a brief history of ‘mapping notes… · • ptolemy’s books and maps ... 880-106...
TRANSCRIPT
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880-106 MappingENVIRONMENTS
A Brief History of ‘mapping’
Cliff OglebyDepartment of Geomatics
(all images here are Copyright their creators and/or their publishers)
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Overview of Today
• Today we will look at why people started to make maps
• The perceptions and processes involved
• And some famous historical maps• To provide a foundation for the rest of
semester
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Introduction
• Today will give an overview of the development of the graphical representation of place and space– Including some cartography– Some geodesy– Imperialism, imagination
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Mapping Today
• Is based on:– A knowledge of the shape of the Earth
built up over millennia– A body of mathematical knowledge
including computations on a sphere– Technologies that enable the
measurement of long distances– An ontology for representation
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In the beginning
• Why did humans decide to make a sketch to show a sense of place?– Of ‘here’ and ‘there’?
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In the beginning…
• We remembered features of our world, imagined them, named them. We had a mental ‘map’ of the places that were important.
• And then perhaps in order to describe, navigate, explain or illustrate, we made ‘maps’
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6200 BCE – Catal Huyuk
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600 BCE Babylon
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Death and Taxes
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The Shape of the World
• Firstly, it looked flat for as far as we could see, interrupted by mountains, rivers and seas
• And the heavens appeared to move over us– The geocentric model
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The Shape of the World
• Homer’s view was that it was a disc floating in an ocean
• Pythagoras postulated that it was spherical, Aristotle proved it.
• The circumference was determined by Eratosthenes by measuring shadows
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Ancient Greek Developments
• The idea that the earth is spherical• The development of geometry for measuring
the land• The collection of worldly knowledge• Ptolemy’s books and maps• The Great Library at Alexandria
• But alas all this was lost…
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Eratosthenes’ Map
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Ptolemy's Map
• He developed the concept of latitude and grids, the gazetteer and map projections
• The map and texts were lost to the ‘west’ until Persian scholars brought it to Europe via Byzantium
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Ptolemy's Map 150±
CE
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A Biblical World View (600CE)
Cosmas Indicopleustes
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Dante’s Hell
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1154, Al Idrisi
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1389 China
• China also developed sophisticated mapping techniques, and these continued though the European Dark Ages
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The Compass
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Galileo Galilei
• Galileo promoted the Coppernican heliocentric model of the heavens– By scientific observation
• Pope Urban VII imprisoned him for this heresy in 1633
• On 31 October 1992, Pope John Paul II– expressed regret for how the Galileo affair was
handled, and officially conceded that the Earth was not stationary, as the result of a study conducted by the Pontifical Council for Culture.
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The Age of Discovery
• Europe woke up and had a renaissance• Early 15thC to 17thC• An influx of new ideas, along with the
development of navigation, exploration, industrialisation – Leading to an Age of Imperialism
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There be Dragons
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Geographical Coordinates
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The Determination of Time and Longitude
• Whilst latitude was reasonably easy to measure (elevation of the sun above the horizon) longitude was a problem
• Longitude is the distance around the globe, which is directly correlated with time
• If we can measure time, we can measure λ
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Harrison’s Chronometers
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GPS Time
• Time is the basis for GPS navigation and positioning
• Time is kept using Caesium 133 atomic clocks
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Empire
• To name is to own, to map shows the range of your authority
• Most major maritime nations that colonised renamed places
• Britain in India performed the Great Trigonometrical Survey
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Mathematics
• Calculations on the Spheroid• Map Projections• Geometry, astronomical positioning• Lens equations, perspective• Logarithms enable rapid calculations
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Reprographics
• The development of printing and durable inks
• Use of base materials like linen, silk and paper
• Lithography
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Photogrammetry
• Measurement from photographs• Technique developed for architecture
but after invention of flight was adapted for aerial photography
• The basis of almost all 20thC mapping, particularly following WWII
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Satellite Imaging Systems
• The advent of civilian space borne imaging systems
• The increasing resolution of these systems
• The ability to detect other wavelengths
• The ability to scale and position imagery
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Active Systems• Airborne laser scanning
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Modern Maps
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http://journeyplanner.tfl.gov.uk/im/RD-T.html
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Extra-terrestrial Mapping
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GIS
• An information system capable of analysing and displaying spatial data (sort of)
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What you learnt today
• Why mapping is part of both cultural and scientific endeavour
• The evolution of mapping into a ‘science’
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880-106 MappingENVIRONMENTS