[a] age estimation: why? 1. age : 7 years2. age:12

[A] AGE ESTIMATION:

WHY?

1. Age : 7 years- Criminal responsibility- S. 82 of IPC

2. Age:12- years Consent of child

3. Age : 14 & 15 years- Employment

4. Age: 16 years- Rape, sports events

5. Age: 18 years- Majority , Consent to suffer harm,

Marriage( female) ,College admissions,

6. Age 21 years- Marriage( male)

7. Age : 58 years- Retirement from services

WHEN?

Requisition by:

Individual/ relative/ employer Police Court

For administrative purposes Criminal cases civil & criminal cases

Employment( 14,15 & 58) 7- Criminal responsibility Civil disputes

16- victim of rape of property,

18- JJ Act/ IPC & Cr PC succession,

contract etc.

Medical officer

HOW TO UNDERTAKE?

A. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:

1. Consent

2. Marks of identification – at least two, preferably of exposed parts

3. Female attendant- in case of female

PARAMETERS:

1. Proposed age , age group in question

2. Height, weight

3. Body hair- scalp, face, axillary, pubic

4. Secondary sex characters

5. Voice, Pomum Adami, Arcus senilis

B. DENTAL EXAMINATION:- Age of mixed dentition= 6 to 12 ( both temporary & permanent)

- Eruption 1 yr earlier in female than males

- Superadded- no deciduous - erupt behind temporary - all molars-6 in each jaw

--Succesional- in place of temporary-10 in each jaw – all except molars

TEMPORARY TEETH PERMANENT TEETH

Each jaw = 4 incisors+2 canines+ 4 molars / 4 incisors+2 canines+ 4 PM + 6 molars

C.RADIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION:

Bones are preformed in hyaline cartilage.

This soft tissue structure is gradually converted into hard ossseous

structure by the process of osteogenesis.

The process of APPEARANCE & UNION FOLLOW a sequence &

time, which is being utilised for this exercise.

RULE: 1- Ossification starts at the center of epiphysis & spreads to periphery.

RULE:2- In female it is 1 year earlier than male( long bones)

RULE:3- Long bone – primary centers at diaphysis & secondary centers at

epiphysis at BOTH ENDS. In Humerus, at proximal end 3 centers appear during

childhood, unite with each other and later fuses to diaphysis.

RULE:4- Meta carpals, metatarsals, phalanges, ribs & clavicle have center at one

end ONLY.

STABILITY IS EXCEPTION & VARIABILITY IS THE RULE

Stages of appearance of center of ossification and union

Tri radiate cartilage in acetabulum not fused

( A>13, NF<15)

Head of femur(A>1, NF<17-18)Greater trochanter(A>4,NF<17-18)

X-Ray pelvis with femur: age between 13 to 15 years

X-Ray pelvis with femur: age between 13 to 14 years

Tri radiate cartilage in acetabulum not fused

( A>13, NF<15)

Greater trochanter(A>4,NF<17-18)

Head of femur(A>1, NF<17-18)

Iliac crest (NA<14)

Olecranon of ulna(A>9,NF<16-17)

Lateral epicondyle of humerus(A>11, NF<14-16)

Head of radius(A>5,NF<16-17)

X-RAY ELBOW( lateral and AP): age between 11 to 16 years

Lower ends of radius &ulna(A>5, NF<17-19)

Pisiform (A>11)

Proximal end of 1st Metacarpal(A>3,

NF<15-17)

Distal ends of 2-5 MC(A>3, NF<15-19)

Phalanges

(A>3, NF<15-18)

X-RAY wrist & Hand( lateral and AP): age between 11 to 17 years

X-ray of knee joint: Age between 14 to 19 years

Lower end of femur(Primary, NF<18-19)

Upper ends of tibia & fibula(A>4, NF<18-19)

Patella –completion(>14)

Head of femur( A>1F>17-18)

Greater trochanter(A>4,F>17-18)

Lesser trochanter( A>12-14, F>17-18)

X-Ray pelvis with femur: age more than 17 years

EXAMPLE-1: Age group 7 year is in question:

[A] PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:

Height , weight, absence of secondary sex characteristics.

[B] DENTAL EXAMINATION:

Temporary- First molar, canine , second molar

Permanent- First molar, Central incisor, ( lateral incisor ?)

[C] RADIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION:

PART APPEARANCE/ FUSION

1. Elbow: Head of radius( A: 5, F:16 )

Med. Epi. Of Humerus( A: 6-7,F:14)

Olecranon of ulna( A:9, F:16)



Height , weight, beginning of secondary sex characteristics.


Temporary: NO.

Permanent: All except 3rd molar

[C] RADIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION


1. Elbow Lat Epi Con of humerus( A:11,F:14-16 )

Med. Epi. Of Humerus( A:6-7,F: 14-16)

Olecranon of ulna, Head of radius(A:9, F: 16-17 )


2. Pelvis Tri radiate cartilage in acetabulum(A:13, F:15)

Iliac crest: (A:14, F:19-21)

Ischial Tuberosity ( A:16, F-20-21)

Lesser Trochanter( A:12-14, F:17-18)



Same as age group 14


Same as age group 14, only findings will be different


Same as age group 14. only findings will be different



Height , weight, moderately developed. secondary sex characteristics.


All permanent teeth except the third molar(24)



1. Elbow Lat Epi Con of humerus( A:11, F:14-16 )

Med. Epi. Of Humerus(A:6-7, F: 14-16)

Olecranon of ulna, Head of radius( A:9,F: 16-17 )


• Pelvis Tri radiate cartilage in acetabulum(A:13, F:15)

Iliac crest: (A:14, F:19-21)



3. Wrist & hand L/E of radius(A:2, F:18-19) & Ulna(A;5-6, F:17-18)

Metacarpals & phalanges(A: primary, F:15-18)



Height , weight,well developed. secondary sex characteristics.


All teeth except 3rd molar( may be present even)- Impacted molar



1. Elbow Lat Epi Con of humerus( A:11, F:14-16 )

Med. Epi. Of Humerus(A:6-7, F: 14-16)

Olecranon of ulna, Head of radius( A:9,F: 16-17 )

2. Wrist & hand L/E of radius(A:2, F:18-19) & Ulna(A;5-6, F:17-18)

3. Pelvis Iliac crest: (A:14, F:19-21)


Head of femur( A:1, F:17-18)

Greater trochanter ( A:4, F:17-18)




Height , weight,well developed. secondary sex characteristics.


All teeth except 3rd molar( may be present even)



1.Pelvis Iliac crest: (A:14, F:19-21)


Head of femur( A:1, F:17-18)

Greater trochanter ( A:4, F:17-18)


2. Chest Inner end of clavicle( A:18-19, F:20-22)



Arcus senilis & others


Falling of few tooth



1. Chest (lateral view) - Body with xiphi sternum(A: Primary,F:40)

- Manubrium with body(A:Primary,50)

2. Neck ( AP&Lateral view)- Greater Cornu of Hyoid (F:40-60)

- Completion of ossification of both lamina of

Thyroid cartilage( 60-70)

:OPINION:

1. From General examination we conclude a particular age group:

Infant, child, adult, middle aged, elderly.

2. From dental examination we narrow down the Age Range in a

particular age group.

3. From Radiological examination Such Age Range is further

narrowed and what is opined is a range expressed in plus or minus

terms. I.e. 19±1 years

OPINION: From the Physical, dental & radiological examinations of

XYZ , I am of the opinion that the individual is aged

about_______ years.

[B] EXMIANTION OF SLELETAL REMAINS

1.Whether animal or human in origin?

-- Comparative Anatomy & precipitin test.

2.Whether belongs to a single individual or more than one?

-- Anatomical reconstruction.

3. What is the sex ?

-- Pelvis, mandible & skull more reliable.

4.What is the age?

5.What is the stature?- Long bone length X Factor

6. If a bone is in more than a piece- whether CUT/ SERRATED/ natural disarticulation

7.Evidence of injury- Ante mortem or post mortem?

8.Time since death.

SAMPLE COLLECTION:

1.PRECIPITIN TEST: For species identification( Human / Animal)

2. At least one representative from each PIECE.

3. Tooth – for blood grouping & DNA typing.

4. Hair with root- Chemical analysis- I.e. Arsenic & other chronic

5. Long bone- chemical analysis, DNA typing, Diatom Test

6. Skull with Mandible – for super imposition.

OPINION:

Available human remains belongs to a single male/ female aged about __ yrs, having stature of _____.

There is evidence/ no evidence of any ante mortem injury over available parts of skeleton.

[a] age estimation: why? 1. age : 7 years2. age:12

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