a chance for the future - - petroleum · pdf file– a chance for the future - ... ‐swot...

– a chance for the future -

Prof. Dr. Nicolae AnastasiuCor. Member of Romanian Academy

University of Bucharest

Romania Gas Forum - 3 Oct. 2012Prof.N.Anastasiu

Contents,

• Introduction

1.Unconventional Resources Types1.Unconventional Resources Types

2. Investigation methods

3.Unconventional Gas Description

4.Case Studies – Eastern Europe

5.Outcrops and wells – the Carpathians

6.Gas Shales features – theCarpathians


• Conclusions

Conventional versus unconventional! What is difference?

Introd 1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features

Conclusion‐SWOT

Bio-gas=conv

Petroleum system means:

-Source rock for HC; ShalesSource rock for HC; Shales-Reservoir, sandstones and limestones-Seal; shales or saltTrap

Thermo-gas=unconv

-Trap


Thermo-Gas Reservoir=unconv.modified

Introd 1.UR.Types

2. Methode

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features

Conclusion‐SWOT

Unconventional resources – a future alternative

Oil sands - McMurray Fm. model –Canada, Atabaska

Gas shales – Barnett, Marcellus, Utica models

Tight sand (tight gas)

Methane Hydrate ( in sediments – sea, and ocean)

Coal Bed Methane (CBM) = Coalbed gas = Coal seam gas (CSG)

Production in 2010 was 283 billion cubic feet per day


Production in 2010 was 283 billion cubic feet per day

A new technology !

Shale Gas in place, by Rogner (AWR) - 2009

Introd 1.UR.Types

2. Methode

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features

Conclusion‐SWOT

35 34

Tcm

25

30

24

15

20 19

Tight

CBM

Shale Mean of estimate

5

10

11

9

Shale Mean of estimate

027,2 8,8 11,6 12,5 (364,9)

U.S.A. Canada Europe China Implied rest of world


world

Conventional plays Unconventional plays

Introd 1.UR.Types

2. Methode

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features

Conclusion‐SWOT

Accumulations in medium to highlyporous reservoir with sufficientpermeability to allow gas to flow to

Deposits of natural gas found inrelatively impermeable rock formations(tight sands, shale and coal beds)

Wellbore

V ti l h i t l l ti K t h l i h i t l d illiVertical or horizontal completions Key technologies are horizontal drillingand modern fraccing techniques

Production from formation matrix,natural flow

Production from natural and inducedfractures (e.g shales are the sourcerock))

Permeability and porosity determineproduction rates and estimated

lti t i

Total organic carbon (TOC), thermal maturity and mineralogy determine

i d lti t l ti


ultimate recoveries reservoir and ultimate completion

Development plans on a field basis Development plans on a well by well

Investigation related to GS will be by outcrops recordsObjectives and methods

Introd 1.UR.Types

2. Methode

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features

Conclusion‐SWOT

An example...and description,related to:

g y p

related to:

1. Map location

2.Topo.. .GPS position (Lat/Long/Elev)

3. Facies descriptions

4. Boundaries, extension

5.Sampling


Investigation by Core and Well Log –records(to use in sequence analysis)

Introd 1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features

Conclusion‐SWOT

Wells Logs

(to use in sequence analysis)


Introd 1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features

Conclusion‐SWOT

A

Data Integration and Interpretation

A

LO

Rock (Core, cuttings and rotary core) data, simulation, and production datawill be integrated and interpreted to provide the following:

NG

WRock-log calibration of open-hole logs for the development of petrophysical models

to determine productive properties.

Integrate the rock data with well logs, fracture stimulation techniques,

AY


Integrate the rock data with well logs, fracture stimulation techniques,and production test results.

Oil sands (bituminous sands)

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features

Conclusion‐SWOTIntrod

( )

Location : Canada, Kazakhstan, Rusia, Madagascar, SUA; Fort McMurray = 3 400 km2Fort McMurray = 3 400 km2

Reserves: Canada, Alberta: 177 Md barili,

Status: semisolide, viscosity is high (10 000 centipoise) = extra heavy oil

Exploitation: open pit (quarry); or pit by hundred meters - green house effect. Production: in 2006 = 1,26 mil barili/zi (44% from total in Canada; 80 new

Projects)

Profit = 21,75 $/barili (conventional oil=12,41$/baril)

Secondary recovery- heavy metals: vanadiu, nickel, plumb, zinc, cobalt, mercur, crom, cadmiu, seleniu, cupru, mangan.


mercur, crom, cadmiu, seleniu, cupru, mangan.

Nisipurile bituminoase – Oil sands

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


Nisipurile bituminoase Oil sands

McMurray Fm. - Oil sands Alberta

McMurray – boom-ul canadian


...din faciesuri continentale

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


...din faciesuri continentaleContinental facies…..

Canale de bioturbaţieMcMurray Fm. - Oil sands Alberta

Canale de bioturbaţieBurrows

Laminaţii concoideLaminaţii concoideTrough lamination


Scurgeri de ţiţei –Oil flow - bitum


1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features



Workers....and machineries

Exploitation in a Q arr

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


Quarry



from Gas shales to Shale gas

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


Location: in 48 de basins, 32 countries, cu 70 de shale formations: USA, Canada, Rusia, Venezuela, Australia, Argentina, China, Egipt tens to hundred km2Egipt…..tens to hundred km .

Reserves: 15 Tmc mondial, UE=2,4 Tmc, China (36,1 Tmc), SUA (24,4 Tmc) si Argentina (21,9 Tmc).( , ) g ( , )

Status: v.low permeability-10 nanodarcy, porosity is low, brittle rocks.

Depth (burrial condition): 3000-3500 m, with slates, and black shales.

Exploitation by drilling, and wells – horisontal, and hydraulic fracturing.

Production: 11 Tcf (cca 4 Md m3--2020 in the world; in SUA, 2010 –20% din total ; 50% form total for 2035,


Introd 1.UR.Types

2. Methode

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features

Conclusion‐SWOT

unconventional conventionalSource: EIA


unconventional conventional

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


Reserves ‐Md.mc0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000

S.U.A.

Mexic

China

2440610985

19281

36100China

Pakistan

Australia

Africa de Sud

3610017831444

11212

137328211 Production ‐Md.mc ‐ 2009

Tunisia

Maroc

Venezuela

Argentina

5096540

31105451022

5041

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

S.U.A.

Asia

Pakistan

Chile

Paraguay

Europa

Germania

41317388232140

5096226481

Africa

Tunisia

America de Sud

Argentina

Shale Gas Fields in the WorldNorvegia

Danemarca

Polonia

Ucraina

4812350

5666511160

52944241189

Uruguay

Europa

Olanda

Danemarca

Turcia SSource: EIA


Turcia Source: EIA

Europe Geological Map

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features



German Romani

Age of Gas Shales formations / Countries/Reserves

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


FranceGerman

y Holland UK Sweden Norway Poland HungaryRomani

a Ucraine

Reserves: Trmc ‐ 3,1 0,57 1,16 2,35 5,3 0,54 1,19

Geological Agemil.yy

Miocene 15 MakoMiocene Shales

Cretaceous 80 Weald Clay

Jurasic 150 Alum Shale

Posidonia Shale

Posidonia Shale

Carbonifer

320

Shale

Namurian

marine ShalesCarbonifer Shale Shales

Devonian 360 Devonian shales

420Bituminous Sl t

Black shales‐graptolit Black

Silurian Slate g pes shales

Cambrian 520 Alum shale


1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Franta 5096

Reserves ‐Md.mc

Franta

Germania

Olanda

5096

226

481

Norvegia

Marea Britanie

2350

566

651

Production ‐Md.mc, 2009Danemarca

Suedia

Polonia

651

1160

529480

100

120

Turcia

Ucraina

424

1189

113 0

20

40

60

Md.mc


Lituania 113 0

Source: EIA

Source: EIA

Gas Shales – from concept to capitalisation

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


What means Gas Shales?

What properties GS have – a condition for succes!

Where we can find GS in Romania?

- Geological units;g- Geological age;- Potential Sedimentary Formations.

Synonym= “șisturile bituminoase = bit slate”

A potential for shale gas are:

Synonym= șisturile bituminoase = bit. slate , = argilele bituminoase,= “argilele negre = black shale” = argilite (=slate) etc. și, alte petrotipuri generatoate de hidrocarburi : = “rocile sursă (=source rock)“ sau “rocile mamă“


All with captiv natural gas.

Gas shales – different facies

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


-Bit shale (kerogen);-Slate;-Bit marlsSiltit-Siltit


Gas Shales What properties GS have a condition for success!

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


Gas Shales – What properties GS have – a condition for success!.

- lutit and silt grain size;g ;- bulk and clay mineralogy ;- silica (quartz clasts); - organic matter: kerogen, bitumen;

TOC and Ro=vitrinite reflectance;

...hydraulic fracture

- TOC, and Ro=vitrinite reflectance;

- marin, lake or delta facies;- permeability and porosity;- petrophysic properties;

- thermal maturity

- joints-faults:- Geomecanic: Young Modul, PoissonRatio.


Wh i

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


Where is gas locate?

Microporosity

Organic Matter

Fluorescenţă UV

Microporosity, SEM


Intergranular space Intracrystal voids Microfractures

Analysis need:

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


Petrographic analysis and rock type characterization.

Analysis need:

g p y ypEpi-fluorescence thin section petrography utilizing rhodomine-dyed epoxy

Characterization of pore structure, and in particularthe analysis of micro fracturesthe analysis of micro-fractures.

Bulk and clay mineralogy will be determined by X-ray diffraction techniques.

Total organic content (TOC), Rock Eval pyrolysis,

vitrinite reflectance To determine thermal maturity and composition of the organic materialTo determine thermal maturity and composition of the organic material.

High pressure mercury injection for the interconnected porosity,


Tight sands (and Tight gas ) very low permeability

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


It is stuck in a very tight formation underground, trapped in unusually impermeable, hard rock, or in a sandstone or limestone formation that is

unusually impermeable and non porousunusually impermeable and non-porous.

Location: many countries - USA, Canada, Rusia,Venezuela,Australia, Argentina China Egipt on hundred-thousand SqKmArgentina, China, Egipt…..on hundred thousand SqKm.

Reserves: 100 000 x 109 m3, in SUA- 1600 reservoires, 900 gas filelds.

Status: very low permeability (1 nanodarcy), and effective porosity - in sandstones, limestones.

Depth, and burial: 3000-3500 m, versus conventional gas, la 1000-1500 m.

Extraction: by secondary recovery, with horisontal drilling, and hydraulic fracturing.

P d ti i SUA di 40000 ll 2 3 T ili f 0 8 1 Md 3/


Production: in SUA, din 40000 wells = 2-3 Trilioane cf=0,8-1 Md m3/an.

Tight Sands Secondary

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


Tight Sands

CO2

Recovery:

De la 30…la 70%


We can solve green house effect!

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


50-100 m aquifer

3000 m-gasTight gas


Methane hydrate (gaz hidrati)

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


These interesting formations are made up of a lattice of frozen water, which forms a sort of 'cage' around molecules of methane. These hydrates look like melting snow.

It is stable in ocean floor sediments at water depths greater than 300 meters, and where it occurs, it is known to cement loose sediments in a surface layer several hundred meters thick 2˚ C P>30 atma surface layer several hundred meters thick. 2 C, P>30 atm.

Methane hydrates may contain more organic carbon than the world's coal oil and conventional natural gas – combined =


coal, oil, and conventional natural gas – combined = from 7,000 Tcf to over 73,000 Tcf.

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


423 488 k ²423.488 km².


1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


Coal Bed Methane (CBM)

Location in fossil coal area , brown coal, huila

Reserves: 7 500 Tcf, in the world, 700 Tcf in USA,

Status: solide, close to shales, sandstones, tens meter thickness.

Depth: hundred m. to 1500 m.

Extracted and injected into natural gas pipelines for resalea new (Halliburton, used as an industrial feedstock or used for heating and electricityfeedstock, or used for heating and electricity generation.

Production: 8 500 m3/zi: in 2010 USA – 1886 -BCF


Production: 8 500 m /zi: in 2010 USA 1886 BCF

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features



1-C.Or 2-Pl.Mo. 3-Pl.Mold. 4-Dep.Bar. 5-Dep.Get. 6-Dep.Pann. 7-B.Trans.

• mobile alpine regions (Carpathian chain and North Dobrogea area),• intermountain basins (Transylvanian and Pannonian basins)

Gas shales

intermountain basins (Transylvanian and Pannonian basins)• pre-alpine cratons (Moesian, Scythian and Moldavian Platforms).

gasoil

G h l

Gas shales

Gas shales

Gas shales

Gas shales

3

6

Gas shales

Gas shales

1

3

4

7


25

8

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features



The Eastern Carpathians

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


Olig-Dysodile Oil-Schists

Romania Gas Forum - 3 Oct. 2012Prof.N.Anastasiu Source:Univ.Report-2011/12

The Eastern Carpathians – GS Formations- Facies description

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


Location:

Valea Alunis Valley, close to Colti ill N 45° 24 064’village: N-45° 24.064’

E-26° 25.090‘674 m

Thickness: 46 m

Reflectance vitrinit

Thickness: 46 m

Lihtology: Sandstones with shales, arenite and silt grain‐size, black color. Shales are interbeded with sandstones.with sandstones.

Sedimentary structures:

Non‐organised, horizontal, graded bedding wit ripple and groove casts.

Post‐depositional: slumps and load casts.

Sequence pattern: trend ThKU


Sequence pattern: trend ThKU (10 m) and FUS (0,5‐1 m).

Foto outcrops valea Aluniș

Source:Univ.Report-2011/12

Facies and facies associations

Valeni The Eastern Carpathians

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


Sand

stone Wacke

Organic Microporosity, SEM

Matter

Fluorescenţă UV

Imagine CL

-



zonality

Getic Depression – GS Formations – Age-Lythology and wells

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


Middle Upper Miocene Black Shales

Age-Lythology

Middle-Upper Miocene Black Shales. Important contributor in Getic, where matured enough

Oligocene-Lower Miocene bituminous facies (Dysodile Shales: mature II/III-facies. (Dysodile Shales: mature, II/III-type kerogen, TOC 0.35-2.5%, Ro 1-1.15%; Menilite Fm.). Euxinic, main source in Getic

L C t (Albi ) U it Bl kLower Cretaceous (Albian) Units. Black shales/ marls. Underestimated pelagites, may contribute in Moesian

Middle Jurassic fines (0.35% TOC, II-Southern Getic/Northern

Potential wells( ,

type)

Carboniferous paralic shales (TOC 0.3-1%, III-type kerogen, Ro 1.25%)

Southern Getic/Northern Moesian Units

F 610 Govora F 611 Otasau F 614 Bunesti F 616 Negoesti


Ordovician-Silurian Shales (Ia kerogen, Ro 2.75%). Organic-rich, regional event

F 1481 Baia de Jos F 1502 Folesti R.Roban-2010


O t d ll G ti D i

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


Outcrops and wells - Getic Depression

Romania Gas Forum - 3 Oct. 2012Prof.N.Anastasiu R.Roban-2010

BT-Bazinul Transilvaniei

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


Transylvania Basin - GS & TG Formations – potential wellsBT01 Formaţiunea de

Mortanusa Pg2 Eocen (Bartonian-

Priabonian)80

BT02 Formaţiunea de Brebi Pg2 Eocen sup.-Oligocen inf.

60

BT03 Formaţiunea de Ileanda Pg3 Oligocen 60BT03 Formaţiunea de Ileanda Pg3 Oligocen 60BT04 Formaţiunea de Vima Pg3 Oligocen sup. -

Miocen inf.350

BT05 Formaţiunea de Chechis Ng1 Miocen inferior 60BT06 Formaţiunea de Hida Ng1 Miocen inferior 1200BT07 F ţi d D j N 1 Mi di 100BT07 Formaţiunea de Dej Ng1 Miocen mediu

(Baden)100

BT08 Formaţiunea de Pietroasa Ng1 Miocen mediu (Badenian superior)

1000

BT09 Formaţiunea de Dobârca Ng1 Miocen mediu 1000(Sarmaţian)

BT10 Formațiunea de Guşteriţa Ng1 Miocen superior (Pannonian)

300

Foraj Deleni-6042Foraj Band-4000Foraj Band 4000


1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


Transylvania Basin - GS & TG Formations – potential wells

Secv. Volh. sup - Bes. inf. (#5)

Secv. Kossov. terminal - Volh. inf. (#4)

Secvenţa Wielician sup. -Kossovian sup (#4)Kossovian sup. (#4)

Transylvanian Basin (central part)1 1

Potential wells

F 1501 Deda F 4913 Ibanesti F 4843 Mociu F 34601 Valea Almas

Eastern Pannonian Basin F 4010 Bors


F 4010 Bors F 4044 Cadea F 4006 Oradea F 1021 Tamaseu


1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


• Carbon Organic Total (TOC-wt% - TOTAL Organic Carbon) is more

A synthesis from our data on gas shales formations:

g ( g )and more, from 0 și 4, when organic matter is present;

• S1 și S2 (mgHC/g-rock) peaks obtained by Rock Eval analysis have figures in between 0 - > 4 and, respectivelly, 0 si >20;

• Hidrogen Index (mg HC/gTOC) corelate with kerogen cover figures th 600 d l th 50 th t i t kmore than 600 and less than 50 = that means immature rocks;

• Vitrinit reflectance give us informations on oil windwos and temperature from that level:

Trend production…temperature from that level:

• when Ro < 0,6 =system is immature;• Ro = 0,6 to 1.35 = mature systems.


A summary

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


The basic conditions thought to account for the genesis, accumulation and preservation of gas shales are present in many European geological units; Many unconv. gas fields have been discovered in these units.

There is a good understanding of the geological formations locatedbetween 0 and 3500 m, which are mainly of a Neogene age.

Less ell nderstood are the geological formations deeper than 3500/4000 mLess well understood are the geological formations deeper than 3500/4000 m,which are basically pre-Neogene.

Many shales with good petrophysical gas reservoir parameters existy g p p y g pfrom the Paleozoic to the Tertiary. The best is Silurian (Paleozoic)

There is a large variety of traps. The predominant type is stratigraphic (lithologic) and structural.

The oil and gas fields can be considered as small to medium in size but occurring with a remarkable frequency


to medium in size but occurring with a remarkable frequency(comparative with US, China…)

The questions confronting the explorationist are:1 where are these new fields located ?

1.UR.Types

2. Methods

3.UG‐Descrip

4. Case‐EastEur

5. Out‐Wells Data

6.GS features


1. where are these new fields located ?2. how can they be discovered?

3. would these be commercial discoveries?

1. The best opportunities are in deeper than 1,500 –2 000 m seated gas shales reservoirs onshore and offshore.

2. By data accumulated up to the present (reconsideration old data according to new concept - processes, sequencestratigraphy…depositional systems….)

3.The new possibilities offered by modern seismic techniquesin the field of data acquisition and data processing(3D and soft…..), improvement of new log operations….

3. A refined geological interpretation……can lead to new commercial discoveries everywhere in the world.


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2012. UE-Commission Report – 2012 - Unconventional Gas: Potential Energy Market Impacts in the European Union.

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