7.1.9 muscles - gsa sciencegsascience.weebly.com/.../2/2/5/1/22517340/7.1.9_muscles.pdf ·...

7.1.9 Muscles

42 minutes

52 marks

of 19

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(a) Satellites orbiting the Earth appear as points of light in the night sky. They look similar to stars. An astronomer sees a point of light in the night sky.

(i) How can she tell that the point of light is a satellite in a low orbit and not a star?

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............................................................................................................ 1 mark

(ii) She looks through a telescope and sees another point of light which is a satellite in a geostationary orbit. How can she tell that this satellite is in a geostationary orbit?

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............................................................................................................ 1 mark

(b) The Hubble Space Telescope is a telescope used to observe the planets and stars. It is in a satellite orbiting close to the Earth.

(i) Give one reason why a telescope in orbit gives clear pictures.

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............................................................................................................ 1 mark

(ii) Give one disadvantage of an astronomical telescope in orbit round the Earth.

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............................................................................................................ 1 mark

(c) In 1994, astronauts visited The Hubble Space Telescope to repair it. Astronauts have to train themselves to move objects in a controlled way in space.

Name a pair of antagonistic muscles which has to be controlled.

...................................................................................................................... 1 mark

Maximum 5 marks

of 19

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A person who has an asthma attack finds it difficult to breathe. An inhaler helps the person breathe more easily.

The diagrams show a cross section of one of the small tubes (bronchioles) in the lungs.

Use the information above to help you answer the following questions.

(a) Describe the way the airway changes when the inhaler is used, and how this change makes it easier to breathe.

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.................................................................................................................... 2 marks

(b) The wall of the tube contains a ring of muscle. During an asthma attack, this muscle contracts and the airway becomes narrower. How does using the inhaler affect this muscle?

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.................................................................................................................... 1 mark

Maximum 3 marks

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Q3. (a) Diagram 1 is a simplified drawing of bones and muscles in a left leg viewed from the outer side.

(i) Muscle A contracts. What effect does this have on the leg?

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............................................................................................................. 1 mark

(ii) Muscles are found in antagonistic pairs. Write the letters of the pair of muscles which control the bending and straightening of the leg at the knee.

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(iii) When one muscle of an antagonistic pair contracts the other muscle does not relax completely, but maintains some tension.

What is the advantage of maintaining tension in both muscles.

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............................................................................................................. 1 mark

(b) Diagram 2 shows the elbow joint. Tissue X covers the ends of the bones at the joint.

(i) Give the name of tissue X. ………………………………………………. 1 mark

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(ii) Osteoarthritis is a very painful condition. In the joints of people with osteoarthritis small pieces of tissue X break off. Suggest two effects this could have on the joint.

.............................................................................................................

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............................................................................................................. 2 marks

(c) Tendons are shown in diagram 1 and ligaments are shown in diagram 2. Ligaments can stretch much more than tendons.

(i) Explain why ligaments at the elbow need to stretch.

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............................................................................................................. 1 mark

(ii) Explain why it is necessary that tendons hardly stretch at all when a muscle contracts.

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............................................................................................................. 1 mark

Maximum 8 marks

of 19

Q4. The diagram below shows the human skeleton

(a) (i) Draw a line from the letter J to one joint in the leg. 1 mark

(ii) Why do we need joints in our skeleton?

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............................................................................................................. 1 mark

(b) (i) Which part of our skeleton, labelled in the diagram, moves so that we can breathe?

............................................................................................................. 1 mark

(ii) Which part of our skeleton, labelled in the diagram, moves so that we can chew food?

............................................................................................................. 1 mark

(c) Which one of the following is needed in the diet for strong bones and teeth? Tick the correct box.

1 mark

of 19

(d) The diagram below shows part of the arm.

(i) Parts A and B are attached to bones. What name is given to parts of the body like parts A and B?

............................................................................................................. 1 mark

(ii) Part A gets shorter. In which direction does the lower arm move?

............................................................................................................. 1 mark

Maximum 7 marks

Q5. The diagrams below represent what happens to the energy in the food eaten by a herbivore and a carnivore.

The width of each pathway indicates the amount of energy gained or used in a particular way.

(a) (i) What percentage of the total energy, taken in by a herbivore, is stored in its tissues? Use the diagram to help you answer.

................ % 1 mark

of 19

(ii) The energy stored in an animal’s tissues is passed on to the next animal in the food chain. Use information in the diagrams above to explain why there are usually no more than four or five stages in a food chain.

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(b) Respiration takes place in cells, in structures called mitochondria. Why do muscle cells contain large numbers of mitochondria?

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(c) Cows eat plants, but cannot digest the cellulose cell walls. Micro-organisms in the cow’s stomach are able to digest the plant cell walls. Suggest why cows cannot digest the cell walls but micro-organisms can.

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..................................................................................................................... 1 mark

(d) The diagram below shows cells from the inner lining of a mammal’s intestine.

The cell membranes in contact with the food are folded. Explain why it is an advantage that these cells are adapted in this way.

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..................................................................................................................... 2 marks

Maximum 6 marks

of 19

Q6. This is Jamie having an X-ray of his arm.

The drawing below shows the X-ray photograph.

(a) Complete the sentence. 1 mark

The parts of Jamie’s arm which show up on the X-ray are made of

................................................................... .

(b) What did the X-ray photograph show had happened to Jamie’s arm?

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..................................................................................................................... 1 mark

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(c) Jamie drew the following diagram of parts of his arm.

(i) On the diagram, draw a line from the letter J to a joint in the arm. 1 mark

(ii) Why are joints needed in the arm?

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............................................................................................................. 1 mark

(iii) The parts which contract to move the arm do not show up on an X-ray. What are these parts called? Tick the correct box.

1 mark Maximum 5 marks

blood vessels

glands

muscles

skin

Q7. (a) The animals drawn below all have backbones.

not to scale

of 19

(i) What word describes animals with a backbone?

........................................................... 1 mark

(ii) There are five groups of animals with a backbone. Only four groups are shown above Give the name of the missing group

........................................................... 1 mark

(b) The drawing below shows the human backbone. It is made up of a number of small bones.

Why is it an advantage that the backbone is made up of small bones rather than one long bone?

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..................................................................................................................... 1 mark

(c) The drawing below shows two small bones from the backbone.

Between the small bones there is a material called cartilage. Cartilage is softer than bone. Give one advantage of having a softer material between the bones.

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of 19

(d) The diagram below shows the bones and two muscles of an arm.

The biceps and triceps are muscles which raise and lower the forearm. What happens to the biceps and triceps to raise the forearm?

the biceps ...........................................................

the triceps ........................................................... 1 mark

maximum 5 marks

Q8. The diagram below shows muscles and bones of a human arm.

(a) Why is it important that the tendons do not stretch?

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...................................................................................................................... 1 mark

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(b) The biceps and triceps are an antagonistic pair of muscles. Explain what this means.

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...................................................................................................................... 1 mark

(c) The diagram below shows muscles and bones of a human leg.

(i) Which muscle contracts to move the foot in the direction shown by the arrow? Give the letter.

.............. 1 mark

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(ii) Which two pairs of muscles are antagonistic pairs? Tick the two correct boxes.

A and B

B and C

C and D

D and A 2 marks

maximum 5 marks

Q9. The diagram below shows bones and muscles of the human arm.

The biceps and triceps are muscles that contract to move the bones of the lower arm.

(a) What do the biceps and triceps do to move the arm in the direction shown by the arrow? Tick the correct box.

The biceps and the triceps contract at the same time.

The biceps contracts and the triceps relaxes.

The biceps relaxes and the triceps contracts.

The biceps and the triceps relax at the same time. 1 mark

of 19

(b) Ligaments hold bones together at a joint. Ligaments can stretch.

Why must ligaments be able to stretch?

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......................................................................................................................... 1 mark

(c) The diagram below shows an elbow joint.

(i) The ends of the bones at a joint are covered by a layer of smooth material called cartilage. There is also a fluid in the joint.

Why are cartilage and fluid needed in a joint?

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............................................................................................................... 1 mark

of 19

(ii) In the joint shown below, some of the cartilage has broken off.

Suggest one way this damage will affect the joint.

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............................................................................................................... 1 mark

maximum 4 marks

Q10. Nancy is a dancer.

of 19

(a) When Nancy dances her arms and legs are moved by pairs of antagonistic muscles.

How do antagonistic muscle pairs work? Tick the correct box.

Both muscles contract at the same time.

One muscle is big and the other is small.

As one muscle contracts, the other relaxes.

One muscle is strong and the other is weak.

Both muscles relax at the same time. 1 mark

(b) As Nancy dances her breathing changes because she needs more oxygen. The graph below shows how the volume of air in her lungs changes when she dances.

From the graph, give two ways her breathing changes when she dances.

1. .................................................................................................................... 1 mark

2. .................................................................................................................... 1 mark

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(c) Nancy’s muscle cells produce carbon dioxide as she dances.

Which of the following shows how the carbon dioxide is removed from Nancy’s body? Tick the correct box.

muscle cells bloodstream windpipe lungs nose

muscle cells windpipe lungs bloodstream nose

muscle cells bloodstream lungs windpipe nose

muscle cells windpipe bloodstream lungs nose 1 mark

maximum 4 marks

of 19

7.1.9 muscles - gsa sciencegsascience.weebly.com/.../2/2/5/1/22517340/7.1.9_muscles.pdf ·...

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