=6,023.10 6 7 na · 2017 4 1 = =6,023.10 6 7 n a = / m g
TRANSCRIPT
4 2017
1
ð
ððð
ð =ð
ððŽ
ANððŽ = 6,023. 1023 ð
ð =ð
ð
M ð/ððð
ð g
ð =ðð
ðð
ðð
ððð¿/
ðððð/ð³ ð =ð
ð ðððð ðð¿
ðððð/ð³ðð =ð
ð ð g ðð¿
ð ð/ðð³ð =ð
ð ð g ð ðð¿
ð
ð =
ð
ðð
ðð
ðð = 1 ð ððâ = 1ðð/ð ð
ð1ð1 = ð2ð2
ð1
ð2
ð1
ð2 ðð = ð2 â ð1
ð
ð¹ =ð1
ð2=
ð2
ð1
ð1
ð2
ð1
ð2
ð¶ =10 . ð. ð
ð
ð
ð
ð
ð =ð
ðâ²Ã100 ð
ðâ²
ð®ðº
ðº =ðŒ
ð= ðŸð
ðŸ =ð
ð¿
ðŒðŽ ðð ð
ððº ðâð = ð1[ð1] + ð2[ð2]+.. ð1
[ð]ððð/ð3
4 2017
2
ð»ðŽ(ðð) + ð»2ð(ð) = ð»3ð+(ðð) + ðŽâ
(ðð)
[ð»3ð+] < ð¶ ðð < 1 ðŸ < 104 [ð»3ð+] = ð¶ ðð = 1 ðŸ > 104
ðµ(ðð) + ð»2ð(ð) = ðµð»+
(ðð) + ðð»â(ðð)
[ðð»â] < ð¶ ðð < 1 ðŸ < 104 [ðð»â] = ð¶ ðð = 1 ðŸ > 104
pH = âlog[ð»3ð+] â¹ [ð»3ð+] = 10âðð»
[ð»ðâ] =10â14
[ð»3ð+]â¹ [ð»ðâ] = 10ðð»â14
ðð =ð¥ð
ð¥ððð¥=
[ð»3ð+]
ð¶=
10âðð»
ð¶
ðð =
ð¥ð
ð¥ððð¥=
[ð»ðâ]
ð¶=
10ðð»â14
ð¶
ðŸð = [ð»3ð+]Ã[ð»ðâ] = 10â14
ðð ðŸððŽ + ððµ = ðð¶ + ðð·
ðð =[ð¶]ðÃ[ð·]ð
[ðŽ]ðÃ[ðµ]ð , ðŸ = ððð =
[ð¶]ððÃ[ð·]ð
ð
[ðŽ]ððÃ[ðµ]ð
ð
[ð»2ð] = 1
ðŸð =[ðŽâ]ðÃ[ð»3ð+]ð
[ð»ðŽ]ð
ððŸð = â log ðŸð â¹ ðŸð = 10âððŸð
pH = ððŸð + log[ðŽâ]ð
[ð»ðŽ]ð
ðŸ =[ðµð»+]ðÃ[ðð»â]ð
[ðµ]ð=
[ðµð»+]ðÃ[ðð»â]ð Ã[ð»3ð+]
[ðµ]ðÃ[ð»3ð+]
ðŸ =ðŸð
ðŸð
pH = ððŸð[ðŽâ]ð = [ð»ðŽ]ð
pH < ððŸð[ðŽâ]ð < [ð»ðŽ]ð
pH > ððŸð[ðŽâ]ð > [ð»ðŽ]ð
pH = ððŸð
[ð»ðŽ]ð =[ð»ðŽ]ð
[ð»ðŽ]ð + [ðŽâ]ðÃ100 ; [ðŽâ]ð =
[ðŽâ]ð
[ð»ðŽ]ð + [ðŽâ]ðÃ100
(ð»ðŒð ðŒðââ )
ð»ðŒð(ð) + ð»2ð(ð) = ð»3ð+(ðð) + ðŒðâ
(ðð)
ðŸð =[ðŒðâ]ðÃ[ð»3ð+]ð
[ð»ðŒð]ð â¹ pH = ððŸð + log
[ðŒðâ]ð
[ð»ðŒð]ð
4 2017
3
ð =[ðŒðâ]ð
[ð»ðŒð]ðpH
ð ⥠10pH ⥠ððŸð + 1ðŒðâ
ð †10pH †ððŸð â 1ð»ðŒð
ððŸð â 1 †pH †ððŸð + 1
ð
ð¶ððð = ð¶ðððž
[ðŽâ] = [ð»ðŽ] â¹ ðð =ððž
2â¹ ðð» = ððŸð
ð»3ð+
ðð+ ðð»â
ðð= 2ð»2ð
ðŸ =1
[ðð»â] Ã[ð»3ð+]=
1
ðŸð
ðð < ððžðð =ð¥ð
ð¥ððð¥=
ð¶ðððâ[ð»3ð+]ðð
ð¶ððð=
ð¶ðððâ10âðð»ðð
ð¶ððð
ð»ðŽ(ðð) + ð»ðâ = ðŽâ(ðð) + ð»2ð(ð)
ðð < ððžðð =ð¥ð
ð¥ððð¥
ð»ðâ ð¶ððð â ð¥ððð¥ = 0 â¹ ð¥ððð¥ = ð¶ððð
[ð»ðâ] =ð¶ðððâð¥ð
ððâ¹ ð¥ð = ð¶ððð â [ð»ðâ]ðð = ð¶ððð â 10ðð»â14ðð
ð»ðŽ(ðð) + ð»ðâ = ðŽâ(ðð) + ð»2ð(ð)
0ð¶ðððð¶ððð
ð¥ðð¶ððð â ð¥ðð¶ððð â ð¥ð
4 2017
4
ðð =ð¥ð
ð¥ððð¥=
ð¶ððð â 10ðð»â14ðð
ð¶ððð
ðŸ =[ðŽâ]
[ð»ðŽ]Ã[ðð»â]=
[ðŽâ] Ã[ð»3ð+]
[ð»ðŽ] Ã[ðð»â] Ã[ð»3ð+]=
ðŸð
ðŸð
ðµ(ðð) + ð»3ð+ = ðµð»+(ðð) + ð»2ð(ð)
ðð < ððžðð =ð¥ð
ð¥ððð¥
ð»3ð+ ð¶ððð â ð¥ððð¥ =
0 â¹ ð¥ððð¥ = ð¶ððð
[ð»3ð+] =ð¶ðððâð¥ð
ððâ¹ ð¥ð = ð¶ððð â [ð»3ð+]ðð = ð¶ððð â 10âðð»ðð
ðð =ð¥ð
ð¥ððð¥=
ð¶ððð â 10âðð»ðð
ð¶ððð
ðŸ =[ðµð»+]
[ð»]Ã[[ð»3ð+]]=
1
ðŸð
-Ø£
ð0
ððœ -Øš
ð = ð ðð
ð
ððœð· -ج
ð
ððœ -د
ð0
ð
ð0 ð¶ =
10 .ð.ð
ð
ðµ(ðð) + ð»3ð+ = ðµð»+(ðð) + ð»2ð(ð)
0ð¶ðððð¶ððð
ð¥ðð¶ððð â ð¥ðð¶ððð â ð¥ð
4 2017
5
12008Ä°
ð¶ð»3ð¶ððð»(ðð) + ð»2ð(â) = ð¶ð»3ð¶ðð (ðð)â + ð»3ð+
1 2 (ððððð/ððð ð) 3 ðŸ
Ä° Ä° ð = 100ðð¿ ð¶ = 2.7Ã10â3 ððð ð¿âðð»
25°C3,7
1 2 ð¥ðð¥ððð¥ 3 ðð 4 [ð¶ð»3ð¶ððâ]ð[ð¶ð»3ð¶ððð»]ð
ððŸð(ð¶ð»3ð¶ððð»/ð¶ð»3ð¶ððâ)
220110Sð¶ð»3ð¶ððð»ð0ð¶0 = 0.01ððð/ð
12ð¥Ã©ð
3ððð¶0[ð»3ð+]ð
ðð.éð =[ð»3ð+]éð
2
ð¶0â[ð»3ð+]éð
ðéððð»3ð+ðð¶ð»3ð¶ððâ[ð»3ð+]éð[ð»ðâ]éð
4ðð»3ð+ = 35.9 ðð. ð2. ðððâ1 ðð¶ð»3ð¶ððâ = 3.6ðð. ð2. ðððâ1
- ðððð.éð :3
Ä° (S1)ð¶6ð»5 â ð¶ððð»ð¶1 = 10â2 ððð ð¿â
25°CÏ = 0,86Ã10â2S/m
123(S1)
ðð»3ð+ = 35.0 ðð. ð2. ðððâ1 ðð¶6ð»5âð¶ððâ = 4 ðð. ð2. ðððâ1
4 2017
6
4ð1ð
5ð1
Ä° Ä° (S2)ð»ðŽð¶2 = ð¶1ðð» = 3,2 25°ð¶
1ð2ð
2ð1ðð2ð
42011
ð¶ð»3ð¶ððð»
ð¶ð»3ð¶ððð»(ðð) + ð»2ð(â) = ð¶ð»3ð¶ððâ(ðð) + ð»3ð+(ðð)
25°Cð¶0 = 0.01ððð/ðð = 1,6Ã10â2ð/ð
1(ððððð/ððð ð )
2ðŸð¶0[ð»3ð+]éð
3ð(ð¡) = â ðð[ðð]
ð=ðð=1
ð(ð¡)
45
K
ðð
ðð»3ð+ = 35.9 ðð. ð2. ðððâ1 ðð¶ð»3ð¶ððâ = 4.1ðð. ð2. ðððâ1
52008
ð = 100ðð¿ð¶ = 10â2 ððð ð¿âG
25°ð¶ð = 1,2Ã10â2ððº = 1.92Ã10â4ð
1ð
23ð¥ððð¥ð¶ ð
4ð
- ðºð - [ð»3ð+]ðð»3ð+
ðð¶ð»3ð¶ððâ
[ð»3ð+]ððºððð»3ð+ðð¶ð»3ð¶ððâ
ðð»
5ððð[ð»3ð+]ðð¶ððð
6ððŸð(ð¶ð»3ð¶ððð»/ð¶ð»3ð¶ððâ)
ðð»3ð+ = 35.0 ðð. ð2. ðððâ1 ðð¶ð»3ð¶ððâ = 4 ðð. ð2. ðððâ1
ð(ð») = 1ð/ððð ð(ð¶) = 12 ð/ððð ð(ð) = 16 ð/ððð
4 2017
7
62012S1V = 200mlC6H5COOHC1 = 10â2 mol lâ
pHpH1 = 3.1 1 2 3 ð1ð
4 ðŸð1
ð¶6ð»5ð¶ððð» ð¶6ð»5ððââ
5 ðŸð1ðŸð1
= ð¶1
ð1ð2
1âð1ð
6 20ððð1ð1â²ð¶â²
1
ðð»ðð»â²1
= 3.6 ð¶â²
1 = 1Ã10â3 ððð ðâ ð2ð
72009
ð¶ð»3ð¶ððð»ð¶(ððð/ð)
123[ð»3ð+]Cðð
4 (ð¶ð»3ð¶ððð»/ð¶ð»3ð¶ððâ)ðŸð =ðð
2.ð¶
1âðð
5ð(ð¶)
ðŽ = ð(ðµ)
ðð(ð¶ð»3ð¶ððð»/ð¶ð»3ð¶ððâ)
82012
25â
i ð1ð¶ð»3 â ð¶ððð»ð¶1 = 10â2 ððð ðâðð» = 3.4 1
2 3 ð¶ð»3 â ð¶ððð»
4 ðŸ1ðŸ1 = ð¶1
ð1ð2
1âð1ð
ð1ð
5 ii ð2 ð¶2 = 10â1 ððð ðâ
ð = 50ðð . ðâ1
4 2017
8
1 2 ð2ð
ðŸ2 3
ðð»3ð+ = 35.0 ðð. ð2. ðððâ1ðð¶ð»3ð¶ððâ = 4.1 ðð. ð2. ðððâ1
9201625âð(ð¶6ð»5ð¶ððð») = 122ð/ððð
1 ð¶6ð»5ð¶ððð»
ð¶6ð»5ððâ(ð1)ð1 = 50ðð¿ð¶1 = 0.01 ððð ð¿â
ð¶0 = 0.025 ððð ð¿â
ð0
(ð1)
(50ðð¿ , 100ðð¿ , 500ðð¿)
(5ðð¿ , 10ðð¿ , 20ðð¿)
1
2 ðð»(ð1)3.12
ððð
3 10ðð¿(ð1)
ðð» 40100ðð»2ð(ðð¿)
ð¶(ððð ð¿â )
3.493.283.12ðð»
ðð
ððð
102014 HA
pH 25â :
1 ð»ðŽ
ð¶ð
2 ð»ðŽ .
4 2017
9
3 .4 pH HA pKa(HA/Aâ)
5 ðð» = ð (ððð[ðŽâ]ðð
[ð»ðŽ]ðð) .
pKa(HA/Aâ) HA
.112015
I HCOOHVð¶ = 0.01 ððð ðâpH = 2.925â
1 )( 2 3 ðð 4 ððŸð(ð»ð¶ððð» ð»ð¶ððââ )
II ð¶6ð»5ð¶ð2ð»ð¶[ð¶6ð»5ð¶ð2
â]
[ð¶6ð»5ð¶ð2ð»]
pH = ð (ððð[ð¶6ð»5ð¶ð2
â]
[ð¶6ð»5ð¶ð2ð»])
1 ðŸð(ð¶6ð»5ð¶ð2ð» ð¶6ð»5ð¶ð2ââ )
2 pHððŸð(ð¶6ð»5ð¶ð2ð» ð¶6ð»5ð¶ð2ââ )
[ð¶6ð»5ð¶ð2â]
[ð¶6ð»5ð¶ð2ð»]
3 ððŸð(ð¶6ð»5ð¶ð2ð» ð¶6ð»5ð¶ð2ââ )
4 ð»ð¶ððð»ð¶6ð»5ð¶ð2ð»
122016
ð0ð»ðŽð¶0
1 ð»ðŽ
ðððð»ð¶0
ðð»ð0
ðð» = ððŸð + log (ðð
1âðð)
2 ð¶0
ð0 ðð»ðð» = ð (ððð (ðð
1âðð))
ðŸð(ð»ðŽ ðŽââ )
4 2017
10
ð»ðŽðð = 0.4 160ðð» = 4.2ð¶0 ððŸð(ð»ðŽ ðŽââ )ð»ðŽ
25°C
ð¶6ð»6ð¶ððð» ð¶6ð»5ð¶ððââð»ð¶ððð» ð»ð¶ððââð¶ð»3ð¶ððð» ð¶ð»3ð¶ððââð»ðŽ ðŽââ
4.2 3.8 4.8 ððŸð
132010(ð1)ðð»31,2 ð¿500 ðð
1ð¶1(ð1)ðð = 24 ð¿/ððð
2ðð» (ð1)25°C11,1
ð1ð
3(ð2)ð = 50 ðð
ð¶ð = 2Ã10â2ððð/ð(ð1)
(ð2)
ðð»(ð2)10,8ð2ð
4ðð(ðð»4+(ðð)/ðð»3(ðð))
14
(ð1)ðð»3ð¶ = 0.02 ððð ðâð = 100ðð
Ï = 15.3ðð. ðâ1
1 2 3 4 ðð 5 ðððð(ðð»4
+ ðð»3â ) (ð2)ð2 = 200ðð(ð1)20
1 ð¶2(ð2) 2 ð2ðð2ð =
1
1+10ðð»âððŸð ðð» = 10.08 3
ððð»â = 19.9 ðð. ð2/ðððððð»4+ = 7.34 ðð. ð2/ððððŸð = 10â14
1520131 ð1ð¶ð»3ð¶ððð»ð = 0.72ð
800ðð25â ðð»3.3
4 2017
11
ð¶1ð1 -Ø£
-Øš
-ج
ð¥ðððð»ððð1 -د
ððŸðCð»3ð¶ððð»(ðð) -Ù Cð»3ð¶ððâ(ðð)â4.76
2 ð1ð1ð0ð2ð0
ð¶ð»3ð¶ððð»ðð»3 -Ø£
ðŸ -Øš
ðððððð -ج =âðŸ
1+âðŸ
ððð -د
ð(ð¶) = 12 ð ðððâ , ð(ð») = 1 ð ðððâ , ð(ð) = 16 ð ðððâ , ððŸð(ðð»4+ ðð»3â ) = 9.2
16ð¶ð»3ð¶ððâð»ð¶ððð»
500ðð0.1ðððð¶ð»3ð¶ðððð
0.1ððð
1 2 3 ððð 4 ðð 5 ðŸ = 13 6 ðð
17(ð0)ð¶ð»3ðð»2ð¶ = 0.01 ððð/ðð = 100 ðððð»11,3
1 )(
2
3 ðð
4 ððŸðð¶ð»3ðð»3+ ð¶ð»3ðð»2âððð = 10.6
5 ð¶ð»3ðð»2(ðð+ + ð»ð¶ð3â)
ð = ð¶ð ð¶ð»3ðð»2(ðð) + ð»ð¶ð3
â(ðð) = ð¶ð»3ðð»3
+(ðð) + ð¶ð3
2â(ðð)
4 2017
12
ð
ð =(ð¥ð)
2
(ð¶ðâð¥ð)2ð¥ð
ð ï¿œÌï¿œ
ðð»
ðŸð = 10â14ððð(ð»ð¶ð3â/ð¶ð3
2â) = 10.3
182012
25â
ð500ððð¶6ð»5ð¶ððð»
1
2 ðŸðâ
3 ðð = 20ðð(ðð+ðð + ðð»â
ðð)
ð¶ð = 0.2 ððð ðâðð»ðð
-Ø£
â²ðžðž -Øš
ð¶ð -ج
ðð -د
ðŸðð¶6ð»5ð¶ððð» -Ù ð¶6ð»5ð¶ððââ
ðð» -Ù = 6 ð(ð¶) = 12 ð ðððâ , ð(ð») = 1 ð ðððâ , ð(ð) = 16 ð ðððâ
192013
ðð = 20ððð¶6ð»5ð¶ð2ð»ð¶ð
ð¶ð = 10â1 ððð ðâðð
ðð» = ð(ðð)
1
2 ðð»
3
4
ðžð¶ð -Ø£
ððŸðð¶6ð»5ð¶ððð» -Øš ð¶6ð»5ð¶ððââ
ðð»ðð -ج = 0
4 2017
13
202016
25°CðŸð = 10â14
ð¶ðð»ðŽðð = 20ðð¿
(ðŸ+ + HOâ)ð¶ð = 0.02 ððð ð¿âðð»
ðð» = ð(ðð)ðð
1 2 ð¶ð
3 ððŸð(ð»ðŽ ðŽââ )
4 ð»ðŽ
5
ðŸ
212008
2.4Ã10â2 ððð ð¿â ð¶ð»3ð¶ð»ðð»ð¶ððð»
ð»ðŽ
ðð = 20ðð¿
ð¶ð = 5Ã10â2 ððð ð¿â
ðð»ðð»
ðð = 20ðð¿
200ðð¿
ðð = 12.9ðð¿
12345
ððŸð(ð»ðŽ ðŽââ )
4,8 ð¶ð»3ð¶ððð» ð¶ð»3ð¶ððââ
3,8ð»ð¶ððð» ð»ð¶ððââ4,2ð¶6ð»6ð¶ððð» ð¶6ð»5ð¶ððââ
7.66.2
10.08.2
6.24.2
4 2017
14
222010
25°C
(S0)ð»ð¶ððð»(ðð)
ð0 = 20ðð¿(S0)10180ðð¿
(S1)
ð1 = 20ðð¿(S1)(ðð+ + HOâ)
ð¶ð = 0.02 ððð ð¿â31(S0)
23
(S1) 4 ðð
(ð»ð¶ððð»(ðð)/ð»ð¶ððâ(ðð))
5(S0)
232010
ð¶ð2ð¶6ð»5ð¶ððð»
ð¶ððð =
50ðð¿ ð¶ð2
(ðð+ + HOâ)ð¶ð = 0.1 ððð ð¿â
1ððpH25°C
pHðð» = ð(ðð)1
E
ð¶ð
2ðð = 10ðð¿
ð»3ð+
3
4 2017
15
242016
25°C
ð»ðð3ðð»2ð»ðŽ
(ð%)
1 (ððŽ)ð¶ðŽ
ð = 100ðð¿ð = 0.9g
(ððŽ)
2 (ððŽ)ððŽ = 20ðð¿80ðð¿
(ðð+ + HOâ)ð¶ð = 0.1 ððð ð¿â
ðððž = 15.3ðð¿ðð»ðž = 7
ð¶ðŽ(ððŽ)ððŽð»ðŽ
(ð%)
ð»ðŽð = 97ð/ððð
252010
(ð)ð¶ð»3ð¶ððð»ð100 ðð
pH(S)pH25°C 3,4
12ð¥ð
ðð = 0.039ð¶ = 0.01 ððð ð¿âð
(S)
3ðððððð
4ð¶(S)ðð = 10ðð¿
(ðð+ + HOâ)ð¶ð = 4Ã10â3ððð/ð
ðððž = 25ðð¿
C(S)
pH12,5 ðð ð(ð») = 1ð/ððð ð(ð¶) = 12ð/ððð ð(ð) = 16ð/ððð ððŸð(ð¶ð»3ð¶ððð»/ð¶ð»3ð¶ððâ) = 4,8
4 2017
16
262013
ðCð»3ð¶ððð»ðð¶ = 10â2 ððð ðâ
ðð25âð = 16ðð . ðâ1
1
2 [ð»3ð+]ðððð¶ð»3ð¶ððâðð»3ð+ð
3 ðð»3.4
4 ððð(ðŸ+ðð + ðð»â
ðð)
ð¶ð = 2Ã10â3 ððð ðâ[Cð»3ð¶ððâ(ðð)]
[Cð»3ð¶ððð»(ðð)]= 41.43Ã10â3
ðð = 10ðð[Cð»3ð¶ððâ(ðð)]
[Cð»3ð¶ððð»(ðð)]= 1
ðŸðŽCð»3ð¶ððð»(ðð) Cð»3ð¶ððâ(ðð)â
ðð
ðð»3ð+ = 35.0 ðð. ð2. ðððâ1ðð¶ð»3ð¶ððâ = 4.1 ðð. ð2. ðððâ1
272015
ð¶3ð»6ð3
ð = 45%
ð = 90ð/ððð
Ï = 1.13ðð/ð
1 ð = 500ððð¶ = 0.1 ððð ðâpH
pH = 2.425â
ððŸð(ð¶3ð»6ð3 ð¶3ð»5ð3ââ )
2 100(ðð)ð¶ððð = 10ðð(ðð)
(ðð+ + ð»ðâ)ð¶ð = 0.02 ððð/ððððž = 28.3ðð
ð¶ðð¶0
4 2017
17
Ï = 1ðð/ð
282015
ðð = 20ððð¶6ð»5ð¶ð2ð»ð¶ð
(ðð+ + ðð»â)ð¶ð = 0.1 ððð/ððð» = ð(ðð)
ðð
1
2 ðž
3 ð¶ð
4 ððŸð(ð¶6ð»5ð¶ð2ð» ð¶6ð»5ð¶ð2ââ )
5 14ðð
ðð
25â
292013
ð¶ð»3ð¶ððð»ð¶ð
1 ðð»3.825â
-Ø£
ð¶ð -Øš
[ð»3ð+]ðð
ð¶ð -ج
ððð = 0.0158
2 ð¶ððð = 18ðð
ð¶ð = 10â2 ððð ðâðžð¥ðŽð
-Ø£
ðž(ðððž -Øš , ðð»ðž)ð¶ð
3 ðð = 9ðððð»4.8
-Ø£[Cð»3ð¶ððâ(ðð)]
[Cð»3ð¶ððð»(ðð)]ðð»ððŸð
ð¥ð¥ -Øš
ð -جððŸð(Cð»3ð¶ððð»(ðð) Cð»3ð¶ððâ(ðð)â ) = 4.8
4 2017
18
302011
0S27%ð = 1,3
1ð¶0 = 8,8 ððð/ð
ð¶ð = 0,1 ððð/ð ð0 = 10 ðð
2S50
500 ðð
ð
3ðð = 10 ðð
Sðð»
ðð»ðð»
ðð»
( ðððž ; ðð»ðž )ðž
ð
ð(ð») = 1ð/ððð ð(ðð) = 23ð/ððð ð(ð) = 16ð/ððð
312014Cb(ð)ðð»3pH
ðð = 20ðð¿(ð)(ð»3ð+ + ð¶ðâ)ð¶ð = 0.015ððð/ð¿
1
225â09
Cb
ððŸðNH4+/ðð»3
3K
4ðð = 9mL
[ðð»3]ð
[NH4+]
ð
Cbððð¥ð
ðð
4 2017
19
322015
ðð»4ðð3
33%25â
ð¡ = 0ð1 = 20ðððð»4+ð¶1 = 0.15 ððð/ð
ð2 = 10ðð(ðð+ + ð»ðâ)ð¶2 = 0.15 ððð/ðpH
pH = 9.2
ðð»4+
(ðð) + ð»ðâ(ðð) = ðð»3(ðð) + ð»2ð(ð)
1
ð¥ððð¥
ð¥ðð = 1.5Ã10â3 ððð
ðð
2 ð = 6ð
(ðð)250ðððð = 10ðð(ðð)
ð¶ð = 0.2 ððð/ððððž = 14ðð ð¶ð(ðð)
ððŸð(ðð»4+ ðð»3â ) = 9.2 ð(ð») = 1 ð ðððâ , ð(ð) = 14 ð ðððâ , ð(ð) = 16 ð ðððâ
332012ð¶13ð»18ð2
200ðð
ð ð¶ððð»ð ð¶ððâð(ð ð¶ððð») =
206 ð ðððâ25â
200ððð0ð¶0
ð0 = 500ðð
1 ð¶0 â 0.002 ððð ðâ 2 ðð»ð0ðð» = 3.5
ðð
ðððððð=
ð¥ððð¥ðð2
ð0(1âðð)ððð¥ððð¥
ðŸ
4 2017
20
ðð = 100ðððð
(ðð+ðð + ðð»â
ðð)ð¶ð = 2Ã10â2 ððð ðâð
ðð20ððð
ð¶ð = 2Ã10â2 ððð ðâ
ð»3ð+ðð
+ ðð»â
ðð= 2ð»2ð
1
2 ðž
3 ðð»âðð
4 ðð»âðð
ð ð¶ððð»
ð
34ð¶ð»3ðð»2(ðð)ð¶ð»3ðð»3
+(ðð)
(ð)
(ð1)10ðð = 20 ðð
ð¶ð = 0.02 ððð/ð
1
2
3
4 ð¶ð
5 ðð = 2.8ðð
ðð»
ðð
6 (ð1)
-Ø£
ð -Øš ï¿œÌï¿œð¶ððŸð ðð»
ð ï¿œÌï¿œ
ððŸð(ð¶ð»3ðð»3+ ð¶ð»3ðð»2â ) = 10.6ðŸð = 10â14
4 2017
21
35ð100g
ð = 1.02 ð ððâ
100ðð200ðð 10ðð20ðð 100ðððð» (ðð+ + ðð»â)ð¶ð = 0.1 ððð ð¿â
10(S1)ð1 = 100ðððð»
2.4ðð = 20ðð(S1)ð¶ð = 0.1 ððð ð¿â
[ð¶ð»3ð¶ððâ]
[ð¶ð»3ð¶ððð»]= 3.98Ã10â3ðð = 13.75ðð(ðð+ + ðð»â)
[ð¶ð»3ð¶ððâ]
[ð¶ð»3ð¶ððð»]= 1
1 ðð»ðð» < 7 2 (S1)
3 ð¶ð»3ð¶ððð»
ð¶ð(S1)ð¶0
4 ððð1(ð¶ð»3ð¶ððð» ð¶ð»3ð¶ððââ ) 5 ðð»ðð = 15ðð¿
ðð¶ = 12 ð ðððâðð» = 1 ð ðððâðð = 16 ð ðððâ
ðŸð = 10â14ððð2(ð¶ð»3ðð»3+ ð¶ð»3ðð»2â ) = 10.7
3633%
ð0ð¶0ð¶0ð01000
ð1ð¶1ð1 = 100ðð
ð¶ðµ = 0.01ððð/ðððµ
1
2 ððµðžð¶1
3 ð¶0ð0
4
100ðð0
4 2017
22
37ð¶ð2ð¶6ð»5ð¶ððð»
ð¶ððð =
50ðð¿ ð¶ð2(ðð+ +
HOâ)ð¶ð = 0.1 ððð ð¿âðð = 4ðð¿ðð» =
425°C
1 2 3 Ïð 4 ð 5 ððð¶ððð =
ð¶ð ðð(1 + 10ððŸðâðð») ð¶ð ðŸð = 10â14ððŸð(ð¶6ð»5ð¶ððð» ð¶6ð»5ððââ ) = 4.2
38ð1ð¶ðð»2ð+1ð¶ððð»ð = 0.48ð800ðð
25â ðð»ðð» = 3.39
ððŸð1ð¶ðð»2ð+1ð¶ððð» ð¶ðð»2ð+1ð¶ððââ ððŸð1 = 4.76ð¶ð
1 ð¶ððð = 20ðð¿ð1
(ðð+ + ð»ðâ)ð¶ð = 2Ã10â2 ððð ðâðð = 8ðððð»
ðð» = 5.36
ðŸ
ðððððž = ðð(1 + 10ððŸðâðð»)
ðððž
ð¶ð ð» = 1 ð ðððâ ð = 16 ð ðððâ ð¶ = 12 ð ðððâ