74678951 gsm systra day 2 sweep
TRANSCRIPT
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
Smart Wireless Engineering Education Program Smart Wireless Engineering Education Program (SWEEP)(SWEEP)
GSM Systems Training GSM Systems Training (SYSTRA)(SYSTRA)
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Transmission
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Objectives
Differentiate between physical and logical channels.
List and describe the 12 different types of logical channels and their functions.
Describe how the air interface properties affect the transmission of speech between the mobile station and the network and explain the GSM solutions to these problems.
Describe the main functions of Transcoder.
List the three types of connections between the BTS and BSC.
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GSM Frequency Allocation
GSM 900 890 - 915 MHz 935 - 960 MHz (124 channels)Uplink Downlink
GSM 1800 1710 - 1785 MHz 1805 - 1880 MHz (374 channels)
GSM 1900 1850 - 1910 MHz 1930 - 1990 MHz
BTS
Downlink
Uplink
MS
DCS (Digital Communication System)
PCS (Personal Communication System)
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General knowledge about RFGeneral knowledge about RF We need more power to generate higher frequency RF signal
Higher frequency RF signal is prone to attenuation
Any BTS has a big electrical power source
Any MS has only a small battery
Therefore we should assign higher frequency for DOWNLINK!
Lower frequency for UPLINK (MS - - - > BTS)
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DownlinkDownlink 935-960 MHz 1805-1880 MHz
GSM 900GSM 900 DCS 1800 DCS 1800UplinkUplink 890-915 MHz 1710-1785 MHz
Duplex DistanceDuplex Distance 45 MHz 95 MHz
Carrier SeparationCarrier Separation 200KHz 200KHz
No. of ChannelsNo. of Channels 25MHz/200KHz=124 75MHz/200KHz=374
Carrier Pairs Carrier Pairs (uplink/downlink)
890.0 935.0 1710.0 1805.0 890.2 935.2 1710.2 1805.2 890.4 935.4 1710.4 1805.4 …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. 914.8 959.8 1784.8 1879.8 915.0 960.0 1785.0 1880.0
Carrier Frequency RangeCarrier Frequency Range
RemarksRemarks Wide Coverage
Better indoor penetration
Higher Capacity in terms of available channels
Less prone to co-channel interference
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TDMA is usedin GSM system
f1
f2
f3
FDMA Frequency Division
CDMA Code Division
TDMA Time Division
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TS 0 TS 1 TS 2 TS 3 TS 4 TS 5 TS 6 TS 7
4.615 ms
0.577 ms
1 TDMA FRAME
3 57 1 26 1 57 3
156.25 bits
Data Training Data Tail or Speech F Sequence F or Speech Tail Guard
8.25
GSM Frame StructureGSM Frame Structure
Physical ChannelPhysical Channel
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Logistical ProblemLogistical Problem
8 SEATS IN EVERY VEHICLE
8 timeslots for one frequency band
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MS Behavior
After the MS is switched on:
1. MS seeks for the strongest frequency among the 124 GSM 900 channels & 374 GSM 1800 channels in approximately 3 seconds)
2. MS tunes itself to the strongest frequency
3. Try to get synchronized with BTS
4. Retrieve necessary network information (LAI, network parameters, etc.)
5. MS initiates LOCATION UPDATE eventually.
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Channels Required
• Channel to transmit information to help the mobile station to tune into the network
• Channel to transmit synchronization information
• Channel to transmit information about the network to help mobile know the frequencies being used in its cell as well as the surrounding cells
• Channel to transmit MS’s request to initiate call set up
• Channel to set up call
• Channel to transmit handover information
• Channel to page a called party
• Channel to transmit measurements
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Conclusion: No channel left for conversation!
Channels Required
Solution: We must send more than one type of information on a channel by sharing it.
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LOGICAL CHANNELS
COMMON CHANNELS
DEDICATED CHANNELS
DEDICATED CONTROL
CHANNELS
TRAFFIC CHANNELS
BROADCAST CHANNELS
COMMON CONTROL
CHANNELS
FCCH BCCHSCH
PCH RACH AGCH
SDCCH SACCH FACCH
TCH/F TCH/H TCH/ERF
Logical ChannelsLogical Channels
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Broadcast ChannelsBroadcast Channels
Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)
- Pure sine wave
- The MS searches for this channels to hook on
- Downlink
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
- After locking to the frequency the MS synchronizes with the SCH
- SCH contain the BSIC (Base Station Identity Code) used in MS measurement report the BSC) of the BTS and TDMA frame number (used in encryption)
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
- Common information about the BTS:
used frequencies
channel combination
paging groups
neighboring cells information
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Common Control ChannelsCommon Control Channels
Paging Channel (PCH)
- BTS uses this channel to page a mobile
- downlink only
- SMS feature of GSM
Random Access Channel (RACH)
- MS uses to request a dedicated control channel
- Used for e.g. mobile originated call
- uplink channel only
Access Grant Channel (AGCH)
- BTS uses to assign a dedicated control channel
- downlink channel only
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Dedicated Control ChannelsDedicated Control Channels
Stand Alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)
- Bi-directional channel
- Used for call set-up procedures, e.g. authentication, send digits, IMEI checking, ciphering
- Traffic channel is assigned using SDCCH
- this channel provides the SMS
Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
- Associated with SDCCH and TCH
- Measurements reports
- MS power control
- timing alignment
- SMS (when MS is active)
Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)
- Associated with TCH
- For quick control communication, e.g. Handover
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Traffic ChannelsTraffic Channels
Full Rate (TCH/FR)
- User data bit rate 13 kbits/s
- RPE-LTP (Regular Pulse Excited – Long Term Prediction)
Half Rate (TCH/HR)
- User data bit rate 5.6 kbits/s
- VSELP (Vector-Sum Excited Linear Prediction)
Full Rate (Enhanced)
- User data bit rate 13 kbits/s
- Used for high quality speech transmission
- CELP (Code-Excited Linear Prediction) developed by Nokia and a university in Canada
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Hey! Don’t shoutat me, lower your
power...
FCCH
SCH TDMA#…BSIC...
BCCH
Hey. I’m aGSM xmitter!
GSM?
GSM!!!
LA…neigbors…cell info…max power...
Ok…ok
BROADCAST CHANNELSall downlink!
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COMMON CONTROL CHANNELS
PCH downlink only
Hello! You have a call.
RACH uplink only
Hello! I have to setup a call.
I need SDCCH.
AGCH downlink only
Ok. Use SDCCH.
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DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNELSuplink and downlink
SDCCH
SACCHtiming advanceMS power
FACCH
handover
On SDCCH:-call set up signaling-location updating-periodic registration-IMSI attach/detach-SMS-facsimileetc…..
On SACCH-mobile transmits signalstrength on ncell quality
Don’t shout at me.I can’t hear you.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 70FCCH SCH BCCH PCH RACHAGCH
SDCCHSACCH
TCH SACCHFACCH
TCH SACCHFACCH
TCH SACCHFACCH
TCH SACCHFACCH
TCH SACCHFACCH
TCH SACCHFACCH
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F D T T T T T TS D T T T T T T
B D T T T T T TB D T T T T T T
B D T T T T T TB D T T T T T TC D T T T T T TC D T T T T T TC D T T T T T TC D T T T T T TF D T T T T T TS D T T T T T TC D A T A T A TC D T T T T T TC D T T T T T TC D T T T T T T
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7
4.615 ms
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1 Frame (Downlink - BTS transmit) 1 carrier = 200 kHz
F = FCCHS = SCHB = BCCHC = PCH or AGCHD = SDCCHA = SACCHT = TCH
R D T T T T T TR D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T TR D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T T R D T T T T T TR D T T T T T TR D T T T T T TR D T T T T T TR D T T T T T TR D T T T T T TR D T T T T T TR D A I A I A IR D T T T T T TR D T T T T T TR D T T T T T T
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7
4.615 ms
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1 Frame(Uplink - Mobile transmit) 1 carrier = 200 kHz
R = RACHA = SACCHT = TCH
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Logical Channels in TDMA FramesLogical Channels in TDMA Frames
0 1 2 3 4 5 25242312
26 Frame - Multiframe
SACCH Unused
TDMA Frame
5 643210 7
Dedicated Channels
0 1 2 5049
51 Frame - Multiframe
TDMA Frame
5 643210 7
Common Channels
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Burst and Timeslots in the Air Interface
BTS
TDMA Timeslot
TDMA Frame
Burst from Mobile Stations
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Burst TypesBurst Types
TB 3
Encrypted Bits 57
1 1Training Sequence 26
Encrypted Bits 57
TB 3
GB
Normal Burst
Used to send all other logical information
GB TB 3
TB 3
Fixed Bits 142
Frequency Correction Burst
Used to transmit FCCH channel. No information
TB 3
GB TB 3
Encrypted Bits 39
Encrypted Bits 39
Synchronization Sequence 142
Synchronization Burst
Used to transmit synchronization information
TB 3
GB 68.25
TB 3
Encrypted Bits 36
Synchronization Sequence 41
Access Burst
Used to send the RACH information
Used to calculate the timing advance information
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Problems and Solutions in the Air InterfaceProblems and Solutions in the Air Interface
Multipath propagation
Shadowing
Propagation Delay
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Multipath Propagation
D0
D1D2
A reflected signal that has traveled some distances causes Inter Symbol Interference whereas near reflections cause frequency dips.
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Solutions to Multipath Propagation ProblemSolutions to Multipath Propagation Problem
• Viterbi EqualizationBy analyzing the effects of the radio propagation on the training bits, the air interface is mathematically modeled as filter and the transmitted info can be estimated.
• Channel CodingThe user data is coded using standard algorithms for error detection and correction purposes.
• InterleavingThe spreading of the coded speech into many bursts.
• Frequency HoppingThe frequency on which the information is transmitted is changed for every burst.
• Antenna Receiver Diversity Two physically separated antennas receive and process the same signal.
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ShadowingShadowing
Due to terrain or obstructions that attenuates the signal. Also known as Log Normal Fading.
Solution: Adaptive Power Control (via SACCH)
Occur in Busy Mode only
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Propagation DelayPropagation Delay
BTS
Allocated time slot
Effect due to propagation delay
BTS
Allocated time slot
Solution using Adaptive Frame Alignment
Occurs in busy mode only
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BTS ConfigurationBTS Configuration
Omnidirectional BTS f1, f2, f3
3 sectorized BTS
f5, f6
f1, f2
f3, f4
2 sectorized BTS
f1
f2
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BSC-BTS ConfigurationBSC-BTS Configuration
BTS
BSCBTSBTS BTS
BTSBTSBTS
BTSBTSBTS
Point to Point Connection
Cascaded
Ring
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Transcoder PositionsTranscoder Positions
MSC
BSCTC
BTS
Transcoder is at BTS site
13 kbps
64 kbps64 kbps
MSC
BSCTC
BTS
13 kbps
Transcoder is at MSC site
64 kbps 16(13 +3)kbps
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MSC
BSC
BTS
13 kbps
64 kbps
Transcoder and SubmultiplexerTranscoder and Submultiplexer
16 kbps
TC
TC
TC
TC
SMUX
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Network PlanningNetwork Planning
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Objectives
List the main steps of the radio network planning process.
Define the main radio network parameters.
Explain how the frequencies are reused.
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Factors affecting network planningFactors affecting network planning
Intended coverage area
Quality of calls
Maximum congestion allowed (Grade of Service)
Capacity of the network
Cost of the infrastructure
Future development of the network
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During the initial start-up phase, coverage is the big issue and traffic demand is minimal.
Collection of all relevant information (e.g. topographical maps, statistical books, etc)
Network dimensioning based on coverage and capacity requirements
Selection of base station sites
Survey of intended sites
Use of computer aided design system for coverage prediction, interface analysis and frequency planning
Roll-out
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Network Planning System NPS/XNetwork Planning System NPS/X
BTSBTS
BTS
BSC
DatabaseNMS
Database
Network Planning Tools
Network Measurement System
Continuous improvements and adaptation to demand
More reliable and well managed parameterization
More streamed lined operations
The heart of Nokia Integrated Planning Toolkit
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Dimensioning of cells
BTS
??? How many traffic channels does the cell need to handle
??? How many traffic channels are necessary
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x Erlangs = (calls per hour) X (average conversation time)
3600 seconds
Chs 1% 2% 3% 5%1 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.052 0.15 0.22 0.28 0.38
… … … … …… … … … …
15 8.11 9.01 9.65 10.616 8.88 9.83 10.5 11.517 10.4 11.5 12.2 13.4
Erlang Table
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Frequency Reuse Pattern
Re-using the carrier frequencies according to well-provenre-use patterns , neither co-channel interference nor adjacent channel interference should become a problem,if the cells have homogenous propagation properties forthe radio waves.
The re-use patterns recommendedfor GSM are:
• 4/12 pattern• 3/9 pattern
4/12 means that there are 4 three sector sites supporting 12 cells
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4/12 RE-USE PATTERN
D3
D2
D1
A1
A2
A3
C1
C2
C3
B1
B2
B3
D3
D2
D1
A1
A2
A3
C1
C2
C3
B1
B2
B3
D3
D2
D1
A1
A2
A3
C1
C1
C3
B1
B2
B3
D3
D2
D1
D3
D2
D1
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
C2
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3/9 RE-USE PATTERN
C1
C2
C3
A1
A2
A3
B1
B2
B3
C1
C2
C3
A1
A2
A3
B1
B2
B3
C1
C2
C3
A1
A2
A3
B1
B2
B3
C1
C2
C3
A1
A2
A3
B1
B2
B3
C1
C2
C3
A1
A2
A3
B1
B2
B3
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
Nokia ImplementationNokia Implementation
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
Objectives
Differentiate between the generic GSM network architecture and NOKIA implementation of it
Describe the DX200 platform modularity, distributed processing and network element architecture
Describe the NMS functions and architecture
List the different types of NOKIA BTS
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
THE GSM NETWORK
AC
Base Station Subsystem (BSS) Network Subsystem (NSS)
Network Management Subsystem (NMS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Mobile Station
Base Station Controller (BSC)
Transcoder(TCSM)
To other networks
Authentication Center
Equipment Identity Register
Visitor Location Register
Mobile Switching Center
HLR
VLR EIR
MSC
Air I/F
Abis I/F
A I/FAter I/F
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
THE GSM NETWORK (NOKIA Implementation)
Base Station Subsystem (BSS) Network Subsystem (NSS)
Network Management Subsystem (NMS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Mobile Station
Short Message Service Center (SMSC)
Base Station Controller (BSC)
Transcoder(TCSM)
To other networks
Mobile Switching CenterMSC
Air I/F
Abis I/F
A I/FAter I/F
AC EIR
HLR
VLR
Home Location Register
Co-located
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
Centralized CPU ConceptCentralized CPU Concept
Signalling towards subscribers
Collecting dialed numbers
Collecting charging data
Hunting for a free circuit
Making speech path connections
Signalling towards other exchanges
Subscriber data handling
Collecting statistical data
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
Distributed Structure of Nokia DX PlatformDistributed Structure of Nokia DX Platform
Signalling towards
subscribers
Signalling towards other
exchanges
Collecting dialled
numbers
Collecting statistical data
Collecting Charging Data
Supervising the processes
running
Making speech path connections
Hunting for a free circuits
Exchange
Computer units
Message Bus
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
Advantages of DX 200 Platform
• Distributed Processing
• Easier to track and solve problems
• Modularity
• Only needed units can be installed to serve low amount of subscribers at the network’s first launch.
• Easier network expansion by purchasing more modules
• Reliability
• Important functional units have redundancy
• 2N redundancy
• N + 1 Redundancy
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
DX200 MSC/VLR ArchitectureDX200 MSC/VLR Architecture
CAPACITY : 600,000 Subscribers
(i series)
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
DX200 MSC/VLR ArchitectureDX200 MSC/VLR Architecture
Functional Units
• Signalling units
• Switching related units
• Database & Statistics related units
• External interface & Data related units
• Other units
GSW
M
TGFP
CMU VLRU STU CHUCM
CLSU
VANG
CCSU BSU CASU
CCMU
PAUMFSU
OMU
BDCU
ET
ET
ECET
ECET
CDSU
Functional Units
• Signalling units
• Switching related units
• Database & Statistics related units
• External interface & Data related units
• Other units
Functional Units
• Signalling units
• Switching related units
• Database & Statistics related units
• External interface & Data related units
• Other units
Functional Units
• Signalling units
• Switching related units
• Database & Statistics related units
• External interface & Data related units
• Other units
Functional Units
• Signalling units
• Switching related units
• Database & Statistics related units
• External interface & Data related units
• Other units
Functional Units
• Signalling units
• Switching related units
• Database & Statistics related units
• External interface & Data related units
• Other units
(i series)
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
DX200 HLR/AC/EIR ArchitectureDX200 HLR/AC/EIR Architecture(i series)
CAPACITY : 1,200,000 Subscribers
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
NMS /2000 Architecture
Router
Data Communications Network
LAN
Workstations
Servers
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
Nokia BTS ArchitectureNokia BTS Architecture
Power Supply
TRU:
Transmission Unit
BCF:
Base Control
Functions
TRXU:
Transceiver Unit
Combiner
Tx
Rx
RxDiv
Tx
Rx
RxDiv
2Mb/s PCM (Abis)
L1
L2
L3
D-Bus (2Mb/s line)
Air Interface
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
Transmission UnitTransmission Unit
Power Supply UnitPower Supply Unit
2 – Way Receiver 2 – Way Receiver
Multicoupler UnitMulticoupler Unit
Wide Band CombinerWide Band Combiner
DuplexerDuplexer
Baseband UnitsBaseband Units
Transceiver UnitTransceiver Unit
UltraSite using Wideband CombinerUltraSite using Wideband Combiner
Nokia UltrasiteNokia Ultrasite
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
UltraSite using Remote Tune CombinerUltraSite using Remote Tune Combiner
Remote Tune Combiner Remote Tune Combiner
(RTC)(RTC)
6 – Way Receiver6 – Way Receiver
Multicoupler UnitMulticoupler Unit
Nokia UltrasiteNokia Ultrasite
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
Communications, Inc.Communications, Inc.
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
What is Microcell?What is Microcell?What is Microcell?What is Microcell?
• Designed for dense microcellular applicationsDesigned for dense microcellular applications
• It improves street-level coverageIt improves street-level coverage
• Compact size, low weight, low power equipments are usedCompact size, low weight, low power equipments are used
• Suitable for short outdoor coverage with moderate indoor Suitable for short outdoor coverage with moderate indoor requirementrequirement
• Increase capacity to avoid congestion in the networkIncrease capacity to avoid congestion in the network
• Minimizing network implementation timeMinimizing network implementation time
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
• MetroSite BTSMetroSite BTS
• Battery Back-up Unit (BBU)Battery Back-up Unit (BBU)
• Transmission BoxTransmission Box
• AntennasAntennas
• CableCable
Hardware ComponentsHardware ComponentsHardware ComponentsHardware Components
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
Connection DiagramConnection DiagramConnection DiagramConnection Diagram
Antennas(outdoor)
Transmission Box(indoor or outdoor)
BBU BTS
MetroSite(indoor or outdoor)
220V AC
PLDTLEASED LINE
Fee
de r
Cab
le(1
/2”
or 7
/8”
dia
met
er)
220V AC
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
Figure: BTS Arrangement of unitsFigure: BTS Arrangement of units
Base Transceiver Base Transceiver StationStation
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
Figure: Microcells built with Metrosite BTSFigure: Microcells built with Metrosite BTS
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
Sample InstallationSample InstallationSample InstallationSample Installation
SMART Tower, MakatiSMART Tower, Makati
AntennaMetroSite
& BBU
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
Makati Medical CenterMakati Medical Center
Sample InstallationSample InstallationSample InstallationSample Installation
AntennaBTS & BBU
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
Royal Match Bldg.Royal Match Bldg.
Sample InstallationSample InstallationSample InstallationSample Installation
BTS, BBU & Transmission Box
Antenna
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
Sample InstallationSample InstallationSample InstallationSample Installation
Pole-mounted MetrositePole-mounted Metrosite
BTS & BBU
Antennas
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
Next StepNext Step
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
Objectives
Explain the principles of High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)
Identify the facilities of the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
Describe the capabilities of Enhanced Data rates over GSM Evolution (EDGE)
Identify the facilities provided by the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
Identify the 3rd Generation mobile systems and their facilities
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
• 1st Gen Mobile -> Analog Mobile Phone
• 2nd Gen Mobile -> Digital Mobile Phone + new additional services
• 3rd Gen Mobile -> Multimedia Mobile Communication Systems
• Digital Mobile Phone + Internet + High performance/high speed data communication systems for multimedia
• ETSI defines UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems
• ITU defines IMT-2000: International Mobile Telecommunication Systems 2000
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
Evolution of GSM to the 3rd Generation Mobile System
3rd Generation UMTS
HSCSDGPRS
EDGE
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
HSCSD: High Speed Circuit Switched Data
TDMA Timeslot
TDMA Frame
BTSMultiple Burst from each mobile station
28.8 Kbits/s
57.6 Kbits/s
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
Transmission of data in packet form
Achieve higher cost efficiency in data transmission compared to traditional circuit mode
Dynamic data transmission speed
Mobile can stay connected to the network all day
Charging per data
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
BTS BSC
MSC
SGSN
GGSN Intranet
PSTNNetwork
SS7NW
SMSC
HLR
CG
BillingSystem
RouterServer
LocalArea NW
Corporate
GPRS Backbone IP Network
BGInterPLMNNetwork
Gateway GPRS Support Node
Firewall
Serving GPRS Support Node
BorderGateway
ChargingGateway
Home LocationRegister
Short MessageService Centre
LegalIntercept
Internet
DNSDomainName
Systems
PCU
Integrated NetworkManagement
GPRS/GSM NetworkData speed of up to 115Kbps (using 8 TS)
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
EDGE: Enhanced Data rates over GSM Evolution
Uses advance modulation technique (GMSK to 8PSK)
Reduce overhead that is used for error protection
Still using the 200Khz GSM channel and the current frequency band
Increase data transmission speed /TSL (14.4 Kbps -> up to 70Kbps)
Enable mobile users to retrieve data and handle multimedia services
Require minor changes in the network hardware and software
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
WAP: Wireless Application Protocol
To bring internet content (down-sized version) to the MS’s
WAP is global standard for all digital systems eg. GSM, CDMA, and 3G systems
WML (Wireless Markup Language) is the tag-based display language used for WAP application and it is the down-sized variation of HTML providing navigation support, data input, hyperlinks
Still use the data connection at 9.6Kbps
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
Main objectives of IMT-2000
Full coverage and mobility for 144Kbits/s, preferably 384Kbits/s
Limited coverage and mobility for 2Mbits/s
Efficient use of radio spectrum compared with existing systems
Flexible architecture to allow introduction of new services
Wide Area/High Mobility
2nd Generation System
Evolved 2nd Generation Systems (GSM-HSCSD, GPRS)
GSM-EDGE
Short Distance/Low Mobility
10Kbps
144Kbps
384Kbps
2Mbps
IMT-2000
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ADV1.1.11.03.03
3G Network Architecture3G Network Architecture
MSC HLR
3G-IWU
SGSN
GGSN
Packet Subsystem
NSS
IN Service Control Point
Radio Network Controller
BSC
UMTS Base Station
GSM Base Station
UMTS Mobile
GSM/UMTS Mobile
GSM Mobile