676086 - british columbia · to an absence of documentation and hence,, to the absence of a...

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676086 UoiocLj Craggy \\lvP/|3 "CORBET-TYPE" VOLCANOGENIC SULPHIDE DEPOSITS, AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER MAFIC VOLCANIC-HOSTED MASSIVE SULPHIDE ORES BY J.S. FOX Teck Explorations Limited Toronto, Canada Paper presented at the 86th Annual General Meeting of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Ottawa, April 1984.

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Page 1: 676086 - British Columbia · to an absence of documentation and hence,, to the absence of a metallogeni modelc . This paper describe the preliminary s ... 2.8 M tonne gradins g 1.1%

676086 U o i o c L j Craggy

\\ l vP/ |3

"CORBET-TYPE" VOLCANOGENIC SULPHIDE DEPOSITS,

AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER MAFIC

VOLCANIC-HOSTED MASSIVE SULPHIDE ORES

BY

J. S . FOX

Teck E x p l o r a t i o n s L i m i t e d T o r o n t o , Canada

Paper p r e s e n t e d a t the 86th Annual G e n e r a l M e e t i n g o f the Canadian I n s t i t u t e o f M i n i n g and M e t a l l u r g y ,

Ottawa, A p r i l 1984.

Page 2: 676086 - British Columbia · to an absence of documentation and hence,, to the absence of a metallogeni modelc . This paper describe the preliminary s ... 2.8 M tonne gradins g 1.1%

ABSTRACT

A number o f d e p o s i t s have been i d e n t i f i e d i n Canada and

S c a n d i n a v i a which s h a r e many o f the f e a t u r e s o f the C o r b e t

mine, i n Quebec, They are a l l h o s t e d by b a s a l t or a n d e s i t e

o f i s l a n d a r c a f f i n i t y , and are o f t e n accompanied by minor

g r a p h i t i c a r g i l l i t e and/or o r e zone c a r b o n a t e . They have

c o n s i s t e n t l y anomalous Co and N i c o n t e n t s , and are i n c l i n e d

t o g o l d e n r i c h m e n t . The p r e s e n c e of s t o c k w o r k - t y p e

a l t e r a t i o n a t some o f t h e s e s u g g e s t s t h a t d e p o s i t s o f t h i s

t y p e c o n s t i t u t e a p r o x i m a l m e t a l l o g e n i c c l a s s t h a t i s

d i s t i n c t from m a f i c v o l c a n i c - h o s t e d d e p o s i t s of the B e s s h i -

and C y p r u s - t y p e , and from K u r o k o - t y p e d e p o s i t s .

" C o r b e t - t y p e " d e p o s i t s r e p r e s e n t a new e x p l o r a t i o n

o p p o r t u n i t y . The r e c e n t d i s c o v e r y o f the V i s c a r i a d e p o s i t

i n Sweden s u g g e s t s t h a t " w o r l d c l a s s " d e p o s i t s o f t h i s type

remain t o be found i n Canada.

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INTRODUCTION

S i g n i f i c a n t base meta l d i s c o v e r i e s , made r e c e n t l y i n

g r e e n s t o n e b e l t s i n Canada and Sweden ( e . g . , C o r b e t ,

Windy Craggy, V i s c a r i a ) , s u ggest t h a t the m a f i c v o l c a n i c

environment may be an i m p o r t a n t , untapped source of economic

s u l p h i d e s i n the Canadian S h i e l d . These r e c e n t d i s c o v e r i e s

a r e m e t a l l o g e n i c a l l y d i s t i n c t from B e s s h i - and C y p r u s - t y p e

d e p o s i t s , which a r e r e l a t i v e l y common i n P r o t e r o z o i c and

P h a n e r o z o i c m a f i c v o l c a n i c t e r r a i n s . I n s t e a d , they seem

t o b e l o n g t o a p r e v i o u s l y u n r e c o g n i z e d c a t e g o r y , t y p i f i e d

by the C o r b e t d e p o s i t i n Quebec, which appears t o have

s i g n i f i c a n t p o t e n t i a l i n the Archean r o c k s of the Canadian

S h i e l d .

A l t h o u g h t he r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e s e " C o r b e t - t y p e "

d e p o s i t s has g e n e r a t e d a moderate amount o f e x p l o r a t i o n

a c t i v i t y i n S c a n d i n a v i a , l i t t l e i n t e r e s t has been shown

i n them i n Canada, d e s p i t e t h e i r i n c l i n a t i o n t o g o l d -

e n r i c h m e n t . T h i s l a c k o f Canadian a c t i v i t y i s p r o b a b l y due

t o an absence o f documentation and, hence, t o the absence o f

a m e t a l l o g e n i c model. T h i s paper d e s c r i b e s the p r e l i m i n a r y

r e s u l t s o f some r e s e a r c h , which was under t a k e n s p e c i f i c a l l y

t o d e l i n e a t e such m e t a l l o g e n i c g u i d e l i n e s .

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- 2 -

MAFIC VOLCANIC-HOSTED MASSIVE SULPHIDE DEPOSITS

U n t i l r e c e n t l y , o n l y two t y p e s o f p r o x i m a l , m a f i c

v o l c a n i c - h o s t e d v o l c a n o g e n i c s u l p h i d e d e p o s i t s have been

r e c o g n i z e d — B e s s h i - and C y p r u s - t y p e s . B e s s h i - t y p e

m i n e r a l i z a t i o n i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by an a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h

c o n t i n e n t a l l y - d e r i v e d c l a s t i c s e d i m e n t , and w i t h s u b o r d i n a t e

b a s a l t o f o c e a n i c o r i n t r a - p l a t e c h e m i s t r y . D e p o s i t s o f

t h i s t y p e seem t o form i n immature, e p i c o n t i n e n t a l r i f t i n g

e n v i r o n m e n t s (Fox, 1984). C y p r u s - t y p e d e p o s i t s , such as

tho s e c u r r e n t l y f o r m i n g on the E a s t P a c i f i c and Juan de Fuca

R i d g e s , as w e l l as those which a r e thought to have formed i n

b a c k - a r c b a s i n s , c o n s t i t u t e a second c l a s s , are a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h b a s a l t s o f o c e a n i c c h a r a c t e r and have v i r t u a l l y no

accompanying m e c h a n i c a l sediment ( e . g . , Normark, e t a l . ,

1982).

C o r b e t - t y p e d e p o s i t s c o n s t i t u t e a t h i r d , b a s a l t -

r e l a t e d , m e t a l l o g e n i c c a t e g o r y . As w i l l be shown, they are

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h r o c k s s i m i l a r t o th o s e formed d u r i n g

t h e i n i t i a l s t a g e s o f a r c development, which c l e a r l y

c o n t r a s t s w i t h the p e t r o g e n e t i c a s s o c i a t i o n o f B e s s h i - and

C y p r u s - t y p e o r e s .

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- 3 -

THE CORBET DEPOSIT

The Cor b e t d e p o s i t i s found i n the A b i t i b i g r e e n s t o n e

b e l t , 7 km n o r t h w e s t of the town of Noranda ( F i g u r e 1 ) . I t

came i n t o p r o d u c t i o n i n 1980, w i t h r e s e r v e s o f 2.7 M t o n n e s ,

g r a d i n g 3.1% Cu, 2.8% Zn, 23 g/tonne Ag and 1 g/tonne Au.

The d e p o s i t o c c u r s i n the m a f i c v o l c a n i c s o f the

Archean B l a k e R i v e r Group and, i n p a r t i c u l a r , i n the

F l a v r i a n A n d e s i t e , which l i e s at the base o f one o f the

m a f i c t o f e l s i c e r r u p t i v e c y c l e s r e c o g n i z e d i n the c e n t r a l

p a r t o f the Group. Most of the K u r o k o - t y p e m i n e r a l i z a t i o n

i n t h e Noranda camp i s found a t the t o p o f t h e same c y c l e ,

1,000 m s t r a t i g r a p h i c a l l y above the Corb e t o r e s (Knuckey and

W a t k i n s , 1982; W a t k i n s , 1980 - F i g u r e 2 ) .

The F l a v r i a n A n d e s i t e i n the v i c i n i t y o f C o r b e t

c o n s i s t s of b a s a l t and a n d e s i t e , and i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a

d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n t r e n d t h a t s t r a d d l e s the boundary between

c a l c - a l k a l i n e and t h o l e i i t i c on an AFM p l o t . Dimroth et

a l . (1982) b e l i e v e t h e s e r o c k s t o r e p r e s e n t p r i m i t i v e a r c

l a v a s , e x t r u d e d d u r i n g the p r e - c a l d e r a phase of the Noranda

s t r a t o v o l c a n i c complex. G e l i n a s et a l . (1984) b e l i e v e them

t o have formed as a r e s u l t of c o n t i n e n t a l r i f t i n g , and deep-

mantle c r u s t a l f u s i o n .

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- 4 -

The F l a v r i a n A n d e s i t e i s composed of m a s s i v e , p i l l o w e d

and l o c a l a m y g d a l o i d a l f l o w s , and minor h y a l o c l a s t i t e .

C o a r s e , v e s i c u l a r m a f i c p y r o c l a s t i c r o c k s are i m p o r t a n t

c o n s t i t u e n t s o f t h i s u n i t i n the v i c i n i t y o f C o r b e t .

I s o p a c h maps o f the a n d e s i t e r e v e a l the p r e s e n c e o f a

p a l e o t o p o g r a p h i c h i g h i n the v i c i n i t y o f the d e p o s i t . These

f e a t u r e s suggest m a f i c v o l c a n i c doming w h i c h , a c c o r d i n g t o

Knuckey and W a t k i n s (1982), was l o c a l i z e d by the f o o t w a l l

M cDougall and D e s p i n a f a u l t s ( F i g u r e 3 ) .

The main o r e zone at C o r b e t i s a l e n s o i d , s t r a t i f o r m

body which i s d i r e c t l y u n d e r l a i n by a s m a l l but d i s t i n c t

s t o c k w o r k a l t e r a t i o n p i p e . The a l t e r a t i o n i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d

m a i n l y by Fe- and Mg-enr ichment and by S i - , Ca- and Na

d e p l e t i o n (Knuckey and W a t k i n s , 1982), but s p o r a d i c

Na-enrichment at the o u t e r edge of t h e a l t e r a t i o n e n v e l o p e

may a l s o be p r e s e n t . T h i s a l t e r a t i o n has been superimposed

on an e a r l i e r e v e n t o f s p i l i t i z a t i o n and e p i d o t i z a t i o n

(H. G i b s o n , p e r s . comm., 1984).

M i n e r a l i z a t i o n i n the main ore zone c o n s i s t s of massive

t o semi-massive p y r r h o t i t e , p y r i t e , c h a l c o p y r i t e , s p h a l e r i t e

and m a g n e t i t e , and a t t a i n s a t h i c k n e s s of up t o 70 m above

the a l t e r a t i o n s t o c k w o r k . The main o r e l e n s e e x h i b i t s the

hanging w a l l t o f o o t w a l l Cu t o Zn z o n i n g t y p i c a l o f o t h e r

v o l c a n o g e n i c d e p o s i t s i n the r e g i o n .

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- 5 -

OTHER "CORBET-TYPE" DEPOSITS

A number o f o t h e r C o r b e t - t y p e d e p o s i t s can be

i d e n t i f i e d from the l i t e r a t u r e w i t h a moderate degree o f

c e r t a i n t y , e.g., H a v e r i (Kahkonen et a l . , 1981), Pahtavuoma

( I n k i n e n , 1979), B i d j o v a g g e (Hagen, 1982; H o l l a n d e r , 1979)

and C o r o n a t i o n ( F r o e s e , 1969 - T a b l e 1 ) . Other d e p o s i t s

which may b e l o n g i n t h i s c a t e g o r y a r e New I n s c o and Magusi

w h i c h , l i k e C o r b e t , appear t o be h o s t e d by a n d e s i t e o c c u r i n g

low i n the B l a k e R i v e r sequence ( L a r s o n , 1983), and the

l a r g e , newly d i s c o v e r e d Windy Craggy d e p o s i t i n B r i t i s h

C o l u m b i a . However, the Maybrun and V i s c a r i a d e p o s i t s

i l l u s t r a t e t h e main f e a t u r e s o f t h i s group p a r t i c u l a r l y

w e l l , and are b r i e f l y d e s c r i b e d below.

(a) Maybrun

The Maybrun Cu-Au d e p o s i t i s l o c a t e d i n the m a f i c

v o l c a n i c s o f the Wabigoon g r e e n s t o n e b e l t , 70 km southwest

o f Dryden ( F i g u r e 4 ) . I t c o n t a i n s i n d i c a t e d r e s e r v e s o f

2.8 M tonnes g r a d i n g 1.1% Cu and 3 g/tonne Au, and i s

t h e l a r g e s t of s e v e r a l s i m i l a r d e p o s i t s i n the a r e a

( S e t t e r f i e l d , 1980; S e t t e r f i e l d e t a l . , 1983).

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- 6 -

The d e p o s i t o c c u r s i n r o c k s p r o b a b l y e q u i v a l e n t t o the

Archean Populus V o l c a n i c s , a sequence t h a t i s dominated by

m a f i c v o l c a n i c f l o w s , but which a l s o c o n t a i n s minor

a n d e s i t e , m a f i c p y r o c l a s t i c s , g r a p h i t i c a r g i l l i t e and

c h e r t . South o f Maybrun, i n the v i c i n i t y o f the Cameron

Lake g o l d d e p o s i t , the Populus V o l c a n i c s may be u n d e r l a i n by

a sequence o f t h o l e i i t i c t o c a l c - a l k a l i n e m a f i c t o

i n t e r m e d i a t e f l o w s and p y r o c l a s t i c s . A t Rowan Lake, t h e s e ,

i n t u r n , a r e u n d e r l a i n by e x t e n s i v e magnesian t h o l e i i t i c

v o l c a n i c s o f p r o b a b l e o c e a n i c a f f i n i t y ( D a v i e s , 1973;

T r o w e l l e t a l . , 1980; B l a c k b u r n , p e r s . comm., 1984).

The P o p u l u s V o l c a n i c s i n the v i c i n i t y o f Maybrun

e x h i b i t a r e s t r i c t e d , i r o n - r i c h t h o l e i i t i c magmatic t r e n d on

an AFM p l o t . B l a c k b u r n (1980) and L a n g f o r d and Morin (1976)

have emphasized t h e a r c - l i k e g e o c h e m i c a l and m o r p h o l o g i c a l

n a t u r e of p o s s i b l y e q u i v a l e n t r o c k s e l s e w h e r e i n the r e g i o n ,

such as the Upper Wabigoon V o l c a n i c s .

M i n e r a l i z a t i o n at Maybrun c o n s i s t s o f p y r r h o t i t e ,

c h a l c o p y r i t e , minor s p h a l e r i t e and, l o c a l l y , c a r b o n a t e i n

p i l l o w i n t e r s t i c e s a t the tops o f t h r e e s t r a t i g r a p h i c a l l y

s e p a r a t e b a s a l t i c f l o w s . In each o f t h e s e , s h a r p c o n t a c t s

are o b s e r v e d between m i n e r a l i z e d p i l l o w e d f l o w s and

o v e r l y i n g m a s s i v e f l o w s (H. Matthews, p e r s . comm., 1984).

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- 7 -

Bedded s u l p h i d e s have not been f o u n d , and t h i s i n d i c a t e s

t h a t a l t h o u g h t h e Maybrun o r e s a r e v o l c a n o g e n i c and

s t r a t a b o u n d , t h e y are not e x h a l a t i v e . S i m i l a r i n t e r - p i l l o w

m i n e r a l i z a t i o n i s p r e s e n t l o c a l l y a t C o r b e t , and p r o b a b l y

r e f l e c t s a m u l t i - p h a s e e v o l u t i o n o f the r e l e v a n t

h y d r o t h e r m a l c e l l ( v i z . , s u b s u r f a c e m i x i n g w i t h c o o l

s e a w a t e r ) .

Three d i s t i n c t f l o w u n i t s have been r e c o g n i z e d on the

mine p r o p e r t y , and c o n s i s t o f a p h y r i c , p l a g i o c l a s e - p h y r i c

and c a r b o n a t i z e d a p h y r i c b a s a l t . Lenses of v e s i c u l a r m a f i c

l a p i l l i t u f f a r e l o c a l l y i n t e r c a l a t e d w i t h t h e s e f l o w s . The

b u l k of the known Cu-Au o r e o c c u r s near the c o n t a c t between

the p l a g i o c l a s e - p o r p h y r i t i c and the c a r b o n a t i z e d a p h y r i c

b a s a l t i c u n i t s (H. Matthews, p e r s . comm., 1984 - F i g u r e 5 ) .

The b a s a l t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the m i n e r a l i z a t i o n have been

m o d e r a t e l y d e p l e t e d i n Ca and Na, and e n r i c h e d i n Fe, Mg

and K ( S e t t e r f i e l d , 1980; S e t t e r f i e l d e t a l . , 1983).

(b) V i s c a r i a

The V i s c a r i a d e p o s i t i s l o c a t e d o n l y 3 km west o f the

i r o n o re complex at K i r u n a , Sweden. I t i s a "world c l a s s "

d e p o s i t , h a v i n g gone i n t o p r o d u c t i o n i n 1983 w i t h e s t i m a t e d

r e s e r v e s of 24 M tonnes g r a d i n g 2.0% Cu t o 400 m i n t h r e e

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- 8 -

s t r a t i g r a p h i c a l l y s e p a r a t e zones. P o s s i b l e r e s e r v e s exceed

50 M t o n n e s , and g rades i n c r e a s e t o t h e 4-5% Cu range w i t h

d e p t h . A l t h o u g h the Zn and p r e c i o u s m e t a l c o n t e n t s of the

o r e are low near s u r f a c e , t h e r e i s some i n d i c a t i o n t h a t the

l a t t e r i n c r e a s e i n grade at depth ( L . G o d i n , p e r s . comm.,

1984; M i n i n g Magazine, 1983).

The d e p o s i t o c c u r s i n t h e K i r u n a G r e e n s t o n e Group, a

sequence of e a s t - f a c i n g subaqueous v o l c a n i c s composed o f

b a s a l t i c f l o w s , m a f i c t u f f and s u b o r d i n a t e g r a p h i t i c

a r g i l l i t e and d o l o m i t i c l i m e s t o n e ( F i g u r e 6 ) . To the e a s t ,

the K i r u n a g r e e n s t o n e s are u n c o n f o r m a b l y o v e r l a i n by the

P r o t e r o z o i c a n d e s i t e , r h y o l i t e and t r a c h y t e o f the K i r u n a

P o r p h y r y Group, i n which the K i r u n a i r o n o r e s are found.

The K i r u n a G r e e n s t o n e Group i s thought t o be c o e v a l w i t h the

Archean K i t t i l a g r e e n s t o n e complex o f n o r t h e r n Norway and

F i n l a n d , i n which s i m i l a r " C o r b e t - t y p e " d e p o s i t s o c c u r

( e . g . , B i d j o v a g g e , Pahtavuoma - F o r s e l l and G o d i n , 1980;

Hagen, 1982 ; Lundberg and S m e l l i e , 1979 ; G a a l et a l . , 1978 ;

I n k i n e n , 1979 - F i g u r e 7 ) .

The K i r u n a G r e e n s t o n e s i n the v i c i n i t y o f V i s c a r i a

e x h i b i t a r e s t r i c t e d t h o l e i i t i c d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n t r e n d on an

AFM d i a g r a m . A l t h o u g h no t e c t o n i c or p e t r o g e n e t i c m o d e l l i n g

has p r e v i o u s l y been attempted f o r t h e s e r o c k s , the p resence

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o f an o l d e r g r a n i t i c s u b s t r a t u m , the abundance of d i s t a l

m a f i c p y r o c l a s t i c r o c k s and a s s o c i a t e d f i n e - g r a i n e d c l a s t i c

s e d i m e n t , and the absence of o p h i o l i t e - e q u i v a l e n t i n t r u s i v e

r o c k s suggest an a r c - l i k e e nvironment o f d e p o s i t i o n .

M i n e r a l i z a t i o n a t V i s c a r i a i s c o n f i n e d t o b a s a l t - h o s t e d

zones o f g r a p h i t i c a r g i l l i t e and l i m e s t o n e ( F i g u r e 8 ) .

P y r r h o t i t e and c h a l c o p y r i t e a r e the most abundant s u l p h i d e s ,

but s p h a l e r i t e and m a g n e t i t e a r e a l s o common. No e v i d e n c e

o f f o c u s s e d h y d r o t h e r m a l a l t e r a t i o n has y e t been f o u n d ,

a l t h o u g h s c a t t e r e d a reas of s c a p o l i t i z a t i o n , and p e r v a s i v e

s p i l i t i z a t i o n , and e p i d o t i z a t i o n a r e known i n t h e

s u r r o u n d i n g b a s a l t s ( L. G o d i n , p e r s . comm., 1984).

BASALT GEOCHEMISTRY

S i g n i f i c a n t c o m p o s i t i o n a l o v e r l a p e x i s t s between i s l a n d

a r c b a s a l t ( I A B ) , "normal" m i d - o c e a n i c b a s a l t (N-MORB) and

b a s a l t from back a r c b a s i n s (BABB), d e s p i t e t h e i r d i f f e r e n t

p a r e n t a g e . As a r e s u l t , many c o n v e n t i o n a l g e o c h e m i c a l

d i s c r i m i n a n t s , such as those which use e l e m e n t a l r a t i o s o f

h i g h f i e l d s t r e n g t h c a t i o n s , o f t e n g i v e u n a c c e p t a b l e

p e t r o g e n e t i c s e p a r a t i o n ( e . g . , P e r f i t et a l . , 1980; Hawkins,

1980). I n c o n c l u s i v e r e s u l t s o f t h i s s o r t were o b t a i n e d f o r

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a n a l y s e s of r e l a t i v e l y u n a l t e r e d h o s t b a s a l t and b a s a l t i c

a n d e s i t e from C o r b e t , Maybrun and V i s c a r i a , when p l o t t e d on

P i e r c e and Cann's (1973) T i - Z r and Zr-Y d i a g r a m s ( F i g u r e 9 ) .

A somewhat b e t t e r magma-type c a t e g o r i z a t i o n was

o b t a i n e d w i t h P i e r c e ' s (1976) major element d i s c r i m i n a n t ,

which showed these r o c k s t o have IAB a f f i n i t y . The

c a t e g o r i z a t i o n a c h i e v e d i s r e m a r k a b l y c o n s i s t e n t ,

p a r t i c u l a r l y i n v i e w of the s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f the h e a v i l y

w e i g h t e d d i s c r i m i n a t i n g v a r i a b l e s ( K 2 O , MgO, SiC>2, A I 2 O 3 ) t o

h y d r o t h e r m a l a l t e r a t i o n and w e a t h e r i n g .

G e o l o g i c a l l y younger IAB are c o n s i s t e n t l y d e p l e t e d i n

some t r a n s i t i o n m e t a l s , and n o t a b l y e n r i c h e d i n some a l k a l i

m e t a l s w i t h r e s p e c t t o b a s a l t s formed at c o n s t r u c t i v e p l a t e

m argins (Hawkins, 1980; G a r c i a , 1980). T h i s r e f l e c t s the

c o n t r a s t i n g c l i n o p y r o x e n e - o l i v i n e - and p l a g i o c l a s e - o l i v i n e -

dominant c o n t r o l s on f r a c t i o n a t i o n shown by IAB and N-MORB,

r e s p e c t i v e l y ( Saunders, 1984; P e r f i t et a l . , 1980; T a y l o r

e t a l . , 1980; Rhodes and Bence, 1980). In t h i s r e g a r d ,

N i , Cr and Ba appear t o be p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l p e t r o g e n e t i c

i n d i c a t o r s , s i n c e they are m o d e r a t e l y i n e r t . These

d i s c r i m i n a n t s have been used t o c o n f i r m the IAB a f f i n i t y f o r

the C o r b e t , Maybrun and V i s c a r i a r o c k s t h a t was s uggested by

the major element d a t a ( F i g u r e 1 0 ) .

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The r a r e e a r t h elements (REE) are a l s o s e n s i t i v e t o

magmatic p r o c e s s e s , and can be used t o c o n s t r a i n

p e t r o g e n e t i c models ( H a s k i n , 1984; Hanson, 1980).

C h o n d r i t e - n o r m a l i z e d p l o t s o f t h e C o r b e t , Maybrun and

V i s c a r i a b a s a l t a n a l y s e s show the f l a t t o m o d e r a t e l y l i g h t

R E E - e n r i c h e d abundance p a t t e r n s common to g e o l o g i c a l l y young

IAB ( e . g . , P h i l p o t t s e t a l . , 1971; Dixon and B a t i z a , 1979;

P e r f i t e t a l . , 1980 - F i g u r e 11). The Maybrun and V i s c a r i a

b a s a l t s have REE abundance p a t t e r n s which are s i m i l a r i n

shape t o t h a t shown by T a y l o r e t a l . ' s (1980) IAB r e f e r e n c e

s u i t e , but the y are r i c h e r i n t o t a l REE. The REE p a t t e r n

f o r t he F l a v r i a n A n d e s i t e shows t h a t i t i s somewhat more

e v o l v e d than the r o c k s o f the r e f e r e n c e s u i t e . S i g n i f i c a n t

Eu a n o m a l i e s a r e absent i n a l l o f the b a s a l t s a n a l y z e d , as

i s the case f o r most a p h y r i c IAB (Con d i e and B a r a g a r , 1974;

T a y l o r e t a l , 1980), and t h i s can a l s o be a t t r i b u t e d t o

the absence o f l i q u i d u s phase p l a g i o c l a s e i n p r i m i t i v e

IAB f r a c t i o n a t i o n (Hanson, 1980; Rhodes and Bence, 1980).

The absence o f an Eu anomaly i s i n c o n t r a s t w i t h r e c e n t

o b s e r v a t i o n s made f o r o r e - a s s o c i a t e d f e l s i c v o l c a n i c r o c k s

(Campbell e t a l . , 1982).

These I A B - l i k e REE p a t t e r n s can be compared w i t h those

c h a r a c t e r i z i n g N-type MORB. About 75% o f the o c e a n i c c r u s t

i s "normal" (Kay and Hubbard, 1978), and b a s a l t s o f t h i s

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type appear t o h o s t most o f the a c t i v e C y p r u s - t y p e

m e t a l l i f e r o u s systems t h a t have r e c e n t l y been r e p o r t e d on,

f o r example, the E a s t P a c i f i c R i s e ( S c h e i d i g g e r and C o r l i s s ,

1981). In c o n t r a s t t o the I A B - l i k e b a s a l t s t h a t h ost

C o r b e t - t y p e d e p o s i t s , N-MORB shows c o n s i s t e n t LREE d e p l e t i o n

(La/Sm are u s u a l l y <1.0) and, when m o d e r a t e l y e v o l v e d ,

e x h i b i t n e g a t i v e Eu an o m a l i e s (Rhodes and Bence, 1980).

The o p h i o l i t e s u i t e s i n which many o l d e r C y p r u s - t y p e

d e p o s i t s are found are now thought t o r e p r e s e n t m a t e r i a l

from b a c k - a r c s p r e a d i n g c e n t r e s , r a t h e r than from mature,

m i d - o c e a n i c r i f t s ( e . g . , Smewing e t a l . , 1975; P i e r c e ,

1975). However, from the p o i n t o f v i e w o f b a s a l t

g e o c h e m i s t r y , and p a r t i c u l a r l y REE, C y p r u s - t y p e BABB and

N-MORB are i n d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e (Hawkins, 1980). Both a r e

s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t g e o c h e m i c a l l y from the IAB-type

r o c k s w i t h which " C o r b e t - t y p e " d e p o s i t s are found ( F i g u r e

12a,b). I t sh o u l d be noted t h a t many back a r c - t y p e

o p h i o l i t e s u i t e s c o n t a i n IAB h i g h i n t h e i r s t r a t i g r a p h i c

s u c c e s s i o n ( e . g . , Luzon-Hawkins, 1980; P i n d o s , Greece

C a p e d r i et a l . , 1980), and some of t h e s e IAB host massive

s u l p h i d e d e p o s i t s which are i n many ways s i m i l a r t o Corbet

( e . g . , S k o u r i o t i s s a , Cyprus - C o n s t a n t i n o u , 1980).

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The f l a t REE p a t t e r n s f o r b a s a l t s h o s t i n g the

B e s s h i - t y p e G o l d s t r e a m and Ore Knob d e p o s i t s ( F o x r 1984)

are s i m i l a r t o tho s e o f the t h r e e C o r b e t - t y p e d e p o s i t s ,

a l t h o u g h they can e a s i l y be d i f f e r e n t i a t e d on the b a s i s o f

o t h e r g e o l o g i c a l and g e o c h e m i c a l c r i t e r i o n . For example,

S l a c k ( 1983) and G a i r and S l a c k ( 1983) have d i s c u s s e d the

h i g h C r , N i , V and T i c o n t e n t s o f the MORB-like b a s a l t s

h o s t i n g t h e B e s s h i - t y p e E l i z a b e t h d e p o s i t , and the d e p o s i t s

o f t he G r e a t Gossan Lead. The REE p a t t e r n s shown i n

F i g u r e 12c are a l s o s i m i l a r t o t h o s e e x h i b i t e d by the

" t r a n s i t i o n a l " (T-MORB) b a s a l t s o f some slow s p r e a d i n g r a t e

o c e a n i c r i d g e segments ( e . g . , G a l a p a g o s , G u l f o f Aden -

e.g., Rhodes and Bence, 1980; S c h i l l i n g , 1971) to which t h e y

may be more c l o s e l y r e l a t e d , g e n e t i c a l l y .

ORE GEOCHEMISTRY

The Co, N i , Au c o n t e n t s o f seven " C o r b e t - t y p e " d e p o s i t s

are compared w i t h those o f o t h e r v o l c a n o g e n i c s u l p h i d e o r e s

i n T a b l e 2. A l t h o u g h the d a t a a r e i n c o m p l e t e , t h e r e i s

a c l e a r i n d i c a t i o n t h a t the C o r b e t - t y p e o r e s have an

i n c l i n a t i o n t o g o l d e n r i c h m e n t . Two o f th e s e d e p o s i t s ,

Maybrun and H a v e r i , appear t o be near economic at c u r r e n t

p r i c e s on the b a s i s o f t h e i r g o l d c o n t e n t a l o n e . A l l known

" C o r b e t - t y p e " d e p o s i t s are l e a d - p o o r .

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C o r b e t - t y p e d e p o s i t s are a l s o r e l a t i v e l y r i c h i n N i and

Co, and t h i s c l e a r l y d i s t i n g u i s h e s them from Kuroko-type

o r e s , w i t h which they have been compared i n the p a s t . The

mean Co c o n t e n t s o f a l l t h r e e m a f i c - h o s t e d m e t a l l o g e n i c

t y p e s appear t o be s i m i l a r , but C o r b e t - t y p e o r e s seem t o

have N i c o n t e n t s which are an o r d e r o f magnitude g r e a t e r

t h a n t h o s e of B e s s h i - and C y p r u s - t y p e d e p o s i t s .

DISCUSSION

M o d e r a t e l y e v o l v e d b a s a l t and b a s a l t i c a n d e s i t e ,

s i m i l a r t o those h o s t i n g C o r b e t , Maybrun and V i s c a r i a , and

r i c h e r i n t o t a l REE than T a y l o r e t a l . ' s (1980) IAB

r e f e r e n c e s u i t e , are found i n a number o f i s l a n d a r c s i n the

s o u t h w e s t e r n P a c i f i c , i n c l u d i n g F i j i ( F i g u r e 13). The

F i j i a n IAB, which are c o n t a i n e d i n the Wainamala Group and

which are o v e r l a i n by c a l c - a l k a l i n e and s h o s h o n i t i c r o c k s ,

were formed as a r e s u l t of the s u b d u c t i o n o f the P a c i f i c

p l a t e under the I n d o - A u s t r a l i a n p l a t e i n the l a t e Miocene

(Lawrence and Savage, 1976; E g u c h i , 1984 - F i g u r e 1 4).

A number of s m a l l v o l c a n o g e n i c m a s s i v e s u l p h i d e

d e p o s i t s are found i n the Wainamala m a f i c v o l c a n i c s

( e . g . , T h o l o - i - S a v a , W a i n a l e k a - Lawrence and Wood, 1980).

These d e p o s i t s are l e a d - p o o r , l o c a l l y g o l d - e n r i c h e d , a r e

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c h l o r i t i c and s i l i c i c a l t e r a t i o n ( C o l l e y and

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Greenbaum, 1980), and c o n t r a s t m e t a l l o g e n i c a l l y w i t h the

l e a d - r i c h m a s s i v e s u l p h i d e and v e i n - t y p e g o l d d e p o s i t s found

i n the o v e r l y i n g v o l c a n i c s u i t e s . A l t h o u g h d e t a i l e d

d e s c r i p t i o n s a r e l a c k i n g , t h e s e d e p o s i t s may prove to be

g e o l o g i c a l l y young analogues o f t h e P r e c a m b r i a n

" C o r b e t - t y p e " o r e s .

Debate s t i l l e x i s t s r e g a r d i n g the n a t u r e o f p l a t e

t e c t o n i c s i n the P r e c a m b r i a n , s p e c i f i c a l l y i n terms of the

p r e s e n c e o r absence o f subduct i o n - r e l a t e d phenomena i n e a r l y

c r u s t a l h i s t o r y , and t h i s p r e v e n t s a d i r e c t comparison o f

the F i j i a n and o t h e r g e o l o g i c a l l y younger IAB e n v i r o n m e n t s

w i t h those h o s t i n g C o r b e t , Maybrun and V i s c a r i a . Whatever

the t e c t o n i c p r o c e s s i n v o l v e d , however, the d i s t i n c t i v e

c h e m i s t r y o f the P r e c a m b r i a n I A B - l i k e b a s a l t s which h o s t the

t h r e e " C o r b e t - t y p e " d e p o s i t s i s i n d i c a t i v e o f s o u r c e magmas

which must have been d i f f e r e n t from those r e s p o n s i b l e f o r

the a n c i e n t a n a l o g u e s o f c o n s t r u c t i v e m a r g i n a l b a s a l t s

( e . g . , N a l d r e t t and S m i t h , 1980; C o n d i e , 1982). A n c i e n t

IAB c h e m i s t r y i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h hydrous m e l t i n g o f mantle

m a t e r i a l , and w i t h amphibole-and/or g a r n e t - c o n t r o l l e d

f r a c t i o n a t i o n , as i s the case f o r younger IAB.

Carbonate i s an i m p o r t a n t o r e - h o r i z o n c o n s t i t u e n t i n

many C o r b e t - t y p e d e p o s i t s ( e . g . , V i s c a r i a , Pahtavuoma,

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Bidgovagge, Maybrun). T h i s i s a f e a t u r e which i s a l s o

t y p i c a l o f B e s s h i - t y p e d e p o s i t s , but which i s r a r e i n

C y p r u s - and Kuroko-type o r e s . The l a t t e r two, i n

c o n t r a s t , o f t e n c o n t a i n o r e - h o r i z o n s u l p h a t e (Rona, 1984,

C o n s t a n t i n o u , 1980).

I t i s t e m p t i n g t o a p p e a l t o t h e d i f f e r i n g c h e m i c a l

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f o r o g e n i c and a n o r o g e n i c b a s a l t t o e x p l a i n

t h i s phenomenon, as w e l l as the i n c l i n a t i o n t o g o l d - and

n i c k e l - e n r i c h m e n t apparent f o r " C o r b e t - t y p e " o r e s . For

example, g e o l o g i c a l l y young IAB are known t o have

s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r c o n t e n t s o f C O 2 (up t o 0.44 wt.%)

and CI (up t o 0.24 w t . % ) , as w e l l as h i g h e r H 2 O and F than

N-MORB ( P e r f i t e t a l . , 1980; H a g g e r t y , 1980). These

v o l a t i l e s p e c i e s are known t o enhance the m o b i l i t y o f Au,

as w e l l as N i , d u r i n g metasomatism ( e . g . , H a g g e r t y , 1973;

K e r r i c h and F y f e , 1981).

F l u i d h i s t o r y may have a l s o had an i n f l u e n c e on the

d i f f e r e n t o r e h o r i z o n l i t h o l o g i e s . For example, r o c k -

dominated h y d r o t h e r m a l systems, i n v o l v i n g b a s a l t - s e a w a t e r

i n t e r a c t i o n , a r e known t o be c h a r a c t e r i z e d by s i g n i f i c a n t

C a - m o b i l i z a t i o n and by r e l a t i v e l y complete S O 4 2 - r e d u c t i o n

( M o t t l e and H o l l a n d , 1978; Hajash and A r c h e r , 1980).

Research may show t h a t "Corbet t y p e " d e p o s i t s form from

m i n e r a l i z i n g f l u i d s h a v i n g lower w a t e r - r o c k r a t i o s t h a n i s

the case f o r C y p r u s - t y p e d e p o s i t s .

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I A B - l i k e r o c k s are common i n the P r e c a m b r i a n ( e . g . ,

J a h n , 1974; Condie and B a r a g a r , 1974), and t h i s s u g g e s t s

t h a t C o r b e t - t y p e d e p o s i t s may a l s o be r e l a t i v e l y abundant.

However, a n c i e n t magnesian and F e - r i c h t h o l e i i t e s i n some

ways analogous t o o c e a n i c b a s a l t a r e a l s o known ( e . g . ,

Ludden and G e l i n a s , 1982) and, by a n a l o g y w i t h t h e i r younger

e q u i v a l e n t s , s h o u l d a l s o c o n t a i n v o l c a n o g e n i c s u l p h i d e

d e p o s i t s .

The P o t t e r mine near Timmins, from which 500,000 t o n s

o f Cu-Zn or e were e x t r a c t e d between 1 967 and 1972, may be

one such example of an Archean C y p r u s - t y p e d e p o s i t (Coad,

1976). The mine o c c u r s i n a sequence o f low-K t h o l e i i t i c

b a s a l t s and k o m a t i i t e s which make up N a l d r e t t and Smith's

(1980) " p i e r i t e - t h o l e i i t e " s e r i e s , and which are u n d e r l a i n

by a body of d i f f e r e n t i a t e d g a b b r o - p e r i d o t i t e ( F i g u r e 15).

The h o s t t h o l e i i t e s f a l l i n the f i e l d o f o c e a n i c b a s a l t on

P i e r c e ' s (1976) major element d i s c r i m i n a n t d i a g r a m , and are

a l s o s i m i l a r t o N-MORB i n terms of t h e i r h i g h N i and Cr

c o n t e n t s ( F i g u r e 16). In c o n t r a s t w i t h the Cyprus Lower

La v a s , however, these t h o l e i i t e s show moderate LREE

enri c h m e n t ( N a l d r e t t and S m i t h , 1980), and i n t h i s r e s p e c t ,

as w e l l as i n terms of t h e i r t e c t o n i c s e t t i n g , they seem t o

be c l o s e r t o i n t r a p l a t e b a s a l t s .

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The d i s t i n c t i v e n e s s o f " C o r b e t - t y p e " d e p o s i t s , and the

p e t r o g e n e t i c environment i n which they o c c u r , has been

emphasized. However, i t may a l s o be p o s s i b l e t o t h i n k o f

t h e s e i n terms o f a m e t a l l o g e n i c l i n k between b a c k - a r c

C y p r u s - t y p e d e p o s i t s and K u r o k o - t y p e o r e s . The c l o s e

t e m p o r a l and s p a t i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p t h a t e x i s t s between

S k o u r i o t i s s a and the Lower L a v a - h o s t e d o r e s on Cyprus may

be i n s t r u c t i v e i n t h i s r e g a r d , as may be the p e t r o g e n e t i c

convergence o f some g e o l o g i c a l l y young IAB. and BABB ( e . g . ,

Lau b a s i n - G i l l , 1976; Japan - Masuda and A o k i , 1978), and

the p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t many K u r o k o - t y p e d e p o s i t s may have

formed i n f a i l e d b a c k - a r c r i f t s ( e . g . , C a t h l e s e t a l . ,

1983). A l i n k a g e may a l s o e x i s t w i t h b a s a l t - h o s t e d ,

v o l c a n o g e n i c g o l d d e p o s i t s such as A g a s s i z and Detour Lake.

CONCLUSIONS

I t has been shown t h a t " C o r b e t - t y p e " d e p o s i t s

c o n s t i t u t e a c l a s s o f p r o x i m a l , v o l c a n o g e n i c o r e s w h i c h ,

by v i r t u e o f t h e i r a r c - l i k e h o s t r o c k g e o c h e m i s t r y , a r e

d i s t i n c t from o t h e r m a f i c v o l c a n i c - h o s t e d o r e s , such as

C y p r u s - and B e s s h i - t y p e d e p o s i t s . T h e i r f r e q u e n t a s s o c i ­

a t i o n w i t h m a f i c p y r o c l a s t i c r o c k s , v e s i c u l a r b a s a l t , and

w i t h s u b o r d i n a t e f i n e c l a s t i c s e d i m e n t , a l l of which a r e

r a r e i n the o c e a n i c environment ( G a r c i a , 1980), p r o v i d e s

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- 19 -

f u r t h e r d i s c r i m i n a t i o n , as does t h e i r commonly o b s e r v e d

s t r a t i g r a p h i c l o c a t i o n a t the base of a r c - l i k e m a f i c t o

f e l s i c v o l c a n i c sequences. " C o r b e t - t y p e " d e p o s i t s a r e

d i s t i n g u i s h e d from o t h e r v o l c a n o g e n i c m a s s i v e base m e t a l

s u l p h i d e d e p o s i t s by t h e i r a p p a r e n t i n c l i n a t i o n t o g o l d

e n r i c h m e n t ( T a b l e 3 ) .

The abundance o f I A B - l i k e r o c k s i n t h e S h i e l d s u g g e s t s

t h a t d e p o s i t s o f t h i s type c o u l d a l s o be r e l a t i v e l y abundant

i n Canada. Moreover, the r e c e n t d i s c o v e r y o f the l a r g e

V i s c a r i a d e p o s i t s u g g e s t s t h a t a d d i t i o n a l " w o r l d - c l a s s "

d e p o s i t s o f t h i s t y p e remain t o be found. The 350 M t o n

Windy Craggy d e p o s i t , w i t h i t s a r c - l i k e h o s t b a s a l t s ,

o r e - z o n e c a l c a r e o u s and g r a p h i t i c a r g i l l i t e , h i g h Co c o n t e n t

and l o c a l Au en r i c h m e n t ( J . Gammon, p e r s . comm., 1984) may

be a n o t h e r c a s e i n p o i n t . From a l l of t h i s , i t must be

con c l u d e d t h a t " C o r b e t - t y p e " d e p o s i t s r e p r e s e n t an i m p o r t a n t

new e x p l o r a t i o n o p p o r t u n i t y f o r the Canadian m i n i n g

i n d u s t r y .

Q JSF-119/ef Apr 13/8 4

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Normark, W.R., Morton, J. L . and Delaney, J.R., 1982. G e o l o g i c a l s e t t i n g of m a s s i v e s u l p h i d e d e p o s i t s and h y d r o t h e r m a l v e n t s a l o n g the s o u t h e r n Juan de Fuca r i d g e . U.S.G.S. OF-82-200A.

P e r f i t , M.R., G u s t , D.A., Bence, A.E., A r c u l u s , R.J. and T a y l o r , S.R.., 1980. C h e m i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f i s l a n d a r c b a s a l t s ; i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r mantle s o u r c e s . Chem. G e o l . 30, pp. 227-256.

P h i l p o t t s , J.A., M a r t i n , W. and S c h n e t z l e r , C.C., 1971. Geochemical a s p e c t s o f some Japanese l a v a s . E a r t h and P l a n e t . S c i . L e t t . , V. 12, pp. 89-96.

P i e r c e , J.A., 1975. B a s a l t g e o c h e m i s t r y used to i n v e s t i g a t e p a s t t e c t o n i c e n v i r o n m e n t s on C y p r u s . T e c t o n o p h y s i c s , V. 25, pp. 41-67.

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- 25 -

P i e r c e , J.A., 1976. S t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s of major element p a t t e r n s i n b a s a l t . J . P e t r o l , 17, pp. 15-43.

P i e r c e , J.A., and Cann, J.R., 1973. T e c t o n i c s e t t i n g o f b a s i c v o l c a n i c r o c k s d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g t r a c e element a n a l y s i s . E a r t h and P l a n . S c i . L e t t . V. 19, pp. 290-300.

Rhodes, J.M. and Bence, A.E., 1980. O c e a n - f l o o r b a s a l t i c v o l c a n i s m . I n : B a s a l t i c v o l c a n i s m s t u d y p r o j e c t . Pergamon P r e s s , pp. 132-160.

Rona, P.A., 1984. H ydrothermal m i n e r a l i z a t i o n at s e a f l o o r s p r e a d i n g c e n t r e s . E a r t h - S c i . Rev., V. 20, pp 1-104.

Saunders, A.D., 1984. The r a r e e a r t h element c h a r a c t e r i s ­t i c s o f igneous r o c k s from the ocean b a s i n s . I n : Henderson, P. ( e d . ) . Rare e a r t h element geo­c h e m i s t r y . E l s e v i e r , pp. 205-236.

S c h e i d i g g e r , K.F. and C o r l i s s , J.B., 1981. P e t r o g e n e s i s and s e c o n d a r y a l t e r a t i o n o f upper l a y e r 2 and b a s a l t s o f the Nazca p l a t e . I n : Kuhn e t a l . (eds.) Nazca P l a t e : C r u s t a l f o r m a t i o n and Andean Convergence. G e o l . Soc. Am., mem. 154, pp. 77-107.

S c h i l l i n g , J.G., 1971. S e a - f l o o r e v o l u t i o n : r a r e - e a r t h e v i d e n c e . P h i l . T r a n s . Roy. Soc. Lond., A268, pp. 663-706.

S e t t e r f i e l d , T., W a t k i n s o n , D.H., and T h u r s t o n , P.C., 1983. Q u e n c h - t e x t u r e d p i l l o w e d m e t a b a s a l t s and copper m i n e r a l i z a t i o n , Maybrun mine, n o r t h w e s t e r n O n t a r i o . B u l l . C.I.M.M., V. 76, no. 859, pp. 69-74.

S e t t e r f i e l d , T.N., 1980. P e t r o l o g y and c h e m i s t r y o f p i l l o w e d m e t a b a s a l t s and t h e i r copper m i n e r a l i z a t i o n , Maybrun mine, O n t a r i o . B.Sc. T h e s i s , C a r l e t o n U n i v . 52 p.

Shimazake, Y., 1974. Ore m i n e r a l s o f the Kuroko d e p o s i t s . I n : Soc. M i n i n g G e o l . J a p a n , Spec. Iss u e 6, pp. 311-322.

S l a c k , J . F . , 1983. L i t h o g e o c h e m i c a l s e t t i n g o f the massive s u l p h i d e d e p o s i t s of the E l i z a b e t h mine, Vermont. I n : Programs and a b s t r a c t s , Symposium on s t r a t a b o u n d s u l p h i d e s i n the A p p a l a c h a i n - C a l e d o n i a n orogen. Ottawa, S e p t . 1983. IGCP P r o j e c t 60, p. 25.

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- 26 -

Smewing, J.C., Cimonian, K.O. and Gass, I.G., 1975. M e t a b a s a l t s from the Troodos m a s s i f , C y prus: G e n e t i c i m p l i c a t i o n s deduced from p e t r o g r a p h y and t r a c e elements g e o c h e m i s t r y . C o n t r i b . M i n e r a l . P e t r o l . , V. 51, pp. 49-64.

Spence, C D . , and de Rosen-Spence, A.F., 1 975. The p l a c e o f s u l p h i d e m i n e r a l i z a t i o n i n the v o l c a n i c sequence at Noranda, Quebec. Econ. G e o l . 70, pp.90-101.

T a y l o r , S.R., A r c u l u s , R. and P e r f i t , M.R., 1980. I s l a n d a r c b a s a l t s . I n : B a s a l t i c v o l c a n i s m s t u d y p r o j e c t . Pergamon P r e s s , pp. 193-213.

T r o w e l l , N.F., B l a c k b u r n , C.E., and Edwards, G.R., 1980. P r e l i m i n a r y g e o l o g i c a l s y n t h e s i s o f the Savant Lake-Crow Lake m e t a v o l c a n i c - m e t a s e d i m e n t a r y b e l t . O.D.M. MP. 89.

W a t k i n s , J . J . , 1980. The g e o l o g y o f the Corbet Cu-Zn d e p o s i t and the environment of ore d e p o s i t i o n i n the c e n t r a l Noranda a r e a . M.Sc. T h e s i s , Queen's U n i v .

Whitmore, D.R.E., 1969. Geology o f the C o r o n a t i o n Copper D e p o s i t . I n : B y e r s , A.R. ( e d . ) . Symposium on the g e o l o g y o f the C o r o n a t i o n mine, Saskatchewan, G.S.C pap. 68-5, pp. 37-54.

Yamaoka, K., 1962. S t u d i e s on the bedded c u p r i f e r o u s i r o n s u l p h i d e d e p o s i t s o c c u r i n g i n the Sanbagawa metomorphic zone. Sec. Rept. Tohoku, U n i v . , V. 8, pp. 1-68.

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- 27 -

FIGURES

1. Geology o f the Noranda r e g i o n , a f t e r Spence and de Rosen-Spence (1975).

2. S c h e m a t i c c r o s s s e c t i o n t h r o u g h the B l a k e R i v e r Group i n the Noranda a r e a , showing the s t r a t i g r a p h i c l o c a t i o n o f t he Corbet d e p o s i t w i t h r e s p e c t t o the o t h e r v o l c a n o g e n i c s u l p h i d e d e p o s i t s i n the r e g i o n (from Knuckey and W a t k i n s , 1982).

3. Schematic c r o s s s e c t i o n t h r o u g h the Corbet d e p o s i t (from Knuckey and W a t k i n s , 1982).

4 . Geology o f the A t i k w a Lake r e g i o n , n o r t h w e s t e r n O n t a r i o ( s i m p l i f i e d from T r o w e l l et a l . , 1980).

5. G e o l o g i c a l p l a n o f the Maybrun d e p o s i t (from H. Matthews, p e r s . comm. 1984).

6. Geology o f t h e K i r u n a - V i s c a r i a r e g i o n (from L. G o d i n , p e r s . comm., 1983).

7. Geology o f n o r t h e r n S c a n d i n a v i a , showing the l o c a t i o n o f t h e K i r u n a and K i t t i l a g r e e n s t o n e b e l t s (from Hagen (1982).

8. Schematic c r o s s s e c t i o n t h r o u g h the V i s c a r i a d e p o s i t (from L. G o d i n , p e r s . comm., 1983).

9. Geochemical v a r i a t i o n d iagrams f o r the C o r b e t , Maybrun and V i s c a r i a h o s t b a s a l t s and b a s a l t i c a n d e s i t e s .

a ) , b) P i e r c e ' s (1976) major element d i s c r i m i n a n t d i a g r a m s , where:

F t = +0.088 S i 0 2 - 0.0774 T i 0 2 + 0.0102 A 1 2 0 3 + 0.0066 FeO - 0.0017 MgO - 0.0143 CaO - 0.0155 Na 20 -0.007 K 2 0 ;

F 2 = -0.0130 S i 0 2 - 0.185 T i 0 2 - 0.0129 A 1 2 0 3 - 0.0134 FeO - 0.0300 MgO - 0.0204 CaO - 0.0481 Na 20 + 0.0715 K 2 0 ; and

F 3 = -0.0221 SiO 2-0.0532 TiO 2-0.0362 A1 20 3-0.0016 FeO -0.0310 MgO -0.0237 CaO -0.0614 Na 20 -0.0289 K 20

OFB = ocean f l o o r b a s a l t , LKT = low-K t h o l e i i t e , CAB = c a l c - a l k a l i b a s a l t , SHO - s h o s h o n i t e , WPB = w i t h i n p l a t e b a s a l t c ) , d) P i e r c e and Cann's 1973) Zr-Y and T i - Z r d i s c r i m i n a n t d i a g r a m s .

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- 28 -

10. T i - C r f Ni-Y and T i - ( B a / L a ) g e o c h e m i c a l v a r i a t i o n d i a g rams ( P i e r c e , 1 975 ; P e r f i t et a l . , 1 9 8 0 ) , f o r the h o s t b a s a l t s from C o r b e t , Maybrun and V i s c a r i a .

11. C h o n d r i t e n o r m a l i z e d r a r e e a r t h element abundance diagrams f o r the C o r b e t , Maybrun and V i s c a r i a b a s a l t s . The shaded a r e a c o r r e s p o n d s t o T a y l o r et a l . ' s (1980) i s l a n d a r c b a s a l t r e f e r e n c e s u i t e .

12. C h o n d r i t e - n o r m a l i z e d r a r e e a r t h element abundance diagrams f o r "normal" o c e a n i c b a s a l t , i n which most of the a c t i v e m i n e r a l i z i n g systems on the East P a c i f i c r i s e a r e found, f o r the Lower Lavas on Cyprus and f o r b a s a l t s h o s t i n g two B e s s h i - t y p e o r e s .

13. Geology o f V i t i L evu, F i j i ( a f t e r G i l l , 1970).

14. Geochemical v a r i a t i o n d iagrams f o r the i s l a n d a r c b a s a l t s o f the W a i n i m a l a Group, F i j i ( d a t a from G i l l , 1970) .

15. S u r f a c e p l a n o f the P o t t e r Mine near Timmins, O n t a r i o (from Coad, 1976 ).

16. Geochemical v a r i a t i o n d iagrams f o r the b a s a l t s h o s t i n g the P o t t e r o r e s . The r a r e e a r t h element d a t a i s from N a l d r e t t and Smith (1980).

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TABLE 1

CORBET-TYPE DEPOSITS

D e p o s i t

CANADA Corbe t New Hosco (?) Maybrun Coronat i o n Cuprus Windy Craggy (?)

Age

Archean Archean Archean P r o t e r o z o i c P r o t e r o z o i c T r i a s s i c

Tonnage x 10^

2.7 2.2 2.8 1.5 0.5

3 50 (approx)

Cu %

3.1 1.4 1.1 4.2 3.3 1.5

Zn %

2.8 1 .1

6.4

Oz/t Ag

0.68 0. 1 1

0.5

SCANDINAVIA V i s c a r i a

H a v e r i B i d j o v a g g e

Pahtavuoma

Archean

P r o t e r o z o i c A rchean

Archean

50

1.5 3

4.4

1.6¬5.0 0.4 1.8

1.0

0.3

0.1

0.1

0.5

0.63

AUSTRALIA C a d i a (?) O r d o v i c i a n 43 0.7 0.20

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TABLE 2

METAL CONTENTS OF VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULPHIDE ORES

Deposit Type Au Ni Co

"Corbet"<1> 1.8 +1.0 393+300 445+300

Besshi* 2) 0.5 + .3 2 7 + ? 5 3 0 ^ ?

Cyprus (oceanic) <3) 0.09^ .04 11 ± 10 500 ± 25 Cyprus (back-arc) <4) - 53 ± 25 57 ± 25

Kuroko (Canada) <5) 0.5 ± .5 Kuroko (Japan) <6) 1.1 ± 0.5 20 ± 1 0 25 ± 10

(1) Corbet, V i s c a r i a , Maybrun, Pahtayuoma, Bidjovagge, Coronation, Haveri (Fox, unpubl.; Makela, 1980; Inkenen, 1979; Whitmore, 1969)

(2) F i f t e e n Sanbagawa be l t mines, including Besshi (Yamaoka, 1962)

(3) EPR, A t l a n t i s II Deep, Red Sea (Rona, 1984; B i s c h o f f et a l . , 1983; Scott, per comm 1983)

(4) Mathiati, Agokipian, Kokkinoyia (Constantinou and Govett, 1973)

(5) 72 deposits (Assad and F a v i n i , 1980)

(6) Kosaka, Hanoka, Kano (Shimazaki, 1974)

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TABLE 3

CHARACTERISTICS OF BASALT-HOSTED VOLCANOGENIC DEPOSITS

B e s s h i - t y p e " C o r b e t - t y p e " C y p r u s - t y p e

P o s s i b l e environment

E p i c o n t i n e n t a l r i f t E a r l y a r c O c e a n i c , b a c k - a r c r i f t s

Host r o c k s T-MORB, IP B ( ? ) c o n t i n e n t - d e r i v e d s ed.

IAB v o l c a n o g e n i c sed.

N-MORB, T-MORB(?)

Tenor Cu-Zn (±Co) Cu-Zn-Au (±Co, N i ) Cu-Zn (±Co)

A c c e s s o r y o r e h o r i z o n 1 i t h o l o g i e s

I r o n fmn., l i m e s t o n e , a r g i l l i t e

L i m e s t o n e , a r g i l l i t e S u l p h a t e

Age range P r o t e r o z o i c - r e c e n t Archean-Eocene (?) A r c h e a n ? - r e c e n t

Recent examples

Guaymas b a s i n T h o l o - i - S u v a (?) EPR-21°N, -20°S, Juan de Fuca , e t c .

A n c i e n t examples

B e s s h i Ducktown Trondheim

C o r b e t V i s c a r i a Maybrun

Cyprus B e t t s Cove P o t t e r

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W A I T E R H Y O L I T E

WA ITE A N D E S I T E p ^ t 3 j - A M U L E T R H Y O L I T E E h d 3 ~ l - B R O W N L E E R H Y O L I T E

U | R U S T Y R IDGE A N D E S I T E

N O R T H W E S T R H Y O L I T E

["""""] F L A V R I A N A N D E S I T E

GEOLOGY NORANDA REGION

( S i m p l i f i e d from Spence and Rosen-Spence , 1975)

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V - C y c l e

NW

Mobrun

IV

"I

II

V

R H Y O L I T E A N D A N D E S I T E Delbridge

Quemont A M U L E T ANDES ITE

FORMAT ION E.Waite T u z e Norbec J OJVaHe

L.Dufouit^

WAITE R H Y O L I T E

J O L I E T R H Y O L I T E

B R O W N L E E R H Y O L I T E

Home

Cross-section , Noranda Dist r ic t , Quebec (from knuckey and Watkins, 1982)

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LU O o

1 A A A *5 A ,\ A A '

% A A A A A A A A A A A

A A A A A A A A A A A A A A

\ A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A \ A A A A A A A A A A A

. A A A A A A A A

. A A A A A A A A A A A A \ A A A A A A A \ A A A *, * ». * A A A \ A A A /• A A A

A A A A \ A A A A A , . A A A A A A A A A A A . V*

A A A A A ^

CD

[

A A A / A A \ A A A \ A A A A A A

A A A - A A A A A A . ^ , *• A A A \ A A A A A A

\ A A ' A A A A A A A A A '. A A A A A / ' A A / A A A A A A -t\

V A A A A A A A A V. \ A A A A A A A

A A A A A A V , A A A A A A . •j • A A A A A A /« V

A A A A A / * A A A A A A

A A A A A A

DYKE \ A A A A / • A A A A A

• * A A A ANDES ITE VOLCANOCLAST IC

R H Y O L I T E FELSIC

M A S S I V E AND A A A \ A

A A

PILLOWED ANDESITE A ^ A % A

MASSIVE M A G N E T I T E MASS IVE S U L P H I D E

S T R I N G E R SULPH IDE

o o CD

(from Gibson and Watkins, 1982

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GRANITE

GABBRO SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

MAFIC-INTER MEDIATE VOLCANICS

MAFIC VOLCANICS (POPULUS GROUP, IN PART)

0 L

5 k m

/ " > / . >.

Si?-* i^'VO'l-

i f

GEOLOGY ATIKWA LAKE REGIOh

( S i m p l i f i e d f r o m T r o w e l l . e f a ! , 1980)

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"C " Z0NE ' ( A u )

" D " Z O N , E ( A L O / : V '; • - i t • / - y,\.\ ATIKWA

t T r = ! i !1

t ' 1 r i l i , ' ! ; ^ V * ' ' v ^ \

v • < * v>; X X y

< X >\ x x V

< x x « x x x \

< x x A X X X \

< X X X \ x x x >*. x x x V

x x x x \ ' x x x x \ X X X X >\

x X X X x * X X X X X i

' X X X X >. X X X X X .

< X X X X X 1

x x x x x x* * x x x X x \ X X X X X XI

< X X X X X i X X X X X X \

< X X X X X »\ X X X X X X J

x x x X X x r, V /

- *11 * t1 * * * : I

Wj-V'B" Z O N E V k

Kit \ \

\ \

\ C C u - A u )

X X X X X X x x x x x

< x X X V X X X X

X X X x ' / » X X x /

(frorr H. M a t t h e w s , pe r s . c o m m . , 1 3 8 4 ) I

L O C A T I O N M A P

>-y.-c GRAN1TIC INTRUSIVES

k » | GABBROIC INTRUS IVES

C H E R T

M A F I C P Y R O C L A S T I C S

A P H Y R I C B A S A L T

FELDSPAR-PHYRIC BASALT L L t

0 4 0 0 I

feet

SURFACE PLAN MAYBRUN MINE

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GEOLOGY KIRUNA-VISCAR1A REGION

(from L.Godin, pers. comm.,1983)

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L O C A T I O N M A P

t i c Oce

s .!;^fv^< 4 )^<r #'^-<-#

VISCARIA

V A ; / v - i ; ^ ' 7 ^ ^ ^ - - ^ v - j ^ v K l T T I L A %

CALEDONIDES (EOCAMBRIAN)

K1TTIL A- KIRUNA GREENSTONE BELT (ARCHEAN ?) UNDIVIDED PRECAMBRIAN

o 1 0 0 k m _J

KITTILA-KIRUNA GREENSTONE BELT

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UJ o o CM

UJ o o to CM

VISCARIA SECTION 20S00N

O o <* CM

w

BASALTIC FLOW

GRAPHITE SCHIST

LIMESTONE

BASALTIC TUFF

E 5 5 0 m a . s.

5 0 0

4 5 0

4 0 0

3 5 0

3 0 0

0 50 i i i i , i —j metres

COPPER ORE (from L .Godin ,pers. comm.,1983)

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( B a / L a ) C H

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® - C O R B E T m - M A Y B R U N & - V I S C A R I A

Sm (ppm)

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N-TYPE MORB CYPRUS™LOWER LAVA

La Ce Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Yb Lu La Ce Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Yb Lu

c

5CM

h= 2 0 - o or a O

^ 10—' o o or

BESSHI-TYPE

0 - O R E K N O B x - G O L D S T R E A M

1 1 1 I I 1 I La Ce Nd Sm Ed Gd Tb Dy Yb Lu

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