a burial cave in baja california _ the p - william c. massey

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Title: A Burial Cave in Baja California

The Palmer Collection, 1887

Author: William C. Massey

Carolyn M. Osborne

Release Date: November 1, 2009 [EBook

#30385]

Language: English


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A BURIAL CAVE IN BAJA CALIFORNIA ***

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A BURIAL CAVEIN BAJA

CALIFORNIA


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THE PALMER

COLLECTION, 1887

BYWILLIAM C. MASSEY and CAROLYN

M. OSBORNE

ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDSVol. 16, No. 8


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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIAPUBLICATIONS

ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS

Editors (Berkeley): J. H. Rowe, R. F.Millon, D. M. Schneider

Volume 16, No. 8, pp. 339-364, plates 12

17, 7 figures in text,2 maps

Submitted by editors May 16, 1960

Issued May 12, 1961Price, $1.00

University of California PressBerkeley and Los Angeles

California

Cambridge University Press


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London, England

Manufactured in the United States ofAmerica


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PREFACE

n 1888 an archaeological collection omaterial from Baha de Los Angeles iBaja California was deposited in thUnited States National Museum by DrEdward Palmer. Although the materiawas duly catalogued, together with Dr

Palmers notes, it has gone undescribeuntil the present.

Dr. Robert F. Heizer called this collectiono the attention of the senior author i

1948. At that time the archaeology of BajCalifornia was receiving emphasis at thUniversity of California because of th

nterest of the Associates in Tropica


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Biogeography, under the chairmanship oDr. C. O. Sauer. The late Professor E. WGifford, then Curator of the Museum o

Anthropology at the University oCalifornia, arranged with Dr. T. DaleStewart of the United States NationaMuseum for a temporary study loan of th

collection.

From the beginning, the division of labobetween the authors has been primarily i

erms of hard and soft artifactsMassey has handled the analyses of thmperishable artifacts, their ethnographi

and archaeological distributions, and th

distributions of all artifacts for BajCalifornia. Mrs. Osborne has dealt withe netting, textiles, and cordage, and th

distribution of their techniques outsid


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Baja California. Dr. Lila M. ONealbegan the analysis of the textiles annetting and directed it until her untimel

death. Professor E. W. Gifford advised onhe initial description of the imperishablartifacts.

This presentation has been delayed fomany reasons, but the intervening yearhave added much detailed information the original data, both in the literature o

anthropology and in subsequent fielwork.

We are very grateful to friends, past and

present, for their help and encouragemenWe wish to acknowledge the support ohe Department of Anthropology

University of California, for th

photographs of the imperishable materials


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Thanks are due Bob Ormsby, a Universitof Washington student, for the drawings onetting. All other drawings and the map

were done by June M. Massey. Weacknowledge with thanks the assistance oMrs. Gene Marquez, whose services as ypist were provided by the Department o

Biological Sciences of the University oFlorida.

Above all we wish to dedicate this smal

work to the memories of two tireleseachers and workers in anthropology

and in humanity: Dr. Lila M. ONeale andProfessor E. W. Gifford.

W.C.MC.M.O.


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CONTENTS

PagePreface ii

Introduction 339Ethnographic background 339The site 341

The burials 341Artifacts 341Stone 341Bone 342Shell 342Midden potsherds 343Wood 343


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Cordage and textiles 345Simplest uses of prepared cord 345Haftings 346Matting 346Netting 347Feathered apron or cape 349

Human hair cape 349Tump band 350Cotton cloth 351

Summary and conclusions 351Bibliography 352Explanation of plates 356

MAPS

1. Baja California, showing locationof Baha de Los Angeles

339


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2. Linguistic groups of BajaCalifornia

340

FIGURES

1. Detail of arrow or dart (139587),showing sting-ray

spine point and cuplikedepression at butt end 344

2. Tie-twined matting technique 3463. Square-knot technique 347

4. Method of beginning hairnets andcarrying nets

347

5. Detail of lower, fitted edge of

hairnet348

6. Detail of lower, gathered edge ofcarrying net

348

7. Detail showing insertion of


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feathers in hitches ofcarrying net 349


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Map 1. Baja California, showing locatio

Angeles.

A BURIAL CAVEIN BAJA

CALIFORNIA


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THE PALMER

COLLECTION, 1887

BY

WILLIAM C. MASSEY and

CAROLYN M. OSBORNE

INTRODUCTION

n December of 1887 Dr. Edward Palmerhe naturalist, set sail from the port o

Guaymas in Sonora, crossed the Gulf oCalifornia, and landed at Baha de Lo

Angeles on the peninsula of Baj


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California. Then, as now, there was modest gold-mining operation at the bayDuring his brief stay at the mining station

Dr. Palmer excavated a small natural cavwhich had been used by the Indians whwere then extinct in that part of thpeninsula.

Seven partially disturbed skeletons and variety of associated artifacts wercollected and deposited at the Unite

States National Museum. The collectioalso included some potsherds and shellfrom a midden on the shores of the bayAll of these items were listed and briefl

described in the Annual Report of thUnited States National Museum for thyear 1888 (pp. 127-129).

Aside from the intrinsic value o


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presenting archaeological material frohe little-known area of Baja Californiahe Palmer Collection has particula

mportance because of its immediatgeographic source. Baha de Los Angeleies in that part of Baja California mos

accessible to the Mexican mainland (ma

1). Not only is there a relative physicacloseness, but the Gulf islands form here series of stepping stones from Baha dLos Angeles across to Tiburon Islandhome of the Seri, and thence to thadjacent mainland coast of Sonora.

The bay lies in the north-central deser

region of the peninsula, where thenvironment is especially difficulbecause of extreme aridity, scarcity osurface water, and the consequent deart


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of plant and animal life.

n view of these conditions, it has bee

suggested that the Seri may be descendantof people who, hard-pressed by thenvironmental poverty of this section oBaja California, may have moved acros

he Gulf to Tiburon Island and SonorKroeber, 1931, pp. 5, 49-50). Thihypothesis has appealed to one Californiarchaeologist, although at present there i

nsufficient evidence from archaeology oethnography either to support or to deny iRogers, 1945, p. 194). However, th

archaeological collection from Baha d

Los Angeles does indicate trade and somcontact across the Gulf.

n this paper emphasis is placed on th

evaluation of the Palmer Collection wit


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respect to the known archaeology anethnography of Baja California.

ETHNOGRAPHIC BACKGROUND

The Indians who inhabited the are

surrounding Baha de Los Angeles spokhe Borjeo language of the Peninsula

Yuman group, of the Yuman Family ofanguages (map 2). They weringuistically and historically related t

other Yuman-speaking groups of thepeninsula and areas to the north (Massey

1949, p. 292). At the time of Europeancontact these peoplelike all otheaboriginal groups on the peninsulawerhunters, fishers, and gatherers. The neares

agricultural tribes were on the lowe


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Colorado River.

Culturally, the Borjeo were like othe

Peninsular Yumans of relatively lateprehistoric and historic periods in centraBaja California. However, they lived imore widely scattered groups because o

he greater scarcity of water in this part ohe peninsula. Immediately to the north ohem at Baha de San Luis Gonzagaa

approximately the 30th parallel

decided break with the Peninsular Yumanradition occurred.

n 1746, during a voyage up the gulf coas

from Loreto to the mouth of the ColoradRiver, Father Fernando Consag noted tha1) the Spanish and their Cochimnterpreters could not converse with th

natives; (2) the natives had dogs; and (3


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he Indians had pottery vessels (Venegas1944, III:107-109).

The Hungarian Jesuit was the first to nothe southeastern linguistic boundary of thCalifornia Yuman groups, a boundarywhich lay immediately north of Baha d

Los Angeles. At the same time he placedhe southernmost extent of dogs and thmaking or use of pottery on the peninsuln the 18th century.

n describing the collection from Baha dLos Angeles, we have the benefit oethnographic descriptions from thre

periods of the Spanish occupation of BajCalifornia prior to 1769 and the expulsioof the Jesuit missionaries. Some historicadata derive from the initial voyages of th

Spanish along the gulf coast in the 16t


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century. Later there were occasionacontacts with these natives by Jesuiexplorers during the first half of the 18t

century. Finally, there was the period oactive missionization, beginning with thfoundation of Santa Gertrudis (1751) ancontinuing with San Borja (1762) an

Santa Mara (1766).


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Map 2. Linguistic Groups of Ba

Toward the end of the 18th century ther

are applicable descriptions of Indianmmediately to the north by the Dominicapriest, Father Luis Sales (1794).

The ethnographic information contained ihe documents bears out the fact that th

cave artifacts belong in the culturaradition of the Borjeo who inhabited th

region at the time of European contact anconquest.

THE SITE

Baha de Los Angeles is a semicirculabay, about four miles in diameter, on the

gulf coast of Baja California at 28 55' N


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and 113 30' W. ( map 1). On thnorthwest it is open to the waters of thGulf of California and to the Canal de la

Ballenas, which runs between thpeninsula and Isla ngel de la Guardasome twelve miles distant. (This islanand the smaller Isla Smith obstruct a view

of the outer gulf, and from the shore Bahde Los Angeles appears to be completelandlocked.) Within a few hundred feet ohe shore, sandy beaches give way to thalus slopes of the mesas and peaks whic

edge the bay. An arroyo enters the bayfrom the west.

The cave excavated by Dr. Palmer isituated on a granitic hill to the west of thbay, at an elevation of 30 ft. above seevel. Just below the mouth of the narrow


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fissure is a spring which supplies water the little mining community. The cavtself measures 9 ft. in depth; it is 6 f

wide and 5 ft. high at the mouth. BeforDr. Palmers excavations, miners of thGulf Gold Mining Company had removesome stonesreferred to in the Report a

a wallfrom the front of the fissurehus exposing a few bones, which lay sun

bleached on the talus slope (AnnuaReport, 1888, p. 127).

THE BURIALS

The small cave at Baha de Los Angelecontained at least seven burials: six adultand fragments of one or more infants

Annual Report, 1888, p. 128). Thes


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burials were extended with an east-wesorientation corresponding to the axis ohe fissure; the foot bones were to th

west, at the mouth of the cave, and thcrania were in the tapered interior. Thpublished report does not indicatwhether placement was prone or supine.

According to the Report the burials habeen placed on a layer of sewn rusmatting (139533[1]; see Matting), o

which three bundles were collected.The artifacts described here were found idirect association with the skeletons

There are few details as to actuaassociations. However, three hairnet139534) were found on three of th

crania.


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To date, the use of small caves for thspecific purpose of burial appears to bcharacteristic only of the extreme south o

Baja California, in the Cape Regionnterments there were customarilsecondary, although primary burialsusually flexed, do occur (Massey, MS 1)

n the extensive area that lies betweeBaha de Los Angeles and the CapRegion, excavations have failed tproduce cave cemeteries. To judge fropublished reports, such a custom was rarelsewhere in western North America.

A variety of artifacts accompanied th

burials, but while the range of types iarge, the number of any one type is smal

Preservation of all specimens is generallgood. We are fortunate in having


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perishable piecesnetting, matting, clothand wood. Certain general categories otems, such as household utensils an

remains of foodstuffs, are absent anunreported.

ARTIFACTS

STONE

Tubular stone pipes.Two tubulasandstone pipes were recovered from th

cave. They are dissimilar in size, and, isome particulars, in manufacture.

The larger specimen (139563;pl. 12, e) i

a ground sandstone tube, 29.8 cm. long. I


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shape it tapers very gradually from thbroad bowl end to the narrower moutend. The conical bowl is 3.5 cm. deep; th

mouth end has a depth of 1.6 cm. A smal4 mm.) drilled hole connects the twends. The mouth end is filled by a plug opartially carbonized matted coarse fibers

There is a narrow carbonized stripslightly in from the bowl end, which runaround the pipe; this appears to be thremnant of a cord that had been tiearound it. Since the pipe had been brokeat that end, it may have been repaireaboriginally with such a cord.

The smaller pipe (139564;pl. 12, dbarely tapers from the bowl end to thmouth end. The ends of this pipe arconically drilled and they interconnec


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here is no drilled hole connecting thbowl with the mouth end, as in the largespecimen. A partially carbonized plug o

matted coarse fibers also fills the moutend of the smaller pipe.

Although simple tubular stone pipes occu

sporadically in the archaeology of thSouthwest, they are encounterefrequently in central and northern BajCalifornia. Stone tubes or pipes, calle

chacuacos, are often mentioned in Spanissources as part of the shamanparaphernalia in this Yuman-speakinga r e a of the peninsula (Venegas, 1944

:93, 95; Clavigero, 1937, p. 115).

n the known areas of archaeologicaoccurrence these pipes appear in tw

distinct sizes, even as they are represente


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n the two Baha de Los Angelespecimens. There is the long typemeasuring more than 15 cm., of whic

several specimens have been found iBaja California, at Baha de Los Angelesat a site near the Rosario Mission in thnorthwest, and throughout the central par

of the peninsula (Massey, field notes)This type has also been noted from OrtizSonora (Di Peso, 1957, p. 288), and in ate prehistoric or historic level a

Ventana Cave (Haury, 1950, p. 331).

The shorter type, usually about 7 cm. iength, is known to occur in the genera

central region around Muleg (MasseyMS 2) and at Baha de Los Angeles. In thSouthwest, the smaller type has beereported from Chiricahua-Amargosa I


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evels at Ventana Cave (Haury, 1950, p329); La Candelaria Cave, CoahuilAveleyra et al., 1956, pp. 174-175); Sa

Cayetano Ruin (Di Peso, 1956, pp. 423430); and from a series of sitesparticularly in the Mogollon area (Martiet al., 1952, pp. 112-113, fig. 44).

Similar pipes have also been found in thwestern Great Basin at Lovelock CavLoud and Harrington, 1929, pl. 52) on th

old shoreline of Humboldt Lake (ibid., p65), and at Humboldt Cave (Heizer anKrieger, 1956, p. 71; pl. 31, e, f).

Ethnographically, pipes of straight tubulashape are characteristic of California, thGreat Basin, and the west coast oMexico; however, they are usually o

pottery where pottery-making was know


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Driver and Massey, 1957, pp. 262-263map 70). In these areas they were used fosmoking, frequently in association wit

religious or curing ceremonies.n mission times tubular stone pipes wer

used throughout northern and central Baj

California by shamans; they were smokeand the smoke was blown on injured odiseased parts, or they were used asucking and blowing tubes for the remova

of disease-causing objects.Miscellaneous stone artifacts.There arfew stone artifacts besides the pipes

Among these is a worked piece of pumic139613), 8 cm. by 4 cm., which has bowl-like concavity ground through froone side to the other (pl. 12, c). There ar

wo fragments of gypsum which have bee


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roughly chipped along one or more edge139568,pl. 13, f; 139569).

BONE

Bone awls or daggers.Two bon

awls or daggers of identical type arncluded in the collection (139589, a an

b;pl. 12, a, b). Both specimens are madof the sawed and ground metapodials osome large mammal, presumably deerThe shorter of the two (139589a) retainvestiges of a black adhesive for half th

ength of its convex surface. This iprobably the result of hafting. Nothinprecisely comparable to these specimenhas been reported so far in th

archaeology of the peninsula; however


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similar artifacts do occur in near-bregions. They have been reported frosouthern California (Gifford, 1940, p

161), from Basketmaker sites in ArizonKidder and Guernsey, 1919, p. 128), andfrom Ventana Cave, where they areconcentrated in Level 4 (Haury, 1950, fig

86J, p. 376, table 30).

Other bone artifacts comprise two parts tflakers (139556, 139557), for which se

Wooden Artifacts.

SHELLA number of shell ornaments and a piecof coral were recovered from the cave. Ahe same time unworked specimens wer


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found and collected both from the cavand from the midden which occupies thbay shore just east of the cave.

Abalone ornaments.Three abalone shelornaments (139551-139553), identified aHaliotis splendens, were found. Two ar

complete, one (139553) is fragmentaThey all appear to be examples of a singlype. They are oval to circular, with th

following dimensions: 139551 (pl. 13, c

s 4.8 cm. in diameter; 139552 (pl. 13, as 5.3 by 4.3 cm.; and 139553 (pl. 13, b

appears to have been 3.9 cm. in diameterThickness varies between 2 and 3 mm. I

manufacture the original external surfacof the shell has been ground and polisheo a nacreous surface. In decoration of thwo complete specimens there is a centra


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conically drilled hole from which shorncisions radiate, and an additional hole i

drilled on one edge, probably fo

stringing. The fragmental specime139553) has these holes, but in additiohas three other holes drilled near thoriginal central hole. The origina

description of the artifacts suggests thahese holes may have been intended a

repairs (Annual Report, 1888, p. 129). Alhree shell specimens are edge-incised

and two have punctate designs.

Until the present, few shell ornamenthave been noted in the archaeology o

Baja California. No specimens identicao those from Baha de Los Angeles ar

known; however, all of the decorativelements and techniques recorded her


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can be duplicated among specimens ooyster (Pinctada mazatlanica) shelornaments from the Cape Region far to th

south (Massey, MS 1). Since abalone donot occur in the Gulf of California, thesshells must have been obtained by thBaha de Los Angeles people from th

Pacific Coast, either directly or in tradeSpecific mention of the use of abalonamong the historic Indians of the peninsuls rare in the documents; however

contemporary Kiliwa women use pieceof the shell for ornamentation (Meigs1939, p. 35).

Abalone shell was commonly used bpeoples of adjacent California. Both thshell and, probably, the ornamenthemselves were widely traded into th


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Southwest. Ornaments very similar to thBaha de Los Angeles specimens havbeen found in Basketmaker caves i

Arizona (Guernsey and Kidder, 1921, p49).

Olivella shell.Four broken strings o

Olivella shell beads (O. biplicata139546) were found with the burialsTwo types are represented. There arhree short strands, totaling 17 beads, i

which only the spires have been grounfrom the shells for stringing (pl. 13, e)The fourth strand held 9 Olivella shellssomewhat larger than the others, fro

which both the spires and bases had beeground (pl. 13, d).

n addition to the strings of beads

Olivella shell is recorded in use with tw


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other specimens in the collectionFragments of shells are found as inlay on wooden artifact (139565); for

description see the section on WoodeArtifacts. They are also found tied iwith bundles of human hair in a garmen139539).

The use of Olivella shells, with spiresbases, or both removed by grinding iorder to make beads, is known throughou

Baja California archaeologically. Similaoccurrences are even more frequent in tharchaeology of southern and centraCalifornia (Gifford, 1947, p. 11). Olivell

shells inlaid in asphaltum have been founn southern California (ibid., p. 36). Thnlaid fragments of the shell from Baha d

Los Angeles duplicate this type o


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decoration.

Coral.There is a piece of cora

139566) which may have beepurposefully smoothed into an elongatobject, 10.5 cm. in length.

Unworked shell.Dr. Palmer collectedsample specimens of unworked shell frohe open midden on the bay to the east ohe burial site, as well as unworked shel

n association with the burials in the cavAnnual Report, 1888, p. 129). These aristed below:

Cave Specimens139561-Cardium elatuSby.139562-Pecten (vola

dentata Sby.


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Midden Specimens139590-Cardiumpentunculus

139591-(Aximea)gigantea139592-Strombusgracilior Sby.

139593-Strombustesselatum139594-Callistachionaea139595-Chionefluctifraga139596-Crucibulum

spinosum Sby.139597-Chione (?succinata139598-Neverita

reclugiana


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139599-Dosiniaponderosa139600-Arca sp.

139602-Pecten (voladentata139603-Venus guidia139604-Cardita

(Lazaria) californica139605-Avicula sp.139606-Tapes gratSby. and histrionica139607-Solecurtuscalifornianus Com.139608-Spondylus

princeps139609-Ostraeapalmilla cpr.139610-Liacardium

elatium


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139611-Phyllontus sp.139612-Prinna sp.

MIDDEN POTSHERDS

n addition to the unworked shells ther

are body and rim sherds from at least twpottery vessels which came from a shelmidden on the bay.

There is a single rim sherd (139614awhich comes from a shallow bowl with direct flat-topped rim. Color of both thnterior and exterior surfaces is buff. Th

paste is fairly coarse, with a granitic sanemper which has also some pumicnclusions. There is also evidence o

vegetable-fiber inclusions. There is n


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mica in the paste. The fragment is 5 mmhick.

The second fragment (139614b) is a largrim and body sherd from a large bowwhich would have been 27 cm. idiameter and 17 cm. high. The rim i

direct, with a grooved lip (pl. 18, a, b)The surface color is black to dark grayThe paste is coarse, with sand and quartnclusions, some of which are as large a

5 mm. in diameter. No mica is presentThe surface is scarred by burned-awavegetable inclusions. The specimen iabout 9 mm. thick.

This pottery could have been native-madpottery from the Mission period, or icould have been derived from pottery

making Indians to the north. Neithe


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source has been adequately studied on thpeninsula. Comparable pieces have beeseen, however, from mission ruins i

central and northern Baja California.

WOOD

Flakers.Two compound flakers, madby securing pieces of ground bone to shorwooden shafts, were found in thcollection. In one specimen (139556) thentire flaker measures 12 cm., and thprojecting bone 3.4 cm. (pl. 14, b). Th

other specimen (139557) is 13.1 cm. longwith a bone piece 5.6 cm. long (pl. 14, c)n both specimens the ground pieces o

bone were laid in grooves in the roun

wooden shafts, and secured to them wit


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2-ply Z-twist cordage (see Haftings fodetails). Both of the wood shafts arncised with lines encircling the handl

area. These lines may have beedecorative, or they may have beentended to supply friction to the grasp.

Flakers of bone have been reported for thnorthern part of Baja California (Sales1794, I:49) and must have been known tall peoples on the peninsula despite th

absence of direct evidence in tharchaeology and most of the historicasources. They were known throughouadjacent regions, although usually in th

form of simple antler tines. Specimendentical to those from Baha de Lo

Angeles, except for the use of sinewashing in place of the cordage, have bee


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reported from Basketmaker caves iArizona (Guernsey and Kidder, 1921, p96; fig. 15c).

Cane whistles.Two cane, or carrizowhistles were found in the cave. They ardentical in form and mode o

construction, but they differ in decorativdetails. In both the whistle hole is cut inthe cane at a node, and is reinforced wit

a black adhesive, possibly asphaltum.

Around the whistle hole of the longer ohe two specimens (139588a;pl. 15, h

are five pits which have been burned in

wo are at one end of the hole, three at thother. As added decoration a series oncisions encircles the shaft of the whistle

some of which, at the mouth end, ar

oined by pairs of cut lines. All of thes


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ncisions are blackened, either by carboor through handling.

The shorter whistle (139588b;pl. 15, ghas no burned pits at the hole, but thencircling incisions, minus the connectinines, are present. At the end of th

whistle opposite the mouth is the remnanof a hole in which there is a fragment oknotted cordage.

o other whistles have been recorded fohe archaeology of the peninsula. Spanisdocumentary sources are unrefined in thdifferentiation of flutes and whistles

either or both were known to the historiribes of Baja California. Use warestricted to ceremonial occasions in alrecorded instances.


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Directly to the north of Baha de LoAngeles, in the 18th century, shamans usedwhistles in ceremonies performed severa

days after a death (Sales, 1794, I:79), jusas the modern Kiliwa use a reed flute ahe iwey ceremony (Meigs, 1939, p. 45)n neighboring southern California, the us

of flutes was nearly universal, whilwhistles were used infrequently (Drucker1937, p. 25).

Bull-roarer (?).One highly polishewooden artifact (139565) may have beeused as a bull-roarer. This artifact, with ength of 23.5 cm., a diameter of 5.1 cm

and a thickness of 6 mm. (pl. 15, i), imade of a very hard dark woodprobably ironwood, Olneva tesota. It iconcave on both faces. At each end, and a


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a right angle to the main axis of thspecimen, is a groove filled with hardened black substance inlaid wit

fragments of Olivella shell (O. biplicata)The hole at one end is biconically drilledThis artifact has been tentatively called bull-roarer because no other purpos

can be conjectured. It is too large for net-gauge, which it somewhat resemblebecause of its concave ends.

There is no mention of bull-roarers in thSpanish sources for the peninsulahowever, one archaeological specimehas been recovered from the surface of

cave in the San Julio Basin, to the east oComond. This wooden bull-roarer has conventional shape; it is a long ovalshaped piece of hardwood which i


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double-convex or lenticular in crossection and has a length of 21.5 cm.[2]

The use of bull-roarers for ceremoniapurposes was nearly universal in southerCalifornia (Drucker, 1937, p. 25). Thehave also been reported for the Kiliwa o

northern Baja California, where they werused by shamans in the iwey ceremonyand for placating ghosts by anyone in aemergency (Meigs, 1939, p. 45).

Projectiles.A single compound arrow139587) or dart is in the Palme

Collection. Although it is broken, ther

can be no doubt that the two pieces ocane shaft form a single piece, 92.5 cm. iength (pl. 15, a). There is no foreshaft

The sting-ray spine, which makes a

excellent natural projectile point, was le


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directly into the split end of the cane, anwas secured by cord binding (seHaftings). Instead of the usual nock i

he butt end of the shaft for a bowstringhere is a cuplike depression (fig. 1). Thisuggests, of course, that this may havbeen a dart for use with a thrower o

atlatl. Although that weapon is unreportedn the Spanish sources on central an

northern Baja California, dart-throwerwere reported by Spanish explorers fohe first quarter of the 17th century for th

southern Cape Region; they are alsknown archaeologically from the sam

area (Massey, 1957, pp. 55-62).


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of arrow or dart (139587), showing

spine point and cuplike depression a

One smoothed wooden specime139560) appears to have been

foreshaft. It is sharply pointed at one endand has a cuplike depression in thopposite, thicker end. It is straight anapered, with a length of 38 cm. (pl. 15, f)

Similar specimens are common in historievels of caves in the Sierra de La GigantMassey and Tuohy, MS).

Viznaga spines.A bundle of seve


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spines of the Viznaga cactuEchinocactus wislizeni) was foun139547;pl. 14, a). These spines had al

been straightened from their naturacurved condition. They could have servea variety of piercing purposes.

Miscellaneous wooden artifacts.Iaddition to the artifacts of vegetable origihat can be identified with certainty, ther

are several fragments and whol

specimens which remain to be consideredThere is a round straight piece of woo139559), measuring 30.5 cm. in lengt

and 8 mm. in diameter, which has bothends blunted and rounded, apparently frouse in grinding and pounding (pl. 15, e)ts exact use is unknown.


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Two sticks, lashed together in two placeswere found (139585a). Together themeasure 50 cm. in length (pl. 15, c). Th

onger pointed stick has a notched end afor an arrow butt (see Haftings fodetails of the tying).

There is also a round, sharply pointedand tapered fragment of hardwood with ength of 8.8 cm. The shape suggests that i

may have been part of a digging stick

however, the specimen is very highlpolished on all of its preserved surfaces.

Two wooden fragments (139586) ar

isted in the catalogue of the United Stateational Museum as parts of a bowActually there is little about their shape tsuggest such a use (pl. 15, b). Both ar

round in cross section, and they do not fi


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ogether. One piece (139586a), which i58 cm. in length, is slightly curved, with knob carved on the complete end. Ther

are faint indications that there hapreviously been wrappings at this endThe other specimen (139586b), with ength of 56.5 cm. and a diameter of 1.

cm., is fragmental at both ends. It has twplaces in which the shaft has been carvearound. Incised diagonal lines mark thsurface in several places.

CORDAGE AND TEXTILES

n addition to the cordage used in thfabrication of articles of apparehousehold utensils, and for the hafting o

ools, the cave contained the usua


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miscellany of prepared fibers and knot139544) usually of agave fiber. There i

also a bundle of unspun hair tied in th

center with an overhand knot (139543)The bulk of the miscellaneous cordage i2-ply cordeach single S-twisted with final Z-twist. Since the spinning is s

uniformly of this twisting, it is highlprobable that manufacture of the cordagfollowed that described by Kissell for thPapago, and noted in many other placesThis method of down movementfollowed by an up movement to makhe 2-ply gives a preliminary S-twist an

a final Z-twist (Kissell, 1916, p. 229).Under the microscope, one of thspecimens shows a single fiber, used as ie at a position where a new bundle o


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fibers is added, weaving in and out of thold and new bundles. This gives the fibermuch stronger binding than does twistin

ogether alone. The twist is normallmedium-hard to hard with an occasionacrpe twist.

Fur-wrapped cord, of which onlfragments were recovered, consists ostrips of hide with fur attached, about cm. wide, wrapped around (S-twist

already prepared 2-ply agave fiber cordo articles were found which had bee

constructed with fur-wrapped cord.

Since these fragments are undoubtedly bitbroken from finished articles or remnantfrom the construction of articles, it is nosurprising that, with one notabl

exception, they cover the range o


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prepared cordage for the other specimensThe exception is cotton cord, of which nfragments were recovered. Thi

strengthens the hypothesis that the cottocloth (139537) was brought to thpeninsula in its manufactured state.

Both human-hair cord and palm-fibecordage, common to cave collections frohe Cape Region of southern Baj

California, are missing here at Baha d

Los Angeles.Square knots are most common in thcollection of miscellaneous cordage. Thi

s to be expected, in view of the squareknot construction of the hairnets ancarrying nets found in the cave.

dentifiable vegetal fibers include those o


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Apocynum sp. (probably cannabinum) anAgave sp.[3]

On a comparative basis the cordage anmiscellaneous knots from Baha de LoAngeles are most like historic-periomaterials from central Baja California

Excavated sites and large privatcollections there contain an overwhelminamount of cordage that is 2-ply Z-twistboth square and overhand knots wer

found. Again like Baha de Los Angelesnets were made by the square-knoechnique (Massey and Tuohy, MS).

The southern part of the peninsula, on thcontrary, exhibits 2-ply Z-twist cordagonly in slightly over 50 per cent ocollected specimens. Both knots wer

known, but netting was made entirely b


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arks-head knotting (Massey, MS 1).

Simplest Uses of Prepared Cord

Four-warp weaving.Many samples o4-warp weaving were found in th

miscellaneous fiber collection (139544and in a group of woven fragment139554). None was found in connectio

with the finished articles of the collectionso that their use is purely conjectural. Thwarp is generally 2-ply, Z-twistmedium- to hard-twist cordage; the weft ihe same, but generally lighter in weighhan the warp.

Cord-wrapped sticks (bobbins?).Therare two kinds of sticks wrapped wit


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cordage: single short sticks looselwrapped around the midsectiobobbins?), and pairs of sticks tie

ogether end-to-end tightly in two placesThe cord on these specimens is invariablof the common 2-ply Z-twist agave fiber.

One of the pairs of sticks (139585a), wita total length of 50 cm., consists of pointed stick with a nocked butt enashed tightly to the second stick in tw

places (pl. 15, c). The stick with the nocappears to be the butt end of a projectilshaft. If it were, it would be unusual foBaja California, where projectile shaft

are usually of cane. The second specime139558d) consists of two lengths of cane

10.3 and 5.4 cm. long, which are looselbound with a single-strand fiber (pl. 14


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f).

Four specimens of sticks wrapped wit

cord were recovered. Lengths of thesspecimens are as follows: 139558a, 2cm. (pl. 15, d); 139558b, 15.8 cm. (pl. 14e); 139558c, 17.3 cm. (pl. 14, d); an

139549, 11 cm.Strings for beads.Shell beads werstrung on a very fine 2-ply cord, probabl

made of agave fiber; each ply consists oabout three fibers, probably of agave als139546;pl. 13, d). Both of these group

are fragments, so use is agai

problematical.Miscellaneous.There is a piece of hidwrapped with a 2-ply cord, probably o

agave fibers, loosely Z-twisted (139548


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pl. 14, g). The first end is secured bwrapping-over; the outer end is drawunder some of the cord and pulled tight.

oticeably lacking from the cavmaterials are sections of reed strung ocord, which formed the aprons of wome

hroughout most of the peninsulaSpecimens of this type are abundantlreported for all of central and southerBaja California, and they have bee

archaeologically found in the central areMassey, MS 1).

Haftings

Five different types of hafting were founamong the Baha de Los Angeles artifacts


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Flakers (see Wooden Artifacts ).Onbone flaker (139556;pl. 14, b) is haftewith eight rounds of cord, of 2-ply Z-twis

agave, medium- to hard-twist; each singlconsists of three to five fibers, Z-twistedoose-to-medium. The original end wa

secured by wrapping-over; the final end i

broken and not secured at the present timeAn overhand knot with no function occurn the wrapping.

A second bone flaker (139557;pl. 14, cs hafted with a 2-ply agave cord, S-twist

medium, which is wrapped three timearound the bone and wood. The end i

drawn under the three wrappings anwisted to the original end.

Darts or arrows.A third hafted

specimen (139585) consists of wha


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wrappings, carried up the split in the canewrapped three times around the end of thcane, and broken (fig. 1). It may once hav

been secured by drawing under the finawrappings, as were most of the Baha dLos Angeles haftings. The cordage used i2 mm. in diameter of 2-ply agave (?) wit

a medium-to-hard Z-twist. Each single iS-twisted and very loose.

Water bags (?).There is a cor

wrapping around what may have been thneck of a bladder or skin water ba139555;pl. 16, b). The piece of skin ha

been folded together very evenly b

accordion-pleating and wrapped for ength of 2 cm. with a 2-ply looselwisted Z-twist cord, and finally secure

with a granny knot.


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Skins of animals and fish bladders were iuse as water containers in this area iearly historic times, as reported b

Francisco Ulloa in 1540 (Wagner, 1925pp. 25, 28). Farther south on the peninsulsimilar water bags were reported in use ihe 18th century (Baegert, 1942, p. 85; W

Rogers, 1928, p. 208).

MattingTwo pieces of matting of distinct typewere preserved in the collection. Theprobably were saved by Dr. Palmer asamples of the types in the cave.

One of the pieces (139544) is sewed, ohreaded, rush matting (pl. 16, d). Th


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engths of rush (Juncus acutus varphaerocarpus), which form the warp arpierced at intervals of about 10 cm. by th

sewing thread which is a continuouength of cord, probably of agave. Thisewing element, which serves as the weftconsists of 2-ply Z-twist cord with

medium-to-hard twist. Each single ply iZ-twisted in medium degree. Total size ohis well-preserved fragment is about 5

cm. by 21 cm. The one selvage which habeen preserved would indicate that thwidth of the mat at least was set when thworker began the sewing process.

Apparently threaded or sewed mattinwas not widely used in neighboring areao the north. Such matting with

decorative selvage was found b


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Cosgrove in a cave in the Upper Gilregion (Cosgrove, 1947, p. 114)Distributions which he gives are confine

o early Pueblo period cultures in thSouthwest.[4] The trait was specificalldenied for Humboldt Cave (Heizer anKrieger, 1956, p. 58).

The second fragment of matting (139540consists of bundles of unspun fibersecured by cord with a simple overhan

knot which holds the fiber warp closelogether (fig. 2). In this tie-twined mattinhe wefts are spaced at intervals of 3.

cm., and they consist of 2-ply agave (?

cord with a loose to medium Z-twist, witeach single strand S-twisted. The warpbundles, identified as grass, are nowisted.


74/161twined matting technique


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Although none of the Spanish accountists the use of matting by the natives o

Baja California, archaeologica

specimens of both the sewed and tiewined types have been recovered frocaves in the central region of the peninsulfrom Muleg to Comond (Massey an

Tuohy, MS; Massey, MS 2). The tiewined matting also occurs in the extrem

south of the peninsula (Massey, MS 1)Mats are recorded as part of thhousehold furnishings of most southerCalifornians. Mats of Juncus sp. are notefor the Mountain and Desert Diegueo

The Yuma do not use mats (Drucker1937, p. 21).

The use of tie-twined matting appears tbe an old trait in the Desert Area and it


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cultures. It is known throughout thpeninsula, where old traits were retainedand also in archaeological collection

from various parts of the Great Basin anSouthwest. A sampling of the literaturereveals the following occurrencesLovelock Cave (Loud and Harrington

1929, pp. 56-60); Humboldt Cave (Heizeand Krieger, 1956, p. 57); Danger CavJennings et al., 1957, pp. 242-243)

Promontory Point (Steward, 1937, p. 29)Hueco Area (Cosgrove, 1947, p. 113; seealso p. 114 for various other Southwesterocations); the Guadalupe Mountain are

Ferdon, 1946, pp. 15-16); and portions oTexas (Jackson, 1937, p. 157).

Netting


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Hairnets.Two complete hairnet139534a and b) and one fragmen139534c) were found on crania in th

cave (pl. 16, a, c). All of these were tiedwith a single-element square-knoechnique (fig. 3). Cordage is of the 2-pl

Z-twist type with each single S-twisted

The cord is probably of agave fiber.

Square-knot technique.


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The two complete hairnets are begun wita center circle of discrete tied yarn. Tearge loops are cast onto this. In the nex

round, each of the large loops has threoops tied onto it with the continuoucord, making a total of 30 loops for thcircumference of the net (fig. 4). Th

gauge of the succeeding 15 rows of knots approximately 2.5 cm.

n order to gather the lower edge of the ne

for fitting purposes, the cord was doubleand two loops were gathered together anied with the same square-knot techniqufig. 5).

The third net (c) has eleven loops casonto the original circle; the technique oying is the same, but the mesh gauge of

o 1.5 cm. is finer.


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hairnets and carr


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edge of hai


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Fig. 6. Detail of lower, gathere

Among the historic tribes the wearing o

hairnets, both plain and decorated, wauniversal among the women of BajCalifornia. Such usage among southerCalifornians was denied by all o

Druckers informants (Drucker, 1937, p45). There appears to be no mention ohem from the adjacent west coast o

Mexico, but they are know

archaeologically from the Great BasinLoud and Harrington picture several froLovelock Cave, but give no description ohe knotting technique (1929, pl. 41)

However, in their discussion of knots themention that the mesh knot (weaverknot) was the most common, and thsquare knot was little used (ibid., pp. 83


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87). Actually the nets, as they appear inLoud and Harringtons plate, are versimilar to the Baja California specimen

n being knotted rather than being made bhe more frequently found coil-withoutfoundation technique.

Hairnets were also worn in ancient PeruSome hairnets described by Singer froPachacamac were constructed with squarknots, but most of the 29 specimens sh

describes were made with the sheet-benfishermans) knot (Singer, 1936).

Hairnets of the square-knot constructio

from Baha de Los Angeles pose, at thpresent time, an unanswerable question oorigin and extrapeninsular distribution.

Carrying net.One fragmentary ne


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139535a), the original size of whiccannot be determined, is similar to thhairnets in construction, but probably wa

used for carrying. The bag is tied with thsame element square knot; the mesh size iapproximately 2.4 cm. Both ends of thinet, however, are gathered together. The

net beginning is a small circular piece ocord. Four loops are cast onto this; thnumber of working loops is increased t16 in the next course by the methollustrated in figure 4. The square-knoying begins with the next course.

At the lower end, the meshes are gathere

ogether with a hitch (fig. 6). This mahave been put through the loops at whawould have been the top of the bag to holt shut. This would serve as


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supplementary tying cord rather than beinpart of the structure of the net.

This fragmentary net has one notablunique feature. Feathers, presumabldecorative, were caught, not in the knothemselves, but between them (fig. 7). Th

knot used is identical to the marline spikhitch described by Graumont and Hense1946, p. 69; fig. 101; pl. 29). This type o

knotmore properly called a hitchha

not been reported elsewhere among thmethods of attaching feathers. As can bseen in the reconstruction, the featheserves to hold the hitch, yet if the cor

were to be pulled tightly around it, thfeather could be removed only witdifficulty. It remains puzzling that thcarrying net, rather than the hairnets


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should be so decorated.

showing insertion of feathers in hitche

net.

Turning to other archaeological exampleof nets from the peninsula, we learn thaspecimens of square-knot netting hav

been found to the south in the centraregion from Muleg to Comond. Caves the west of Muleg have yielded tw

fragments of square-knot netting (Massey

MS 2). Other examples derive fro


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Caguama and Metate caves betweeComond and Loreto. In Metate Cavhere was a single complete carrying ne

Massey and Tuohy, MS). Elsewhere onhe peninsula little is known of theexcept for the southern Cape Regionwhere netting was in the distinct techniqu

of larks-head knotting (Massey, MS 1).

On the ethnographic level, carrying netwere widely used by Indians of wester

orth America from Canada to Mexicoand again in Central America. As part ohis general distribution they were usehroughout the peninsula (Driver an

Massey, 1957, pp. 274, 276, map 78).

Among the Lower Californians nets werused for carrying suitable gathere

products, and also, in the central part o


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he peninsula at least, for carrying infantsFor the latter purpose two portagmethods were in vogue: the net wa

suspended over the shoulders from a tumband across the forehead; or from the enof a pole held by one hand across thshoulder, as a bindle.

Feathered Apron or Cape

Even though this piece (139535b;pl. 17a) is extremely fragmentary, it is one ohe more interesting of the perishabl

artifacts. At present it measures about 25cm. by 17.5 cm. Many of the tying cordand feathers have disappeared or arncomplete. The original bundles of bas

fiber actually were probably little longe


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han in this fragment.

The method of making the article has bee

reconstructed as follows. The heavwaist belt cord is a bundle of unspufibers and spun cord, 1.5 cm. in diameterThe origin of the spun cord is lost in th

mass of material; it is probable that thcord itself was held by the wrappincords from the bark units. The hanginbundles of shredded bark were double

over this waist belt and wrapped witunspun fibers to make a rigid, tightlclosed bundle. These fibers hold thfeathers, which may once have covere

he bundles completely for, on some, thwrapping covers the entire length. Thength of these bundles varies from 13 t

17.5 cm. These bundles are held in plac


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on the heavy cord by a wrapping cord o2-ply Z-twisted agave, which frequentlappears to cross the bundles and the heav

cord in a haphazard manner; feathers arwrapped onto the heavy cord by thimeans. Although now there iconsiderable rigidity introduced into th

fibers by dirt, the mass of ties alwayprevented this from being a softly hanginpiece.

To date no like specimens are known frohe archaeology of the peninsula. We

know of no similar articles in historiimes in Baja California, nor to the nort

n southern California.

Human Hair Cape


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The human hair cape from the PalmeCollection (139539; also 139538139550) is fragmentary, but sufficientl

ntact to provide complete information ohe technique of its construction anmanufacture (pl. 17, b).

The hanks of human hair forming thigarment are from 12.7 cm. to 27.5 cmong with the majority falling in midrange

The hanks are about 6 mm. in diameter

Primarily, each bundle of hanks was heldogether by a light wrapping of singl

agave (?) fibers and some such adhesivmaterial as pitch. In addition, thes

bundles are secondarily secured with fin2-ply cord, which is 1 mm. in diameterwith a hard Z-twist. This fine cord alsserves to tie each bundle to the main cor


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of suspension.

The bundles of hair were held together b

he same tie-twining as in the matting (fig2). There is an overhand knot betweeeach of the bundles. The twining cortself is 2-ply, Z-twisted in a loose twist

This method served to fasten the bundleo the cord, space them, and to hold theclosely. This tying consists of a basic corand a wrapping cord. A third cord, which

formed the wrapping of the individuabundles, is carried to the basic cordwrapped around it, and in turn is wrappeby the whipping cord. This wrapping i

not accomplished neatly; the garmentfoall of this cord wrappingis not a verstrongly constructed article.

n the Palmer Collection there are broke


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hanks of human hair, undoubtedly parts ohis specimen, which are catalogue

separately (139538). Among these is

string of Olivella beads strung on 2-plcord, and wrapped in with the tying corof a hair bundle. Thus shell beads werprobably part of the original garmen

Other tied hanks of human hair (139550were undoubtedly parts of the specimen.

There is no single item of native culture o

Baja California so diagnostic ocharacteristic as mantles of human haiused by shamans. Few Europeachroniclers who had a chance to observ

hem failed to mention this articleHowever, none have appeared in another reported archaeological excavationon the peninsula.


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As part of the paraphernalia of thshaman, the cape or mask of human haiwas indispensable from the Guaicur

north to the Kiliwa and WesternDiegueo. In all recorded cases the haiwas obtained from relatives mourning thdeath of a recently deceased member o

he family or from the dead themselvesConstruction of the garments must havbeen in the hands of the shamanhemselves, so secret were most aspect

of the medicine-mans lore.

Although the cultural and tribadentification of masks or capes of huma

hair with the shaman is general for thPeninsular Yumans (Cochim), such capewere found as far south as the Guaicura ihistoric times (Baegert, 1942, p. 123)


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Both of the major sources for the historiethnography of the Yuman-speakingpeoples of central Baja California attest t

he use of this device by native medicinemen (Venegas, 1944, I:95-96, 100Clavigero, 1937, p. 114). For the arenearest Baha de Los Angeles, the bes

description of the use of these garments ihat of the 18th-century Dominican, Fathe

Luis Sales, who speaks of the capes afollows (1794, pp. 76-77):

When all are gathered, ornamentedwith charcoal and yellow, the oldman places himself in the center of

the circle. Under his arm he has adoubled mat of rushes in which hehides the rain cape from thefiesta.[5] On another little stick he


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has the hair of the dead mansuspended. He indicates silence,puts on the rain cape of the hair of

the dead, and causes as much horroras when a bear appears. He plays awhistle and tells them that the deadman is coming; but, however much

they look, they do not see himcoming. Nevertheless they believeit. Then he shows them the littlestick with the hair of the dead man,and tells them that he is there, thatthey see himand they see nothing.However they give cries, they pull

their hair, and make other ridiculousactions. Finally, relieved by crying,the old man comforts them. He putsa thousand questions to the head of

hair, and he himself answers them to


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his liking.

This 18th-century description of Indians t

he north of Baha de Los Angeles, on thFrontera, has its exact counterpart in 20th-century description of the iweTalking with the Dead) Ceremony o

he Kiliwa (Meigs, 1939, pp. 50-57).

Tump Band

The tump band (139536) is made with thwining technique used so frequently i

such constructions. Fragments of both end

are present, but the intervening centraportion is missing so the original length ohe specimen is not known. The larges

section is 25 cm. long and 7.7 cm. wid


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pl. 17, d).

The original warps were three heav

cords which were loosely Z-twisted owo plys of 2-ply cord; each 2-ply singls S-twisted. The fiber is probably o

some species of agave. The outer two o

he three heavy cords form the selvagcords. The center cord was split into itwo component yarns, and forms th

beginning of the inner warp threads. Two

ply cords were introduced rapidly to maka maximum of the 27 present at its greateswidth. Introduction of the warp elementwas accomplished very evenly, producin

no distortion of the flat surface. Twininwas done with the pitch up-to-the-righThe weft was also of 2-ply agave (?cord.


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The one peculiar feature of this twineband is the form of the selvage, whicgives the appearance of a sewing running

stitch along the heavy outer cords.t is extremely unlikely that this was

sling or belt. The band seems too rigid t

have been used for either of these twpurposes, and slings are not recordehistorically from Baja California.

The only similar specimen know in tharchaeology of the peninsula is a fragmenof a tump band from the upper or historievel of Metate Cave near Comond.[6

This fragment is identical with the tumpb a nd from Baha de Los Angeles iweave, selvage, and cordage. Even thcount is similar: 9 warps and 15 wefts pe

nch for the Baha de Los Angele


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example, and 10 by 22 for the MetatCave specimen. Either of these is muccoarser than Basketmaker bands, lik

hose from Segi Canyon with their 2warps and wefts per inch (Guernsey1931, p. 9).

The tump band was used for portage witcarrying nets among the historic Indians ocentral Baja California (see Carryin

ets). The modern Kiliwa of the nort

supported nets on the back by a banwhich passed across the forehead. At thforehead this band consisted of 2parallel cords (Meigs, 1939, p. 38

wined or simple cords are not stipulated)Woven packstraps were used by alsouthern California Indians (Drucker1937, p. 21). Babies and general burden


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were carried in nets supported by thforehead tumpline in the central annorthern areas of the peninsul

Clavigero, 1937, p. 106).

Cotton Cloth

Since woven cotton (Gossypium sp.) waunknown in aboriginal Baja California ahe time of European contact, it

provenience must be beyond thpeninsula. Presumably this specimen is piece of pre-Columbian trade goods frohe mainland of Mexico, and so belongs ihe cultural inventory of the cotton

weaving cultures of the Oasis Area.

The weave of this fragment (139537) i


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Plain (over-one-under-one) (pl. 17, c)The piece, which measures 25.5 cm. lonwarp) by 30 cm. (weft), consists of on

oomstring end and neither selvage. Thwarp is white cotton cord, 1 mm. idiameter, in a loosely twisted 2-ply Zwist. The weft of the same material has

diameter of 2 mm. of single ply, veroosely Z-twist cord. This weft is abouhe equivalent of commercial slub with nensile strength. The thread count of th

cloth is virtually square (6 x 5 per cm.)although the greater diameter of the tightlbeaten weft makes it the predominan

feature of the textile.The warp ends carry a decorativstrengthening feature known tSouthwestern textiles, both ancient an


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modern. Two whipping cords that are likhe weft secure the end warp loops. The

were structural and were probabl

nserted while the warp was being set up.One side of the cloth has a whipped edgholding irregularly broken weft ends. Thi

rough mending was accomplished with thusual native 2-ply cordage. Depth of thstitch into the material varies considerablan indication of expedience rather tha

ornamentation.Since cotton cloth and cotton are absenfrom the pre-Columbian archaeology an

he historic ethnography of the peninsulahis specimen must have been obtainehrough trans-Gulf trade with mainlan

Mexico. The Seri of Tiburon Island and

Sonora were probably the intermediar


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raders. These Indians are well aware ohe peninsula opposite them to the wesGriffen, 1959).

Although the weave of this specimen is thsimplest of all weaving techniques, it iacking among other textile materials o

Baja California, such as basketry anmatting. The precise mainland derivatioof this specimen must remain in doubt; alhe tribes of Sonoraexcept the Seri

wove cotton (Driver and Massey, 1957, p216). Plain cotton cloth was extremelwidely distributed in the prehistoric Oasiarea, and dates at least from Pueblo

imes in the American Southwest (Kent1957, p. 491).


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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

This small collection of archaeologica

materials has a marked diversity of typeswith little duplication. Compared tsimilar artifacts from habitation caves, thspecimens of the Palmer Collection ar

complete with the exception of the fragilgarments and the netting.

There are few household goods of an

variety. Most of the specimens arornamental or have a ceremoniasignificance. A number of artifactsspecifically the tubular stone pipes, huma

hair cape, cane whistles, and the probablbull-roarer, were associated with shamanamong the historic peoples of thpeninsula. It is most likely that one of th

burials was a shaman, who had bee


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nterred with his paraphernalia in thiburial cave.

Most of the material from Baha de LoAngeles can be duplicated from variousites in the Desert Area; however, a fewhave been recorded only in th

archaeology or ethnography of BajCalifornia. These include the human haicape and the exclusive square-knonetting.

The majority of the artifacts and traitoccur in the archaeological collectionfrom Baja California and are mentioned i

he ethnographic accounts for that regioand for the north of the peninsula. Only thfeathered cape and the specific type obone awl, or dagger, are not recorded

This material bears little resemblance t


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he collections or ethnographidescriptions from the extreme south of thpeninsula.

There is absolutely nothing in thicollection and in the affiliation of itartifacts with cultural materials fro

central Baja California to support thcontentions of Malcolm Rogers (1945, p191 passim). Without a doubt the Yumansof the peninsula entered long before th

advent of pottery-making in the ColoradDesert region. Neither the PalmeCollection nor identical materials frohistoric levels in the central part of th

peninsula can be explained as being due ta post-1450 invasion of Baja Californiby peoples representing the last phase ohe Yuman sequence in southern


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California.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aveleyra-Arroyo de Anda, L., M. MaldRo

1956. La Cueva de La Candelaria

Baegert, J. (Pedro Hendrichs, trans.)1942. Noticias de la Pennsula A

Clavigero, F. J. (S. E. Lake and A. A. G1937. The History of Lower Calif

Cosgrove, C. B.

1947. Caves of the Upper Gila a


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Texas. Pap. Peabody Mus.Amer. Archaeol. and Ethn

Mass.

Di Peso, C. C.1956. The Upper Pima of San Cay

The Amerind Foundation Inc

1957. A Tubular Stone PipeXXII(3):288-290. Salt Lake City.

Driver, H. E., and W. C. Massey

1957. Comparative Studies of NPhilos. Soc.,47(pt. 2):165-456. Philadel

Drucker, P.1937. Culture Element Distribut

Calif. Publ. Anthro. Rec.,1(1):1-52. Berkeley.


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Ferdon, Jr., E. N.1946. An Excavation of Hermi

American Research.

Monograph No. 10. Univ. NGifford, E. W.

1940. Californian Bone Artifacts.

238. Berkeley.1947. Californian Shell Artifacts132. Berkeley.

Graumont, R., and J. Hensel1946. Encyclopedia of Knots and

Griffen, W. B.1959. Notes on the Seri India

American MonographsSeries, No. 10. Univ. of Flo

Guernsey, S. J.


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1931. Explorations in NortheasterArchaeol. and

Ethnol., Vol. XXII, No. 1. C

Guernsey, S. J., and A. V. Kidder1921. Basket-Maker Caves of N

Mus. Amer. Archaeol.

and Ethnol., Vol. VIII. CambHaury, E.

1950. The Stratigraphy and Arch

Universities of Arizonaand New Mexico, Albuquer

Heizer, R. F., and A. D. Krieger1956. The Archaeology of Humbo

Univ. Calif.Publ. Amer. Arch, and Eth

Angeles.


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Hough, W.1914. Culture of the Ancient Pueb

New Mexico

and Arizona. U.S. Nat. MusJackson, A. T.

1937. Exploration of Certain Site

Texas Archaeol. andPaleontol. Soc., 9:146-193.

Jennings, J. D.

1957. Danger Cave. Mem. Soc.City.

Kent, K. P.1957. The Cultivation and We

Southwestern UnitedStates. Trans. Amer. Philos.

Kidder, A. V., and S. J. Guernsey


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1919. Archaeological ExploratiAmer. Ethnol., Bull.

65. Washington.

Kissell, M. L.1916. Basketry of the Pima-Papa

Pap., No. 17,

pp. 115-264. New York.Kroeber, A. L.

1931. The Seri. Southwest Mus. P

Loud, L. L., and M. R. Harrington1929. Lovelock Cave. Univ. Cali

183. Berkeley.

Martin, P. S., and J. B. Rinaldo, E. Blu1952. Mogollon Cultural Contin

Analysis of Tularosaand Cordova Caves. Fieldi


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Mus. Nat. Hist. Chicago.

Massey, W. C.

1947. Brief Report on ArchCalifornia. Southwestern Jour.Anthro., 3(4):344-359. Albu

1949. Tribes and Languages of

Anthro., 5(3):272-307.Albuquerque.1957. The Dart-Thrower in Baja

3(1):55-62. Seattle.

MS 1. Culture History in the Capdiss. (1955), Univ. Calif.,

Berkeley.MS 2. The Castald Archaeologica

Massey, W. C., and D. TuohyMS. Caves of the Sierra de La G

Meigs III, P.


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1939. The Kiliwa Indians of LoAmericana: 15. Berkeley.

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Rogers, Captain Woodes1928. A Cruising Voyage Around

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D.C.

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PLATES

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

PLATE 12

a. Bone awl or dagger (139589b), 16.cm. long, 2.2 cm. maximum width, b. Bonawl (139589a), 13.5 cm. long, 2.6 cmmaximum width. c. Worked pumice piece139613), 8 cm. x 4 cm. d. Tubular ston

pipe (139564), sandstone, 7.7 cm. long

3.7 cm. diameter. e. Tubular stone pip


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139563), sandstone, 29.8 cm. long, 4.cm. diameter.

PLATE 13

a. Abalone (Haliotis sp.) ornamen

139552), 5.3 cm. long, 4.3 cm. wide. bFragmentary abalone (Haliotis sp.ornament (139553), 2.1 cm. presenength, 3.9 cm. wide. c. Abalone (Halioti

sp.) ornament (139551), 4.6 cm. x 4.8 cmd. Olivella shell beads (139546), samscale as ornaments, with bases and spireground. e. Olivella shell beads with onlspires ground. f. Fragment of gypsu139568).


119/161

PLATE 14

a. Spines of Viznaga cactus (Echinocactu

wislizeni) (139547), which have beestraightened. b. Bone flaker (139556)over-all length, 12 cm.; wood, 11.2 cmong; bone, 3.4 cm. long. c. Bone flake

139557), over-all length, 13.1 cmwood, 11.5 cm. long; bone, 5.6 cm. longd. Cord-wrapped stick (139558c), 17.cm. long. e. Cord-wrapped stic

139558b), 15.8 cm. long. f. Cordwrapped cane (139558d), 10.3 cm. an5.4 cm. long. g. Cord-wrapped hid139548).

PLATE 15


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a. Cane arrow or dart with sting-ray spinpoint (139587), total length of two piece92.5 cm. b. Two wooden fragment

139586), round in cross section; length58 cm. and 56.5 cm. c. Two sticks lashedogether (139585a), total length 50 cm. d

Cord-wrapped stick (139558a), length 2

c m. e. Wooden piece (139559), length30.5 cm., diameter 8 mm. f. Taperedwooden piece (139560), length 38 cm. gCane whistle (139588b), length 13.5 cmmaximum diameter 1.3 cm. h. Canwhistle (139588a), length 22 cmmaximum diameter 1.7 cm. i. Bull-roare

?) (139565), length 23.5 cm., diamete5.1 cm., thickness 6 mm.

PLATE 16


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a. Side view of hairnet (139534a). bCord wrapping on piece of accordionpleated skin (139555). c. Top view o

hairnet (139534a). d. Fragment of sewerush matting (139544), about 50 cm. x 2cm.

PLATE 17

a. Feathered apron or cape139535b), 25 cm. x 17.5 cm. b. Huma

hair cape (139539), hanks of hair abou6 mm. in diameter, lengths varying fro12.7 cm. to 27.5 cm. c. Cotton clot139537), warp 25.5 cm., weft 30 cm. d

Tump band (139536), largest section 2cm. long, 7.7 cm. wide.


122/161

PLATE 18

a. Rim sherd (139614b). bReconstruction of pot, diameter 27 cmheight 17 cm., thickness about 9 mm.


123/161


124/161

PLATE 12. STONE AND BONE


125/161


126/161

PLATE 13. SHELL AND ST


127/161


128/161

PLATE 14. VEGETABLE AND BONE


129/161


130/161

PLATE 15. WOODEN ARTIFA


131/161


132/161

PLATE 16. NETTING, CORDAGE,


133/161


134/161

PLATE 17. FEATHERED APRO

COTTON CLOTH;


135/161


136/161

PLATE 18. MIDDEN POTSHER

FOOTNOTES:

Numbers throughout this paper refer tocatalogue numbers of the United StatesNational Museum unless otherwise

specified.

This specimen (3-10308) is in theUniversity of California Robert H.Lowie Museum of Anthropology,Berkeley. Location is from field notes,Massey, 1946.

Identifications were made by Dr.

Herbert Mason and Miss Annetta


137/161

Carter, University of CaliforniaHerbarium.

He lists Tularosa Cave (Hough, 1914,

p. 87, fig. 178) and Segi Canyon(Guernsey, 1931, pl. 58a).

Sales, 1794. p. 69. In this, his firstreference to the cape of human hair in

use at another ceremony, Sales says,The old man makes something like arain cape from the hair of the dead.

University of California. Robert H.Lowie Museum of Anthropology,specimen 3-13586.

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