a case for the extended urban

ABSTRACTLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

CHAPTER ONE | The Age of Capital & The Human NicheSOCIETY VS. NATUREAN ACCELERATED STATE OF DOMINANCECALIFORNIA GETS INTO TROUBLE

CHAPTER TWO | Californias Extended UrbanTHERE IS EVIDENCE OF A STORYCONTEMPORARY NOTIONS OF THE URBAN A PRAXIS OF TIMEA SERIES OF UNFORTUNATE EVENTS

CHAPTER THREE | A Proposal for Ecological SymbiosisWHOSE HOME IS IT ANYWAY?INHABITING THE SUBNATURALFUTURE ENERGIES

THESIS INTENTIONSBIBLIOGRAPHYPRECEDENT STUDIESGLOSSARY

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Ecological Symbiosis in Californias Offshore Infrastructure

TABLE OF CONTENTS

A CASE FOR THE EXTENDED URBAN

by Sneha Sumanth

2

In my thesis, I am exploring a set of conditions that depict a contemporary ecological crisis.

It is the Age of Capital, where humans thrive in a state of accelerated dominance. Society has detached from Natures womb, a force outside of it, with a self imposed structures of certain doom.

The boundaries of the site capture a 120 year story of a relationship between human beings and Oil. The story is marked with political conflict, economical greed, and environmental disturbance.

The site was rich in fossil fuels. And so it was abused and dominated by human greed. In the aftermath, twenty-three offshore platforms remain standing, distant industrial monuments to our revered black gold.

Engaging with the domain of crisis requires a fundamental shift of our understanding of urban. Let us extend the boundaries of urban focus to the distant, the offshore, the sub-natural and the sublime.

Built with the grandeur of industrial scale, their presence has instigated death and catastrophe along with life and sustenance. Their life extends that of their intended need - Oil - and stirs speculations on continuing ecologies, industries and their symbiotic relations.

The thesis will depict through narrative and design, a set of theoria, poiesis and praxis that will delve into these speculations.

ABSTRACT

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

IMAGESCover Image | Bullwinkle Oil Platform, Texas USA, Ethel Baraona [photo]Image 1 | The Deepwater Horizon Spill from shore, Steve McCurry [photo]Image 2 | Hollow Pursuits, Michael Kerbow [painting]Image 3 | Copernicus, Conversations with God, Jan Matejko [painting]Image 4 | Twin platforms Elly & Ellen in the California OCS, Emily Callahan [photo]Image 5 | Removed, a photo series, Erik Pickersgill [photo]Image 6 | The San Andreas Fault, Dave Lynch [photo]Image 7 | President Nixons visit to the oiled beaches on Santa Barbara in 1969, David Lewis [photo]Image 8 | Platform A in the Santa Barbara Channel, Emily Callahan [photo]Image 9 | Lounging on Huntington Beach, Charles ORear [photo]Image 10 | Union Oil Platforms B, C, A & Hillhouse, EDC [photo]Image 11 | Piers of the Summerland Oil field, the first offshore oil field in the world, G. H. Eldridge [photo]Image 12 | An aerial photo of the spill on Feb 4th, LA Times [photo]Image 13 | An aerial photo of the spill on Jan 29th, LA Times [photo]Image 14 | A female Sheephead on Platform Eurekas crossbeam, Emily Callahan [photo]Image 15 | Network of on land pipelines, Jim Blecha [photo]Image 16 | New Religion, Michael Kerbow [painting]

All images are credited to the artist

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DRAWINGSDrawing 1 | Southern California fault linesDrawing 2 | Network of productionDrawing 3 | A sectional inventory of the 23 offshore platformsDrawing 4 | Site PlanDrawing 5 | A timeline of economical, political and ecological eventsDrawing 6 | A timeline of economical, political and ecological eventsDrawing 7 | Spread of the 1969 Oil SpillDrawing 8 | Section through the stratigraphy of Platform ADrawing 9 | Section through Platform ADrawing 10 | Ecologies of a platform - water & airDrawing 11 | Ecologies of a platform - water & earth [casing detail]Drawing 12 | Subnatures of a platformDrawing 13 | Wind MapDrawing 14 | Existing fossil fuel networksDrawing 15 | Implied transmission networks with wind energyDrawing 16 | Speculations on wind platforms

All drawings are courtesy of the author

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what they did yesterday afternoon

they set my aunts house on firei cried the way women on tv do

folding at the middlelike a five pound note.

i called the boy who use to love me tried to okay my voice

i said hellohe said warsan, whats wrong, whats happened?

ive been praying,and these are what my prayers look like;

dear godi come from two countries

one is thirstythe other is on fireboth need water.

later that nighti held an atlas in my lap

ran my fingers across the whole worldand whispered

where does it hurt?

it answered everywhereeverywhereeverywhere.

- Warsan Shire

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[Image 1] The Deepwater Horizon Spill from shore, Steve McCurry 7

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CHAPTER ONE | The Age of Capital & The Human Niche

SOCIETY VS. NATURE

The buildings of the Ancients are in Architecture, what the works of Nature are with respect to the other Arts;

they serve as models which we should imitate, and as standards by which we ought to judge.1

Nature used to be our muse, our semblance of intricate perfection. Its vast terrain was the inspiration for our creations. Society strived to embody natures perfection and architecture imitated its beautiful rules, forms and compositions. Nature was societys law - it was the greater whole - society was but another force of nature. However, societys relationship with nature is one of exchange: as we grew and spread, we left permanent footprints of alteration that redefined

natures composition.2 The changes came in waves, a series of exciting revolutions through which we evolved our lifestyles.

1 Adam, Robert, 1728-1792 Ruins of the palace of the Emperor Diocletian at Spalatro in Dalmatia, 01-04, Printed for the author, 1764 iv, [7], 33 p., [54] leaves of plates : ill. ; 53 cm.2 Ecologies of the Anthropocene: Global Upscaling of Social- Ecological Infrastructures. In New Geographies, edited by Daniel Ibaez and Nikos Katsikis, by Erle C. Ellis, 021 - 027. 06th ed. Vol. Grounding Metabolism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2014.

[Image 2] Hollow Pursuits, Michael Kerbow

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The first Agricultural Revolution came like a slow tide and in its wake altered the physical

composition of our earth, introducing anthropogenic soils from the use of chemicals and fertilizers.3 The Scientific Revolution rode in to form a standing wave, lifting reason and knowledge to great

heights and stirring us to question our relationship to nature and our fellow species. And finally,

the first Industrial revolution washed over us as coal, oil and gas entered the scene as major sources

of energy enabling transitions to new manufacturing processes, severing our devotion to nature. The Industrial Revolutions left behind a fundamental aspect of our lifestyle today: capital. In this way, society moved from being a force within nature to a force greater than, and outside of, nature.4 Today, this switch - our identity as a capital society that exists outside of nature - places before us a fundamental contemporary ecological crisis.

Unfortunately, the tendency to exchange and alter is inherent in society, as Erle C. Ellis points out: rather than simply adapting to environments as they are, our species, like some others, alters environments to sustain its populations, a process known to ecologists and archeologists as

3 Ruddiman, William F. The Anthropogenic Greenhouse Era Began Thousands of Years Ago. In Climate Change, 261-293. 3rd ed. Vol. 61. Virginia: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.4 W.Moore, Jason. Part 1: On the Nature & Origins of Our Ecological Crisis. In The Capitalocene, 01-02. Binghamton, NY: Binghamton University, 2014.

[Image 3] Copernicus, Conversations with God, Jan Matejko

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niche construction.5 The Human niche has expanded and grown through the waves of revolutions discussed to reach a stage that unaltered nature alone cannot provide for. A majority of the earth

can now be identified at anthromes or human biomes, ecosystems that have been created as a result of sustained human interaction. These cover more than three-quarters of Earths ice free lands and what remain as natural lands are remote with too extreme conditions for life.6

AN ACCELERATED STATE OF DOMINANCE

Sarcastic Science, she would like to know,

In her complacent ministry of fear,

How we propose to get away from here

When she has made things so we have to go

Or be wiped out. Will she be asked to show

Us how by rocket we may hope to steer

To some star off there, say, a half light-year

Through temperature of absolute zero?

Why wait for Science to supply the how

When any amateur can tell it now?

The way to go away should be the same

As fifty million years ago we came-

If anyone remembers how that was.

I have a theory, but it hardly does.

- Robert Frost

The world has just been witness to a set of united, legally binding and universal

agreements on Climate Change action as a 195 countries banded together on November 30th in the much awaited 2015 Paris Climate Conference, also known as COP21. The conference concluded with an aim to limit global temperature rise to below 2 degrees Celsius compared to the pre-industrial period by 21007. This conference marked a world-wide acknowledgment of the current environmental crisis, where effects of our anthropocentric actions are causing man-made natural disasters, large scale infrastructural collapse, and excessive pollution and contamination of our natural environments. In the sociopolitical discourse around these topics, this profound

5 Ecologies of the Anthropocene: Global Upscaling of Social- Ecological Infrastructures. In New Geographies, edited by Daniel Ibaez and Nikos Katsikis, by Erle C. Ellis, 022. 06th ed. Vol. Grounding Metabolism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2014.6 Ecologies of the Anthropocene: Global Upscaling of Social- Ecological Infrastructures. In New Geographies, edited by Daniel Ibaez and Nikos Katsikis, by Erle C. Ellis, 023. 06th ed. Vol. Grounding Metabolism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2014.7 UNFCCC COP 21 Paris France. Accessed December 13, 2015. http://www.cop21paris.org/about/cop21.

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8 Ecologies of the Anthropocene: Global Upscaling of Social- Ecological Infrastructures. In New Geographies, edited by Daniel Ibaez and Nikos Katsikis, by Erle C. Ellis, 021. 06th ed. Vol. Grounding Metabolism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2014.

and permanent transformation of Earths ecology together with anthropogenic global changes in climate, hydrology, element cycling, biodiversity, and other environmental processes has recently led scientists to recognize the emergence of human systems as a global force transforming the Earth system and the beginning of a new epoch of geological time, the Anthropocene.8 The act of building that has stemmed from the anthropocentric mentality expresses its sense of power and dominance with the aid of scale. This is especially conveyed in todays capital driven industrial architecture, as we build larger to better withstand weather, sustain growing populations and facilitate resource extraction. Enhanced methods of fossil fuel recovery have paired with gigantic, resilient industrial infrastructure to sustain energy production for our consumer driven world.

The infrastructural giants that provide for our consumption are evidence of the built human niche - constructed landscapes and mechanizations that have evolved into their own ecosystems. Over time society has separated itself from these mechanizations, moving to more dense urban areas and leaving the constructed niche to function in favorable foreign anthromes.

[Image 4] Twin platforms Elly & Ellen in the California OCS, Emily Callahan

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Today, society functions in an accelerated pace of the Anthropocene. This is the Age of Capital, where industrial, technological and social advancements have expedited, its anthropocentric origins tracing back to the rise of 16th century Mercantilism.9 In 2010, Hartmut Rosa defined Social Acceleration as waves of change in technology, social change and the pace of life.10 Rosa identifies capitalism - the fundamental equation time equals money - as the primary driver of Social Acceleration, a phenomenon that leads to detached and de synchronized societies as the speed at which we produce and consume increases.11 In architecture, this accelerated pace of life has entered the realms of contemporary architecture to establish a sense of impermanence in our building. Contemporary architecture services late modernitys secular intra-generational pace, where the globalized notion of the individual seeks temporality in ideas of shelter and inhabitation so as to be better equipped for change; to be forever on the move. Advancements in virtual scapes have inverted our conceptions of the space-time relationship. Space - that allows for the immediate comprehension of our built surroundings [enunciated by the force of gravity] has been compressed, even eradicated by the prevalence of time in virtual realms. The acceleration

9 W.Moore, Jason. Part 1: On the Nature & Origins of Our Ecological Crisis. In The Capitalocene, 01-02. Binghamton, NY: Binghamton Univer-sity, 2014.10 Rosa, Hartmut, and Jonathan Mathys. Social Acceleration a New Theory of Modernity, 06-10. New York: Columbia UP, 2013. Print.11 Rosa, Hartmut, and Jonathan Mathys. Social Acceleration a New Theory of Modernity, 11. New York: Columbia UP, 2013. Print.

[Image 5] Removed, a photo series, Erik Pickersgill

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12 Rosa, Hartmut, and Jonathan Mathys. Social Acceleration a New Theory of Modernity, 11. New York: Columbia UP, 2013. Print.13 As U.S. Congress Lags, California Leads Push to Divest From Fossil Fuels Linked to Climate Change. In Democracy Now. Amy Goodman. December 2, 2015.14 Water Conditions: Declaration. California Department of Water Resources. Accessed December 5, 2015. http://www.water.ca.gov/watercondi-tions/declaration.cfm.

in production results in the duration for which societys expectations align with their experience to shrink, compressing what is perceived as the present. This compressed present leaves us looking for the imagined future. Following the Marxian idea of standing still is as good as falling behind, we seek the future faster, heading down a slippery slope.12

CALIFORNIA GETS INTO TROUBLE

Oh the world is a beautiful place

to be born into

if you dont much mind

a few dead minds

in the higher places

or a bomb or two

now and then

in your upturned faces

or such other improprieties

as our Name Brand society

is prey to

with its men of distinction

and its men of extinction

and its priests

and other patrolmen

- Lawrence Ferlinghetti

The contemporary ecological crisis exists alongside a more obvious environmental crisis, where the anthropocentric tendencies of consumption have led to an adverse alterations in our cycles of weather, widely identified as climate change. Actions by capital driven societies cause,

and are combined with, effects of the environmental and ecological crises in a deadly accelerating cycle. This is seen to disastrous extents in the state of California, the 7th largest economy in the world.13 In January 2014, Californias Governor Brown proclaimed a State of Emergency.14 California is experiencing record dry conditions, with 2014 being the worst year to date. Surface and groundwater levels have dropped to 20 percent of the average placing many California communities at risk for drinking water supplies. Meanwhile, millions of gallons of freshwater

13

are used for hydraulic fracturing15 [commonly known as fracking] operations on and offshore California. In an investigative report by the Environmental Defense Centre in 2014, five offshore

platforms along the southern coast of the California Outer Continental Shelf were confirmed as

sites of unregulated offshore hydraulic fracturing, with the high possibility of all other platforms in federal waters also using aggressive enhanced oil recovery methods. The relationship between Californias severe drought and the abuse of freshwater resources for hydraulic fracturing operations is not immediately evident to the average north American consumer.

However, the image of the San Andreas fault [pictured on the right], popularized in media as the inevitable cause of the largest earthquake to date - the Big One - is capable of striking fear into everyones hearts. The report states that although fracking has been conducted off of Californias shores for at least two decades, the practice was until recently largely unknown to state and federal regulators, as well as the general public.16 The worst case, but probable scenario of fracking occurring on all offshore platforms [refer to Drawing 1] presents three major risks for

California: a high potential of aggravating intersecting fault lines, the continuous use of much needed freshwater, and unregulated pollution due to compromises in fracking operations that catalyze oil spills and leaked fracking fluid [a mixture of water, chemicals and aggregate].17

15 Defined by the Geological Society of America, Hydraulic fracturing is the injection of a mixture of water, sand, and chemical additives through a well drilled into an oil- or gas-bearing rock formation, under high but controlled pressure.16 Segee, Brian P., and Elise O. Dea. Dirty Water - Fracking Offshore California, 04. Report. Santa Barbara: Environmental Defence Center, 2013.17 Segee, Brian P., and Elise O. Dea. Dirty Water - Fracking Offshore California, 13-16. Report. Santa Barbara: Environmental Defence Center, 2013.

[Drawing 1 at 1:2 000 000] Souther California fault lines. Wells that intersect fault lines are marked in red

LEGEND

Offshore PlatformsDrilling wellDrilling well on fault lineFault line

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[Image 6] The San Andreas Fault, Dave Lynch 15

THERE IS EVIDENCE OF A STORY

The surface of the sea, which was perfectly smooth and tranquil, was covered with a thick, slimy substance,

which when separated or disturbed by a little agitation, became very luminous, whilst the light breeze, which

came principally from the shore, brought with it a strong smell of tar, or some such resinous substance. The

next morning the sea had the appearance of dissolved tar floating on its surface, which covered the sea in

all directions within the limits of our view.

- Captain Cook, 1792, in observing a natural oil seep in the Santa Barbara Channel18

The Pacific Outer Continental Shelf along the coast of California has borne witness to the story of energy from its very beginnings. Its origins date back two million years where, in the

CHAPTER TWO | Californias Extended Urban

18 Steinhart, Carol, and John Steinhart. Blowout, 25. Belmont, California: Duxbury Press, 1972.

[Image 7] President Nixons visit to the oiled beaches on Santa Barbara in 1969, David Lewis

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middle of the Pleistocene epoch, the sedimentary rock floor of the Santa Barbara Channel [a portion

of the Pacific Ocean that separates the California mainland from the Channel Islands] deformed to

produce a series of folds that accumulated oil. Along these fold trends are Californias prosperous oil reservoirs; Summerland, San Miguelito, Rincon, Ventura, Carpinteria and Dos Cuadros. 19

The story began to pick up after the discovery of oil in the Summerland district in 1895. Humans had found black gold and the search was on. As the turn of the century approached, oil companies such as Union Oil led exciting days of exploration, speculation and development. However, not everyone was enamored by the wondrous liquid flowing from the earth. A series

of oil spills, federal and state disagreements and disregard for provoking Californias daunting fault lines mark the story with dark memories of danger and anger. The relationship of oil with the people of California - not unlike oils relationship with the rest of the world - maintains a perpetual state of complication. Immersed in the politics of production and disaster, the offshore platforms sit at a distance from the onshore consumers. The lives of oil workers hold mysteries of monotony and hardship, partially due to the distance from which they are perceived, and partially due to the walls of privacy constructed around offshore operations.

Today there are twentry three offshore platforms that occupy the California Pacific Outer

Continental Shelf. They are owned by six oil companies and occupy eight oil fields. Starting

from the source of the geological basins that have accumulated oil, the resource travels through geopolitically established field boundaries of ownership, through deep drilled wells to the

offshore platforms that service their production, processing and storage. It is then transported to shore through ships and networks of underground pipelines to onshore processing, refining and

storage facilities [refer to Drawing 2]. The story no longer has characters with starry eyes for oil; now the topic of oil brings heated debate and disdain as we face the truth of our dependance on this diminishing resource and the implied disasters that come with it. Built with a sense of sustenance, the offshore infrastructure lives past its intended use. What will the story hold for their future?

19 Steinhart, Carol, and John Steinhart. Blowout, 19. Belmont, California: Duxbury Press, 1972.

[Drawing 2] Network of production

BASINFIELD

PRIMARY PLATFORM

SECONDARY PLATFORM

TERTIARY PLATFORM ONSHORE

FACILITYPRIVATE OWNER

17

[Image 8] Platform A in the Santa Barbara Channel, Emily Callahan18

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[Drawing 3 at 1:20 000] A sectional inventory of the 23 offshore platforms 19

CONTEMPORARY NOTIONS OF THE URBAN

Look beyond what you see

- Rafiki, The Lion King 1 1/220

The epistemology of urban studies that originated in the early 20th century established the city as integral in defining what is urban.21 Thus, the urban was defined as a bounded

area or unit of settlement, controlled by empiricist identifications of population density, capital

outputs measured by comparative GDP and notions of proximity in production, consumption and movement. In a key text challenging this epistemology, Neil Brenner and Christian Schmidt introduce a new, multidimensional notion of the urban process that explodes inherited assumptions regarding the geographies of this process: they are no longer expressed simply

20 The Lion King 1 1/2. Directed by Bradley Raymond. United States: Walt Disney Home Entertainment ;, 2004. VHS.

21 Neil Brenner & Christian Schmid (2015) Towards a new epistemology of the urban?, City, 19:2-3, 154, DOI: 10.1080/13604813.2015.1014712

[Image 9] Lounging on Huntington Beach, Charles ORear

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22 Neil Brenner & Christian Schmid (2015) Towards a new epistemology of the urban?, City, 19:2-3, 169, DOI: 10.1080/13604813.2015.101471223 Neil Brenner & Christian Schmid (2015) Towards a new epistemology of the urban?, City, 19:2-3, 159, DOI: 10.1080/13604813.2015.101471224 Neil Brenner & Christian Schmid (2015) Towards a new epistemology of the urban?, City, 19:2-3, 162, DOI: 10.1080/13604813.2015.1014712

through the city, the metropolitan region or inter-urban networks, and nor are they bounded neatly and distinguished from a putatively non-urban outside.22 These preconceived outsides, anthromes that are separated from the bounded urban through borders of rural and urban, industry and (sub)urban, and nature and inhabitation, need to be challenged when addressing the contemporary ecological and environmental crises. In order to do so, Brenner and Schmidt propose new ways of addressing the constantly changing urban condition with a sense of epistemological reflexivity: This entails an insistence on the situatedness of all forms of knowledge, and a relentless drive to reinvent key categories of analysis in relation to the ongoing processes of historical change23 Essentially, we need to broaden our frame of the urban by understanding it through the perspective of various fields of knowledge, and with adaptability to the constant change and flux of various

accelerations that affect contemporary urban society. The site of study is the offshore infrastructure of the southern California outer continental shelf [OCS] where twenty three offshore platforms stand perched like distant artifacts, evidence of a distant source to fuel the consumptive life of the state [refer to Drawing 3&4]. The boundaries of the site capture a 120 year story of a relationship between human beings and Oil. The story is marked with political conflict, economical greed, environmental and ecological disturbance. This vast

network of energy production and infrastructural fabric should enter the contemporary discussion of the urban as the extended urban and will be addressed as so in this thesis. In Brenner and Schmidts new epistemology, extended urbanization is understood as fundamental conditions of possibility for the production of historically and geographically specific forms of cityness and

must be analyzed and theorized centrally within any updated epistemology of the urban for the 21st century.24

[Image 10] Union Oil Platforms B, C, A & Hillhouse, EDC

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Oil Reneries

LEGEND

Federal leases

Shipping lanes

Pipelines

Federal boundary

8g lineHeli - ports

Crew support

Power Plants

Storage Facilities

Pump stations

Onshore drilling

Offshore platforms

3

1

2

4

5

67

8 121314

15

16 17

18 19

202123

22

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[Drawing 4 at 1:750 000] Site Plan

Oil Reneries

LEGEND

Federal leases

Shipping lanes

Pipelines

Federal boundary

8g lineHeli - ports

Crew support

Power Plants

Storage Facilities

Pump stations

Onshore drilling

Offshore platforms

3

1

2

4

5

67

8 121314

15

16 17

18 19

202123

22

910 11

25 The Lion King. Directed by Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff. United States, 1994. VHS.26 Giorgio Agamben, Che cos il contemporaneo? (Rome: Nottotempo, 2008)

A PRAXIS OF TIME

Oh yes, the past can hurt. But from the way I see it, you can either run from it, or... learn from it.

- Rafiki, The Lion King25

Georgio Agamben defines the contemporary as he who firmly holds his gaze on his own

time so as to perceive not its light, but rather its darkness.26 This over arching definition, rather than the more limited one of the Contemporary as the now or the up-to-date is the stance that will be taken when addressing the topics in this thesis. It calls for a step outside the immediate boundaries of our present, where our movement through time adopts its own rules of force and direction. In this way, the Contemporary has a better grasp of his time, a peek at the present condition with a cone of vision that stretches outside of it.

As always, the ancient Greeks had the right idea. There were two notions of time, the Chronos and the Kairos. Kairos is a qualitative understanding of time; a serendipitous time, a right time to act. Chronos is a quantitative understanding of time. It has order and a logical sequence of function. It is the understanding of time we rely upon for the structure of our daily lives and is very often the understanding we impose on conditions of crisis. In observing Heideggers theories of Chronos and Kairos, Felix O. Murchadha observes, In the context of human action, we experience chronos as continuity and kairos as a moment of vision - Augenblick - that breaks with the continuity, as an other time, as a time which is opportune for action in the emphatic sense.

1859

1895

1850

1861

1864

1868

1860

1870

1880

1890

First oi

l well

drilled

in Pen

sylvani

a by C

olonel

Edwin

Drake

First of

fshore

oil we

lls in S

umme

rland, C

aliforn

ia

Oil dis

covere

d alon

g the K

ern Riv

er

US Ste

el Corp

oration

organi

zed

Union

Labou

r Party

(ULP) f

ormed

Califor

nia rec

eives

Stateh

ood

Start o

f the A

merica

n Civil

War

End of

the Am

erican

Civil W

ar

The Sa

n Fran

cisco S

PCA is

forme

d

[Drawing 5] A timeline of economical, political and ecological events

ECON

OMICA

LPO

LITICA

LEC

OLOG

ICAL

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1859

1895

1850

1861

1864

1868

1860

1870

1880

1890

First oi

l well

drilled

in Pen

sylvani

a by C

olonel

Edwin

Drake

First of

fshore

oil we

lls in S

umme

rland, C

aliforn

ia

Oil dis

covere

d alon

g the K

ern Riv

er

US Ste

el Corp

oration

organi

zed

Union

Labou

r Party

(ULP) f

ormed

Califor

nia rec

eives

Stateh

ood

Start o

f the A

merica

n Civil

War

End of

the Am

erican

Civil W

ar

The Sa

n Fran

cisco S

PCA is

forme

d

27 Murchadha, Felix. Introduction. In The Time of Revolution: Kairos and Chronos in Heidegger. New York: Continuum, 2012.

In kairos, the discontinuity if time appears.27 Following Agambens using the past and future to better understand the present can serve as an exercise to reflexively approach the crises of our time.

In order to gain a qualitative and chronological perspective of time in relation to the context, a timeline [refer to Drawing 5] was constructed to understand the economical, political and ecological conditions of the site. It begins in the past from the establishment of Californias statehood to the predicted future decommissioning of all the federal platforms in the site, extending instead into a proposed phase of recommissioning, or a future use for the existing offshore infrastructure. Graphically, the timeline depicts a density of activity in the combined events of the three categories allowing one to understand the implications of each major event on the site.

1921

1928

1933

1938

1944

19201900

1901

1905

1906

1910

1930

1940

1950

Oil dis

covere

d alon

g the K

ern Riv

er

US Ste

el Corp

oration

organi

zed

Union

Labou

r Party

(ULP) f

ormed

Work b

egins

on the

Ocean

Shore

Electri

c Railw

ay

San Fra

ncisco

Earth

quake

; magn

itude 7

.8 and

great f

ire

First fe

deral l

ease a

ct

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nias fi

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am fai

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ills 60

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arthqu

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aused

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acific

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[Image 11] Piers of the Summerland Oil field, the first offshore oil field in the world, G. H. Eldridge

25

Mar 1

967

Nov 1

967

Feb 19

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Sep 1

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Jul 1

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Sep 1

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1989

1950

1960

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2000

1953

1963

Sale o

f feder

al leas

es in t

he San

ta Barb

ara Ch

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Union

Oil Co

mpany

s Platfo

rm A in

stalled

Platform

Houch

in insta

lled

Platform

Hogan

install

ed

Platfor

m Edith

install

ed

Platfor

m Hidal

go inst

alled

Platfor

m Irene

install

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Platfor

m Herm

osa ins

talled

Platfor

m Harve

st insta

lled

Platfor

m Gail i

nstalle

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Platfor

m Harm

ony ins

talled

Platfor

m Herit

age ins

talled

Platfor

m Eure

ka inst

alled

Platfor

m Henr

y insta

lled

Platfor

m Grace

install

ed

Platfor

m Gina

install

ed

Platfor

m Gilda

install

ed

Platfor

m Ellen

install

ed

Platfor

m Elly i

nstalle

d

Platfor

m Habit

at insta

lled

Platfor

m C ins

talled

Platfor

m Hond

o insta

lled

Platfor

m B ins

talled

Platfor

m Hillho

use ins

talled

Hickel

halts

drillin

g and

produ

ction in

the Ch

annel

First of

fshore

federa

l lease

sale o

n Paci

fic Co

ast

Loma P

rieta e

arthqu

ake kil

ls 69 in

San F

rancisc

o Bay

area

Subm

erged

Land

s Act &

Outer

Conti

nenta

l She

lf Act

Torrey

Canyo

n oil s

pill off

the co

ast of

Englan

d

Ocean

Eagle

oil sp

ill off th

e coas

t of Pu

erto Ric

o

Jan 28

: Platfor

m As w

ell A-2

1 blow

s out i

n Sant

a Barb

ara

Feb 5:

Oil c

ontam

inates

beach

es of S

anta B

arbara

Feb 24

: Platfo

rm As w

ell A-4

1 blow

s out i

n

Oil Sp

ill in B

uzzard

s Bay,

Massa

chuset

ts

San Fra

ncisco

Bay O

il Spill

Secreta

ry Hick

el fired

Santa B

arbara

Coun

ty Repo

rt issue

d

Jan 20

: Innau

garatio

n of R

ichard

Nixon

Jan 24

: Walte

r Hick

el swo

rn int

o offic

e as

Jan 30

: GOO

organi

zed in

Santa B

arbara

Feb 17

: Hick

el sign

s ame

ndme

nt

Hicke

l lifts b

an on

passe

d by C

ongre

ss

Secreta

ry of th

e Interi

or

deemi

ng oil

comp

anies

liable f

or pollu

tion

damage

drillin

g & pr

oductio

n

Santa B

arbara

A SERIES OF UNFORTUNATE EVENTS

The very deep did rot: O Christ!

That ever this should be!

Yet, slimy things did crawl with legs

Upon the slimy sea.

About, about, in reel and rout

The death-fires danced at night:

The water, like a witchs oils

Burnt green, and blue, and white

- Samuel Taylor Coleridge

A key historical occurrence on the site is the 1969 Oil Spill in the Santa Barbara Channel. The spill occurred off of Platform A, a Union Oil Company owned offshore platform in the Dos Cadres Oil Field. The spill lasted for weeks while retention and clean up efforts tried in vain to quell the spread in varying directions and intensities to the will of the wind and weather. The international reaction to the disastrous consequences of pollution, ecological disturbance and infrastructural instability caused a rush of world-wide awareness that impacted the sociopolitical frameworks of energy extraction and gave birth to the modern environmental movement.

On the morning of January 28th 1969, five month old Platform A was being prepared

[Drawing 6] A timeline of economical, political and ecological events

ECON

OMICA

LPO

LITICA

LEC

OLOG

ICAL

26

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Mar 1

967

Nov 1

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Feb 19

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Sep 1

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Jul 1

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Sep 1

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Jan 19

83

July 1

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Aug 1

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Oct 1

985

Jun 1

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Apr 1

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Jun 1

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Oct 1

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Jul 1

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Jul 1

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Jan 19

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0

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69Feb

1969

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Sep 1

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Nov 1

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Nov 1

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71

Mar 1

968

1989

1950

1960

1990

2000

1953

1963

Sale o

f feder

al leas

es in t

he San

ta Barb

ara Ch

annel

Union

Oil Co

mpany

s Platfo

rm A in

stalled

Platform

Houch

in insta

lled

Platform

Hogan

install

ed

Platfor

m Edith

install

ed

Platfor

m Hidal

go inst

alled

Platfor

m Irene

install

ed

Platfor

m Herm

osa ins

talled

Platfor

m Harve

st insta

lled

Platfor

m Gail i

nstalle

d

Platfor

m Harm

ony ins

talled

Platfor

m Herit

age ins

talled

Platfor

m Eure

ka inst

alled

Platfor

m Henr

y insta

lled

Platfor

m Grace

install

ed

Platfor

m Gina

install

ed

Platfor

m Gilda

install

ed

Platfor

m Ellen

install

ed

Platfor

m Elly i

nstalle

d

Platfor

m Habit

at insta

lled

Platfor

m C ins

talled

Platfor

m Hond

o insta

lled

Platfor

m B ins

talled

Platfor

m Hillho

use ins

talled

Hickel

halts

drillin

g and

produ

ction in

the Ch

annel

First of

fshore

federa

l lease

sale o

n Paci

fic Co

ast

Loma P

rieta e

arthqu

ake kil

ls 69 in

San F

rancisc

o Bay

area

Subm

erged

Land

s Act &

Outer

Conti

nenta

l She

lf Act

Torrey

Canyo

n oil s

pill off

the co

ast of

Englan

d

Ocean

Eagle

oil sp

ill off th

e coas

t of Pu

erto Ric

o

Jan 28

: Platfor

m As w

ell A-2

1 blow

s out i

n Sant

a Barb

ara

Feb 5:

Oil c

ontam

inates

beach

es of S

anta B

arbara

Feb 24

: Platfo

rm As w

ell A-4

1 blow

s out i

n

Oil Sp

ill in B

uzzard

s Bay,

Massa

chuset

ts

San Fra

ncisco

Bay O

il Spill

Secreta

ry Hick

el fired

Santa B

arbara

Coun

ty Repo

rt issue

d

Jan 20

: Innau

garatio

n of R

ichard

Nixon

Jan 24

: Walte

r Hick

el swo

rn int

o offic

e as

Jan 30

: GOO

organi

zed in

Santa B

arbara

Feb 17

: Hick

el sign

s ame

ndme

nt

Hicke

l lifts b

an on

passe

d by C

ongre

ss

Secreta

ry of th

e Interi

or

deemi

ng oil

comp

anies

liable f

or pollu

tion

damage

drillin

g & pr

oductio

n

Santa B

arbara

2015

2030

Magn

itude

of Im

apct

2010

2020

2040

2050

Beginn

ing of

propos

ed De

commi

ssionin

g of al

l feder

al platf

orms

End of

propos

ed De

commi

ssionin

g of al

l feder

al platf

orms

Econom

ical Ev

ents

Politic

al Even

ts

Ecolog

ical Ev

ents

for its fifth well - well A-21. This well was going far, tapping into a petroleum reservoir 3500 feet

deep [refer to Drawing 8]. An hour after the drilling started, while workers were retrieving the drill pipe, the casing around the well gave way and drilling mud started pouring out into the floor of the

platform. We often forget the earth is one unanimous body - the disturbance in deep earth pressure caused a rutpure in the seabed 200 yards north-east of the platform. The drilling engineer on call noticed slight bubbles which suddenly turned into dark waves of poisonous oil that rolled toward the platform.

The following days were a frenzy of clean up attempts and cover ups. Santa Barabarans were furious, Union Oil Company was trying to act calm and anybody who was somebody spouted various versions of I told you so. Meanwhile, the oil spread, each day a gamble to the tumultuous winds and waves [refer to Drawing 7]. This time, nature made the statistics: over three million gallons of oil was leaked in an 800 square mile radius. 35 miles of shore was contaminated, killing close to 15 000 seabirds and poisoning dolphins, seals and sea lions.

The spill left its aftermath of death and destruction along with a little apprehension. Hickel Secretary of the Interior suspended drilling and federal leasing for a few months to reassess that inadequate safeguards by oil companies. But this soul searching did not last long and within a month Hickel lifted the ban on offshore drilling. Platform A was the third platform to be constructed on the site. In twenty years, twenty platforms would be added to the site to account for many more mistakes, clean up attempts and cover ups.

- This narration is a summary from Blowout,28 a case study of the 1969 Oil Spill -

28 Steinhart, Carol, and John Steinhart. Blowout. Belmont, California: Duxbury Press, 1972.29 Steinhart, Carol, and John Steinhart. Blowout, 21-23. Belmont, California: Duxbury Press, 1972.

27

Jan 28 | 11am : Drilling engineer observes oil bubbles 200 yards northeast of platform. Following this, waves of poisonous gas roll towards the platform

Jan 30 | am : Oil is spotted one mile away from Carpinteria

Jan 30 | pm : Oil is reported at Rincon Beach

Feb 3 | am : Heavy oil buildup around Ancapa island & oil within 100 yeards of beach at Carpinteria

Feb 4 | pm : Oil reaches Santa Barbara Harbour

Feb 5 | am : A ship rams through booms in Santa Barbara Harbour, spreading oil west

[Drawing 7] Spread of the 1969 Oil Spill

Jan 28 | 11am : Drilling engineer observes oil bubbles 200 yards northeast of platform. Following this, waves of poisonous gas roll towards the platform

Jan 30 | am : Oil is spotted one mile away from Carpinteria

Jan 30 | pm : Oil is reported at Rincon Beach

Feb 3 | am : Heavy oil buildup around Ancapa island & oil within 100 yeards of beach at Carpinteria

Feb 4 | pm : Oil reaches Santa Barbara Harbour

Feb 5 | am : A ship rams through booms in Santa Barbara Harbour, spreading oil west

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29

[Image 12] An aerial photo of the spill on Feb 4th, LA Times

[Image 13] An aerial photo of the spill on Jan 29th, LA Times

[Drawing 8 at 1:8 000] Section through the stratigraphy of Platform A30

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250 000 B.C.E.

1492 C.E

.: Colum

bus dis

covers

New Wo

rld

Commo

n Era be

gins

Present

day 10th ce

nt.C.E.: C

analino

s (chann

el) Indi

ans are

born

1200 B.C

.E.: Iron

Age

3300 B.C

.E.: Bron

ze Age

9700 B.C

.E.: Begin

ning of

the Hol

ocene

160 000

B.C.E.: H

omo Sa

piens ap

peared

400 000

B.C.E.: H

ominid

s begin

to hunt

330 000

B.C.E.: S

an Pedr

o forma

tion beg

ins

10000 B

.C.E.: Neo

lothic A

gricultu

ral

Revolut

ion

LEGEND

Red Mountain fault lines

Platform A extraction wells

Platform A - well A-21 [cause of 1969 oil spill]

Oil and Natural Gas reserves

Impermeable layers of caprock

[Drawing 9 at 1:2 000] Close up of Section through Platform A

A sectional understanding of the platforms demystify the distant, artifact like image so often perceived from shore. Documenting and observing the platforms sectionally reveals their relationship with three stratigraphies: air, water and earth. A vertical timeline can be seen in Drawing 8 with a comparison of its corresponding geological scale in the depth of extraction occurring from Platform A. The deepest bed Platform A extracts from is 3500 feet deep29, and 2 million years old. This 2 million year old resource will be entirely extracted in a mere 50 years - a comparative geological depth of 1.05 inches. The section also reveals the components of these stratigraphies: the layering nature of oil and natural gas rich shale beds, the varying spread and depths of the wells that extract for them and the intersecting fault lines that cut through.

31

CHAPTER THREE | A Proposal for Ecological Symbiosis

WHOSE HOME IS IT ANYWAY?

The sea was wet as wet could be,

The sands were dry as dry.

You could not see a cloud, because

No cloud was in the sky:

No birds were flying overhead -

There were no birds to fly.

- Lewis Carroll

Observing the site at the scale of a platform, various notions of ecological inhabitation enter the discussion. A crucial argument can be made for the extended urban when relations of ecology and industry are discovered to thrive and rely upon the built infrastructure of the site.

[Image 14] A female Sheephead on Platform Eurekas crossbeam, Emily Callahan

32

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Along with human beings, the southern California Outer Continental Shelf is home to thousands of species of marine, mammal, bird and other multi-cellular populations. While these populations have been negatively affected by the actions of oil and gas extraction - numerous oil spills and pollution from hydraulic fracturing actions - the built structure of the platforms are a necessity to their inhabitation. Oil workers occupy the deck of the platform on 12 hour, week long shifts. Sea lions rest on the base beams of the deck while seabirds regularly roam the skies. Tourists tour the waters to catch sight of the dolphin populations and a dive under the water will find breathtaking

artificial reefs that have formed because of the existence of the vertical substructure [refer to

Drawing 10 & 11] Cool, subarctic waters converge with warmer, equatorial waters in the Channel, fostering a richness of marine and other wildlife, including blue, fin, humpback, minke, and killer

whales, porpoises, dolphins, pinnipeds (seals and sea lions), the southern sea otter, and hundreds of species of birds, fishes, and invertebrates.30

30 ECOLOGY OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BIGHT: A SYNTHESIS AND INTERPRETATION. University of California Press, edited by Murray D. Dailey, Donald J. Reish, and Jack W. Anderson (1993).

[Drawing 10] Ecologies of a platform - water & air

33

A unique case of life cycles can be seen on Platform Evas substructure. The platform substructure is overgrown with clumps of sea mussels. At the bottom of the sea floor around the

platform live large densities of sea stars. Approximately one cubic meter of sea mussels falls of the vertical substructure to the ocean floor where they are fed on by the sea stars. The sea stars

are prevented from climbing up the structure to feed on the mussels by a band of stinging sea anemones along the platforms base. This way, they only feed on the mussels that fall off the platform to the sea floor (sufficient food) and the majority of mussels continue to thrive on the

structure. This particular set of relationships in the food cycle is unusual to platform Eva, due to the conditions of its vertical structure and relationship to the sea floor. However growth of marine

lives such as these are common to offshore platforms as most offshore platforms are placed on soft-sediment bottoms, forming artificial reefs which provide attachment sites for marine life and

vertical relief attractive to fish.31

A biennial decommissioning report for the twenty three offshore platforms is released to keep track of the rising cost implications of complete removal once the platforms have finished

31 Wolfson, A, and Parr, T. (1975) The marine life of offshore oil drilling platform EVA. Marine Ecological Consultants of southern California. Tech. Rep. No. 75-11

[Drawing 11] Ecologies of a platform - water & earth [casing detail]

34

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31 Wolfson, A, and Parr, T. (1975) The marine life of offshore oil drilling platform EVA. Marine Ecological Consultants of southern California. Tech. Rep. No. 75-11 32 Gissen, David. Subnature Architectures Other Environments, Introduction. New York: Princeton Architectural, 2009. Print.

extracting all fossil fuel resources. The 2014 Decommissioning Report gave a total estimate of $1,460,800,165.00 USD. Of this astounding amount, $25,624,000.00 USD is budgeted for site clearance, including the removal of all marine growth on the platforms.32

The intention of this thesis is to propose a set of narratives and designs as a recommissioning alternative to the otherwise obviously ludicrous option of decommissioning. In doing so, the lives of these species and many other inhabitants will be a primary concern in the continued existence of Californias offshore infrastructure. The relationship of these species with the built structures can shape better cycles in the anthrome as we rediscover cohabitation in the extended urban. This solution can reintroduce notions of a horizontal ontology in ecology and challenge our current anthropocentric ways of designing and organizing industrial landscapes.

INHABITING THE SUBNATURAL

Now fallen, slain, cast for rebirth,

the core of you sublime,

an earthly stump, at forest skirt

reminds me of grand times.

- Debbie Guzzi

The platforms have braved half a century of contact with abrasive environments of wind, water, fire and oil. They wore on the platforms skins, leaving behind an array of rust, debirs and

dirt. To accompany this, everyday the platforms are consumed in fumes of smoke, gas, mist and other airborne particles of oil extractions industrial process [refer to Drawing 12] . Conditions such as these are common to the anthrome, and can be perceived as alternative natural conditions: elements of the environment that exist as a result of the industrial setting, identified by architectural

historian David Gissen as subnatures. Subnatures are those forms of nature deemed primitive (mud and dankness), filthy (smoke, dust, and exhaust), fearsome (gas or debris), or uncontrollable

(weeds, insects, and pigeons). We can contrast these subnatures to those seemingly central and desirable forms of naturee.g., the sun, clouds, trees, and wind.32

It is easy to embrace the more desirable forms of nature, they appeal to us with their purity and romance, suggesting utopian ideologies of inhabitation. Engaging with these central

35

[Drawing 12] Subnatures of a platform36

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natures may also be habitual, passed down through generations as our earths key elements. It is then perhaps more difficult to accept the less ancient natures; to greet the sublime with open

arms. But it is amongst these subnatures that the existing ecologies of the site thrive and it is with these subnatures that any future design should be considered. As we bridge our proximities to the extended urban, we will come closer to interacting with the rust, dust, smoke, fog, mist and dirt on the platforms. Inhabiting the subnatural, often a reality that is overlooked, is an essential component of designing for the extended urban.

FUTURE ENERGIES

And both that morning equally lay

In leaves no step had trodden black.

Oh, I kept the first for another day!

Yet knowing how way leads on to way

I doubted if I should ever come back.

I shall be telling this with a sigh

Somewhere ages and ages hence:

Two roads diverged in a wood, and I,

I took the one less traveled by,

And that has made all the difference.

-Robert Frost

Each platform plays a role in providing for consumers of southern California and beyond. The network of oil previously identified extends into the state, each barrel produced playing a vital

part in a Californians daily life. Addressing the elephant in the room - that Oil is a decidedly non renewable resource - brings forward the question of energy production in a post-oil California and a post-oil world. Luckily, the terrain of crises also contains the terrain of redemption. The California outer continental shelf contains a large potential for renewable energy resource extraction including wind33, geothermal34 and resulting tidal energy. Studying the subnatural and ecological conditions of the site as an anthrome due to oil can aid in understanding what possible future energy anthromes could be. Will inhabiting industrial settings of these so called clean energies

33 J. Dvorak, Michael, Cristina L. Archer, and Mark Z. Jacobson. California Offshore Wind Energy Potential. In Renewable Energy - an International Journal, 12441254. Vol. 35. Stanford, California: Elsevier, 2009.34 Matek, Benjamin, and Karl Gawell. REPORT ON THE STATE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN CALIFORNIA. In Geothermal Energy in California Status Report. Washington, D.C: United States. Dept. of Energy. Geothermal Division ;, 2014.

37

be so drastically different? The built industry of future energies could harvest similar subnatures and could support similar ecologies as the current condition - without the hassle of unnecessary disasters or the fear of resources running out. The thesis will look at a continuous industrial life of these platforms; one that can sustain a horizontal ontology of ecology amongst the anthromes of future energies. Contrary to the utopian, green approach to designing with renewable energy, this thesis proposes to engage with the realities of industrial settings: the destined complexities of energy production in the Age of Capital, the subnatural setting of renewable energies and the ecological inhabitation of the resulting extended urban anthrome. It calls for an Ecological Symbiosis, where industry and ecology - the built and living components of the anthrome can prosper in the inevitable state of material and energy exchange.

A speculation was explored to understand the implications of renewable energy entering the network of production and consumption on the site. Platforms Hidalgo, Harvest and Hermosa

[Image15] Network of on land pipelines, Jim Blecha

38

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Platform HermosaPlatform Harvest

Platform Hidalgo

Platform Hermosa

Buellton [pop: 4964]

Solvang [pop: 5385]

Santa Barbara [pop: 90 412]

Gaviota proccessing and storage plantPlatform Harvest

Platform Hidalgo

Platform Hermosa

Buellton [pop: 4964]

Solvang [pop: 5385]

Santa Barbara [pop: 90 412]

Platform Harvest

Platform Hidalgo

[Drawing 13] Wind map

[Drawing 14] Existing fossil fuel networks

[Drawing 14] Implied transmission networks with wind energy

of the Pt. Arguello unit, owned by DCOR lie in a high wind speed zone [8m/s at 90m - refer to Drawing 13]. Taking precedent from SeaEnergy Renewables, a Scottish company founded by oil industry veterans, a centaur like proposal is proposed: the body of an oil platform with the head of a wind turbine. The three platforms service three immeadiate centres - Buelton, Solvang and Santa Barbara through an existing network of onshore and offshore pipelines as well as road transport of processed and refined oil [refer to Drawing 14]. If these platforms were to instead produce

electricity through wind turbines, the resulting required infrastructure would suggest adding to an existing set of transmission cables onshore and offshore [refer to Drawing 15].

The first of many speculations on future energy inhabitations [refer to Drawing 16],

this speculation begins to exhibit the concerns and conditions that will be addressed in the recommissioning of the site, a continuous goal for ecological symbiosis in the extended urban of Californias offshore infrastructure.

39

[Drawing 16] Speculations on wind platforms40

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TRD2 | Jan 2015 - Apr 2015Continued documentation of 23 platformsContinued research on existing ecologies and their related life cyclesContinued research on potential renewable energy systems and their implementationsContinued investigation of natural/subnatural conditions-for current and future energy infrastructuresDevelopment of theories and relationships between the extended urban, ecological symbiosis & subnaturePreliminary site proposal

TRD3 | May 2015 - Aug 2015Site Visit - May & Jun 2015Refine site proposal

Design & narrate different recommissioning ideasPropose sets of ecological symbiosis within the context of the extended urban & subnatural conditions

TRD4 | Sep 2015 - Dec 2015Final thesis book - aim for defence in December

THESIS INTENTIONS

41

A Brief History of Offshore Oil Drilling. Draft. ed. Washington, D.C.: National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling, 2010.

Adam, Robert, 1728-1792 Ruins of the palace of the Emperor Diocletian at Spalatro in Dalmatia, 01-04, Printed for the author, 1764 iv, [7], 33 p., [54] leaves of plates : ill. ; 53 cm.

As U.S. Congress Lags, California Leads Push to Divest From Fossil Fuels Linked to Climate Change. In Democracy Now. Amy Goodman. December 2, 2015.

Bhatia, Neeraj. The Petropolis of Tomorrow. Actar, 2013. Print.

Campbell, Colin. Oil Depletion - The Heart of the Matter. The Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas (n.d.): n. pag. Web. 19 May 2015.

Crutzen, Paul J. Human Impact On Climate Has Made This The Anthropocene Age New Perspectives Quarterly: 14-16. Wiley Online Library. Web. 28 Sept. 2015.

Decommissioning Cost Update for Pacific OCS Region Facilities. 1 (2015). Print.

Ecologies of the Anthropocene: Global Upscaling of Social- Ecological Infrastructures. In New Geographies, edited by Daniel Ibaez and Nikos Katsikis, by Erle C. Ellis. 06th ed. Vol. Grounding Metabolism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2014.

ECOLOGY OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BIGHT: A SYNTHESIS AND INTERPRETATION. University of California Press, edited by Murray D. Dailey, Donald J. Reish, and Jack W. Anderson (1993).

Giorgio Agamben, Che cos il contemporaneo? (Rome: Nottotempo, 2008)

Gissen, David. Subnature Architectures Other Environments. New York: Princeton Architectural, 2009. Print.

Harvey, David. The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Oxford [England: Blackwell, 1990. Print.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Kalundborg Symbiosis. Kalundborg Symbiosis. Web. 20 Sept. 2015.Molotch, Harvey. Oil in Santa Barbara and Power in America. Sociological Inquiry: 131-44. Print.

Matek, Benjamin, and Karl Gawell. REPORT ON THE STATE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN CALIFORNIA. In Geothermal Energy in California Status Report. Washington, D.C: United States. Dept. of Energy. Geothermal Division ;, 2014.

Mostafavi, Mohsen. Ecological Urbanism. Baden, Switzerland: Lars Mller, 2010. Print.

Murchadha, Felix. Introduction. In The Time of Revolution: Kairos and Chronos in Heidegger. New York: Continuum, 2012.

Neil Brenner & Christian Schmid (2015) Towards a new epistemology of the urban?, City, 19:2-3, 154, DOI: 10.1080/13604813.2015.1014712

Rosa, Hartmut, and Jonathan Mathys. Social Acceleration a New Theory of Modernity. New York: Columbia UP, 2013. Print.

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43

PRECEDENT STUDIES

BERLIN: A GREEN ARCHIPELAGO

Berlin: A Green Archipelago is a manifesto by Rem Koolhaas and Mathias Ungers (along with Peter Reimann, Hans Kollhoff and Arthur Ovaska). Published in 1977, it contained an urban design concept for the future development of Berlin. Since then, this piece has inspired various ideas of the Archipelago, outlining the conditions under which urban areas function and those under which they should be conceived. The idea of the Archipelago ties into notions of Polycentric Urbanism, where the city is decentralized in terms of industry. A polycentric urban condition removes industry from the central focus and encourages an archipelago - like system for production and consumption; allowing the surrounding architecture to not be compromised.

Water

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KALUNDBORG INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

Kalundborg is an Eco-industrial park located in the municipality of Kalundborg, Denmark. The park is the worlds first system of Industrial Symbiosis. Over the course of a few decades, Kalundborg has grown to become a center of energy production in a Closed-loop system.an Eco Industrial Park (EIP) is a community of manufacturing and service businesses located together on a

common property. Members seek enhanced environmental, economic,

and social performance through collaboration in managing environmental and resource issues.

- Eco Industrial Park Handbook

100 250 500 1000m

sludge sold as fertilizer

manufactured pharmaceuticals and enzymes


biogas

natural gypsum

waste

gas

sludge from wastewater

waste

gypsu

mindustrial

gypsum

waste

gas

waste gas

sludge given away as fertilizer

strawy ash and clinker

coal

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crude oilrecovered sulfur

ethanol

yeast used for pig feedstock

sludge given away as fertilizeryeast used for pig feedstock


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waste

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surface water

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surface water surface water

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waste heat


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waste

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waste heat


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waste heat


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biogas

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waste heat


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biogas

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treated waste water


waste heat


waste heat


waste

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steam

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natural gypsum

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waste

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waste heat


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waste

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biogas

natural gypsum

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waste heat


waste heat


waste

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waste heat


waste heat


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gas



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ater


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ter

treated waste water


waste heat


waste heat


waste

heat


steam

steam

steam

a case for the extended urban

Documents