The land targets which were clustered in the feature space in case of single gain setting (figure 1) are well separable (figure 2) in case of bilinear gain settings.

22

6.Conclusion

The observations based on the interpretation of the figures 1,

2, 3 as well as the DN values and their standard deviations for

each of the targets in the three bands suggest that two gain

settings should be preferred for future sensors (with 10 bit

quantization) required for studying the various kinds of land

targets. This will have better discrimination of land targets

and hence more utility for land applications. G1 is suggested

for land applications and it can be kept as ‘operational

gain setting’. G2 is for applications related to high

reflecting targets such as snow and clouds and it can be kept

as optional.

Acknowledgement

Authors are thankful to Dr. R.R. Navalgund, Director, and t

Shri A.S. Kirankumar, Dy. Director, SEDA, Space

Applications Centre, for guidance and discussions during the

course of this study.

We thank Dr. Markand Oza and Mr. B.P. Rathore for

providing some of the the data required for the study.

References

Mahtab Anjum, P. Jayaprasad, P. Narender, R.J. Bhanderi and

Ajai (2000). Computation of saturation radiance for the

p r o p o s e d t e c h n o l o g y e x p e r i m e n t a l s a t e l l i t e ,

SAC/RESA/FLPG/LPPD/SR/02/2000.

Navalgund R R (1987) Spectral radiance values of a few

typical Indian Land surface features derived using Landsat

Thematic Mapper and SPOT HRV data. SAC/RSA/RSAG-

LRD/TN-06/87.

Sharma, Tara and T.T. Medhavy (1994). Procedures for

computation of saturation radiances: A case study for

proposed sensors onboard Indian remote sensing satellite-

1C, Photonirvachak, 22 (1 ), 9-20..

Landscapes Rendition in Zagros Mountain, Iran Using Geo information Technology

1 2 3 4 5 5Saied Pirasteh , Sirous Radkya , , Nitin K. Thripathi , Biswajeet Pradhan , Shattri Mansour , Mohammad Firuz Ramli )

1Spatial and Numerical Modeling, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia

2Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Malaysia3Remote Sensing and GIS Department, Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand

4Faculty of Forestry, Hydro and Geo science, Dresden University Technology, Germany5Faculty of Environmental Studies, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia

Email: moshaver1380@yahoo.co.uk

(Received : 3 December, 2008 ; in final form 8 June, 2009)

23

1. Introduction

The Zagros Mountain are parts of Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt. The Zagros structural belt is one of the best exposed fold-thrust belts from geology point of view. The orogene is divided into three structural zones namely: i) an Inner Crystalline Zone of over thrusting; ii) an Imbricate Belt; and iii) a Zone of Folding often referred to as the Simply Folded Belt (SFB) (Falcon,1974). The inner portion of the orogene has been subjected to intermittent deformation extending at least as far as the Late Paleozoic (Berberian, 1976). By contrast, the modern fold and thrust belt comprising the Imbricate Zone (IZ) and the Zagros Simply Fold was a relatively quiescent region of sediment accumulation until the latest episode of shortening and uplift began in the Late Miocene or Early Pliocene (James and Wynd, 1965). Many researchers have studied geomorphology and tectonic of Zagros Belt (Blanchet, 1957; Colman Sadd, 1978; Iqbaluddin and Ali, 1986; Cox, 1994; Jackson, 1996; Jana, 2002; Blanc et al. 2003; Ali and Pirasteh, 2004; Pirasteh and Woodbridge, 2008). However, only a few detailed geo- morphological studies have been reported where local morphological features are identified using GIS and remote sensing techniques.

The geomorphic studies are carried out using digital elevation model (DEM) in geographical information system (GIS) environment. Satellite data of LANDSAT Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) of Nov. 9, 2002 is used for image processing and further extraction of the landforms such as

Abstract: The modern land surface typically contains the information used to understand the deformation history due to tectonic activities. Present study has been attempted for a new rendition method of landscape evaluation in Zagros Mountains, Iran. The objective of the study is to extract landforms using river and topography profiles and compiling with the satellite image to interpret the neo tectonic activities in Zagros Mountain. This study reveals that most of the landscapes are probably controlled by the neo-tectonic processes in the Zagros Mountain. The geomorphic analysis using the integrated remotely sensed data and Geographic Information System (GIS) shows good correlation between tectonic and landscapes development in Zagros Mountain. Most of the landscapes are found to be of new tectonic origin which may be to the Holocene deformation of the Zagros Mountain

Keywords: Landscape, Zagros Mountains, Neo tectonic, Remote Sensing

cuestas, mesas and knickpints, badlands and water gaps. The rivers which cross the Zagros Mountain are Kashkan, Karkheh and Dez. Dez River is one of the most important rivers amongst these. Remote sensing data and GIS techniques are used to determine the landforms on the image as well as DEM. In order to emphasize the rendition landscapes in the study area, the topographic profile and Dez River profile are digitally extracted from the DEM by using GIS software. Many technical elements such as tone, shape, texture, association, erosion, vegetation, topography and drainages are considered as keys for interpretation of the landforms on the image as well as extracted profiles. The combination of field surveys with Global Position System (GPS) and remotely sensed data would be developed as good input data during the spatial analysis in GIS environment and rendition process.

This paper presents the applicability of DEM rendition to highlight the landforms in rugged topography and inaccessible areas using GIS techniques and remote sensing data. The paper also discusses the landscapes evolution with geomorphic processes.

2. Geological setting

Geologically, the study area consists of 22 lithological units (Figure.1), ranging in age from Triassic-Jurassic to Sub-recent and Recent. The area is mostly dominated by calcareous cretaceous, dolomite, limestone, shale, silt and loamy shale; marls in northern part, and in the southern part,

Journal of Geomatics

© Indian Society of Geomatics© Indian Society of Geomatics

Vol 3 No.1 April 2009 Vol 3 No.1 April 2009

Figure 1: 10 bit AWiFS SR and 3ó (all targets)

Figure 2:10 bit suggested SR of 16.589, 14.34 and 15.143 for class 1 targets and 3 sigma

Figure 3: 10bit SR of 54.475, 42.87 and 30.651 for high reflectance targets and 3 sigma

10 bit suggested SR of 16.589,14.34,15-143 for class 1 targets and 3 sigma

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Journal of GeomaticsISG