system. - how to use the system.
Online trainingOnline training - runs over the Internet or off a - runs over the Internet or off a CD-ROM. CD-ROM.
Workshop training - Workshop training - is held in a classroom is held in a classroom environment and lead by an instructor. environment and lead by an instructor.
6-6-1717 Management Information Systems Management Information Systems
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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 7: MaintainPhase 7: Maintain
Maintenance phase - Maintenance phase - monitor and monitor and support the new system to ensure it support the new system to ensure it continues to meet the business goals. continues to meet the business goals.
Help deskHelp desk - a group of people who - a group of people who responds to knowledge workers’ responds to knowledge workers’ questions. questions.
6-6-1818 Management Information Systems Management Information Systems
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Knowledge Workers and Their Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCRoles in the SDLC
Your participation in the systems development Your participation in the systems development process is vitally important because you are process is vitally important because you are (or will be) a:(or will be) a:
1.1. Business process expertBusiness process expert2.2. Liaison to the customerLiaison to the customer3.3. Quality control analystQuality control analyst4.4. Manager of other peopleManager of other people
User acceptance testing (UAT)User acceptance testing (UAT) – determines – determines if the system satisfies the business if the system satisfies the business requirements.requirements.
6-6-1919 Management Information Systems Management Information Systems
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Why Systems FailWhy Systems Fail
20% of systems are successful, 80% of 20% of systems are successful, 80% of systems fail.systems fail.
Five primary reasons why systems fail include:Five primary reasons why systems fail include:1.1. Unclear or missing requirementsUnclear or missing requirements2.2. Skipping SDLC phasesSkipping SDLC phases3.3. Failure to manage project scopeFailure to manage project scope
Scope creepScope creep – project scope increases – project scope increases Feature creep Feature creep – developers add extra features– developers add extra features
4.4. Failure to manage project planFailure to manage project plan5.5. Changing technologyChanging technology
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InsourcingInsourcing
Three choices for building a system include:Three choices for building a system include:1.1. IT specialists within your organization - InsourcingIT specialists within your organization - Insourcing
2.2. Knowledge workers such as yourself – SelfsourcingKnowledge workers such as yourself – Selfsourcing
3.3. Another organization – OutsourcingAnother organization – Outsourcing
Insourcing - Insourcing - IT specialists within your IT specialists within your organization will develop the system. organization will develop the system.
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SelfsourcingSelfsourcing
SelfsourcingSelfsourcing (also called (also called knowledge worker knowledge worker development development oror end user end user developmentdevelopment) - the ) - the development and support development and support of IT systems by of IT systems by knowledge workers with knowledge workers with little or no help from IT little or no help from IT specialists. specialists.
On Your Own
How HaveYou Selfsourced?
(p. 303)(p. 303)
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SelfsourcingSelfsourcing The Selfsourcing ProcessThe Selfsourcing Process
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Selfsourcing Selfsourcing Advantages:Advantages:
Improves requirements determination.Improves requirements determination. Increases knowledge worker participation and ownership.Increases knowledge worker participation and ownership. Increases speed of systems development.Increases speed of systems development.
Disadvantages:Disadvantages: Inadequate knowledge worker expertise leads to Inadequate knowledge worker expertise leads to
inadequately developed systems.inadequately developed systems. Lack of organizational focus creates “privatized” IT Lack of organizational focus creates “privatized” IT
systems.systems. Insufficient analysis of design alternatives leads to subpar Insufficient analysis of design alternatives leads to subpar
IT systems.IT systems. Lack of documentation and external support leads to Lack of documentation and external support leads to
short-lived systems.short-lived systems.
6-6-2424 Management Information Systems Management Information Systems
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OutsourcingOutsourcingDeveloping Strategic PartnershipsDeveloping Strategic Partnerships
OutsourcingOutsourcing - the - the delegation of delegation of specific work to a specific work to a third party for a third party for a specified length of specified length of time, at a specified time, at a specified cost, and at a cost, and at a specified level of specified level of service. service.
6-6-2525 Management Information Systems Management Information Systems
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OutsourcingOutsourcingThe Outsourcing ProcessThe Outsourcing Process
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OutsourcingOutsourcingThe Outsourcing ProcessThe Outsourcing Process
Request for proposal (RFP)Request for proposal (RFP) - a formal - a formal document that describes in detail your document that describes in detail your logical requirements for a proposed system logical requirements for a proposed system and invites outsourcing organizations to and invites outsourcing organizations to submit bids for its development.submit bids for its development.
6-6-2727 Management Information Systems Management Information Systems
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OutsourcingOutsourcing Advantages:Advantages:
Focus on unique core competencies.Focus on unique core competencies. Exploit the intellect of another organization.Exploit the intellect of another organization. Better predict future costs.Better predict future costs. Acquire leading-edge technology.Acquire leading-edge technology. Reduce costs.Reduce costs. Improve performance accountability.Improve performance accountability.
Disadvantages:Disadvantages: Reduces technical know-how for future innovation.Reduces technical know-how for future innovation. Reduces degree of control.Reduces degree of control. Increases vulnerability of strategic information.Increases vulnerability of strategic information. Increases dependency on other organizations.Increases dependency on other organizations.
6-6-2828 Management Information Systems Management Information Systems
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OutsourcingOutsourcing
On Your Own
A Request for Proposal and the Systems Development Life Cycle
(p. 311)(p. 311)
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PrototypingPrototyping
PrototypingPrototyping - the process of building a model that - the process of building a model that demonstrates the features of a proposed product, demonstrates the features of a proposed product, service, or system. service, or system.
Prototype - Prototype - a model of a proposed product, service, or a model of a proposed product, service, or system. system.
Proof-of-concept prototype - Proof-of-concept prototype - used to prove the used to prove the technical feasibility of a proposed system.technical feasibility of a proposed system.
Selling prototype Selling prototype - used to convince people of the - used to convince people of the worth of a proposed system.worth of a proposed system.
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PrototypingPrototypingThe Prototyping ProcessThe Prototyping Process
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PrototypingPrototyping Advantages:Advantages:
Encourages participation. Encourages participation. Resolves discrepanciesResolves discrepancies Gives a feel for the final system. Gives a feel for the final system. Helps determine technical feasibility.Helps determine technical feasibility. Helps sell the idea of a proposed system. Helps sell the idea of a proposed system.
Disadvantages:Disadvantages: Leads to the belief that the final system will follow Leads to the belief that the final system will follow
shortly.shortly. Gives no performance indication.Gives no performance indication. Leads the team to skip testing and documentation.Leads the team to skip testing and documentation.