9th trainingworkshop on planning and preparing a best phd thesis of an international quality-dr....

8/12/2019 9th Trainingworkshop on Planning and Preparing a Best Phd Thesis of an International Quality-dr. Shanmugham

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9thTRAINING/WORKSHOP ON PLANNING ANDPREPARING A BEST PhD THESIS OF AN

INTERNATIONAL QUALITY.

25thMay 2013 to

26th

May 2013

Dr P.SHANMUGAM

MS (Civil/Env Engg IIT M)., M Sc (Env Scs)., PhD (Civil/Env Engg. Leeds, UK)Principal ScientistEnvironmental Engineering Department

CENTRAL LEATHER RESEARCH INSTITUTEAdyar, Chennai 20 Mobile 9445568343

E-Mail [email protected]
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NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS

COUNTRIES NO OF NOBEL PRIZEWINNERS

POPULATION (MILLION)

INDIA 11 1210

UK 117 62

CHINA 9 1300

PAKISTAN 3 179

USA 330 313NETHERLAND 19 16

FRANCE 64 65

ITALLY 20 60

BELGIUM 10 10

GERMANY 102 81

SWEDEN 30 9

AUSTRIA 19 8


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POPULATION AND NOBEL PRIZE

Why 1200 million people 9 Nobel laureates in India

and 62 million people 102 Nobel laureates in UK. Early inventors achieved Nobel Prize without

modern facilities.

Our research is not true to our conscious

Researchers are Not too focussed and dedicated No inclusiveness and no dedicated mentors.

No value added and concept based education

No extra funding for extramural research by the

GoI Science innovation should be encouraged/

inculcated at primary school level of juveniles.

Lateral distraction in research instead of depthness

Is there a Nobel prize for Engineering, Why


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So There are things to learn from them (UK) tofullfill the gap in Nobel Prize, What are they?

Inculcate the culture of innovation at childhoodthrough imaginative thought provoking science videosfor every school.

Every prayer hall should include a message of scienceinnovation atleast for two minutes

Develop self conscious based research not only forpublication and projections but for real innovation.

Dedicated research park/centers in every college andinvolve them to develop prototype of their research

projects before leaving the college

Update these prototype every year for final innovation

Demonstrate your science talents throughintercollegiate science engineering exhibition


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UK AND INDIA- TIME MANAGEMENTUK (Hardly working but big

output)

Work only for 8 Hrs aday (UK only) 5 days aweek productively andwell focused. Celebrate

week ends to rechargefor the week days

Time focused fully=time spent= productive

time. Good recharging for

mastication of scienceconcepts in short time

INDIA (Hard working but lessoutput)

Working too hardunproductively for 18 Hrsa day hardly with anyunderstanding.

Time gossiped = timespent =pretending to befocused/concentrated

=unproductive time

Debate it? DO WE NEEDTO WORK FOR 8 TO 10

Hrs OR 20 Hrs


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UKINDIA, Teaching

UK

No Spoon feeding The effort taken by the

teacher to take the studentfrom the base level to thebest level is accountable and

monitored by the HOD.Teaching diary for efforts

Teaching through livemodels and relativityanalysis

Less teaching more selfstudy (15 to 20 Hrs/sem)

Good concept development

More group discussion oneach subjects.

Every class started and

INDIA

Highly spoon feeding No accountability and

monitoring of teachers effortby HOD

No live models and relativityanalysisNo teachingefforts marking diary

More teaching , less self

study (45 Hrs/sem) No concept development

No group discussions

No checking of take homemessage


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DIFFERENCE IN UK INDIA RESEARCH

UK

Not too much on lateralresearching on too manysubjects but deep in onesubject expert in that deeply.

Research is for real invention

and excellence. PhD is taken by the candindate

Self conscious research

Supervisor is students FRIEND

always with research studentin the lab and in restaurants

Lab technician is well trainedon research to helpresearchers

INDIA

Knows too many subjects butexpert in none.

Research is for publications andpromotions.

PhD is given on the mercy ofthe supervisor

Western interested research

Research mentor is a BOSS forresearch student

Lab technicians do not haveadequate research training


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Choose the correct answer?

A) Philosophy in Doctorate

B) Doctor of Philosophy

C) Doctorate in Philosophy

D) Doctor in Philosophy

The correct answer is

B) Doctor of Philosophy


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Which is correct while writingyour degree?

A) Ph.D

B) pHD

C) phd

D) PhD

E) P.h.D

F) phD CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER

Correct answer is D) PhD


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Which is correct while writingyour degree?

A) B Tech. M Tech. Ph.D.B) B Tech., M Tech., PhD.C) B Tech., M Tech., PhD

D) B.Tech., M Tech., Ph.DChoose the correct answer and the

Answer is C

Why C is the right answer?

Why do you write et al.,for a group ofauthors


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What is the purpose of a PhDdegree

To add new knowledge to the existing knowledgedomain in any of the specific area chosen for his/herresearch.

Thats why the old knowledge is searched to know thegap in research. The gap should be a PhDablehypothesis.

If the hypothesis is proved in 3 to 4 years that becomesa new a knowledge to make new people to search againthats what a RE-SEARCH (research) is, it is not aDESEARCH (Repromotion, depromotion, do, and redo)


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What is expected of a PhD research

work

THE ADDITION OFA non-obvious

A non duplicated but replicable or

reproducible

Original,

Well Evidenced

NEW KNOWLEDGE TO THE EXISTINGKNOWLEDGE DOMAIN


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Benefits of publishing your PhD re-searchbefore writing your thesis (at least during the end of second year)

The 3 or 4 peer reviewers can confirm whether yourPhD work is already been done by some one elsebefore or not.

Your experimental methodology is correct or not.

Your data is original, non-obvious and replicable ornot.

You attend written viva with 3 or 4 peer reviewers, bywhich your further research work get shaped up well.

Every published paper can be a chapter in your PhDthesis , you can copy from your own published paperand just past it on your PhD thesis while writing.

You can include the LIST OF PAPERS PUBLISHED atthe beginning of your PhD thesis, to impress your PhDexaminer.


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A PhD should be

A) Given by the mercy of the PhD Supervisor

B) Taken by the Merit of the candidate.


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Can you please choose the one thatyou would like to do for your PhD

I Wanted to get my PhD (c not fit in any of thebelow)

I wish to get my PhD (b.Spoon feedingscholar)

I make it to happen my PhD (a CreativeScholar)


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CRETERIA TO CHOOSE PhD TOPICAND SUPERVISOR/GUIDE

Topic : PhDiable topic

Non obvious topic

Completely different from others

Have direct industrial, social/ scientific benefitsGuide

A guide who can stimulate the innovative thinking process ofbudding minds.

Who can make accountability of their effort towards students'thought process from the base to a novel level in three to fiveyears

Who is ready to invest cutting edge knowledge for the studentsfuture vision.

Who is always ready to be part of students every researchproblems /who is always optimistic with students


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ROLE OF A PhD SUPERVISOR

TO CREATE A SELF-DEPENDENT SCIENTIST OF INDIA

CAN THE SUPERVISOR SOW A SEED FOR STUDENTSNOBELPRIZE

To help scholar (NOT TO SPOON FEED) to develop criticalabilityin research thinking.

To maintain the diary of scholars base (entry) level to a level ofhis/her Doctorate Degree for every students

Quantifiable non-spoon feeding effort taken by the supervisor in3/4 years to acquire demonstratable and transferable skills tothe grand students

To ensure periodically whether the scholar is in right directionof his PhD or not ,if not warn the scholar well ahead of his/herPhD.

Help to develop CONFIDENCE on individual planning, design,data collection, data calibration and validation methods, writinga self research proposal .


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ROLE OF A PhD SCHOLAR

ENJOY THE PhD STUDENTSHIP, which you never getback in YOUR life by availing student membership ininternational research forums conferences, seminars,split site fellowships. DAAD, SANDWICH, HUMBOLT, JSPS

Maintain diary to record the outcome of every PhD discussion ofyour guide and follow it up with him/her periodically

Maintain separate record for Lab book, literature writeups and research data collection.

ALWAYS KEEP BACK UP OF SOFT COPY OF THE DATA ANDLITERATURE COLLECTED AT HOME for emergency

Quantify the acquired skill originality from the Supervisor thatshould be visible and transferable to scholars future PhD students.

EXPLORE BY TAKING MORE TECHNICAL/ SOFTWARE TRAINING DURINGPhD AND KEEP A RECORD OF ALL TRAINING/CONFERENCE MAY BEFROM CAMBRIDGE/STANFORD CERTIFICATES FRAMED AND DISPLAYED

DEMONSTRATE ORIGIONAL , REPRODUCIBLE AND NON OBVIOUS RESULTS

THROUGH PEER REVIEWED ATLEAST THREE HIGH IMPACT FACTORED JOURNALPAPERS - you have fair chance of passing your viva

l i d i f


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Planning and execution of a SMARTPhD with an international quality

SMART

S = SPECIFIC

M = MATERIALISTIC

A = ACHEIVABLE

R = RESEARCHABLE

T = TIME TARGETTED

PhD


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PLANNING YOUR PhD Narrow down to a focussed specific topic in 6 months ,

Confirm the gap in research that is your PhD bymaking a series of literature review presentations.

Obtain and confirm internationally adoptableexperimental methodology from literatures

Plan for three years not for 10 years. Confirm the available and required facility before

choosing the topics.

What happens if your external examiner says similar work hasalready been done by his student 10 years before?

Create new methods of data interpretation, data analysis, deviate your approachin results and discussion to defend your work is original, by any mean you haveto say the addition of new knowledge

How do you defend that your collected data is correct?

Develop self cross checking methods whilecollecting the data


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Course Contents

1) Collecting, managing and summarising

a critical review of literatureUsing Science-Direct. com, EI Village, End Note Library Science-direct contents alert subscription

2) Preparing your research paper forpublication

Journal specific, referencing, abstracting

3 Choosing the right journal for your researchpaper to be published. Impact Factor?,

1) Citation index?

4) Preparing and publishing research paperonline, submission, online tracking of yourresearch paper for publications

Demonstrating the Biogas Technology to Minister for Non Conventional


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Demonstrating the Biogas Technology to Minister for Non ConventionalEnergy Resources , Govt. of India


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Collecting, managing and summarising a critical

review of literature

JungleClassification

Similarities andDissimilarities

I am re-searchinfor ??
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Ask your supervisor first?

Senior research student in your groupEI Village, Science direct.com, Google your topicElsevier Science, Pergamon press,InterValley science Ltd., John Wiley &SonsRepeated publication of your research topic frequentlyFrequency of journals referred in the referencesSee the back reference, number of papers reported in a

journal of your researchFormer Ph.D thesis (Available in Library)

Conference Proceedings (International conferencesmostly)

Find an attractive title (SMART= Specific, Materialistic,Achievable, Researchable, Transferable) and research plan isvery important for a paper and for your thesis.

How do you know the potential journal of yourresearch topic?

How Old and how recent do the literatures need


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Confirm with your supervisor first? When did this research startglobally?.

Confirm the year of the first paper reported on your topicthrough back referencing

How Old and how recent do the literatures needto be for your research?
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Science direct .com

Free Contents alerts subscription

Student - Free subscription of journals andmembership for your field of research.

Student membership in International research associationpertaining to your research.

Developing an Endnote library End-noteRemote access - awareness

Paraphrasing and Summarising the research with


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Paraphrasing and Summarising the research withliteratures collected

1. Filter all your collected literatures into many chaptersrelating to your research

2. Find interesting chapters and methods that help youto carry out your research

3. Paraphrase each chapters with the conclusions ofeach authors reported

4. Discuss each chapters conclusion of many authorsand find the best innovative contributions done in

your research area

5 Prepare a summary table of only results (numbers) ofthe authors in an ascending years, will help you tocompare your results later and to find the gap


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6 Understand the similarities and dissimilarities ofreported results by many authors, will help you tofind the gap in your area needs to be fulfilled by

Ph.D

7 Identify the contradicting and agreeing researchersof your research

8 Ensure whether your topic has already beenattempted or not from your literatures review


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Authors ascending order based on years, et al .,and ; after author name

Internal referencing:

The development of single stage anaerobic digester

in to two stage is to separating hydrolyser andmethanisers independently gained much attention inthe recent past specifically to prevent NH3 toxicity(Parkin and Owen 1986; Bhattacharya et al., 1986;Alvarez J.M 1987;Anglidaki et al.,1993;Anderson et

al., 1994; Anglidaki et al.,1998a; Alvarez et al.,2000).

Example :Summary of literatures


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Example :Summary of literatures

The enzyme hydrogenase consists of two subunits and

interacts with NADH on the cytoplasmic side and protons onthe periplasmic side of the cell membrane. Hence, theimportant bioprocess parameters to ensure properfermentative biohydrogen production have been reported asbelow:

Optimum pH and ORP control (Yu et al.,2002) High organic loading rate with short HRT (Kim et al., 2004) Selection, pre-treatment and gradual acclimatization of

digester seed inocula (Horiuchi et al., 2002) Optimum NADH/NAD+ ratio (Mohan et al., 2008)

Optimum butyrate/acetate ratio (Wang et al 2006)Avoiding solventogenesis and methanogenesis (Hawkes et

al.,2002) Optimum Fe-only, Ni-Fe hydrogenase enzyme activation for

hydrogenesis and methanogenesis separately. (Lay et al

1999; Hans et al 2005)

Summary on mixing;


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y g;

Many previous researchers have emphasized theimportance of adequate mixing to improve the distribution of substrates,enzymes and microorganisms throughout the digester (Parkin andOwen, 1986; Chapman, 1989; Lema et al., 1991). However, many ofthose literatures information available about the effect of the intensityand duration of mixing on the performance of anaerobic digesters arecontradictory.Several studies indicatedthat a lack of sufficient mixing inlow solids digesters dealing with municipal waste resulted in a floatinglayer of solids (Diaz and Trezek, 1977; James et al., 1980; Stenstrom etal., 1983). Chen et al. (1990) concluded higher methane yield in the

case of a 4.5 m3 digester under unmixed conditions than continuouslymixed conditions. However, Ben-Hasson et al. (1985) observed 75%lower methane production rate using the dairy cattle manure undercontinuously mixed conditions than the unmixed conditions. Contrary tothis, Ho and Tan (1985) revealed that the higher gas production for acontinuously mixed digester than for an unmixed digester fed with palm

oil mill effluents, whereas Hashimoto (1983) found higher biogasproduction from beef cattle wastes under continuously mixed conditionsthan under intermittent mixing conditions. At the same time, Dague etal. (1970), Mills (1979) and Smith et al. (1979) suggested anintermittent mixing yields better efficiency of anaerobic digesters overcontinuousmixing.

Preparing and Tabulating the review of previous findings


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Preparing and Tabulating the review of previous findings

to understand the gap in researchfor your Ph.D It has been observed that very rapid mixing disrupts the

structure of flocs inside a biological reactor which disturbsthe syntropic relationships between organisms, therebyadversely affecting the reactor performance (Whitmore etal., 1987; Dolfing, 1992; Stroot et al., 2001). However,there is no clear information available in the literature about

the threshold limits of digester mixing, other than a powerinput of 0.200.30 HP/1000 cu ft (5.267.91 W/m3) issuggested by the US EPA for efficient digester mixing (USEPA, 1979). These contrary findings reported in theliteratures about the effect of mixing on the processperformance of anaerobic digesters emphasize the need for

an extensive research on mixing and hydrodynamicsstudies. Therefore, the present study was designed toevaluate the performance of digesters having three differentmodes of mixing,biogas recirculation, impeller mixing, andcompared with unmixed conditions

Hydrogen and methane production potential of


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Hydrogen and methane production potential ofdifferent solid wastes (HP),.

Liu et al., (2001) experimented which the H2 production

potential using the household solid wastes fermentationsobserved 43mlH2/gm of VS added and 250 mL per gram of VSremoved using 2days HRT in the first stage.

Kim et al (2004 and 2006) have concluded that the specific H2

production potential of food wastes was higher than that ofsewage sludge. The maximum specific H2 production potentialof 122.9mL /gm of carbohydrate COD was found in the wastecomposition of 87:13( of food waste in to sewage sludge). Lay(2000) observed 1600l/m3 / day of H2 yield and 1.2 LH2/gmStarch COD/d. The H2 production of rice winery waste waterusing mixed anaerobic culture was observed as 1.33 lH2 /gmVSS.d and HPR was 1.37mol-2.14 Mol/Mol of hexose. Okamotoet al (2000)observed the H2 production potential of cabbage,carrot, and rice were 26.3 -61.7mL/g VS, 44.9 70.7 mL/gmVS, and 19.396 ml/gm respectively. The general engineering

parameters and the Biohydrogen yield potential have been well

S.No Author Type of Opt. OLR(gm Opt. Opt.Te Hydroge H2 CO2


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(Year) Waste pH /L RV/day)

HRT

(Daysor Hrs)

m(oC) nProductionPotential

(%) (%)

1 Archer

(1986)

Brewer

yeffluent

6.8

7.1

212

kg/d

15hrs NA 100ppm NA NA

2 Lay etal(1999)

OFMSW 5.0 10 20

days

37 140180 mLgm TVS

55 21

3 Okommoto etal., (2000)OFMSW 7.0 4 20 days 25 Cabbage =26-61

Carrot = 44.8 -70.7

Rice = 19.3 -96

Egg =2.6- 7.1

Meat= 2.57.7

Chicken =3.6-10.2

Fat =4.411.1

Cabbage 33.9-55.7,Carrrot =27.7-46.8Rice

44- 45NA

34

4 Lay(2000)

Starch 4.75.7 6g/l/d(starch)

17 hrs 34 1.29l /gmof starch

60 32

5 Chen et al

( 2001)

GlucoseandSucrose

6.7 20gm/l/d 13.3 35 Glucose1.63

Sucrose4.45 M.ofH2 /M

24 NA

6 Yu et al., (2002)

Highstrength

Ricewinery

5.5 34g/L/d 224hrs

55 1.372.14 M/M

of hexose

53 - 61 37 - 45

S.N Author Type of Opt. OLR(gm/ /

Opt. Opt. Hydrogend i

H2 CO2(%)


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o (Year) Waste pH /L RV/day)

HRT

(Daysor Hrs)

Tem(oC)

ProductionPotential

(%) (%)

7 Yu and Fang(2002)

Dairywaste

water

4.0 8g/l/d 12 30 0.62-1.48l/l/d

58 38

8 Logan et al., (2002)

Sucrose,Molasses,Lactate,and

Cellulose

6.0 20g/l/d

20 hrs NA 4,8,4,2,4M/Mole ofglucose,sucrose,potatostarch,

lactate,andcelluloserespectivel

y

60-64 NA

9 Wu et al(2003)

Sewage

Sludge

sucrose

5.86.8

20g/l/d

26hhs

35 2.67M//mof sucrose

60 NA

10 Gomez etal., 2006

Slaughterhousesolidwaste+OFMSW

5.5 12 3 and5days

34 52.5 to71.3mL/gm VSf

25-27 NA

11 Krupp andWidmann

Sewageslud e

5.5 2-14 5days 35 140mL/gmVS

44-52 NA


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Suggestions to ensure that you are notduplicating work which some other researcher

has already done

Check with your supervisor

Check with a recent and oldest review paper of your topic

Previous Ph.D theses- back references

International Conferences proceedings Check citation index, and confirm depth of work of each authors

Sometimes , inevitably another researcher may publish similar work in themeantime.

In that case find a way at last to conclude something different from yourwork, which some one has not attempted to conclude, change your dataanalysis strategy and find new reasons for your conclusions to proveoriginality of yours research work.

WRITING A PhD THESIS AND RESEARCH


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WRITING A PhD THESIS AND RESEARCHPAPER an INTERNATIONAL STANDARD

When do you prepare the contents of your PhD thesis? Atleast

end of second year

When do you finalise the contents of your PhD thesis? Middleof third year at any cost

Identify the potential chapters of your PhD and confirm fromyour Supervisor and DC members before submitting the

synopsis

After one and half year your first paper for publication is must

Crystallise the topic more attractive and appropriate, useproperly at, of, an , and the

Imagine your topic and ask questions like this Will this topic is simple and attrcative

Will it be clear and make an understanding of the thesis

Will it avoid ambiguity

Will the industry/society/scientists feel that this is the new topic

Will it be a rhythmic topic


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Writing a research paper

Abstract : Maximum 150 words, (see journalspecification) Key words; Maximum 7 to 8 words Introduction : Maximum 3-4pages A4 Materials and Methods: 3-4 pages A4 Results and Discussion: 4-5pages A4 Conclusion 150 to 200 words Graphs(Elsevier 6 to 8 graphs) 3-4 pages References 2 pages (30 references for original research 55 to

72 references for review paper) Total pages 14- 25 pagesA4 (Short communication 14pages) Better to read the specification of journals.Acknowledgementeferences 30 to 40


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Synopsis Writing?

Synopsis: Eight to 12 equal paragraphs in 2 to 3 pages 46 to

72 lines (University specific) 1stparagraph : Background of the thesis

2ndParagraph : Why this topic? Need and Scope of the research

3rdParagraph : Aims and objectives

4thParagraph : Methodology About theexperiment/modelling/surveying work

FIRST PAGE OVER

5th, 6thParagraph : Results, with similarities

7thParagraph : Interesting conclusions of the thesis 8thParagraph : Conclusions and recommendations

SECOND PAGE OVER

DEMONSTRATE MINIMUM 6 NEW TAKE HOME MESSAGES FOREVERY READER

Plan well to write a PhD


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Plan well to write a PhDthesis

Total pages 200 to 250

Introduction 5% of total pages Review of literatures 30% of total pages if each chapter also

contain litrature review then 20%

Methodolody 20 to 30%

Results 40 to 45% of the whole thesis

Discussion 5 tp 10$% of whole thesis

Conclusions always bullet pointed 1 to 2% of whole thesis

Recommendations atleast 1 page

References 20 to 35 pages

Always nice to have intro, cretical review of literatures , resultsand discussions and bulllet pointed conclusions in each chaptersof atleast 8 to 10 potential chapters

List of papers published in Journals and ONLY in PEERREVIEWED international conferences at the end of each

chapters.

ABSTRACT WRITING FOR RESEARCH


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ABSTRACT WRITING FOR RESEARCHPAPER

1st

line : This paper describes what.. 2ndline : Need for this paper

3rdline : Application of this paper

4th and 5thLine : The batch and CSTR experiment was

conducted .. Under what conditions. 6th, 7th and 8thline : interesting results and the

observed lower or higher results that are attributeddue to why?

9th

and 10th

line Interestingly the paper concludesthat..

11thand 12thLine This pap recommends.what


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Suggestions to link continuity of the words using

Eventually,

Consequently

Apparently

Subsequently

Interestingly

Nevertheless

Contrary to this

Supporting to this Therefore,

However, For instance, In addition to this, In

view of this

EVERY LINE SHOULD BE LINKEDWITH OTHER LINE (No terminatedand hanging sentences)

EVERY PARAGRAPH END SHOULDMAKE THE READER TO IMAGINENEXT PARAGRAPH

EVERY END OF THE CHAPTERSHOULD GIVE THE IDEA FOR THEREADER WHAT COULD BE THE LIKELYNEXT CHAPTER

Abstract (What is the NEW take home message the


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Abstract(What is the NEW take home message thepaper conveys to the reader about your research)

This paper describes the impact of OLR and HRT on the performance ofanaerobic digester producing hydrogen and methane from leather solid wastes

using two stage and a sigle stage anaerobic CSTR. Many hydrodynamics,chemodynamics and microbial dynamics parameters governs the bioprocessperformance of an anaerobic digesters. These parameters were investigated inthe present study to find out the optimum conditions required for high H2andCH4 yield. The experiment was conducted at mesophillic conditions. The pHminima( 2.3) was observed at high OLR, whereas, the pH maxima(8.8) was

observed at low OLR.This is attributed due to high accumulation of organicacids in the former and the lower accumulation in the later. Consequently, thehigh accumulation of organic acids was conducive to an acidic pH favoured tominimise the ammonia in the digester. This high accumulation of organic acidswas also corroboratedwell with the high acid forming microbial populations.Ahigh r2(0.9) value observed between pH and ammonia confirmsthat ammoniatoxicity is the major problem in the anaerobic digestion of protein rich waste

water. Interestingly, the pH 5.5 yielded maximum H2 which was contraryto theresults reported already. This is attributed due to a maximum synthesis oforganic acids particularly butyric acids essential for the production of H2at thispH, contrary to the results reported elsewhere. The paper concludesthat -------.Further , the paper recommends ..

Key words : hydrodynamics, microbial dynamics and chemodynamics,dispersion number,

How to write an International


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How to write an Internationalquality PhD thesis

Try to read atleast two foreign PhD thesis and atleast

four PhD thesis of the same university before youplan to write your PhD thesis.

If some one got BEST PhD THESIS AWARD IN INDIAOR FOREIGN, NEVER FAIL TO READ IT BEFORE YOU

WRITE YOUR THESIS. Use your own STANDARD University template for

copy past the thesis in the university standardtemplate.

If HIT do nat have standard PhD template please takeinitiative to create the standard University templateof PhD thesis

HIT must have a team of experts to develop an

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD OF PhD template

AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD OF


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AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD OFWRITING A PhD THESIS ?

For an international standard of writing one musthave completed INTELLIGENCE ENGLISHLANGUAGE TESTING SYSTEM (IELTS UK) OR TESTOF ENGLISH AS FOREIGN LANGUAGE (TOEFL) .

All unit of expressions as million, billion, trillion noCrores and Lakhs,- DIMENSIONLESS ANDDIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS, COBERSION FACTORSETC.,

mg/l should be mg.L-1 kg.d-1 kg.m-3.d-1

Internationally adoptable methodology

Internationally followed grading of fonts for titleschapters, subtitles, sub-sub titles and the text, list

of figures, nomenclature, Abbreviations.

Introduction


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Introduction

History / previous and present status on the theme of yourpaper

Critical reviewsimilarities and dissimilarities the paper conveys

Why this paper is so important for the readers.

What gap in research this paper identified and fulfilled? Who is the end user of the thesis?

What is the present status of your research, why it hastbeenso successful and how did you find the gap in the rersearch

that thatb has been fullfilled in your PhD thesis. The present paper describes WHAT?

The present paper has been attempted to evaluate.,,,,..,

Materials and methods


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Materials and methods

Source, collection and preservation methods of

Sampling adopted in the paper Data collection, analysis and processing methods

Instruments name and type and series

Simulation software version used, demerits of otherversions and merits of this version.

Analytical methods adopted

Code number of methods For Eg. ASTM method catalogue

number,

APHA Methods number

Chemical usedCatalogue number

Description of models

Results and Discussion


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Results and Discussion

Critical analytical data with statistical evidence

Maximum graphs and tables that is possible to use itin a journal needs to be confirmed

Critics of evidence of this data, comparing with the

previous data published elsewhere Are there any similar data observed before.

Comparison of similar results and controversial

conclusions that the author understood from theirdata

Does the paper requires any further study on thesame aspects, recommendations for future study

Conclusions


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Conclusions

Bullet pointed take home (new and novel)

message that the author reveals from theirstudy

At least one similar and dissimilar statement

Any recommendation from the conclusionsfor further research ?

Maximum number of words for many

journals may not exceed 200

How to choose the right journal for your


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g j y

publications

Ask your supervisor first? Quality of the paper?

Impact factor of the journal (How and where

do you find the IF) Live Demonstration Going from lower IF journal to higher IF journal

is ideal if it is your first paper

What is citation index

Impact factor of a journal ?


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p j

What is Impact Factor? Impact Factor is one of the quantitative tools for ranking,

evaluating, categorizing, and comparing journals.

It is a measure of the frequency with which the "averagearticle" in a journal has been cited in a particular year orperiod.

The annual impact factor is a ratio between citations andrecent citable items published. Thus, the impact factor of ajournal is calculated by dividing the number of current yearcitations to the source items published in that journal during

the previous two years.

http://abhayjere.com/Documents/Impact%20Factor%202006.pdfThis will take you to list of journals and their impact

factors?
http://abhayjere.com/Documents/Impact%20Factor%202006.pdfhttp://abhayjere.com/Documents/Impact%20Factor%202006.pdfhttp://abhayjere.com/Documents/Impact%20Factor%202006.pdfhttp://abhayjere.com/Documents/Impact%20Factor%202006.pdf


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Full Text and

Repository are

searchable fields


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Same functionality as the Web

of Science. For example, sort

by Times Cited to identify

influential works.


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Although the Full-text is

searchable the Full Record

displays bibliographic data

and abstract.

Clicking the View Full

Text button will link to the

item in the repository.

Processing and submission of research


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gpaper online.

Understand the specifications of the journal first Prepare the abstract, internal referencing

(Numbering or named), tables, graphs backreferencing (Oxford, Horward), number of pages,fonts, line spacing, text formatting etc., specific tothe journal.

Create an Elsevier Editorial System (EES) ID and

password. Prepare PDF, Latex file ready for uploading

Choose 3 to 4 referees of your field in discussionwith your supervisor

Tracking your paper on line


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Tracking your paper on line

Live demonstration of the status of my paper inElsevier science journal

Benefits of publishing the paper before your Ph.D


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p g p p y

Published research papers proves that you have developed demonstratableresearch skill on your Ph.D topic. May be in a high impact factored journal

Your data is already peer reviewed by some one before the Ph.D examiner.

Your experiment is well conducted and appreciated in the paper that youhave published

You can convert your published papers into chapters with modifications foryour thesis

You can state in your Ph.D in appropriate chapters

You will have clarity in your work before starting to write your thesis.

My understanding ishowever and whatever the number of papers publishedthe Ph.D thesis needs to be well documented to qualify.

A GOOD Documentation of the Ph.D work is imp

LIVE DEMONSTRATION
http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ala.org/img/alonline/computer%20guy.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.colomalibrary.org/node/124&usg=__c3zhjVez_rcp8gBSi-eslpydfFo=&h=320&w=314&sz=40&hl=en&start=18&um=1&tbnid=g9YJHouLKNwonM:&tbnh=118&tbnw=116&prev=/images?q=computer+images&um=1&hl=en&rlz=1T4GGLJ_en-GBGB212GB212&sa=N


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LIVE DEMONSTRATION

End Note Impact factor

Citation index

Latex/PDF formate Online Uploading of research paper

and tracking of on line submission of papers

Demonstration of my published papersdifferent stages that I underwent
http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ala.org/img/alonline/computer%20guy.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.colomalibrary.org/node/124&usg=__c3zhjVez_rcp8gBSi-eslpydfFo=&h=320&w=314&sz=40&hl=en&start=18&um=1&tbnid=g9YJHouLKNwonM:&tbnh=118&tbnw=116&prev=/images?q=computer+images&um=1&hl=en&rlz=1T4GGLJ_en-GBGB212GB212&sa=N


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