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INTERVENTIONPROGRAMS WITH VICTIMS

Prof. Dr. Noem Pereda

MODULE 6

Session 11

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Some theory

PSYCHACHE

Term introduced by

Dr. Edwin S. Shneidman(suicidologist and thanatologist, 1918-2009)

1968

American Association of SuicidologySuicide and Life Threatening Behavior Journal

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PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OFVICTIMIZATION

DEPRESSIONIt is a mental disorder characterized by low moodaccompanied by low self-esteem, and loss of interestor pleasure in normally enjoyable activities.

ANXIETY DISORDERS

It is a blanket term covering several different forms ofabnormal and pathological fears and anxieties.

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PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCESOF VICTIMIZATION

POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD)It is an anxiety disorder that can develop after

exposure to one or more traumatic events.

Diagnostic symptoms include reexperience, such asflashbacks and nightmares; avoidance of stimuli

associated with the trauma; and increased arousal,such as difficulty falling or staying asleep, anger, andhypervigilance.

(APA, 2000)

Terminology

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RE-EXPERIENCING

symptomsAVOIDANCE

symptoms

HYPERAROUSAL

symptoms

TRAUMA

an abnormal reaction to an abnormal event

intrusivethoughtsabout thetrauma,

nightmares,flashbacks

cognitiveand

behavioralavoidance

of stimulithat remainthe event

irritability,aggressive

behaviors,concentration

difficulties

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ACUTE STRESS DISORDERAlso: psychological shock, mental shock, shockIt is a variation of PTSD.

Symptoms of acute stress disorder are similar to thoseof PTSD.

Symptoms last for a minimum of 2 days, and amaximum of 4 weeks (1 month).Symptoms occur within 4 weeks of the event.

If symptoms persist longer than 1 month: PTSD.

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Terminology

HEALINGIt is an individual journey.Multiple pathways to heal.

Feeling of peace, balance, restoration.

survivors have all they needinside themselves to heal

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PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS

PSYCHOLOGICAL DEBRIEFINGIt is a brief intervention designed to: normalize posttrauma symptoms educate trauma survivors about stress reactions and

about ways of coping with them promote the expression of feelings and thoughts

related to the trauma

provide information about possible furtherinterventions.

Terminology

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PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY (CBT)It is a psychotherapeutic approach that aims toinfluence dysfunctional emotions, behaviors andcognitions through a goal-oriented, systematicprocedure.

Education about psychological effects

Imaginal reliving of the eventCognitive restructuringReversal of avoidance behaviorsExposure (imaginal/in vivo)

Terminology

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PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY (CBT)

Cognitive restructuringIt is the process of learning to refute cognitive

distortions, negative thinking, with the goal of replacingone's irrational, counterfactual beliefs with moreaccurate and beneficial ones.

It is based on the assumption that:the way we think about things is important in

determining how we feel and how we behave.

Terminology

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COGNITIVE DISTORTIONSLabeling and Mislabeling

Those who label or mislabel will habitually place labelsthat are often inaccurate or negative on themselves

and others: Im useless Im a crap

NEGATIVE THINKINGOvergeneralisation

Coming to a general conclusion based on a single

event or one piece of evidence. If something badhappens once, you expect it to happen again and

again. Such thoughts often include the words alwaysand never: Ill never be happy again

Terminology

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PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY (CBT)

Self-monitoringIt is a diary or protocol to monitor the occurrence of

symptoms or behaviors.

TO MONITORTo supervise, to keep an eye on

Terminology

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Terminology

HYPNOSISIt is a mental state usually induced bya procedure known as a hypnoticinduction, which is commonlycomposed of a series of preliminaryinstructions and suggestionsHypnotic suggestions may be

delivered by a hypnotist in thepresence of the subject, or may beself-administered ("self-suggestion"or "autosuggestion").

PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS

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MINIMAL INTERVENTIONS

FREQUENT ASSESSMENTS

SUPPORTIVE COUNSELING/LISTENING

SELF-HELPA single session with a clinician and a self-help booklet.

Terminology