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February, 2014

Town and Country Planning OrganisationGovernment of India

Ministry of Urban Development

Urban Greening Guidelines, 2014

Urban Green Guidelines, 2014

TCPO, GoI, MoUD i

PREFACE

Urban Greening Guidelines, 2014 is the outcome of blatant and random

concretization of pavements in Indian cities. Of late, a number of Urban

Development Authorities and Urban Local Bodies have undertaken large scale

concretization of pavements which has resulted in destruction of a large number

of trees by first rendering those weak and reducing their lives and consequently

most of them falling down on account of moderate winds and storms. In 2000,

Ministry of Urban Affairs and Employment had published Guidelines for Greening

of Urban Areas and Landscaping. Prior to this, in 1980, TCPO had published

Guide on Plant Materials for Landscaping in India. While preparing the Urban

Greening Guidelines, both the documents have been extensively referred in the

context of integrating urban greens in the overall planning and development

scenario. The Guidelines suggests steps for protection of trees and enhancing

their lives while undertaking concretization of pavements.

The Metropolitan and UT Division of Town and Country Planning Organization

has done commendable work in bringing out the Guidelines, which will prove

useful for State Town and Country Planning Departments, Urban Development

Authorities, Urban Local Bodies, Academicians, Researchers and students as

reference material.

(J.B. KSHIRSAGAR)

CHIEF PLANNER

February, 2014


TCPO, GoI, MoUD ii


TCPO, GoI, MoUD iii

Contents

No. Title Page No. 1. Introduction 01 2. Objectives 03 3. Importance of Urban Greens 03 4. Types of Urban Greens 06 5. International norms for Urban Green Spaces 08 6. Urban Green Spaces: The Indian Scenario 10 7. Impact of concretization of pavements 13 8. Policy Guidelines for strengthening Urban Greens 14 9. Maintenance of Plant Material 22 10. Integration of Urban Green Spaces 27 References 30

List of Tables No. Table Title Page No. 6.1 Area under “Recreation” in Indian cities 11

List of Illustrations No. Illustration Titles Page No. 1.0 General Illustrations of Urban Greens 02

5.1 Panoramic View of Urban Sprawl 09

5.2 Panoramic View of planned Urban Green 09

6.1 Urban Green Spaces of Delhi 12

7.1 Impermeable Tiling around trees 13

7.2 Desirable root pits around trees 13

8.2 Avenue Plantation 15

8.3 Group Plantation 16

8.4 Mixed Plantation 17

8.5 Informal Plantation 18

9.1 Perforated tiling for pavements 23

9.2 Desirable Space around tree roots 24


TCPO, GoI, MoUD iv

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mostly at

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Page | 1

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TCPO, G

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GoI, MoUD

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and Citie

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Fig. 1.0: G

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adversely

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strengthe

to the plan

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biodivers

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ration and

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towns, th

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P

impact nat

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esponsible

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2014

Page | 2

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PO, GoI, MoU

Objecte objective

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Importa

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een spaces

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biodiversity

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systems to

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Benefits -

absorb po

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contribute

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which led t

mprove th

natural urba

preserve th

iversity of w

rban Green

mpact of u

ctices and stainable m

key stagee integrated

suitable gu

ban Greens

are critical

ver, for Urb

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at urbaniza

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nd their dy

that have

y characte

n spaces i

generate

ollutants; m

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to the ma

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n has been

to a reduce

he urban m

an environ

he local na

wildlife and

n Guideline

urbanizatio

methods manner.

es in plannd with the b

idelines fo

s

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ban Green

signed, d

ccessible b

ation in Ind

e set of ec

ynamics a

got disco

ristics due

in isolation

value and

moderate t

ants and re

aintenance

and soil.

n shown to

ed air cond

micro clima

ment.

atural and c

d conserve

U

es are –

n on urban

for protec

ning and built enviro

r enhancin

ng our citie

Spaces to

developed

both in ter

dia will con

cosystems

re shaped

onnected fr

e to continu

n will often

they have

he impact

leasing ox

e of a hea

o lower wa

ditioning lo

ate and m

cultural he

e a diversit

Urban Gree

n greenery

cting and

developmonment.

ng urban gr

es sustaina

o contribute

and man

rms of are

ntinue unab

s of substa

by human

rom the w

uous cons

fail to sus

e to be wel

of human

xygen.

althy urban

all surface

ad by an a

maintain th

eritage by p

ty of urban

en Guideline

y.

enhancing

ent where

reens.

able, healt

e to the op

naged/mai

ea and pop

bated. The

antial signi

n activities

wider enviro

truction ac

stain the c

l integrated

n activities

n environm

e temperatu

average of

he balance

providing h

resources

es, 2014

Page | 3

g urban

e urban

thy and

ptimum,

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ificance

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onment

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capacity

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by, for

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ures by

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e of the

habitats

s.


TCPO, GoI, MoUD Page | 4

Despite the enormous benefits that urban green spaces provide there is a serious

lack of information about the quantity and quality of urban green spaces. Data on

per capita availability of open spaces is scanty and scarce. However, with new

integrated approaches to combine strategic planning for green spaces with

innovative design and delivery and the active involvement of the community at all

levels, urban green spaces may be part of the ecological development of city.

Ideally there has to be struck a right balance between the built and natural

environment. Amidst concretization in the cities and towns in terms of building

multi storied apartments, commercial complexes and institutional buildings, there

has to be conscious efforts from Urban Local bodies and Urban Development

Authorities to provide for adequate green cover.

Physical Benefits -

Urban forests act as temperature buffers providing shade in the summer,

and wind breaks in the winter in addition to reducing noise pollution and

CO2 levels, and providing a habitat for wildlife.

Urban greening offers improvements in air, water, and land resources by

absorbing air pollutants, increasing water catchment in floodplain surfaces,

and stabilizing soils.

Social Benefits -

Green spaces provide a refreshing contrast to the harsh shape, colour,

and texture of buildings, and stimulate the senses with their simple colour,

sound and smell.

Particular types of green space may offer a bigger diversity of land uses

and opportunities for a wide range of activities, help to foster active

lifestyles, and can be of real benefit to health.

Well-managed and maintained green spaces contribute to social

interaction by creating opportunities for people of all ages to interact.

Urban green spaces emphasize the diversity of urban areas by reflecting

the different communities they serve and meeting their varying needs.

They enhance cultural life by providing venues for local festivals, civic

celebrations and theatrical performances.



Urban green spaces provide safe play space for children, contribute to

childrens’ physical, mental and social development and play an important

role in the basic education of schoolchildren with regard to the

environment and nature.

Planning Perspective

From the planning perspective, a hierarchy and network of quality green

spaces integrating residential areas with commercial and other uses

improve the accessibility and attractiveness of local facilities and

employment centers.

Well-designed networks of green spaces help encourage people to travel

safely by foot or by bicycle for recreation.

Furthermore, well-designed urban green spaces provide a barrier to noise

and can effectively function as visual barriers.

Economic Benefits -

Property owners value urban greenery by the premium they pay to live in

the neighbourhood of urban green spaces and public parks. Plots and flats

abutting park add to value. In densely populated areas this effect is even

more pronounced. For example, view of green spaces and proximity to

water bodies increases the real estate prices.

Impact of neighbourhood parks on the transaction price of multi-storied

residential units in cities illustrate the fact that neighbourhood parks could

increase price.

Urban shady trees offer significant benefits in reducing building air-

conditioning load and improving urban air quality by reducing smog. The

savings associated with these benefits vary widely by climatic region.

TCPO, G

existing

indicat

land us

force.

Plan. A

proport

12-14%

metrop

botanic

are cla

The typ

Reservof the

Reserv

Reserv

16 of 1

Govern

Protecsecure

of half

under t

Nationconser

natural

depriva

and us

wildlife

the con

Districspaces

GoI, MoUD

Types of

While prep

g land us

ing broad

se distribu

Green are

As per the

tion of rec

% in small

politan (mi

cal garden

assified as

pes of urba

ved forestIndian For

ved Fores

ved Forest

1927] or u

nments.

cted Foresed by appro

wall and w

the Forest

nal Park: Nrvation of

l scenic ar

ation of an

se of wea

therein, a

ntrol of, the

ct Park: Ds in a city.

Urban Gre

paring a M

se pattern

land uses

ution norms

eas are no

UDPFI Gu

creational a

towns, 18-

illion plus)

s, parks, o

Recreation

an greens

t: Reserverest Act, 1

sts, all ac

t is notified

under the r

st: They opriate fen

wire mesh.

Act, where

National P

outstandi

reas. The

ny wild anim

apons exce

and on con

e park auth

District Par

District Pa

eens

Master Plan

is done.

and netwo

s are depe

ormally cla

uidelines, 1

areas to th

-20% in me

) cities. G

open spac

nal use.

in settleme

ed Forest

927 or the

ctivities are

d under Se

reservation

are found

ncing or co

. Areas un

e no const

Park is an a

ng natura

park proh

mal of its h

ept for the

ndition that

horities.

rk is a des

ark is a pr

n or a Deve

Typically

orks based

endent on

assified as

1996 of Mi

he total de

edium tow

Generally,

ces, water

ents are as

is an area

e State Fo

e prohibite

ection 20 o

n provision

d in urban

onstructing

der notifie

ruction act

area which

al fauna,

ibits huntin

habitat, or

e improve

t these iss

signated te

ominent re

Urba

elopment P

y a land u

d on the pr

paramete

s Recreati

nistry of U

eveloped a

ns and larg

area und

bodies an

s follows:-

a duly notif

rest Acts h

ed unless

of the India

ns of the F

n and peri

g a compo

d / protect

tivity is allo

h is set asid

flora, geo

ng, killing o

destructio

ment and

sues are h

erm as pe

ecreation u

an Green G

Plan, detail

use plan

rojected po

ers of Dens

onal use

rban Deve

area shoul

ge cities a

der parks,

nd other na

fied under

having full

s specifica

an Forest A

Forest Act

i-urban ar

und wall o

ted forests

owed.

de for the p

ological fo

or capturin

n and colle

better ma

andled by

r the hiera

use with a

Guidelines, 2

P

led analys

is formula

opulation.

sity and W

in the Ma

elopment ,

d be betw

nd 20-25 %

playgroun

atural featu

the provis

protection

ally permit

Act, 1927

ts of the S

reas gene

or combina

are protec

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ormations

ng of fauna

ection of fl

anagemen

, or are un

archy of gr

sizeable a

2014

Page | 6

is of

ated

The

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aster

the

ween

% in

nds,

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tted.

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area



and is developed to provide vital lung spaces. As per Master Plan of Delhi-2021,

a District Park has to be provided for a population of 2, 50,000 and normally

developed at the city level with an area of 40,000 sqm.

Neighborhood Park: Neighborhood Park is developed at the neighborhood level for a population of 10,000. The Park is conveniently located within the

developed residential areas at walking distance and is planned on an area of

2,000-4,000 sqm.

Totlots: Totlots are the lowest level in the hierarchy of green areas, planned for a population of 2,500 as play-areas for children with an area of 125 sqm.

Playgrounds: Playgrounds are provided normally in the educational institutions for the use of the school and college students. They are also provided at the

neighborhood level for a population of 5,000.

Green Belt (Buffer): Green Belts Include green girdle, park belt, rural belt, rural zone, agriculture belt, country belt, agriculture green belt. Agriculture belt, rural

and country belt are synonymous terms and they refer to a stretch of the country

side around and between towns separating one from the other. These areas are

predominantly farm lands and they support agriculture and related functions.

They may or may not be in ownership of the town/city/local body.

Green girdle, rural zone and park belt represent a similar idea, concept and

function as the green belt. A green belt is defined as an area of land

predominantly agricultural in character and located around the proposed

urbanisable limits of the urban centre (town/city/) and legally established in order

to:

• Check the further growth of built up areas;

• Preserve neighbouring towns from merging into one another; or

• Preserve a special character of a town.

Green Strip: A green strip is developed on a vacant land for example land under high tension power supply lines. It is also developed along the arterial

roads separating residential areas from other uses.

Tree Cover- Trees planted along the roads within the right-of-way and on the central verge (median).

TCPO, G

The qu

world.

propos

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from 1

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GoI, MoUD

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sed a stand

area per

n so as to

ped count

park area

ties should

ant. The W

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rombie form

n space pe

an also ex

and to be

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ng should

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o meet the

ries have t

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thin a 15

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forest patc

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ting the pa

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ry, experts

0 sqm gree

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e ecologic

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a. The Wo

9 sqm of un

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minute wa

London but

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opulation w

at all forms

ated into a

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d to contr

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al diversity

as network

tch (urban

ches etc.),

etwork st

atches).

cities varie

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en space o

g a balan

al balance

adopt a ge

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designing

alk to an o

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London Pl

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a closely-li

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llion is the

ared as p

us surroun

rol urban g

metres fro

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ks. Three

domestic

, Corridor

tructure (l

ed marked

aly) to 46

d by two o

and Almeria

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a varies in

many, Japa

of high qua

nce betwe

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eneral stan

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g green ar

open spac

vance to a

an in 1946

onable figu

space nee

nked park

between th

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art of the

nded by fo

growth an

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spaces in

main com

gardens, p

r (roads, a

layout of a

dly, averag

6% (Ferrol

orders of m

a (Spain)

an Green G

different c

an and ot

ality or 14

en carbon

an well-bei

ndard of g

ion (WHO)

ed) open sp

rea networ

ce. There

ny other c

6 proposing

ure to ado

ed to be co

k system, w

he larger p

largest city

planning r

orest had

nd to set s

n area of a

urban sy

ponents o

public and

avenues, w

all the pat

ging 18.6%

l, Spain).

magnitude,

and Regg

Guidelines, 2

P

contexts of

ther count

0 sqm sub

n dioxide

ng. Curre

green spac

) recomme

pace for ev

rks so tha

is yet ano

city. Sir Pat

g that 1.62

pt for Lond

onsidered a

with parkw

parks.

y in Denm

reforms of

strong pu

standards;

at least 6,

ystems sho

of urban fo

private pa

walkways

tches and

% and rang

Availability

from 3-4 s

gio di Cala

2014

Page | 8

f the

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orest

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ging

y of

sqm

abria

TCP

(Ita

(Fra

Urb

to 5

an a

Cur

In t

cap

dev

Can

ope

eco

Zea

Tok

cap

PO, GoI, MoU

ly) to more

ance).

ban tree co

55% in Bat

average tr

ritiba, with

the 1970s,

pita. A clea

veloped gre

nberra pla

en spaces

ological ve

aland has 2

kyo suffers

pita, but it h

UD

e than 300

over in the

ton Rouge

ee canopy

h a populat

growing p

ar priority a

een space

anned by S

that harb

egetation.

200sqm pe

s from a s

has a large

sqm in Liè

United S

, Louisiana

y cover of 2

tion of 17

population

and consist

s, which no

Sir Walter

bor more

Despite

er capita of

hortfall of

e forest of 2

ège (Belgiu

tates rang

a, containin

27% of urb

Lakh (1.7

had reduc

tent efforts

ow measu

Griffin ha

than 40%

developm

f green spa

open spac

21,630 Ha

Fig. 5.2: Pa

Fi

U

um), Oulu

ges from 0.

ng approxi

ban areas.

million), is

ced urban

s by local a

re 51.5 sq

s an exten

% of the n

ent press

ace.

ce which a

to conserv

anoramic Vi

ig. 5.1: Pano

Urban Gree

(Finland) a

.4% in Lan

imately 3.8

s one of Br

green spa

authorities h

m per cap

nsive integ

nationally

sures, We

verages 6

ve water.

iew of plan

oramic View

en Guideline

and Valenc

ncaster, Ca

8 billion tre

razil’s large

ace to 1 s

have succe

ita.

grated netw

listed thre

ellington i

.1 to 8.5 s

ned Urban

w of Urban

es, 2014

Page | 9

ciennes

alifornia

ees with

e cities.

sqm per

essfully

work of

eatened

n New

sqm per

Greens

Sprawl

TCPO, G

Due to

is incre

natural

as the

bridge

anothe

made t

on the

reveals

sqm in

like Va

the WH

Amritsa

that in

open s

that Gr

most o

Further

illustrat

and Am

out to

popula

authori

From a

well as

their ur

area a

cities la

counte

GoI, MoUD

Urban Gre

o unpreced

easing. Th

l environm

cities and

this gap

er reason f

to analyze

data given

s that the

Chennai t

aranasi, Ch

HO prescri

ar have les

Greenfiel

space work

reater NOI

of the reside

r, it may

te the fact

mritsar; mo

more tha

ation and p

ities to ma

a global pe

s per capit

rban green

nd 25 sqm

ag far beh

erparts in A

een Space

dented urba

e concretiz

ent. The s

towns exp

between

for poor d

e the area

n in their re

existing a

to 278 sqm

handigarh,

bed norm

ss than the

d Townsh

ks out to 27

DA Master

ential sect

also be s

t that the p

ost of the

an 10% p

proposed

ke conscio

erspective,

ta availabi

n spaces o

m to 100 sq

ind in qual

Australia, E

es: The In

anization,

zation of c

space to be

perience g

people an

evelopmen

under recr

espective M

availability

m in Greate

Jaipur, Bh

of 9 sqm w

e norm ran

ips like G

78 sqm wh

r Plan has

ors earma

seen that

proposed

cities are

per capita

area unde

ous efforts

although t

lity of gree

often have

qm urban

lity as well

Europe and

dian Scen

the gap be

cities and t

e utilized fo

rowth. Urb

nd nature.

nt of urban

reation/ope

Master Pla

of per cap

er NOIDA s

hopal, Allah

whereas c

nging from

reater NO

hich is very

provided a

rking large

the Maste

area unde

in accorda

a of open

er open s

for adherin

there are w

en spaces

20% to 40

green spa

as quantit

d North Am

Urba

nario

etween city

towns has

or open gr

ban greene

High pop

n greenery

en space f

ns. A peru

pita open

signifying t

habad and

cities like B

1% to 5%

OIDA, the p

y high. This

ample spa

e chunks of

er Plans o

er open sp

ance with

space b

space. How

ng to the W

wide variati

s, cities in

0% covera

aces per ca

ty of urban

merica. (Re

an Green G

y inhabitan

adversely

reen has b

ery is one

pulation d

y. An attem

for differen

usal of the f

space var

the wide va

NOIDA ha

Bengaluru,

%. It is inter

per capita

s is illustrat

ce for urba

f land unde

of selected

pace excep

WHO norm

ased on

wever, it i

WHO norm

ions both i

the world

age of tota

apita. Mos

n open spa

f: Table 6.

Guidelines, 2

Pa

nts and na

y impacted

become lim

of the way

ensity is

mpt has b

nt cities ba

following ta

ries from 0

ariation. C

ave more t

Ludhiana

resting to n

availabilit

ted by the

an greens

er green.

d Indian c

pt for Chen

ms and wo

the projec

is for the

ms in future

n coverage

renowned

l geograph

t of the Ind

aces than t

1, page 11

2014

age | 10

ature

the

mited

ys to

also

been

ased

able

0.81

ities

than

and

note

y of

fact

with

cities

nnai

orks

cted

city

.

e as

d for

hical

dian

their

1)



Table 6.1: Area under “Recreation” in Indian cities. (existing and proposed)

Source: Compiled from Master Plans of Indian cities

TCPO, G

Green

spaces

the pe

improv

space

New D

the con

been p

deman

Govern

accoun

availab

of Nati

“Green

Municip

the Pa

in Del

Garden

Millenn

B

GoI, MoUD

spaces co

s to play, e

ople of a

ving the he

that exists

Delhi, the c

nsistent em

possible d

nds of the

nment of N

nts for 20%

bility of aro

ional Capit

n Capital”

pal Counc

rks & Gard

hi. The c

ns, Mugha

nium Park a

Lodhi Gard

Buddha Park

omprise of

exercise or

city by im

ealth of p

in a city is

capital of In

mphasis to

despite the

e Commo

NCT Delhi,

% of the to

ound 22 sq

tal Territor

Mission e

cil (NDMC

den society

ity has so

l Gardens,

and The G

den

k

the variet

enjoy. Th

mproving a

people, am

s measured

ndia, is one

greening a

e infrastruc

nwealth G

, Delhi had

tal area of

qm. Beside

ry (NCT) D

.g. Municip

) and Del

y has been

ome well-

, Deer Par

Garden of F

Indra

Mu

ty of parks

hese space

air quality,

mong other

d against it

e of the gr

and strict m

cture proje

Games 20

d about 30

f 1483 sqk

es, Depart

Delhi, ther

pal Corpor

hi Develop

n set up to

maintained

rk, Budha J

Five Sense

aprastha Pa

ughal Garde

Urba

s and gard

es contribu

reducing

r benefits.

ts populati

reenest cap

monitoring

ects, whic

010. As p

00 sqkm o

km making

tment of E

re are man

ration of D

pment Aut

o coordinat

d parks a

Jayanti Sm

es besides

Fig. 6.1: Urb

ark

ens

an Green G

ens that e

ute to the q

heat islan

The qua

on.

pitals in the

of tree cu

ch came u

per Forest

of green ar

per capita

Environmen

ny agencie

Delhi (MCD

thority (DD

te the gree

and garde

marak Park

the Ridge

ban Green S

Deer P

Garde

Guidelines, 2

Pa

exist in a c

quality of lif

nd effect,

ntity of gr

e world du

tting. This

up due to

t Departm

rea in 200

a green sp

nt and For

es working

D), New D

DA). Rece

ening activ

ns like Lo

k, Indrapras

.

Spaces of D

Park

n of 5 sense

2014

age | 12

city -

fe of

and

reen

ue to

has

the

ment,

9. It

pace

ests

g for

Delhi

ntly,

vities

odhi

stha

Delhi

es

TCP

The

grow

soli

rest

surf

pav

pav

It h

citie

pav

plan

aro

do

new

pru

heig

PO, GoI, MoU

Impact

ere is a ke

wing in tre

d paving v

tricted gro

faces. In

vement. W

vement rep

as been o

es owing

vements ha

nted on roa

und them

not have e

w roots to

ning of br

ght, they lo

UD

t of concr

een comp

ee pits or

very close

owing spa

some cas

While in oth

pair work.

observed t

to heavy

as much to

adsides as

has shrun

enough roo

form eith

ranches to

ose strengt

retization o

etition for

planters s

to the tree

ce and th

ses, tree

her situatio

hat many

rain and

o do with t

s well as o

k, having b

om to sprea

her. Other

o make wa

th to withst

of paveme

space in

surrounded

e trunks. T

he lack of

roots grow

ons, roots

trees and

wind. St

the falling

on central v

been pave

ad or grow

weakenin

ay for ove

tand strong

F

U

ents

urban are

d with conc

These trees

f air and

w vigorous

may be

tree bran

trong wind

of trees. M

verges. Ov

ed or ceme

w strong en

g factor o

rhead utili

g winds.

Fig. 7.1: Imp

Fig. 7.2: De

Urban Gree

eas. Trees

crete in a

s often suf

water und

sly and ev

cut off or

ches have

ds apart,

Many of th

ver the yea

ented. This

nough. The

of roadside

ities, often

permeable T

esirable roo

en Guideline

s are often

paved are

ffer from s

der imper

ven dama

damaged

e fallen in

concretisa

e trees are

ars, the ope

s means th

ere is no sp

e trees –

n lopsided

Tiling aroun

ot pits aroun

es, 2014

Page | 13

n found

ea, with

severely

rmeable

age the

during

various

ation of

e those

en area

he roots

pace for

regular

due to

nd trees

nd trees

TCPO, G

8.1 The m

trees a

Therefo

plantat

While

i) Sp

ii) Sp

ha

iii) Sp

iv) Th

su

v) Th

vi) Th

vii) Th

ex

viii) Th

ix) Th

co

The ma

growin

provide

point o

lmli an

selecte

be plan

more t

the edg

GoI, MoUD

Policy Gu Roads

ost commo

are planted

ore, it is

tion schem

selecting t

pecies shou

pecies sho

ve achieve

pecies havi

he species

mmer.

he species

he trees sh

he species

pensive pr

he species

he comme

nsidered w

ain functio

g and prov

e shade no

of view, tre

d Mango

ed provide

nted in suc

han 30 me

ge of ROW

uidelines f

on use of

d at wrong

necessary

me for roads

tree specie

uld suit the

uld be har

ed certain g

ing long life

must be e

must be fa

ould be de

should no

runing or re

should be

rcial, aest

while makin

on of a roa

vide dense

ot only on

es with, an

are more

shade the

ch a way th

eters wide,

W line may

for strengt

trees is o

locations o

y to lay d

s.

es, the follo

e soil and c

rdy, robus

growth.

e should b

either everg

ast growing

eep rooted

ot be allow

emoval.

capable o

thetic and

ng choices

dside aven

e shade sh

the sides,

n umbrella

suitable o

ey also yiel

hat their cr

, a double

be used.

thening U

n roads an

or places,

down cert

owing crite

climatic co

t and shou

be preferred

green or n

g and wind

; shallow ro

wed to gro

of easy tran

social va

s.

nue is sha

hould be se

but also in

a or semi-u

n Nationa

d valuable

rowns may

avenue of

Urba

rban Gree

nd avenue

the safety

tain criteri

eria should

nditions.

uld need l

d.

nearly ever

d resistant.

oots injure

ow into a v

nsplantatio

alues of s

ade. Hence

elected. Th

n the cente

umbrella cr

l and State

e timber an

y develop f

f trees with

an Green G

ens

es. If the w

of traffic is

a before

be taken i

ittle attent

rgreen or b

e pavemen

very large

on.

species sh

e, trees wh

he trees se

er of the ro

rown like N

e highway

nd fruit. The

freely. Whe

h the oute

Guidelines, 2

Pa

wrong kind

s endange

adopting

nto accoun

tion once t

be leafy du

ts.

size requi

hould also

hich are qu

elected sho

oad. From

Neem, Mah

ys. If the tr

e trees sho

ere the roa

r avenue n

2014

age | 14

s of

ered.

any

nt:

they

uring

iring

o be

uick-

ould

this

hua,

rees

ould

ad is

near

TCP

Pla

1

2

3

4

The

guid

8.2 Ave

high

high

ave

irre

from

on

ava

hav

inne

PO, GoI, MoU

nting of tre

1. Avenue

2. Group P

3. Mixed

4. Informa

e planting

de lines ar

Avenuenue plant

hways. Lo

h, may ind

enues is al

gular inter

m a uniform

curves an

ailable dou

ving separa

er row con

UD

ees along r

e Planting

Planting

Planting

al Planting

should be

re useful in

ue Plantatiting consi

ng avenue

duce drows

lso noticed

rvals of say

m alignme

d undulati

uble avenu

ate pedest

sisting of o

roads may

e suitable

n selecting

ion ists of pla

es may bec

siness. Lo

d. These d

y 30-75 m

ent. Avenu

ng contou

ues of tree

rian footpa

ornamenta

y be in the f

for differ

tree types

anting are

come mon

oss or irreg

disadvanta

etres and

e planting

rs. In larg

es may b

ath, the out

al flowering

U

following m

rent locatio

.

eas in sing

otonous a

gular grow

ges may b

by off-sett

will take a

e cities an

e provided

ter rows co

g trees may

Urban Gree

manner:

ons. The

gle or do

nd where

wth of indiv

be overcom

ting the tre

a distinct f

nd location

d. On div

onsisting o

y be adopt

Fig. 8.2:

en Guideline

following g

ouble rows

travel spee

vidual tree

me by plan

ees by 1 to

form of tre

ns, where,

ided carria

of shady tre

ted.

Avenue Pla

es, 2014

Page | 15

general

s along

eds are

in long

nting at

o 1.5 m

eatment

land is

ageway

ees and

antation

TCPO, G

8.3 Group

overco

group s

road. T

exact c

land is

GoI, MoUD

Group Plaplanting c

omes the m

should not

The advan

conditions

not an iss

antation consists of

monotony o

t be unifor

tage of thi

at each sit

ue.

f planting

of avenue p

rm. This sh

is system

te. This sys

a clump o

planting. T

hould be s

is that it h

stem shou

Urba

of 3 or 4 t

To be more

staggered o

elps in sel

ld be follow

an Green G

rees along

e effective

on opposit

lecting tree

wed where

Fig. 8.3: Gr

Guidelines, 2

Pa

g the high

the spacin

te sides of

e types to

e availabilit

roup Planta

2014

age | 16

way

ng of

f the

suit

ty of

ation

TCP

8.4 Mix

sing

she

and

pre

var

PO, GoI, MoU

Mixed xed plantin

gle variety

edding of l

d fruit in

served th

ieties will s

UD

Plantationng consists

y. This sy

eaves take

different

roughout.

survive and

n s of select

ystem avo

es place in

seasons a

During st

d will prote

ting differe

ids monot

n different

and thus

torm, whe

ect the wea

U

ent varietie

tony of si

seasons.

the aesth

en wind ve

aker varieti

Urban Gree

es of trees

ingle varie

The plant

hetic value

elocity is

es too.

Fig. 8.4

en Guideline

, rather th

ety plantin

ts provide

e of aven

high, the

4: Mixed Pla

es, 2014

Page | 17

han one

ng. The

flowers

nues is

harder

antation



8.5 Informal Plantation In urban fringe settings, avenue planting may include formal landscape on an

otherwise informal one. Single trees may be featured where practicable,

providing visual interest.

Fig. 8.5: Informal Plantation



8.6 Spacing of Trees

No hard and fast rule may be laid down for the spacing of avenue trees; it

depends on the type of trees. A minimum spacing of 10-12 m should be followed.

The trees in the formal avenue planting should be planted in rows on either side

of the road in a staggered manner. At urban intersections the trees should be at

least 3 mt away from the intersections for right viewing distance.

(A) Trees which provide thick cover and are also valuable from the economic and aesthetic point of view should be planted along the National and State Highways.

Some of these are:

NEEM: (Azadirachta indica) It can grow in any type of poor but well drained soil. However, it prefers loam and sandy soil. It can tolerate alkali but cannot

withstand water logging or sea coast conditions.

MAHUA: (Madhuca latifolia) It prefers light well drained soils but can also be grown on dry, rocky and sandy soil. It can withstand mild alkalies, but not water

logging.

IMLI: (Tramarindus indica) It is a beautiful tree which withstands the dust on road very well; its fruits and timber are also valuable. Suitable for dry areas.

SHISHAM : (Dalbergia sisso) It yields excellent timber. Suitable for sub-Himalayan districts where rainfall is over 1,000 mm.

MANGO : (Mangifera indica) Suitable for clay or mixed soil with water level 10 m. or less.

SUFED SIRIS: (Albizia procera) A quick growing beautiful tree which grows easily on sandy soil. On account of the light yellow colour of the trunk, it reflects

even weak-light: and is an excellent roadside tree.

RAIN TREE: (Samanca Saman) Suitable for moist districts with a rainfall of over 1000mm.



(B) Trees Unsuitable for Roadside Avenues: On no account should the following trees be planted along the roadside:

Brittle Trees- Eucalyptus: All species- Millingtonia hortensis, Albizia lebbeck, Cassia siamea, Ficus glomerata. All these trees have very weak wood, and consequently, break easily in a wind-

storm. The result is that after the storm, roads become blocked and traffic is

stopped for a considerable length of time, and during a storm, these trees are a

menace to the travelers who happen to be on the road.

(C) Thorny Trees: Acacia nilotica Acacia modesta Ziziphus mauritiana These are thorny trees and their thorns are nuisance for pneumatic tyres.

Trees Suitable For Town Roads: Foliage trees for outer avenues

Averrhoa carambola Pterygota alata Callistemon lanceolatum Samanoa saman

Anthocephalus cadamba Azadirachta indica Alstonia Scholaris Eugenia operculata

Tamarindus indica Polyalthia longifolia Putranjiva roxburghii

Flowering Trees for Inner Avenues

Cassia fistula Bauhina purpurea Colvillea recemosa Peltophorum ferrugineum

Spathodea nilotica Jacranda acutifolia Delonix regia Crevillea robusta

Roads Passing Through Special Areas It is neither possible nor advisable to lay down the rigid standards for the landscape

treatment to be given to roads passing through the different areas. It is, therefore

useful if some general guidelines are provided for the treatment of special areas.

8.7 Water Logged Areas The type of landscape treatment to be given also depends upon the extent of water

logging in the area. Roads are generally on high embankments in water logged

areas. It should have mild slopes and the surface should be covered with some

shrubs so that road merges into the surroundings. Whenever possible some water



bodies may be developed and may be used as picnic spots. The species for such

areas should be so selected that they can grow well under the waterlogged

conditions not requiring much maintenance.

8.8 Sandy Areas In sandy areas such species should be planted which have least water requirements

and are wind-resistant.

8.9 Wooded Areas As far as possible roads should be aligned along the outskirt of the forest and it

should form a part of the road landscape; cutting of trees should be avoided. Even if

it is necessary to cut certain trees, it should neither disturb appearance of the forest

nor the animal life. The felling of trees should be done in stages i.e., first the thinning

be done at the proposed road/ land boundary then the gaps from where thinning was

done be planted with low and medium plantation and lastly when the new plantation

comes up the central area be cleared from the road.

8.10 Industrial Areas Where the roads are passing through the industrial area, screen planting should be

done on both sides of the road so that views are addressed and they act as a buffer

for noise and air pollution. In conditions where chemical industries are existing or

are proposed it is advisable to have a thick green buffer which is resistant to

obnoxious fumes.

8.11 Parking areas The most desirable plant material in parking area is trees and shrubs. Trees provide

shade in summer and improve the environment of a car park, provide a visual break

to the appearance, screen off parking areas and define some of the rows of parking.

In urban situations and particularly in congested areas where large parking spaces

are required, planting may be affected by atmospheric pollution in several ways. In

parking areas such trees should be planted which are suitable for situations where

they will be exposed to pollution. It should be noted that deciduous trees shed leaves

intermittently and maintenance is needed to keep drainage clear. Therefore, this

aspect should be taken into account while planting trees, in parking areas. Shady

and flowering trees are most suitable for parking areas.

TCPO, G

Plantin

large s

them to

until th

should

sugges

Sites f

months

1.25m

diamet

manure

Januar

Septem

Immed

should

around

done p

All the

contain

the abo

means

maturit

It is, h

depend

any kin

small d

GoI, MoUD

Maintenanng operatio

scale plant

o become-

hey have b

be plann

sted to plan

for pits sho

s before pl

x 1.25m s

ter of 2m

e where w

ry and Fe

mber.

diately afte

be adequ

d the plants

periodically

plants req

n nitrogen,

ove should

s plenty of

ty and assi

however, w

ds upon th

nd should

doses is be

nce of Plaons requir

ting is req

- marketab

become su

ned in an

nt double t

ould be p

lanting. Dw

should nor

is necess

water is av

ebruary an

er planting

uately wate

s to preven

y.

quire good

phosphor

d be used

wood and

ists in the r

worthwhile

he type of

not come

etter than c

ant Materiares careful

quired. Suc

ble. The pla

ufficiently

area of g

the numbe

lanned an

warf trees s

rmally be s

sary. The

vailable. Th

nd for othe

g, fencing

ered for 2

nt the soil

manure fo

rous and p

. Nitrogen

d leaves a

ripening of

to remem

soil availa

in direct c

casual hea

al l planning

ch a nurse

ants shoul

hard to w

good soil

er of plants

d located

should be

sufficient in

pit should

he best tim

ers in the

of suitabl

-3 years a

from gettin

or the prop

potash, and

increases

nd little flo

f fruits.

mber that q

able. Care

contact wit

avy manurin

U

. Nursery

ery will se

d be allow

ithstand tr

and wher

required s

beforehan

grown 1.5

n ordinary

be filled

me for pla

pre mon

e size sh

and tended

ng hard. R

per develo

d hence a

s the plant

ower and f

quantity of

should be

th plant. R

ng.

Urban Gree

will be e

lect the se

wed to rem

ransplantat

re water is

so as to ac

nd, prefera

5 to 3 m ap

soil thoug

with a mi

anting deci

soon mon

hould be d

d and care

emoval of

opment. Go

mixture of

growth, e

fruits. Phos

f manure t

e taken tha

Regular ma

en Guideline

Pa

conomical

eeds and

ain in the

tion. The

s adequat

ccount for l

ably three

part. Pits o

gh in hard

xture of s

duous tree

nths from

done. The

eful diggin

weeds sh

ood manur

f the manu

xcess of n

sphorus qu

to be adde

at raw ma

anuring ev

es, 2014

age | 22

where

nurture

nursery

nursery

te. It is

osses.

to four

of a size

soil the

soil and

es is in

July to

e plants

ng done

ould be

re must

ure from

nitrogen

uickens

ed also

anure of

en with



i) Maintenance Careful maintenance of plant material consists of removing parasites, removing

unhealthy branches, pruning, removing dead or dangerous plants and manuring from

time to time. Constant watch and supervision is necessary.

ii) Tiling of pavements: pervious material to be used Unnecessary and excessive tiling of the roadside pavements should be avoided. The

area around trees should not be covered with tiling as it hampers the basic

necessary functions and needs of the trees. In addition root aeration and availability

of water gets drastically reduced. Whatever tiling is done, pervious tiles should be

used. Roots of the trees should be protected, top soil should be preserved while

taking up civic works. Indiscriminate tiling of road dividers and foot paths should be

avoided.

Tiling is to be done only on pavements with heavy pedestrian traffic. In case of

bridges and such areas where there are no pedestrian movements, tiling may be

avoided and in case tiling is to be done, preference is to be given to pervious tiles.

The species of trees may be chosen for their pollution reduction and abatement

qualities including dust trapping and to avoid reliance of a single species, a

combination of trees, shrubs, grass should be grown.

iii) Growth of grass to be encouraged The necessity of grass playing a vital role in making the soil suitable for vegetation

should be realized and unnecessary digging of soil should be avoided.

iv) Excessive pruning to be avoided Practice of excessive pruning should be avoided. Pruning of plants in a well nurtured

garden and pruning of roadside plants should be differentiated. Excessive pruning

may lead to upsetting the root; shoot ratio. Leaf pruning should not be resorted to

indiscriminately.

Fig. 9.1: Perforated tiling for pavements

TCPO, G

v) CoLeaf is

pollutio

which w

be left

vi) AdA minim

widenin

asphal

Activitie

vii) DiDigging

avoide

trees. I

done o

viii) UsDead

compo

fixing b

into the

ix) PlaNew t

prefera

GoI, MoUD

ompost to s an exce

on. A syst

will provide

near the tr

dequate spmum area

ng of road

ted roads

es which a

igging neag near the

d to avoid

In no case

on a tri-mon

se of Orgatrees may

ost in the p

bacterial c

e soil befor

anting of srees whic

ably 2-3m b

be made llent mate

tem of com

e water re

ree base a

pace to bea of 1.25 m

ds upto the

which will

adversely a

ar trees toe trees by

root injury

e should ro

nthly basis

anic Compy be repla

its. Organi

ulture and

re either irr

second linch may be

behind the

of leaves erial for m

mposting o

tentive ma

s water ret

e left aroum x 1.25 m

e trunk of t

gradually

affect the ro

o be avoidallowing te

y; sufficien

oots be exp

s to get rid

post aced by y

ic manure

d neem ca

rigating the

ne trees toe called a

e existing li

aking com

of leaves

anure to civ

tentive mu

nd treesm around t

trees is to

die. In ca

oots are to

ded elephone,

nt space sh

posed. Wa

of particula

young plan

added wit

ke should

e tree basi

o be encouas second

ine of trees

Fig

U

mpost and

in nearby

vic agencie

ulch.

he trees s

be avoide

ase of stor

o be minim

electricity

hould be le

ashing of a

ate matter

nts after p

h compost

be spread

n or before

uraged d generatio

s in an alte

g. 9.2: Desir

Urban Gree

burning o

y parks sh

es, some f

should be l

ed as roots

rm, these t

ized.

, sewerage

eft along th

avenue tree

from the fo

providing s

t FYM mix

d on the g

e rains.

on trees

ernate pos

rable Space

en Guideline

Pa

of leaves

hould be a

fallen leav

left un-cem

s come un

trees may

e lines sho

he ground

es foliage

oliage.

sufficient

with Nitro

green and

must be

sition or ins

e around tre

es, 2014

age | 24

causes

adopted

ves may

mented,

nder the

topple.

ould be

for the

may be

organic

genous

poured

planted

side the

ee roots



bungalow compounds, a mix of foliage and fruit trees should be planted. Planting of

fairly well established large trees should be undertaken as chances of their survival

will be more. Species to be adopted may be similar to the old trees lining roads.

x) Initiation of IEC activities Horticulture Department of the city concerned may initiate education/awareness

campaign with School students and elders and users of the park where the different

species of trees are present in a particular park and importance about preservation

of eco-systems explained. School students may be taken for nature walks in major

gardens to get them acquainted with the flora and fauna around them. Also the

citizens of an area residing near a park may be involved for this awareness

campaign.

xi) Compactness of soil near trees to be avoided Compactness of soil should be avoided within at least 1.25 m around the tree trunk.

Perforated metallic frame may be used for this purpose. Soil surveys around the

trees should be done by removing stones,

xii) Setting up of a Central Resource Centre A Central Resource Centre should be set up to aid and advice the State

Governments, Municipal Corporations and other agencies dealing with matters

pertaining to Horticulture and Landscaping.

xiii) Stress on Shelter beds of thick trees Around the cities vulnerable to desert winds, shelter-beds of special design of thick

trees should be planted.

xiv) Updating technology of transplantation of trees: Technology for transplantation of trees should be updated to ensure at least 80

percent success rate. As far as possible, trees grown in the nursery with a height of

four to six meters should be planted. Presently, survival rate of trees is less due to

animal menace and neglect. Public participation in caring of trees planted may be

ensured.



xv) Setting up of a tree disease surgery unit in Horticulture Department A small tree disease/surgery unit should be created in the Horticulture Departments

to cure tree maladies.

xvi) Earmarking of some cost of projects for landscaping In any layout plan and housing development, at least two and a half percent of the

cost of the project should be earmarked for landscaping and green development.

xvii) Use of kitchen and garden waste for compost Technology to use kitchen and garden waste to fabricate building and landscaping

material should be perfected and made available to all agencies.

xviii) Recharge of aquifers Underground water does not get recharged sufficiently because of use of concrete.

Efforts should be made to get recharge the underground aquifers.

xix) Heritage buildings to be landscaped: Areas adjacent to heritage buildings should be suitably landscaped and beautified.

xx) Encouragement for water harvesting technologies Information regarding water harvesting has to be disseminated to people at large

and its use encouraged. !t should be ensured that quality of water does not get

deteriorated for which measures are to be taken.

xxi) For maintenance of greens internally Criss-cross paths should be provided in parks with connecting gates.

xxii) Public participation to be ensured Public participation at present is poor in the maintenance of greens. This has to be

sensitized through Residents Welfare Associations who need to be involved in

planting of new trees and in their upkeep. User groups need to be activated. NGO's

can play a catalytic role in this regard. Each NGO may earmark a selected area for

its activities thereby dividing the entire area. A Committee with officials from various

Departments may act as nodal contact and may review progress every month or as

necessary.

TCPO, G

Open

nature.

this, it

of the

their fu

apart f

conser

Depen

adequa

in chec

whole-

prepara

followin

The en

and its

Depart

develo

As a b

permitt

of the

GoI, MoUD

Integratio

spaces se

. If planned

is recomm

Master/De

unction ca

from orga

rvation area

ding upon

ately provid

cking encr

to-part app

ation of s

ng before m

Settlemen

Transporta

Areas to b

existing fo

Reserved

Area earm

Agricultura

the city an

ntire area o

region ma

tment/Urba

pment of t

basic princ

ted to be c

city at the

on of Urba

erve a ver

d properly

mended tha

evelopmen

n be withi

anized ope

as, natural

n the req

ded and s

roachments

proach of s

patial dev

making the

ts, their hie

ation netwo

be protec

orests, hist

forest area

marked for

al areas s

nd reserved

outside the

ay be desi

an Develop

he city and

ciple, the a

changed to

time of its

n Green S

ry importan

, they help

at a system

nt Plan of

in the city

en spaces

l landscape

quirement

hould be w

s and cha

spatial plan

velopment

e master p

erarchy an

ork.

ted and pr

torical mon

as (both ex

social fore

pecifying a

d for other

e proposed

ignated as

pment Aut

d the city re

agricultura

o urban use

s periodic

Spaces

nt purpose

p in mainta

m of open s

the city. T

and /or o

s for recre

e areas an

of the c

well defined

nges in fu

nning be p

plan of e

lan of the c

nd function

reserved i

numents, m

xisting and

ests,

areas gen

agricultura

d urbanisa

s rural area

thority (wh

egion) sho

l area of t

e unless in

review or

U

e in the re

aining ecolo

spaces be

These ope

on its outs

eation pur

nd social fo

ity, these

d in area a

unctional u

racticed. T

ach city a

city:

s.

ncluding n

mining sites

d proposed

nerally rese

al purpose

able limit o

a and the T

hichever is

ould regula

the city an

ncorporated

at the end

Urban Gree

elationship

ogical bala

provided a

n spaces,

skirts. They

rposes, ar

orests.

open sp

and land u

se. It is em

This calls fo

and its reg

natural con

s etc.;

d)

erved for g

s.

f the urban

Town and

s in charg

te its use.

nd its regio

d in the rev

d of the pla

en Guideline

Pa

of man a

ance. High

as part and

dependin

y should i

reas reser

paces sho

se. This w

mphasized

or delineat

gion show

nservation

gardens to

n centres i

Country P

e of the p

on should

vised mast

an period.

es, 2014

age | 27

and the

hlighting

d parcel

ng upon

nclude,

rved as

ould be

will help

d that a

ion and

wing the

areas,

o serve

n a city

Planning

planned

not be

ter plan

With a



view to helping in implementation of the above, it is recommended that the zoning

regulations covering the city region should specifically include the following

provisions for the rural areas.

All residential activity shall be limited to the existing or extended boundaries of the

urban fringe as proposed in the Master/Development Plan of the city and its region.

No structure of a permanent nature for residential or any other purpose shall be

permitted in the agricultural area.

With a view to preserving the rural–urban fringe and also for preventing it from ribbon

development, it is recommended that a forest belt be provided on either side of all

major roads passing through rural areas. For this purpose the right of the way of

these roads may be appropriately earmarked.

Based upon the current practice of developing farm houses on the outskirts of the

city and in the green belt zones where it is being permitted, It is observed that there

exists a demand, particularly in metropolitan centres for low density residential

development with large plots In case where this demand exists and where, as part

of development objectives low density residential areas with large size plots are to

be provided, the following two alternative strategies are recommended:

Design this low density residential zone as an integral part of the Master

Plan/Development within the proposed urbanisable limits of the city; or design

these areas as self-contained low density satellite communities around the

metropolitan centre, with or without farms to be managed and owned by urban

dwellers, which are located far beyond the expected future (atleast upto next 50-60

years) urbanisable limits of the city.

In order to sustain/preserve/conserve urban greens in long run, it is important to

integrate urban greens at different levels. Typically a Master Plan of city needs to

provide green spaces as per the hierarchy. The green spaces may be planned as

well incidental. Following green spaces need to be protected/conserved and it is also

to be ensured that they are not unnecessarily encroached upon or subject to

construction activities:



• Area around flood plains

• Area around marine drive along coastal zones in case of coastal

cities/towns,

• Area under mountainous slopes in case of hill towns

• Area around natural drains

In order to protect the above mentioned environmentally sensitive areas, it is

necessary that following actions need to be taken by the city planning authorities:

Declaring the environmental sensitive zone as no construction/development

zone. This has to be ensured in the proposed/existing landuse plan of a city.

While framing zoning regulations, it has to be ensured that only those

activities are to be allowed which may not have any adverse impact on

environment, and should not lead to addition of built up space.

Cities /towns which are located in valleys or where remnants of old mountains

like Aravalli, Shivalik, Satpura, Western Ghats etc. need to take measures for

strengthening the slopes by aforestation and regulating construction activities

without compromising the overall natural environment of the cities/towns in

the said zones.

SUBCITY /ZONAL LEVEL At the Zonal level, planned greens are generally found in the form of District

Park/Sub-District Park/playgrounds, which may be located at various parts of the

zone. It has to be ensured that the different open spaces need to be inter linked by

providing connectivity/linkages and should be maintained/ developed in an integrated

manner.

SECTOR/NEIGHBOURHOOD LEVEL At the Sector/Neighborhood level, planned green spaces are provided in the form of

neighborhood parks/tot-lots. These have to be properly maintained in terms of

irrigating the plants /trees and making the provision of pruning at regular intervals.

x x



References: 1. National Mission for a Green India, Draft submitted to Prime Minister’s Council

on Climate Change, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of

India, 2010.

2. Guidelines for Greening of Urban Areas and Landscaping, Ministry of Urban

Affairs and Poverty Alleviation, Government of India, 2000.

3. Green City Guidelines, Advice for the protection and enhancement of

biodiversity in medium to high-density urban developments, UCD Urban

Institute. Ireland, 2008.

4. Manual on norms and standards for environment clearance of large

construction projects, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of

India, 2005.

5. Proceedings of Session Challenges of Urban Green Development, Workshop

on Climate Change Mitigation and Energy Use Optimization, International

Congress on Urban Green Spaces. New Delhi, 2012.

6. Good Practices for Urban Greening, Environment Division of the Social

Programs and Sustainable Development Department of the Inter-American

Development Bank. Washington, 1997.

7. Guide on Plant Materials for Landscaping in India, Town and Country

Planning Organization, Ministry of Works and Housing, 1980.

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