7: evolution solution - srhsbio - home powerpoint...population; average beak size will decrease over...

5/3/2017

1

What mechanisms drive

populations to change over many

generations from shared ancestors?

7: EVOLUTION SOLUTION

Provide 3 examples of

adaptations and how they

help different organisms to

survive.

Flight in birds – helps to

escape from predators

Opposable thumbs – able to

hold things with one hand

Camouflage – hide from

predators

Amount of fur – insulation

from cold/ heat

Outcome:

Determine the

effect of

variation on

the survival of

a population.

DRILL 1

3.29 (A DAY)

3.30 (B DAY)

Video Link

1. What is the difference between a theory and a scientific theory?

Theory: guess, idea, opinion

Scientific Theory: explanation of something, well tested, fact based, confirmed through experiments/ data

2. Why is the phrase “evolution is just a theory” incorrect?

Evolution is a scientific theory, meaning there is a significant body of evidence – from many areas – to support it

3. Can a scientific theory be changed?

Yes, as new evidence/ data is collected, scientific theories can be modified to match these results, so that the theory is as accurate as possible.

CW 1: JUST A “THEORY”

Complete CW 2 in groups of 3

You will need a stopwatch – use your phone

10 seconds for each trial – do 2 trials for each beak

type

Graph the average

CW 2: FEEDING THE BIRDS

1. What can you conclude about the relationship

between the independent and dependent variables?

Some beaks are better than others for this food source;

type of beak affects how easy it is for the bird to get

food.

2. All the birds in this experiment were the same

species, the Billed Sparrow. What variations were

present within this species?

Variation occurs within beak structure


3. Over time, a small variation in a species can lead to

an adaptation. An adaptation is a trait which helps an

organism to survive in its environment. Which

adaptation(s) are best suited each food source below?


Tweezer BeakTweezer Beak

Fork Beak

Fork Beak

Spoon Beak

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gklQ3GbmufI

5/3/2017

2

4. In the forest where the Billed Sparrow lives, a fungus

kills off all the plants that produce large seeds.

a. Which variation(s) will allow the Billed Sparrow species to

survive?

Billed sparrows will need finer beaks that can pick out the small

seeds

b. How will the population of Billed Sparrows change after 100

years, assuming the large seed plants do not grow back?

The billed sparrows with spoon beaks will die off and be unlikely

to reproduce and pass on those spoon beak traits

Over time the tweezer beaks will be more typical in the

population; average beak size will decrease over time


1. There is variation in

traits.

Video Link

Individuals in

populations vary

slightly from one

another.

Some beetles are

green, some brown

CW 3: NOTES: NATURAL SELECTION

2. There is differential

reproduction.

Environment can’t

support unlimited

population growth

(resources are limited)

Some variations help

the individuals that

possess them to

reproduce more than

others


3. There is heredity. Surviving brown

beetles have brown

baby beetles because

this trait is genetic

Those offspring inherit

the successful

variations and

produce more

offspring themselves


4. End Result. More advantageous

trait (brown) allows

the beetle to have

more offspring

Generations pass, the

population evolves

towards more

successful variation

(becomes more

common in

population)

CW 3: NOTES: NATURAL SELECTION HW 1: Section 16.3

Assessment

Read section 16.3 in your text

Answer the questions

Complete CW 1 – 3 if not

done

GMO position essay due on

Edmodo 4/1 @ 11:45 PM

Outcome:

Determine the

effect of

variation on

the survival of

a population.

SUMMARY 1

3.29 (A DAY)

3.30 (B DAY)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhHOjC4oxh8

5/3/2017

3

Use an example to describe

the process of natural

selection.

Ms. Leffel’s example Outcome:

Explain

variation in a

population of

finches by

completing a

gizmo.

DRILL 2

3.31 (A DAY)

4.3 (B DAY)

HW 1: SECTION 16.3 ASSESSMENT

HW 1: SECTION 16.3 ASSESSMENT CW 4: RAINFALL AND BIRD BEAKS GIZMO

CW 4: RAINFALL AND BIRD BEAKS GIZMO

Go to www.explorelearning.com

Username: leffelbio

Password: leffelbio

CW 4: RAINFALL AND BIRD BEAKS GIZMO

1. What causes the yearly fluctuation in the finch

population?

2. How does the amount of rainfall affect the amount

and types of seeds present on the Galápagos Islands?

3. Why does the selection of available seeds favor some

beaks more than others?

4. How, exactly, does the average beak depth change

over time?

5. Why do you think the finches of the Galápagos Islands

were so important in convincing Darwin that evolution

explained the origin of species?

http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/09/08/492965889/watch-bacteria-invade-antibiotics-and-transform-into-superbugs

5/3/2017

4

Homework:

Complete CW 1 – 4 if not done

Past Due


Edmodo 4/1 @ 11:45 PMOutcome:

Explain

variation in a

population of

finches by

completing a

gizmo.

SUMMARY 2

3.31 (A DAY)

4.3 (B DAY)

In nature, certain

individuals will leave more

offspring on average than

others, due to

a. Adaptations developed

through use

b. Inherited adaptations that

are well-suited to the

environment

c. Abundant resources

d. Choices made by plant and

animal breeders

Outcome: I

can portray

the formation

of new

species.

DRILL 3

4.4 (A DAY)

4.5 (B DAY)

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8yvEDqrc3XE

Watch the video and answer the questions in your unit

packet.

CW 5: SPECIATION: AN ILLUSTRATED

INTRODUCTION

1. How many bird species are there on the planet?

10,000 known

2. What is a species?

Groups of interbreeding (actually or potentially) natural

populations, which are reproductively isolated from other groups

Organisms which can interbreed with each other and produce

viable young

3. How did the mainland bird first colonize the volcanic

island?

A storm blew birds over; now they are reproductively isolated


INTRODUCTION

4. After how many generations were the mainland and island birds no longer able to mate?

10,000 generations – the female no longer recognizes the male’s mating habits

5. In reality, bird blind dating does not occur. How do scientists classify species separated in space as different species?

By comparing genetic differences

6. What factors led to evolution of the three island bird species?

Separation by geological features

Availability of food (only one parent needed to raise offspring, so males seek out multiple mates)


INTRODUCTION

7. How did the eastern and western birds differ after

10,000 generations?

Different mating habits (dances, songs), different physical

characteristics

8. The western females still mated with eastern males

after 10,000 generations, but the eggs were not

viable. Are the two types of bird different species?

Yes – the separated populations have developed many genetic

differences


INTRODUCTION

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8yvEDqrc3XE

5/3/2017

5

Species: A group of similar organisms that can

interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Speciation: Formation of a new species

CW 6: SPECIES STORY

Selection Pressures: Anything that reduces the

reproductive success of an organism.

CW 6: SPECIES STORY

Genetic Bottleneck: Change in allele (gene) frequency

after a dramatic reduction in the population.

CW 6: SPECIES STORY

Founder Effect: Change in allele frequency (genes) as a

result of the migration of a small subgroup of a

population.

CW 6: SPECIES STORY

Reproductive

Isolation/ Geographic:

two populations are

separated by

geographic barriers

(rivers, mountains,

bodies of water)

preventing them from

breeding

CW 6: SPECIES STORY

Reproductive

Isolation/ Behavioral:

two populations

develop different

mating/courtship

rituals that prevent

them from breeding.

CW 6: SPECIES STORY

Use different songs to

attract mates; will not

mate together.

Eastern Meadowlark

Western Meadowlark

5/3/2017

6

Reproductive Isolation/ Temporal: two or more species

are separated by time, preventing them from breeding.

CW 6: SPECIES STORY

These frog species

mate at different

times during the year;

so they cannot

interbreed.

You must write a story about a population of animals which eventually evolves into two or more different species. You must use at least three of the factors above in your story.

Each major event in your story must:

Be illustrated WITH COLORS!

Explain how the factors (from above) led to speciation

Have the factor underlined

During the course of your story anything can happen – a species may go extinct, start a war with another species, two star-crossed lovers may perish knowing that they can never produce fertile offspring… BE CREATIVE

CW 6: SPECIES STORY

HW 2: Evolution Practice

Quiz

Complete species story

Complete CW 1 to 6 if not

done

Work on LINCs words

Past Due


Edmodo 4/1 @ 11:45 PM

Outcome: I

can portray

the formation

of new

species.

SUMMARY 3

4.4 (A DAY)

4.5 (B DAY)

Provide an example for each

type of reproductive isolation.

Geographic: bird species, some

migrate to different sides of a

mountain

Behavioral: A population starts to

develop different mating rituals

Temporal: A population spilt, and

half starts to mate at different

times, so they do not mate

together

Hand in species story to the

bin

Outcome: I

can use

changing

allele

frequency to

explain the

formation of

a new

species.

DRILL 4

4.6 (A DAY)

4.7 (B DAY)

1. C

2. C

3. C

4. C

5. C

6. B

7. B

8. B

9. C

10.B

11.A

12.D

13.C

14.A

15.A

16.A

17.D

18.D

19.C

HW 2: EVOLUTION PRACTICE TEST

Essential Questions:

How does antibiotic resistance evolve?

How will people be affected by bacterial resistance?

What can be done to fight against bacterial resistance?

BUGGED OVER THE BUDGET

5/3/2017

7

Complete the readings and analysis questions.

Go to http://piktochart.com/ and sign up for a free account. You will need to select one person to be responsible for the username and password.

Create an infographic that addresses the following key concepts:

Create an original visual to explain how bacteria evolve antibiotic resistance, in terms of selection and evolution.

Show the effects of antibiotic resistance on the population, in concrete terms such as deaths and costs.

Develop a list of tips that everyday people, doctors, and researchers can use to fight antibiotic resistance.

Describe the importance of federal funding for medical research in terms of antibiotic resistance – why should we divert funds to this issue?

Review your infographic using the provided rubric

Submit a link for your group’s infographic on Edmodo by the due date.


Groups 4A Lyndsey, Maddie C., Ayesha, Caroline

K, Caroline D

Jenna, Katie, Tamaya, Molly M., Valeria

Joab, Daniel, Brennan, Christian, Frannie

Eddie, Kyle S., Andrew, Dustin

Faydra, Rebekah, Karen, Jocelyn

Tyjay, Bailey

Noah, Kyle C.

Groups 1B Spencer, Jamison, Chris, Ben M.,

Kevin, Ian

Isabel, Jillian, Bethan, Jackson, Jessica

Megan, Joseph, Madison, Jason, Camryn

Amanda, Molly, Debbie, Anya, Alexa

Rowin, Sophia D., Sophia S., Shaun

Groups 4B Zac, Kayla, Kara, Mason, Asa

Bryce, Jackson, Dominic, Aaron, Aiden

Cora, Mollie, Paige, Jayden, Liz

Sara, Madeline, Alyssa, Faith, Heidi

Ethan, Sam, Jacob

Sean, Brennan, Andrew, Max


Complete the activity using 50 black beans (F) and 50

white beans (f)

Mix the beans up; close your eyes and draw two at a

time, representing the alleles for presence of fur.

Count each genotype and count the total number of

each allele (this should be 30 each for the first mating)

Put all of the beans back into the bin, excluding the

rabbits with genotype ff. These are furless rabbits, who

die off during the cold winter. They do not live to pass

on their genes to the next generation.

Repeat for a total of 10 matings.

CW 7: BREEDING BUNNIES CW 7: BREEDING BUNNIES

Copy this down in CW 7

Generation Number of

FF Bunnies

Number of

Ff Bunnies

Number of

ff Bunnies

Number of

F alleles

Number of

f alleles

Total

Number of

Alleles

Gene

Frequency

of F

Gene

Frequency

of f

1 12 26 12 50 26 76

2 19 12 7 50 12 62

3 22 6 3 50 6 56

4 23 4 1 50 4 54

5 25 0 2 50 0 50

6 25 0 0 50 0 50

7 25 0 0 50 0 50

8 25 0 0 50 0 50

9 25 0 0 50 0 50

10 25 0 0 50 0 50

Absent Data Graph

CW 7: BREEDING BUNNIES

-0.10

0.10

0.30

0.50

0.70

0.90

1.10

0 2 4 6 8 10

Alle

le F

req

ue

ncy

Generation Number

Allele Frequency vs. Generation Number

Gene Frequency of F Gene Frequency of f

1. Based on your lab data, do you need to revise your

hypothesis? Why or why not?

The recessive allele may or may not disappear entirely.

2. Compare the total number of alleles for the dominant

characteristic with the number of alleles for the

recessive characteristic. Over the course of 10

generations what trend do you observe?

Because the ff bunnies die off, these alleles become less

frequent in the population. They may still exist after ten

generations, but only in heterozygous individuals.


http://piktochart.com/

5/3/2017

8

3. Compare the frequencies of the dominant allele to the

frequencies of the recessive allele over the course of

10 generations. What trends do you observe?

The dominant allele (fur) is more frequent than the recessive

allele (furless), which decreases over time after each successive

winter (bottleneck effect)

4. In a real rabbit habitat new animals often come into

the habitat (immigrate), and others leave the area

(emigrate). How might emigration and immigration

affect the gene frequency of F and f in this population

of rabbits?

It’s possible that the recessive allele might remain in the

population at a higher frequency or for more generations.


5. How does a changing allele frequency relate to the

formation of new species?

As the allele frequency changes, certain traits become more

common in a population. If that population is reproductively

isolated from others, these changes add up over long periods of

time to result in new species.

6. During the performance of this lab what part of the

activity simulated the mechanism of natural selection

on the genetics of the rabbit population?

You only put the FF and Ff bunnies back into the breeding bag,

representing the death of the ff bunnies each winter.


7. Based on our definition of evolution explain how the

results of this simulation acts as an example of

evolution.

Evolution is a change in the heritable traits of a population from

generation to generation. The harsh winter acted as a selection

pressure, which made certain traits unfavorable and therefore

unlikely to be pass on to the next generation.

8. Why is reproduction so important to the process of

evolution?

Without reproduction, organisms cannot pass on favorable

genes to the next generation; we would see no change in allele

frequency.

CW 7: BREEDING BUNNIES Complete CW 1 to 6 if not

done

Work on CW 7 for 30

minutes

Work on LINCs words

Complete species story if

not done

Outcome: I

can use

changing

allele

frequency to

explain the

formation of

a new

species.

SUMMARY 4

4.6 (A DAY)

4.7 (B DAY)

Explain the relationship

between natural selection

and variation. USE YOUR

NOTES – do not sit there

waiting for the answer!

No variation = nothing to

“select”

Differences lead to differential

reproductive success

Leads to “survival of the

fittest” only.

Outcome: I

can describe

the

relationship

between

mutation,

fitness,

survival, and

evolution.

DRILL 5

4.24 (A DAY)

4.25 (B DAY)

LET’S CATCH UP!

Projects

Groups

Infographic, due: 5/1

Pictures from my vacation

5/3/2017

9

Groups 4A Lyndsey, Maddie C., Ayesha, Caroline

K, Caroline D

Jenna, Katie, Tamaya, Molly M., Valeria

Joab, Daniel, Brennan, Christian, Frannie

Eddie, Kyle S., Andrew, Dustin

Faydra, Rebekah, Karen, Jocelyn

Tyjay, Bailey

Noah, Kyle C.

Groups 1B Spencer, Jamison, Chris, Ben M.,

Kevin, Ian

Isabel, Jillian, Bethan, Jackson, Jessica

Megan, Joseph, Madison, Jason, Camryn

Amanda, Molly, Debbie, Anya, Alexa

Rowin, Sophia D., Sophia S., Shaun

Groups 4B Zac, Kayla, Kara, Mason, Asa

Bryce, Jackson, Dominic, Aaron, Aiden

Cora, Mollie, Paige, Jayden, Liz

Sara, Madeline, Alyssa, Faith, Heidi

Ethan, Sam, Jacob

Sean, Brennan, Andrew, Max


Let’s review the data and graph, then spend some time

answering/ going over the conclusion questions.


Watch the video and answer the questions.

Question 5: answer on your own, then discuss with a

partner.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zOWYj59BXI

CW 8: LIGERS AND TIGONS

1. How was the Liger bread?

A male lion and a female tiger were mated.

2. What is the inhibitor growth gene?

Exists in female lion and male tiger.

Regulates growth, preventing too large of a size (would not be

beneficial in the wild, because food requirements would be too

high.

3. Why does mating a male lion with a female tiger

result in such a large cat?

Offspring does not inherit the gene for growth inhibition.

4. Why would a lion and a tiger never mate in the wild?

Their territories do not overlap.

CW 8: LIGERS AND TIGONS

5. THINK ABOUT IT. Lions and tigers are separate

species. Yet, it is possible for them to mate in

captivity to produce offspring. Should lions and tigers

be considered the same species? Are Ligers a new

species? Explain.

Lions and tigers can mate

Ligers are sterile; they cannot mate and have offspring of their

own, therefore they are not a new species.

Because the offspring are sterile, the differences between lions

and tigers are significant enough to be considered different

species

CW 8: LIGERS AND TIGONS CW 9: MUTATION AND SELECTION GIZMO

Go to www.explorelearning.com

Username: leffelbio

Password: leffelbio

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zOWYj59BXI

5/3/2017

10

5. Collect Data

CW 9: MUTATION & SELECTION GIZMO PT. A

Organism: Parent A Parent B

Allele sequence of chromosome 1: YMW (A1) WWB (B1)

Allele sequence of chromosome 2: WWW (A2) WWY (B2)

OffspringAllele sequence of

chromosome 1

Allele sequence of

chromosome 2

Offspring 1 WWW ( ) WWY ( )

Offspring 2 WWW ( ) WWB ( )

Offspring 3 WYW ( ) WWB ( )

Offspring 4 YMW ( ) WWY ( )

Chromosome A2 mutated from WWW to WYW.

A2

A2A2

A1

B2

B1B1

B2

CW 9: MUTATION & SELECTION GIZMO PT. B

After 20 generations:2. A. Some of the insects are still almost white. Other insects are

brown, dark gray, and purple.

B. The differences in colors may give some of the insects the

advantage of blending into their background better. This makes

it harder for the feeding birds to see them.

3. The closer the insect’s color is to the background color, the

higher its fitness is.

4. An insect with a higher fitness will have a lower chance of being

eaten by the birds than an insect with a lower fitness.

6. The survivors are more fit than the average fitness of all the offspring.

7. The fittest insects are more likely to survive - they are more fit than the overall generation.

8. The survivors were able to reproduce. Of the offspring that resulted, it was again the individuals with a higher fitness that were more likely to survive and reproduce the next generation.

CW 9: MUTATION & SELECTION GIZMO PT. B

Generation Ave. fitness Survivor fitness values Ave. survivor fitness

21 61%56%, 56%, 61%, 73%, 73%,

73%, 61%, 50%, 73%, 50% 63%

22 63%61%, 61%, 73%, 61%, 73%,

73%, 61%, 56%, 61%, 73%65%

23 65%61%,73%, 56%, 61%, 78%,

73%, 73%, 56%, 50%, 73%65%

CW 9: MUTATION & SELECTION GIZMO PT. C

2. A. The phenotype of the fittest individual became

closer to the background color.

B. The population’s fitness increased over time.

Generation

#

Avg.

Fitness

Fitness of

Fittest

Individual

Phenotype of Fittest

Individual (R, G, B)Background color

1 53% 53% R=255, G=255, B=255

red = 100

green = 255

blue = 50

25 66% 75% R=170, G=255, B=170

50 83% 93% R=85, G=255, B=85

75 91% 97% R=85, G=255, B=43

100 93% 97% R=85, G=255, B=85

150 95% 97% R=85, G=255, B=43

200 94% 97% R=85, G=255, B=43

300 96% 97% R=85, G=255, B=43

5. Without variation, all of the organisms would be identical and would have an equal chance of surviving and reproducing. In this case there would be no reason for the population to change over time.

6. If traits were not inherited, a favorable mutation would be lost when the organism died. For evolution to take place, favorable traits must be passed down and accumulate in a population over time.

7. A population of grasshoppers began living in plants similar to the shown plant. Grasshoppers with variations that made them blend into the foliage better had a greater chance of avoiding predators. These grasshoppers were able to survive and reproduce, passing on their adaptations. Over time, other beneficial variations were selected for in a similar way. Thus, the grasshopper population slowly changed to become better camouflaged in their habitat, evolving into the katydid.

CW 9: MUTATION & SELECTION GIZMO PT. C

Do you think the fittest individuals always survive and

reproduce? Why might some of the fittest individuals

not survive?

How do you think changing the mutation rate would

change how quickly a population evolved?

How could mutations affect the fitness of an organism?

Do populations evolve on purpose?

CW 9: MUTATION AND SELECTION GIZMO:

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

5/3/2017

11

Quiz on 4.26 (A Day) and

4.27 (B Day)

Unit test on 5.2 (A Day) and

5.3 (B Day)

Infographics due on

Edmodo by 5.1 @ 11:45 PM

Complete CW 1 to 8

LINCs Words

Outcome: I

can describe

the

relationship

between

mutation,

fitness,

survival, and

evolution.

SUMMARY 5

4.24 (A DAY)

4.25 (B DAY)

Copy down outcome.

Write “review” in the drill

space.

Work on review from by the

door.

Outcome: I

can describe

the

relationship

between

mutation,

fitness,

survival, and

evolution.

DRILL 6

4.26 (A DAY)

4.27 (B DAY)

1. What is reproductive isolation? Provide an example of each type. (CW 6)

Reproductive isolation prevents populations of a species from reproducing with each other.

Geological: a population becomes separated by a body of water

Temporal: some of the population mates during a different month

Behavioral: some of the population develops new mating dances

2. Describe the role of variation in natural selection. (CW 3)

Natural selection requires:

Variation in a trait – too many offspring are produced, so variations allow them to compete for resources.

Favorable variations help a species survive selection pressures (such as environmental change).

Differential reproduction – individuals with the best fit are more likely to reproduce, thus these traits are more likely to be passed on to the next generation.

REVIEW FOR QUIZ

3. The data below shows the genotypes of 150 rabbit

species over the course of several years. B represents

brown rabbits, b represents white rabbits. (CW 7)

a. Is this population evolving? Explain.

Yes. Evolution is a change in the heritable traits from generation to

generation. We see a change in the allele frequency over time –

chances to inherit bb increase over time.

b. Which trait is more favorable in this environment? Explain.

The recessive trait (white). We see the number of these rabbits

increase, while the number of dark fur rabbits decreases.

REVIEW FOR QUIZ

Year Number of BB Individuals Number of Bb Individuals Number of bb Individuals

1900 50 50 50

1950 40 40 70

2000 20 25 105

2100

3. The data below shows the genotypes of 150 rabbit species over the course of several years. B represents brown rabbits, b represents white rabbits. (CW 7)

c. Which environment do you think the rabbits live in: a temperate forest or arctic circle? Explain.

Likely the Arctic Circle, because white fur is favored, which would blend in better in snowy environments.

d. By the year 2100, global warming will cause a significant increase in temperatures in the rabbit’s environment. Predict the number of individuals for each genotype for the year 2100 by writing in the data table.

REVIEW FOR QUIZ

Year Number of BB Individuals Number of Bb Individuals Number of bb Individuals

1900 50 50 50

1950 40 40 70

2000 20 25 105

2100 40 40 90

4. The graph below shows the distribution of tail lengths in two populations of deer mice.

a. The graph illustrates the principle of natural selection. Give reasons why you agree or disagree with this statement.

The environment selects for variation in an organism.

In Northern Alberta, longer tails are selected for, while shorter tails are selected for in Southern Alberta.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

45 55 65 75

Nu

mb

er

of

Mic

e

Tail Length (mm)

Tail Lengths in Northern and

Southern Alberta

Northern

Southern

REVIEW FOR QUIZ

5/3/2017

12

4. The graph below shows the distribution of tail lengths in two populations of deer mice.

b. If you were sent a deer mouse from an unknown location in Alberta, could you determine from its tail length whether it was from a northern or southern population? Explain your answer.

You could only tell if the tail was extremely long or short because there is so much overlap in tail lengths.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

45 55 65 75

Nu

mb

er

of

Mic

e

Tail Length (mm)

Tail Lengths in Northern and

Southern Alberta

Northern

Southern

REVIEW FOR QUIZ Unit test on 5.2 (A Day) and

5.3 (B Day)

Infographics due on


Complete CW 1 to 9

LINCs Words

Outcome: I

can describe

the

relationship

between

mutation,

fitness,

survival, and

evolution.

SUMMARY 6

4.26 (A DAY)

4.27 (B DAY)

What is artificial selection?

Process where humans select

for particular traits in

organisms.

Humans only allow organisms

with the desired trait to

reproduce.

Causes evolutionary change;

similar to natural selection;

but humans, not nature, do the

selecting.

Outcome: I

can explain

evidence of

evolutionary

change.

DRILL 6

4.28 (A DAY)

5.1 (B DAY) Video Link

Complete CW 10.

Work together to complete each section one at a time.

When Charles Darwin first proposed the idea that all

new species descend from an ancestor, he performed

an exhaustive amount of research to provide as much

evidence as possible. Today, the major pieces of

evidence for this theory can be broken down into the

fossil record, embryology, comparative anatomy, and

molecular biology

CW 10: EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION

Age of the Earth

Geologists now use

radioactivity to establish

the age of certain rocks

and fossils.

Radioactive dating

indicates that Earth is

about 4.5 billion years

old—plenty of time for

evolution by natural

selection to take place.


The Fossil Record Paleontologists have discovered hundreds of fossils that

document intermediate stages in the evolution of many different

groups of modern species.


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n04VhzQIcrM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n04VhzQIcrM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIEoO5KdPvg

5/3/2017

13

Embryology

Study of embryos at

different stages

Certain structures

develop in the same

order and in similar

patterns

The bone in the forearm

picture all developed

from the same cluster of

stem cells in the embryo.


Comparative Anatomy:

Homologous Structures: Shared by related species. Same

structure, but different purpose.



Analogous structures: have a common function, but different

structures.



Vestigial Structures:

Inherited from common

ancestors, but have lost

all or most function due

to different selection

pressures.

CW 9: EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION:

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

Molecular Biology

All cells use DNA and RNA to carry information between

generations and to direct protein synthesis.

Similarity in genetic code is powerful evidence that all organisms

evolved from common ancestors.


Molecular Biology

Homologous proteins: share extensive structural and chemical similarities.

Cytochrome C: Involved in cellular respiration, found in almost all living cells.

Homologous genes: entire sections of DNA that are the same across species.

Hox genes: Control timing and development of embryos, found in all multi-cellular organisms.


5/3/2017

14

1. Give two similarities between each of the skulls that

might lead to the conclusion that these are all related

species.

Two pieces: upper and lower jaw, “horn” like bone, position of eye

2. What is the biggest change in skull anatomy that

occurred from the dawn horse to the modern horse?

Size

3. What is the biggest change in leg anatomy that

occurred from the dawn horse to the modern horse?

Several bones fused together and lengthened


4. For each animal, indicate what type of movement

each limb is responsible for.


Animal Primary Functions

Human

Whale

Cat

Bat

Bird

Crocodile Walking on land, swimming in water

Flight

Flight, hanging, wrapping around the body

Jumping, landing, walking

Paddling water

Using tools, picking up and holding objects

5. Compare the skeletal structure of each limb to the

human arm. Relate the differences you see in form to

the differences in function.


Animal Comparison to Human Arm in Form Comparison to Human Arm in Function

Whale

Cat

Bird

Crocodile

Whale has a much shorter and thicker

humerus, radius, and ulna. Much longer

metacarpals. Thumb has been shortened to a

stub.

The whale fin needs to be longer to help in

movement through water. Thumbs are not

necessary as the fins are not used for grasping.

Long, thin and light bones, clawsHelps cat land when falling, claws

grip for climbing and fighting

Finger bones fused together,

larger carpalCreates a long structure for wings

Shorter and thicker bones,

thumb is a stub, clawsHelps movement through water

but still useable on land, fighting

6. What is the function of each of these structures?

Both are used for flight

7. How are they different in form? Give specific

differences.

Structure: Feathers and bones vs. chitin

Both have large surface area

Shape varies


8. What is the biggest, most obvious difference between the body structures of these two fish?

The cave fish has no eyes

9. Assume the two fish came from the same original ancestor. Why might the cave fish have evolved without eyesight?

The presence of eyes did not help cave dwelling organisms, so the good eye sight wasn’t an essential trait to be passed on from generation to generation

10.What kind of sensory adaptation would you hypothesize the cave fish has to allow it to navigate in a cave, including catching and eating food?

Sense of smell

Sensitivity to movement/ sound


You have now studied three different types of

anatomical structures:

Homologous structures show individual variations on a common

anatomical theme. These are seen in organisms that are closely

related.

Analogous structures have very different anatomies but similar

functions. These are seen in organisms that are not necessarily

closely related, but live in similar environments and have similar

adaptations.

Vestigial structures are anatomical remnants that were important

in the organism’s ancestors, but are no longer used in the same

way.


5/3/2017

15

11.Give an example of a homologous structure from this

activity:

Arm of a human and the arm of another mammal

12.Give an example of an analogous structure from this

activity:

Bird wing and butterfly wing

13.Give an example of a vestigial structure from this

activity:

Hip bones in a modern whale


14.Below are some vestigial structures found in humans. For

each, hypothesize what its function may have been.

15.How are vestigial structures an example of evidence of

evolution?

They provide evidence of the ancestors of a species.


Structure Possible Function?

Wisdom teeth

Appendix

Muscles to move

ears

Body hair

Little toe

Tailbone

Replace teeth worn from a rough diet

Immune functions in infants, useless after 60

Turn ears towards a sound

Warmth, protection from the sun

Balance, grabbing during climbing

Balance, grabbing during climbing

Cytochrome c is a protein found in mitochondria. It is

used in the study of evolutionary relationships because

most animals have this protein. Cytochrome c is made

of 104 amino acids joined together.

CW 10: EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION CW 10: EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION

1 2 3

4 5 6 7

1 2

3 4 5

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 10 11

1 2 3

4 5 6 7 8 9

Animal

Number of Amino Acid

Differences Compared to

Human Cytochrome C

Animal

Number of Amino Acid

Differences Compared to

Human Cytochrome C

Horse Shark

Chicken Turtle

Tuna Monkey

Frog Rabbit

16.Based on the Cytochrome C data, which organism is most closely related to humans?

Monkeys have the fewest differences.

17.Do any of the organisms have the same number of differences from human Cytochrome C? In situations like this, how would you decide which is more closely related to humans?

Chicken and turtle – some other line of evidence would be needed.


5

7

11

9

14

7

2

4

18.Based on the gel to

the left, which two

species are most

closely related?

Species 1 and 3 have

the most bands in

common.


5/3/2017

16

19.Explain how you were able to determine the

relatedness of the species from the gel.

The patterns on the gel was produced due to similar bands of DNA,

so the closer the patterns are, the more similar the DNA.

20.Name and discuss a source of error in performing and

evaluating gel electrophoresis

Depends on a human to recognize and compare the bands

Experimental problems could lead to false results


21.Which primate species is most closely related to humans?

Chimps

22.Which primate species is most distantly related to humans?

Lorises, pottons, lemurs

23.How long ago did speciation occur between tarsiers and the ancestor of all the anthropoids?

50 million years ago


24.According to this cladogram, about how long ago did the common ancestor between humans and chimpanzees exist?

5 million years ago

25.Explain why the statement “Humans evolved from monkeys” is incorrect.

Humans share a common ancestor with monkeys around 35 million years ago.


26.Charles Darwin published his book On the Origin of

Species in 1859. Of the different types of evidence

that you have examined, which do you think he relied

upon the most, and why?

Observational evidence and comparative anatomy

Fossil records

27.Given the amount of research and evidence available

on evolution, why is it classified as a theory?

A theory describes how something works – such as how

organisms change over time

A theory can be changed with the discovery of new evidence –

such as molecular biology and DNA evidence


Unit test on 5.2 (A Day) and

5.3 (B Day)

Infographics due on


Complete CW 1 to 10

LINCs Words

Outcome: I

can explain

evidence of

evolutionary

change.

DRILL 6

4.26 (A DAY)

4.27 (B DAY) Take out HW for checking

Take out unit 7 packets, double check for name

DIRECTIONS

5/3/2017

17

Editing ≠ spell check

Read your paper out loud.

This is why waiting to the last minute is bad and why you need to set goals and use agenda books.

Do you feel your essay truly represents your abilities? Are you proud of it?

There are many good reasons to be anti -GMO. Cancer and autism ARE NOT amongst them.

You must independently confirm all claims – this means reading!

Avoid people who want to “sell” you something!

Use reputable sources! The Institute for Responsible Technology isn’t such a source.

Post from 4/25 about GM Moths

“According to the applicant, these GE diamondback moths may serve as an insecticide-free means of controlling field populations of diamondback moths in a species-specific manner.”

Invasive species – resistant to pesticides

GMO ESSAY FEEDBACK

An essay is a highly organized argument Don’t meander about, it confuses your reader and weakens your

point.

Use the intro paragraph as a map for what you will discuss and stick to it.

How to cite (MLA or APA) In text and works cited

For ANY ideas that are not your own

Quoting If a quote is more than 10 words long, DO NOT quote. Paraphrase.

When paraphrasing, no 5 words should be the same between your words and the quote. This constitutes plagiarism EVEN WITH a citation!

Context! “Monsanto is evil, that patenting seeds and suing farmers is

unethical, and that some GMO crops (like Roundup Ready Soybeans) lend themselves to irresponsible herbicide and pesticide use and cross-contamination.”

From “A Hippie’s Defense of GMOs”

GMO ESSAY FEEDBACK

1. Consider the diagram below for the following.

a. Which species is most closely related to species H?

Species G: This is it’s closest ancestor.

b. Consider species O. What became of that species? Why did this happen?

Species O went extinct

The species lacked adaptations which allowed to survive environmental change.

HW 4: REVIEW FOR UNIT TEST

2. Indicate the

following on the

evolutionary tree:

a. Circle any place where

speciation has

occurred.

b. Label the common

ancestor to all species.


Common

Ancestor

3. Based on the gel electrophoresis data below, which species is most closely related to the common ancestor? How do you know?

Gel electrophoresis uses an electric current to sort “chunks” of DNA by size

Pattern of the bands is unique for each species

More bands in common = more closely related


2 5 3

Species

1 and 3

4. Define artificial selection. How does this relate to

selective breeding?

Humans select which traits will be passed on to the next

generation - only selected individuals (with the desired traits) are

allowed to breed

Similar to natural selection, but humans do the selection instead

of nature


http://responsibletechnology.org/gmo-education/autism

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=gel+electrophoresis+evolution&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http://mdk12.org/assessments/high_school/look_like/2005/biology/guide/g17.html&ei=Lxk5VfCAI42TsQTApYD4Bw&bvm=bv.91427555,d.cWc&psig=AFQjCNGcwrXbBDY9BJVwDpREFx7z6tY-pg&ust=1429891759030885

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=gel+electrophoresis+evolution&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http://mdk12.org/assessments/high_school/look_like/2005/biology/guide/g17.html&ei=Lxk5VfCAI42TsQTApYD4Bw&bvm=bv.91427555,d.cWc&psig=AFQjCNGcwrXbBDY9BJVwDpREFx7z6tY-pg&ust=1429891759030885

5/3/2017

18

5. Compare and contrast artificial selection and natural

selection. What role do humans play in each?


Artificial Selection Both Natural Selection

Selected individuals

are allowed to

reproduce

Changes gene

frequency in a

population

Causes a species to

change with time

(evolution)

Humans select traits

based on

preferences

Nature selects traits

by being hard to

survive in

6. A group of bacteria is exposed to a new antibiotic.

How will the bacteria’s resistance to the antibiotic

change after several generations?

1. A population of bacteria has variations. Some have a trait that

makes them resistant to antibiotics

2. Antibiotics are applied; killing MOST bacteria, except the

resistant individuals

3. These individuals repopulate (no competition to stop them!); all

offspring have the antibiotic resistance.


7. What is a species?

A group of organisms capable of interbreeding

Have viable young, which can interbreed themselves

8. Explain how competition for food may drive natural

selection.

Competition for food is a selection pressure

Some organisms in a species may be better able to access food

due to variations

Those individuals will thus be better at surviving, and be more

likely to reproduce – passing on their genes (the basis of natural

selection)


9. What is the difference between adaptation and

variation? Provide an example of each.

Adaptation: A specific trait that allows an organism to survive in

it’s environment

Result of gradual changes between generations

Variation: The differences between individuals

Not all variations will become adaptations

The environment determines if a variation is helpful , harmful, or

neither

10.Which population would you expect to see evolution

occur faster in: one that reproduces asexually, or one

that produces sexually? Explain your reasoning.

Sexually reproducing: more variation for nature to select


11.Why is genetic variation important for the survival

and evolution of a species?

Without variation, all members of a species would have the same

weaknesses: some event could wipe out all individuals at once

Variations mean survivors – who can repopulate the species

12.Explain why advantageous traits become more

common in a population over time.

Individuals with an advantageous trait will live longer and

reproduce more

They pass on these genes/ traits more often

Gene/ trait becomes more common in the population.


7: evolution solution - srhsbio - home powerpoint...population; average beak size will decrease over...

Documents