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BEYOND HE SECARIAN DIVIDE:HE VOICE OF HE EACHER AS AN

AUHORIY-CONFERRING SRAEGY IN SOMEQUMRAN EXS

Florentino Garca Martnez

For John J. Collins, a riend o many years and a trueeacher rom whom I have learned so much.

1. Putting the Paper in Context

T f pp up u Qu w w w w w w.1 O u, u

w p w w w w k

w p . T pu ( O,2 P u I,3 K,4 .), w u u j u u ,5 w k, w u w k u pu .6 N, w w

1 T w kw u w qu I xp F G M, Qu, 60 p u, Te Qumran Chronicle

15 (2007): 111138.2 A p Euu, Ecclesiastical History6:16:1.3 I M Su, p E, O. Bu Oriens

christianus 1 (1901): 299313; Pu K, Die hebrischen Handschrifen aus derHhle (Su: W. K, 1951), 5661.

4 F u , F A, K, Ency-clopedia o the Dead Sea Scrolls (. L. H. Sf J. C. VK; Ox:Nw Yk, 2000), 1:462465 p .

5 A R Vux, C 1 (DJD 1:8), 106 f (DJD 3:14), w 35 C 3 (DJD 3:8).

6 D Vux,DJD3:34, p u P u, : L T pu u

u ; pu u u u u p p , upp qu Ju u Ju p u u qu u. O pu pu 29, p u

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beyond the sectarian divide 229

.12 W w up k, M ( ) Pp w

f u ,u w kw u w k w u w up, pu up Pp. Tu w u, qu, p w p.13 Hw, u xw w, , w w w Jw C B, w u (k u , w / p) u w (k Jubilees, Aramaic Levi, emple

ScrollApocryphon o Joshua, qu u).A pp, , w

x. E x w puup u (yahadup mahanotup) up. A w, w pu, u p f w w wu w , w u w p up, up , u w.14

A u x p, p.15 S w u p p u p w w. A I u w u p p u u ,

u w u ; ww w, u pp, w u u x w

12 S f u Eu U, pu u TeDead Sea Scrolls and the Origins o the Bible (SDSSRL; G Rp: E L: B, 1999), 3120.

13 S F G M, I qu u u, Convegno di Studi Veterotestamentari, Ariccia 2009 (. G. P; B:

D, ).14 F x u, J J. C, Beyond the Qumran Community:Te Sectarian Movement o the Dead Sea Scrolls (G Rp: E, 2010).

15 F G M, S, qu? P ux x qu, RevQ 23/91 (2008): 383394.

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230 lorentino garca martnez

, u w u p u x u.16

A u u x , u x.

T xp p pp: B S D. T p u u p u up pu ( x: Damascus Docu-ment, Serek, Hodayot, Pesharim, Milhamah) w p w u u

p u u (M Pp, u p kJubilees, emple Scroll,Apocryphon o Joshua,Aramaic Levi). I V , xp u w Damascus Doc-ument(CD 20:28.32).

2. he Voice o the eacher

O CD 20:2734 w :17

27 . . . Bu w u, [] 28 w w, ,

16 T u A x, w (u 120 up, w u , wp, p u x u w); FG M, S P A L x Qu,

Myths, Martyrs, and Modernity: Studies in the History o Religions in Honour o JanN. Bremmer (. J. Dk, J, K, Y. Kup; Nu Bk S 127; L:B, 2010), 329341.

17 F C G x, S. S, Fragments o a ZadokiteWork (Du Jw S 1; C: CUP, 1910); C R, TeZadokite Documents (2. . .; Ox: C, 1958); Eu L, Dieexte aus Qumran: Hebrisch und Deutsch (M: K, 1971); E Q, Te Damascus Document Reconsidered (. M. B; Ju: I Exp S, 1992); F G M E J. C. , Te DeadSea Scrolls Study Edition (L: B G Rp: E, 2000), . 1(= DSSSE 1), Jp M. Bu D R. Sw, T DuDu, Te Dead Sea Scrolls: Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek exts with English

ranslations (. J. H. Cw; T P T S D SS Pj; Lu: MW J Kx, 1995), . 2. F C 4 p, Jp M. Bu, DJD 18. F u p u, u G p Qu, B ZW, Te New Damascus Document(SDJ 56; L: B, 2007).

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G: Au 29 w , w u, wk ; ju[] 30 u u ju u; u ju 31 ju[] uu pu; u , 32 w w Uqu O w ju; Ru; j 33 ju u w ; x j w , p 34 w. A G w , , k u .18

T , w p ( w

pp w, , ) p, u A CDB w w w 4Q266 4 713 ( p Mk Bu ).19 T ( f Pp D20 Sp Hu21) p wk x CD w w Qu. T ( ) (20:31) , D,22 u (20:32, w w Uqu O) , u ( u w w , xp R, L, Q Bu, x Damascus Document). Wu p p Damascus Document Serek, qu p p u w u ,23 I k w

18 DSSSE 1:581.19 Bu DJD 18:47. T wu u X

S u; Hu S, w P Ru Qu Du Du S, Te Damascus Documents:

A Centenial o Discovery(. J. Bu, E. G. C, A. Pk; SDJ 34;L: B, 2000), 177200, 180.

20 Pp R. D, Te Damascus Covenant: An Interpretation o the DamascusDocument(JSOSS 25; S: JSO P, 1982), 173197.

21 Sp Hu, From the Damascus Covenant to the Covenant o the Com-

munity(SDJ 66; L: B, 2007), 6773.22 D, Te Damascus Covenant, 197.23 F u u, C Hp, Cu

Suu D S S: A, O, Dp Pu, Te Dead Sea Scrolls Afer Fify Years: A Comprehensive Assessment(. P. W. F

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u u w I (Damascus Document, Serek,

Hodayot, Pesharim, Milh

amah), p pp u u (w pp CD 20:29 p, u xp u).

O u, , 1 14 u 20, up,w p u u p u. Bu I k . T p w CD 20:29 Au w

, w u , wk ; ju[] u u ju u, Serek: A w C : W u, w , w , w , w u u, u w wk [ pp pp] u ju [. . .] ju up u up u (1QS 1:2426) u u p. T , u, p,k 1 K 8:47 p D 9 P 106:6, 4QDibrey Hameorot, D ;24 u p w Serek x k, u p w w u. Tu, I k up.B, p w CD 20:1 ( CD 20:14), u p w w p f up.

I p, w x u up, u w w ( )(w u ) (20:27), u ju u

J. C. VK; L: B, 1999) 2:6792; S M, Qu Cu Suu T S, RevQ 20/79 (2002):429444; Hu, From the Damascus Covenant to the Covenant o the Community;

A S, From Qumran to the Y

: A New Paradigm o extual Develop-ment or Te Community Rule (SDJ 77; L: B, 2009); C, Beyond the Qumran Community, 6675.

24 D, Te Damascus Covenant, 196.

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: Ru, j ju u w

(20:3233). I u ( w ) w w .T ( ) ju u ( ) f , u qu u. T p w w w u, , u u up, w M u 4Q266 11516 ( ] M)25 4Q378 26 326 p[] M[ . . .] xp

u .I p pp, w pu p

u S.27 N wpp x u.28 W kw u w p (I p P, Ru 4Q171 1 15),29 w kw u u up Damascus Document: A G pp , u u w u , up Ru, p (CD1:1011). W kw w w.T x qu CD 20 u w: Ru, ( w w up) , , Uqu , u u 14. B w , Wk P M L, w u u up

u. Tu 4Q171 1 1930

Ip Kw: I [p] M L w w p w, w

25 DJD 18:31.26 DJD 22:261.27 R O III J B Ju, w

p .28 F w pp, M O. W, D R

u Floruit M, JBL 122 (2003): 5387, w u B.C.E. .29 DJD 5:44.30 DJD 5:43.

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Ip Kw, xp w H

(1QH

10:15)31

w : Yu u xp p wu ( ). E p u Ip ( ) . T u w CD 6:7, w Ip Lw u p, I, pp u xp uu w : u w ju (CD 6:11).

T xp u , , u , u u p uu. I x, Ip w p uu. Tu, 4Q174 12 1112,32 2 S 7:1214 up: T D w w w Ip Lw w w up Z .B D w D S. A Ip Lw w w, uu. B u p p uu, p p u xp uu. JC p u u u: Tu u u Ip Lw Ru u u u u p uu, .33

T up u up u, p w

yah

ad up, w 1QS 6:67:

A p w u p w ( ) , w, . A M w k, xp u, ( ).

31

DJD 40:132.32 DJD 5:53.33 J J. C, Te Scepter and the Star: the Messiahs o the Dead Sea Scrolls and

Other Ancient Literature (Nw Yk: Du, 1995),104.

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T p p w,w p pu

Ip Lw, w , xp Ip Lw, w u uu, u w up up.34

T w u u u Ru, w p ,u w u w up k p u uu

w xp . Tuu x u Lw Pp, w p w up w.

3. he eacher as Interpreter o the Law

A Ip Lw, w

p , Lw w I, u up. T u xp w nistar() nigleh (), w x Du 29:28, u qu w, w I .35 ACD 3:1214 pu : Bu w w Gpp, w w w , G w I ,

34 W pu qu w u; , , J MupOC, T Du DuR, RB 92 (1985): 223246 Pp R. D, T Ru E D, RevQ 13 (1988): 313317, w w w w u E D, M A. K, T RuA M ?

A ribute to Geza Vermes: Essays in Jewish and Christian Literature and History(.P. R. D R. . W; JSOSup 100; S: JSO P, 1990), 5165, C, Te Scepter and the Star, 102123, w w u.

35

S xp Lw H. Sf, Te Halakhahat Qumran (SJLA 16; L: B, 1975), 2232, AS C W, H T R, RevQ 18/71(1998): 409427.

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( ) w I . T Ip w

I u: A I u w u u Ip, u kp p ,w 1QS 8:1112. A u u (1QS 8:1516) w Ip u: T u w w H u M, p w , w pp u p.

Ex u w ; w w u f: , pu G p, w uu u x w, w up, u .

A p p x kMediating the Divine, Ax J u C E u p , p, w pp Spu.36T p, w w w Spu, pp p. A C : I p p Spu j p Jw w H Rp.37 C p p p J pp D 9,38 u: T u p , w, , k, p p p, u

p pp u pp k to lend authority to a prediction that is madeor other reasons.39 D u J pp p u x u u u

36 Ax J, Mediating the Divine: Prophecy and Revelation in the Dead SeaScrolls and Second emple Judaism (SDJ 68; L: B, 2007), 211.

37 J J. C, Pp Fu Qu S, Seers, Sybils

and Sages in Hellenistic Judaism (JSJSup 54; L: B, 1997), 301.38 S J J. C, Daniel: a Commentary on the Book o Daniel (H;

Mp: F, 1993), 344360.39 C, Pp Fu, 307 (p FGM).

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. A up Qu, u p

p w p pp w, u pp .

I CD 7:1419 w A 5:2627 p w:

14 A : (A 5:2627) I w p Skku u K 15 Ku u w Du. BlankT Bk Lw Sukk 16 K, (A9:11) I w up Sukk D. Blank T K 17 . A Ku k Pp, 18 w w I p.Blank A Ip Lw, 19 w w Du.40

Yu w u qu x w ( , w x), p , .Hw, w k M A w p p u p qu ku u ( ) u G ( ). A LXX, w wf x w p, p: , Hw , w w u u w qu p.

T A M u u,41 u w Bk (7:15) (

), Bk Pp (7:17) (

) , p, p , , Ip (7:18) ( ). W pu xp Bk xp Bk M ( ) 4QMM42 Pu up .43 W p

40 I DSSSE 1:561.41 T p u 66 Hu, From the

Damascus Covenant to the Covenant o the Community, 30.42 4Q397 1421 10, C 10 p x, DJD 10:59.43 F W, wu Pu Book o Jubilees; Te

New Damascus Document, 239.

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u up u w kw u. Equ, p u Bk

Pp p w u u, I w w. Hw, up qu , p up w, w wu xp, u u p u: Ip, p w x , j p . T u w u w up, Ip , u p p w w

u w.44 T , , p x p w u p x u p u w up w up w.

I qu x Serek(1QS 8:11), w Ip w x p

I. W I p p Lw M up, xp 1QS 5:710:

7 W u Cu 8 G p w u. H w w Lw M, , w w 9 w u, p w ( ) Zk, [ u u C 4, 4Q266 4Q268]45 p w kp p w uu

44 O u u Lw Pp , , , J C. VK, Au Lu D SS, DSD 5 (1998): 382402; A L, T Su B x Qu Cpu C P, Te Bible as Book, 2130; KB, L qu: qu Qu, Flores Florentino: Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Early Jewish Studies in Honour oFlorentino Garca Martnez(. A. H, E. Pu, E. J. C. ; JSJS122;L: B, 2007), 127140, F G M, I qu u u.

45

O u u f w 1QS 4QS , , C Hp, D S Su R Bw S A S Zk I S W I Muu? RevQ 24/93 (2009): 135153 (148150), p u .

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10 w u u wk w.46

Equ w qu CD 3:1214:

12 Bu w w G pp, 13 w w w , G w I , 14 (

) w I .47

N w qu 1QS 8:15 ( ), u48 Damascus Document( , p 4Q270 7 1549 p 4Q266 11

202150) u w midrash, doresh. I kw u u w up u p xp p up, w I.51A w , u u p p up w Pp.

4. he eacher as Interpreter o the Prophets

W p, w w u u Lw M w Pp. T qu x 1QS8:15 pp p , u w :

, Pp,

46 DSSSE 1:81.47 DSSSE 1:555.48 B Hu S, w P Ru Qu

Du Du S, Te Damascus Document: A Centenial o Discovery(. J. M. Bu, E. G. C A. Pk; SDJ 34; L: B, 2000),193, W, Te New Damascus Document, 22 109112, u p , p.

49 DJD 18:166.50 DJD 18:76.51 S W (H T, 421) u u

w: W p w. T p k p p : u u p u p .

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u u Pp , G w

w . Bu x, u 1QS 1:3, w up w u w up, pu : (G) ( ) M ( ) Pp. T u u w.CD 16:14 pu M Book o Jubilees x , x u:

1 T, w p up u 2 w M, ( ). A x p u 3 I , , ( ) T k p 4 ju wk.52

W Ip ( w u doresh up) xp Lw k x. W u u u x pp x k Pp. Bu k Pp

x p u, u p , w w kw w Pp, Pesher Habakkuk (1QpH 7:45). T xp w pp,u x w. W w Pp kw , u :

1 A G Hkkuk w w w pp 2 , u kw u . 3 A w (H 2:2) S / u/ w . 4 I p Ru, w G kw 5 w , pp (1QpH 7:15).53

H, Ru pp p, w, u , u nabi S, p xp pp

52 DSSSE 1:565.53 DSSSE 1:17.

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k M Du 18:15.54 Bu u x w Pp

p, u u p p w up. T x Pesher Habakkuk, w p p qu, w , H 1:5:

1 [T p w ] w M 2 L, [ w ] Ru u 3 G; ( ) [ ] w .] [] 4 G [ u] []. 5 Lkw: p

w [ ] 6 . T [ ] w w 7 w [ pp ] , u 8 P w G p w[ u] u 9 w , Pp, [] w G 10 pp ppI[.] (1QpH 2:110)55

I x, f w ( w pp M L)

w w w u G, P w w w w u. T P w u , , u w Pp.

T x ( w ) w u u up pu up w w uu w w wu up Spu w w k

p, u p p . T u Pp, Serek , p p, p u w up w I pp x.56 T Ru,k Ip, , Pp,

54 S G J. Bk, Pp, EDSS 2:694700 J,

Mediating the Divine.55 DSSSE 1:13.56 F G M, E E p

Qu, EstBib 44 (1986): 101116.

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w u, k p w w. I

p, , w w u u w, u ww w u.

W I w A Wu w u :

[A]n authoritative body within his circle which, besides Scripture, decideson doctrine and lie and which, appealing to inspiration by the HolyGhost, eels justied in adapting the tradition to the current situation. I p pp p

p w Spu u, u p w u p Sp G.57

Au p w Qu, I k u xu Qu up. I , I uw p w x. Aw u , wk w x , p u u w up pu up u , u u . I w EuU:

W , w k x w u ,, p, p w Qu u.58

57 H w u w pu Du E. A S. Wu, Pluriormiteit en uniormiteit: Overwegingen betreende de tekstoverleveringvan het Oude estament (Kp: Kk, 1992). T E ARu w pu : A S. Wu, Pu U: R x O , Sacred History and Sacred texts in Early Judaism: A Symposium in Honour o A. S.van der Woude (. J. N. B F. G M; Cu BEx T 5; Kp: KkP, 1992), 151169; qu pp.

16768, .58 Eu U, T Qu B ST Spu L Sp Ju, Te Dead Sea Scrolls in Teir Historical Context(. . H. L .; Eu: & Ck, 2000), 6787, 80.

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T u G Bk:

I pp u pu

u pu x Qu . T pu kw u p x p .59

Tu, u p w , I kw u u w u u up p w w u u w. A , u w

Nw u w w.

5. Conclusion

T pp p u: w up, w w u, p u w. Bu pp , G D w pk, p wu p. T w p w pp p w k M Pp, w w ,p, w, p w p .

I uu u pp wk I p w S w pu Jw up ppx

p, Nw .60

I C B k u C up ( O , u u p w k w u), w ( p p) w w w ( Nw )

59

G J. Bk, E pluribus unum: xu V D Ip Qu S, Te Dead Sea Scrolls in Teir Historical Context, 107119, 119.60 F G M, ., Echoes rom the Caves: Qumran and the New

estament(SDJ 85; L: B, 2009).

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qu u.61 I w w k Qu B, w u u

u , w u p w w; p w u, w u u k up pu . F pp,

u u M u Pp.

61 S Ju B, La Biblia Juda y la Biblica Cristiana: Introduccin a lahistoria de la Biblia (Euu P: S R; M: , 1993).