Each domain contains specific kingdoms that are classified according to their characteristics:

Scientists divide all these organisms into groups with members that have basic similarities: the broadest divisions are called kingdoms. Currently,life on Earth is divided into SIX kingdoms:

The six kingdoms are grouped according to five major categories in addition to other major characteristics. The categories are:I. CELL TYPE: (kind of cell) all cells are made of the same organic material)

A. PROKARYOTIC: no organized nucleus, no internal membranes, peptidoglycan cell wall, have ribosomes (small), bacteria and blue-green algae

B. EUKARYOTIC: organized nucleus, internal membranes, nonpeptidoglycan cell wallII. CELLULAR ORGANIZATION:

A. NUMBER OF CELLS1. UNICELLULAR: (single-celled) all life functions, solitary or colonial

(chains or clumps)2. MULTICELLULAR: (many-celled)

a. hyphae body formb. tissue differentiation (limited to advanced organisms)

B. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION (Tissue Differentiation)1. cells, 2. tissues, 3. organs, 4. organ system, 5. organism

C. CELL WALL1. PEPTIDOGLYCAN: contain peptidoglycan, a complex web-like

molecule; found only in the Eubacteria2. UNCOMMON LIPIDS: nonpeptidoglycan, contains uncommon lipids,

found only in Archaebacteria3. PECTIN: contain pectin a complex polysaccharide, found in most Protista3.CELLULOSE: contain cellulose a complex polysaccharide; found in Plantae3.CHITIN: contain chitin, a tough material like that making up crab shells; found

only in the Fungi

III. MODE OF NUTRITION (how obtain energy/gets food)A. AUTOTROPHIC: make own food, contain chlorophyll (photosynthetic),

(some without chlorophyll are chemotrophic)B. HETEROTROPHIC: get food from other organism, no chlorophyll,

ingestion or absorption (free living, parasitic, saprophytic)IV. Method of REPRODUCTION

A. ASEXUAL: only one parent, offspring genetically identical to parent, no union of gametes

B. SEXUAL: two parents, offspring genetically different from parents (a combination of the two), union of gametesV. MOTILITY

A. MOTILE: ability to move from place to place, may only be motile in larval stage

B. NONMOTILE: cannot move from place to place, maybe sessile (attached to a surface)

Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungus Plant Animal

Cell Type prokaryotic eukaryotic

Number of Cells most unicellular most multicellular

Level of Organization cell systems

Cell Wall peptidoglycan chitin

Mode of Nutrition autotroph

Reproduction asexual

Motility some motile most nonmotile

Ecological Importance decomposers

algae major aquatic oxygen & food

producersalgal bloom

major oxygen & food source

(photosynthesis - trophic level 1)

Othergave rise to eukaryote organelles

toothpaste teeth whiteners

invertebratesvertebrates

Examples Streptococcus algae

Activity 2: Complete Me!

Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungus Plant Animal

Cell Type prokaryotic prokaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic

Number of Cells unicellular unicellular most unicellular most multicellular multicellular multicellularLevel of Organization cell cell most cell most tissue systems systems

Cell Wall peptidoglycancontains

uncommon lipids

pectin or none(green algae: cellulose) chitin cellulose none

Mode of Nutrition auto/heterotroph auto/heterotroph auto/heterotroph heterotroph

(absorption) autotroph heterotroph

Reproduction asexual asexual sexual/asexual sexual/asexual sexual/asexual sexual/asexual

Motility some motile nonmotile motile/nonmotile most nonmotile nonmotile motile

Symbiotic Relationship

fix nitrogenmany pathogenic

aid in human digestion

aid in digestion

many pathogenic (malaria, African sleeping sickness,

amoebic dysentery)cellulose digestion

many pathogenic (athlete’s foot, yeast infection,

ringworm)lichen

epiphytemycorrhizae

mistletoe

parasitic worms, barnacles, clownfish

Ecological Importance

fix nitrogendecomposers decomposers

algae major aquatic oxygen & food

producersalgal bloom

decomposersmajor oxygen &

food source (photosynthesis -

trophic level 1)

human impact on environment

Othergave rise to eukaryote organelles

can live in extreme

conditionsancestors of eukaryotes

toothpaste teeth whiteners

fermented food products

food sourceantibiotics

can’t live without ‘em

medicine sourceinvertebratesvertebrates

Examples Escherichia coliStreptococcus methanobacteria algae, diatoms,

amoebas, lichen, yeast, mushrooms

treesflowers

grass

sponges

mammals

KINGDOM ARCHABACTERIA AND KINGDOM EUBACTERIABacteria are prokaryotes. The genetic material in their cells is not contained in a nucleus. Bacteria reproduce by binary fission, a process in which one cell divides to form two identical cells. Binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction is a reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent. Some bacteria are autotrophs and make their own food. Others are heterotrophs that obtain food by consuming autotrophs or other heterotrophs.

Kingdom Protista Protists are a group of all the eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants. As a result, it is a very diverse group of organisms. The eukaryotesthat make up this kingdom, Kingdom Protista, do not have much in common besides a relatively simple organization. Protists can look very differentfrom each other. Some are tiny and unicellular, like an amoeba, and some are large and multicellular, like seaweed. However, multicellular protists do not have highly specialized tissues or organs.

Kingdom FungiThe kingdom Fungi is vast and diverse. Members of Kingdom Fungi are heterotrophs, most feed on dead or decaying organic matter. They are eukaryotes and use spores to reproduce. Fungi need moist warm places in which to grow. They vary in size from unicellular yeasts to multicellular mushrooms.

Kingdom PlantaePlants are autotrophs that produce their own food. In addition, all plants are eukaryotes that contain many cells. The process by which plants make food is called photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, a plant uses carbon dioxide gas and water to make food and oxygen.

Plants consist of two big groups: those which do not have tissues to transport water and food (nonvascular) and those that have this transport system (vascular).

Liverworts, mosses and hornworts are nonvascular plants. They are attached to the places where they live by means of their root-like rhizoids. They also do not have true stems and leaves so they grow very close to damp grounds, stone walls or tree trunks.

Liverworts

mosses

hornworts

Giant fern, Angiopteris sp.

Salvinia sp.

Cyathea sp. (tree fern)

Figure 14.

Examples of

Philippine ferns

Plant Classification

Non-flowering

Plants

FloweringSpore-bearing

Naked seeds

No roots

with roots

Mosses Ferns

Gymnosperms

1 seed-leaf

2 seed-leaves

Monocots Dicots

Angiosperms

Kingdom Animalia Members of the Kingdom Animalia are multicellular and heterotrophic. Animal cells do not have cell walls. Most animals move about, at least for some part of their life cycle. There is incredible diversity within the animal kingdom, many species of animals exist in nearly every part of the planet.

As living things are constantly being investigated, new

attributes are revealed that affect how organisms are

placed in a standard classification

system.

1 Why is light important to algae?2 What is the danger of eating clams when red tide occurs?3 Give at least five uses of protists4 Where are spores of yeasts produced? How are yeast spores called?5 Where are mushroom spores produced?

Assignment: