A COLORIMETRIC MICROMETHOD FOR THE ESTIMA- TION OF CYSTINE AND CYSTEINE”

BY BRUNO VASSEL

(Prom the Stamford Research Laboratories, American Cyanamid Company, Stamford, Connecticut)

(Received for publication, April 15, 1941)

Fleming’s (1) observation that cystine in the presence of ferric ions forms a blue color when heated with p-aminodimethylanilinc suggested the application of this reaction to a quantitative estima- tion of cystine in ,biological materials. The formation of the blue color occurs in strongly acid solution, which enhances the value of the reaction as a means of estimating cystine in the acid hydrolysates of proteins. Moreover, the simplicity of the method outlined below lends itself to routine applications, an advantage over the procedure of Fujita and Numata (2).

Details of Method

Reagents- Dye solution. 35 mg. of p-aminodimethylaniline monohydro-

chloride (Eastman No. 492) dissolved in 100 cc. of 6 N H$XIh. This solution decomposes slowly even in the dark in the refrigerator at 5” and should be made up freshly every 10 to 14 days.

Ferric ammonium sulfate. 20 gm. of FeNH4(SOa)z. 12Hz0 (reagent grade) made up to 100 cc. with 1 N HzS04.

Zinc dust (Mallinckrodt, reagent grade). No impurity should be present which cannot be dissolved in 1 N HzS04 upon heating.

Acid for cystine standards. An acid having the same composi- tion and normality as that of the protein-hydrolysis mixture to be analyzed is required for use in the preparation of the standard

* A report of this work was presented at the Hundredth meeting of the American Chemical Society at Detroit, September 9 to 13, 1940.

323

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324 Estimation of Cystine and Cysteine

cystine curves as well as for the dilution of the hydrolysates if less than 1 cc. of the latter is to be analyzed (see text).

Procedure

Determination of Cystine-1.0 cc. of the solution to be tested, containing from 0.01 to 0.20 mg. of cystine, is measured into an 18 X 150 mm. Pyrex test-tube. If less than 1 cc. is used, enough of the above acid is added to bring the final volume to 1.0 cc. To this are added, in the order named, 3 cc. of the dye solution, ex- actly 165 mg. of zinc dust, and, after 2 to 4 minutes, 2 cc. of the ferric ammonium sulfate solution. With occasional mixing to counteract the tendency of the zinc dust to float, the reducing action of the zinc is allowed to proceed for 45 minutes. At the end of this time an additional 3 cc. of ferric ammonium sulfate solution are added and the test-tube lightly stoppered and im- mersed at once in a boiling water bath and held there for 45 minutes.

It is imperative that none of the zinc dust be left at the end of the heating period. To insure this, the walls of the test-tube are carefully wetted twice with the hot solution after 5 and 10 minutes of heating, thus removing any zinc which may adhere. At the end of the heating period the mixture is placed at once in a cold water bath, during which time the greenish blue solution changes to a deep reddish blue color. The reaction mixture is now trans- ferred quantitatively to a 25 cc. volumetric flask and made up to volume with distilled water. The intensity of the blue coloration is measured in a 1 cm. cell at its maximum absorption band (5750 to 5800 8.) in the Hardy spectrophotometer.

To insure good analytical results, several factors of importance should be emphasized.

All of the zinc dust must have been destroyed at the end of the heating period, since the blue color, once it is formed, is very sensi- tive to even very mild reducing agents. In the absence of reducing agents the color not only is stable but increases in intensity upon standing. The absorption at 5800 1. is constant for 30 minutes. It then begins to increase slowly, as shown in Table I which records the increase in the extinction coefficient (-log T/Z) at 5800 A. with time for a period of 124 hours.

The standard cystine curve should be prepared from a cystine

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B. Vassel

solution which approximates as closely as possible the composition and acid strength of the solution to be analyzed. In the case of blood serum hydrolysates, 0.4 cc. of serum is digested f,or 18 hours at 115.-120” with 2.5 cc. of an HCOOH-HCI mixture prepared by adding 58 cc. of concentrated HCl to 63 cc. of 85 to 90 per cent HCOOH (3). The hydrolysate is then made to a 10 cc. volume with 5 N HCl. The acid for the standard cystine curves for use with such hydrolysates is prepared by adding 25 cc. of the above HCOOH-HCl mixture to 75 cc. of 5 N HCl. This solution has a normality of 8.2 to 8.3 obtained by titrating an aliquot with 1 N alkali. Enough water is then added to give a final solution of a normality of 6.8 to 7.0 which is equivalent to that of the hy- drolysates. However, the omission of the HCOOH in the standard

TABLE I

Changes in Intensity of Blue Color (at 6800 d.) with Aging

Hrs. after preparation L

Extinction coefficient

(-he:;) Em. after preparation

- 1

_

htinction coefficient

(-lo+

0 0.374 3.5 0.381 0.5 0.374 20 0.426 1 0.375 28 0.437 1.5 0.376 45 0.470 2 0.377 53 0.482 2.5 0.3775 118 0.521 3 0.380 124 0.523

T

cystine curve would introduce a serious error, as Curves IV and VI in Fig. 1 clearly show. Both are cystine concentration curves, in 7 N acid, plotted against the extinction coefficient. However, one of the acid solutions contains only HCI, while the other is composed of the right relative amounts of HCOOH and HCl, identical with the final mixture of the hydrolyzed and diluted serum. The normality of the solution to be analyzed must be duplicated in the standard curves, as Curves II, III, V, and VI of Fig. 1 indicate, all of which represent cystine-HCI solutions of varying acid strength. For this reason all of the reagents should be measured very carefully, preferably by microburette. Finally, a change in the amount of zinc dust used will influence the standard curve, as shown in Curves I and II of Fig. 1 where in one instance

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326 Estimation or” Cystine and Cysteine

(Curve I) 225 mg. of zinc and in the other (Curve II) 165 mg. of zinc dust are used with 1 N HCI. It is believed that this dis- placement of the standard curve is due to a slight increase in al- kalinity caused by the larger amounts of zinc. When the cystine content of urine is to be determined, the solvent in the preparation of the standard curve should be normal urine acidified with con- centrated HCl to 7 N acid strength. For the determination of

MGS. OF CYSTINE

FIG. 1. Variations in the extinction coefficient at 5800 A. with different strengths of acids. Curve I, 1.0 N HCl with 225 mg. of zinc dust; Curve II, 1.0 N HCl with 165 mg. of zinc dust; Curve III, 2.5 N HCl with 165 mg. of zinc dust; Curve IV, HCOOH-HCl mixture of 7.0 N strength with 165 mg. of zinc dust; Curve V, 5.0 N HCI with 165 mg. of zinc dust; Curve VI, 7.0 N HCl with 165 mg. of zinc dust.

cystinuric urine the same relative volumes of urine and concen- trated HCl are then used.

The choice of a suitable reducing agent caused a great deal of difficulty, inasmuch as every trace of it must be eliminated before the end of the heating period because of its adverse effect on the stability of the blue color. The complete removal of all traces of sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, sodium hydrosulfite (NazSz04), and sodium cyanide, even after acidification and gentle heating,

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B. Vassel 327

could not be accomplished. The blue color of titanium trichloride interferes with the analyses, while magnesium and aluminum powder gave inconsistent results.

The zinc dust, aside from being a reducing agent which can be removed completely, appears to act in still some other manner, possibly as a condensation agent. If cystine is first reduced in acid solution by metallic zinc and the other reagents are then added, very little or no formation of a color with a maximum ab- sorption at 5800 A. occurs. However, if ferric ion is present during the reduction, whether in the presence or absence of p-aminodimethylaniline, a maximum coloration develops, provided that an excess of ferric ion is present at all times during the heating period. The addition of a mixture of ferrous and ferric ions after the reduction of cystine with zinc in the absence of the other reagents will not produce the same intensity of color as when the zinc acts in the presence of the other reagents.

If conditions are kept similar, 2 moles of cysteine produce the same intensity in color in the presence of zinc as will 1 mole of cystine.

While it is easier to prepare standard curves for cysteine from cystine, the former can be used successfully provided that the hydrochloric acid per mole of cysteine hydrochloride is neutralized and the solvent used is an oxygen-free acid of a strength and com- position equal to that of the unknown solution. The order in which the reagents are added becomes of great importance if the unknown contains cysteine. The addition of 2 cc. of the ferric ammonium sulfate solution prior to the introduction of the zinc will cause low results undoubtedly due to oxidation of cysteine by the ferric ion with the formation of higher oxidation products which do not give the color. If these precautions are adhered to, mixtures of cystine and cysteine will give theoretical values as shown in Table II. In the case of cystine the relative order of zinc dust and ferric ammonium sulfate addition does not matter.

Beer’s law holds for concentrations of 0.01 to 0.20 mg. of cystine per 1 cc., as is evident in Fig. 1 where the mg. of cystine, in several acid solutions, are plotted against the extinction coefficients (-log T/l). While no work has been done to correct for a change in the slope if the 0.2 mg. limit is passed, it is felt that by an ap- propriate change in the amounts of reagents the usefulness of the

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328 Estimation of Cystine and Cysteine

method could be extended to higher cystine concentrations. It must be borne in mind, however, that the wave-length at which maximum absorption occurs when the range of cystine concentra- tion is from 0.01 to 0.20 mg. per cc. (5800 A.) is determined by the relative light absorption of each of several colors of the reaction mixture (Fig. 2, Curve I). Thu:, with 0.05 mg. of cystine per cc. the maximum is closer to 5765 Ad, while with 0.15 mg. of cystine per cc. the absorption is at 5800 A. It follows that with a further increase in cystine concentration the influence of the interfering colors upon the wave band of the blue color produced by cystine

TABLE II

Determination of Total Cystine in Mixtures of Cystine and Cysteine (“Cystine” Procedure)

Cyst&m i

Added

mi7.

0.18 0.14 0.10 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.04

:&x&ted as oystine*

mg.

0.179 0.139 0.099 0.059 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.039 0.039

Ca$feT

w.

0.01 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04

-

- Theoretical Found

mg. ml.

0.189 0.194 0.169 0.159 0.149 0.145 0.129 0.122 0.109 0.113 0.029 0.033 0.039 0.038 0.049 0.048 0.069 0.061 0.079 0.081

Total cyst&

EWX

+zkO5 -0.010 -0.004 -0.007 +0.004 f0.004 -0.001 -0.001 -0.008 +0.002

* Mg. of cystine equivalent to mg. of cysteine X 240/242.

becomes more and more negligible. Consequently, the wave band at which maximum absorption occurs shifts into higher and higher values with increasing amounts of cystine, reaching a theoretical limit at the wave band of the pure compound. We have succeeded in obtaining small amounts of the blu: compound in a relatively pure state with a maximum at 6550 A., as shown in Curve II of Fig. 2. Here, the influence of other colored im- purities has been practically eliminated, as is shown by the absente of other strong absorption maxima between 4000 and 7000 A. Consequently, if cystine analyses are to be made at concentrations

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B. Vassel 329

greater than 0.2 mg. per cc., the intensity of the color of the r,e- action mixture must be read at higher wave-lengths than 5800 A. A photoelectric calorimeter with suitable filters may be used instead of the spectrophotometer but, owing to the fact that the

FIG. 2. Absorption curves of (Curve I) the unpurified, and (Curve II) the almost pure blue-colored compound produced by the interaction of cysteine and p-aminodimethylaniline.

light wave-length band is so much broader when filters are used, the lowest cystine concentration that can be determined accurately becomes 0.05 mg. per cc., as in lower ranges the color of the blank becomes too pronounced.

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330 Estimation of Cystine and Cysteine

Determination of Cysteine-The estimation of cysteine alone, even in the presence of cystine, can be accomplished readily by the following modification of the procedure for cystine, the reagents remaining the same.

165 mg. of zinc dust are added to a mixt,ure of 3 cc. of dye solu- tion and 2 cc. of ferric ammonium sulfate in an 18 X 150 mm. Pyrex test-tube. The zinc is allowed to react with the acid for 10 minutes at room temperature and is then brought completely into solution by immersion into boiling water for 15 to 35 minutes, care being taken that no zinc adheres to the wall of the test-tube. The solution is cooled rapidly in cold water, and 1 cc. of the solution to be tested added, followed immediately by 3 cc. of the ferric

TABLE III Determination of Cysteine in Pure Solution and in Presence of Cystine

(“Cysteine” Procedure) by Means of Cystine Standard Curve

Cyst&e added Cysthe’ added Cyst&e found

WJ. 0.20 0.07 0.01 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.04

I- m7.

0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16

0.069 0.014 0.150 0.118 0.080 0.040

EWX

+GO3 -0.001 +0.004 -0.010 -0.002

* Cystine should give no color, since it has not been reduced.

ammonium sulfate. The mixture is then heated in boiling water for 45 minutes. The procedure outlined under the determination of cystine is followed from this point on.

Typical cysteine determinations in the absence and in the pres- ence of cystine are given in Table III. It should be noted that zinc salts are apparently required for the formation of the blue color, which may account for the failure to develop a color when metallic magnesium and aluminum were tried for the reduction of cystine. The omission of zinc results in almost no color formation.

As a check on the accuracy of these methods several proteins were analyzed for their cystine and cysteine content and these

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B. Vassel 331

findings compared with those previously published (Table IV). All proteins were hydrolyzed with 6.25 cc. of the HCOOH-HCl

TABLE IV

Cystine Content of Some Proteins As Determined by This Method, and As Reported by Other Workers

Protein used*

Casein (Hammarsten)

Lactalbumin (Labco No. 7- HAAX)

Edestin (Difco)

Insulin (crystalline zinc insulin, Stearns No. 2487-K; 22 units

per w.1 Amorphous insulin (Lilly No.

W-1302)

-

-

-

Cyst&e

per cent

0.52

o-o.39

Cystine

per eat

0.32 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.39 2.61$ 2.22 2.34 3.09

1.18 1.14 1.18

1.37 10.6

10.1 12.7-13.3 11.6-12.6

C&hods used?

P. (4) G.-M.-G. (4) F.-M. (5) K.-B. (6)

G.-M.-G. S. K.-B.

IL

G.-M.-G. P. F.-M.

P. S.

(7)

(1, (8)

(4) (4) (5)

(9) (9)

Refer- ence NO.

* The two insulin samples were dried to constant weight in an Abder- halden drying pistol at the temperature of boiling toluene, while the other proteins were dried over PZOS in a vacuum desiccator. The cystine values reported by our method are based on a moisture- and ash-free (heated to 600” in a muffle furnace) basis.

t P. = polarographic method; G.-M.-G. = copper precipitation method of Graff, Maculla, and Graff; F.-M. = phosphotungstic acid method of Folin and Marenzi; K.-B. = Kassell and Brand’s adaptation of the Folin and Marenzi method; S. = Sullivan’s naphthoquinone method.

t Cystine + cysteine. J Supplee, G. C., private communication from The Borden Company,

makers of the protein.

mixture of Miller and du Vigneaud (3) for 18 to 20 hours in an oil bath maintained at 115-120” and were then diluted to 25 cc.

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332 Estimation of Cystine and Cysteine

with 5 N HCl. The amount of protein hydrolyzed depended upon its cystine content and was so chosen that 1 cc. of the hy- drolysate contained from 0.01 to 0.2 mg. of cystine. It can be seen from Table IV that our values for casein, lactalbumin, and edestin agree well with those already reported. The cysteine content of our sample of lactalbumin (0.52 per cent) is somewhat higher than the values of 0 to 0.39 per cent reported by Kassell and Brand (8). They state, however, that different lactalbumin samples varied in their cysteine content. In the case of the two samples of insulin, our values are lower than those in the literature (9). The reason for this discrepancy is unknown. The sample of crystalline insulin from Frederick Stearns and Company (No. 2487-K, potency 22 units per mg.) contained 1.11 per cent ash and

TABLE V

Recovery of Cyst&e Added to Edestin Hydrolysates

-WI.

0.058 0.058 0.058 0.058 0.058 0.058

ml.

0.110 0.168 0.159 -0.009 0.088 0.146 0.141 -0.005 0.066 0.124 0.119 -0.005 0.044 0.102 0.101 -0.001 0.022 0.080 0.078 -0.002

wl. mg. ml.

5.92 per cent moisture, the latter being determined by drying a sample in an Abderhalden drying pistol at the temperature of boiling toluene, according to the recommendation of Miller and du Vigneaud (3). Sullivan and Hess (10) reported similar ash and moisture values for different insulin preparations. We ob- tained cystine values of 9.55 and 9.57 per cent for the zinc insulin sample when the protein was hydrolyzed in air, and values of 10.60 and 10.66 per cent when oxygen-free nitrogen, saturated first by passage through the HCOOH-HCl mixture, was passed through the condenser during hydrolysis. While we have no information as to the method of crystallization in the preparation of our insulin sample, this factor should be of no consequence in this case, since Sullivan and Hess (10) have shown that different

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B. Vassel 333

methods of crystallization influence the cystine content of insulin only when 20 per cent HCI is used in the hydrolysis and not if HCOOH-HCI is employed. The amorphous insulin of Eli Lilly and Company (No. W-1302) contained 1.59 per cent ash and 7.32 per cent moisture and gave values of 10.05 and 10.10 per cent cystine when hydrolyzed under nitrogen. Neither of the insulin samples gave any test for cysteine.

As a further check on the accuracy of this method, recovery experiments are reported in Table V. It is evident from the values in the last column of Table V that when known amounts of cystine are added to an edestin hydrolysate the recovery of the added cystine is entirely satisfactory.

DISCUSSION

It is felt that the reactions involved in the formation of the blue compound are analogous to those occurring during the forma- tion of methylene blue from p-aminodimethylaniline and H&S, except that the end-product is a substituted benzothiazine (pos- sibly 3-carboxy-7-dimethylaminobenzothiazine) instead of a pheno- thiazine. If such assumptions are correct, then any aliphatic compound which contains a thiol group and a primary amine separated from each other by two -CH,---- groups will give a positive test. The simplest compound fulfilling these require- ments is 2-aminoethanethiol. Homocysteine in which the thiol and amine groups are separated by three -CH2- groups and reduced glutathione in which the amino group is blocked by peptide linkage should give negative tests. The removal of the carboxyl group from cysteine, or its blocking off by ester or peptide linkage, should not produce an adverse effect on the formation of the blue color. Reduced glutathione and homocystinel were tested and do not give a blue color, while none of the other com- pounds named above was available for testing.2 All of the more

1 The homocystine was furnished through the courtesy of Professor Vincent du Vigneaud.

2 The conclusions regarding the specificity of this method have in the meantime been confirmed by Professor M. X. Sullivan, who very kindly informed me that ergothioneine, homocystine, reduced glutathione, and methionine give negative tests, while isocystine, cystineamine, Z-cystinyl- diglycine, cystinylcystine, and S-carboxymethylcystine react positively.

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334 Estimation of Cystine and Cysteine

common organic constituents of blood and urine as well as l- methionine, I-tyrosine, l-histidine, I-tryptophane, and dl-serine have given negative tests.

As mentioned previously, the compound responsible for the blue color is labile towards reducing agents. Ascorbic acid or cysteine when added to an aqueous solution of the blue dye reduces

TABLE VI

Cystine Recoveries in Presence of Glutathione, Homocystine, Ascorbic Acid, and Tyrosine

Cystine added

ml.

0.110 0.110 0.110 0.110 0.110

0.110 0.110 0.110 0.110 0.110

0.100 0.100 0.100

0.094 0.094 0.094

“9. mg. mg.

0.690 0.065 -0.045 0.552 0.071 -0.039 0.414 0.076 -0.034 0.276 0.083 -0.027 0.138 0.089 -0.021

Homocystine added

0.40 0.070 -0.040 0.32 0.076 -0.034 0.24 0.083 -0.027 0.16 0.095 -0.015 0.08 0.102 -0.008

Ascorbic acid added

0.60 0.100 0 0.36 0.100 0 0.12 0.103 +0.003

Tyrosine added

0.60 0.36 0.12

0.093 0.094 0.095

Ei-r0r

-0.001 0

+0.001

it to the colorless leuco compound. Addition of dilute Hz02 to the leuco base restores the blue color. If, however, an excess of strong HzOz is added instead of the dilute H202, the blue color is transient and changes into a yellowish red. No means of reducing this higher oxidation product back to the blue-colored one or to the leuco base has yet been found.

When glutathione or homocystine is added to a cystine solution

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B. Vassel 335

of known concentration, low cystine values are obtained. In Table VI recoveries of cystine after the addition of known amounts of glutathione, homocystine, ascorbic acid, and tyrosine are re- corded. It is evident from the last column of Table VI that when the concentrations of homocystine and reduced glutathione become less than that of cystine the error tends to become negligible. When ascorbic acid or tyrosine is added to a cystine solution of known concentration (Table VI), the recovery of the cystine is quantitative within the error of the method, showing that these substances do not interfere. The formation of homocysteine from methionine during HI hydrolysis precludes the use of this reagent.

The method appears to have an inherent error of f 1 per cent with a maximum error of 1t6 per cent. Several hundred serum hydrolysates at 7 N acid strength, analyzed in triplicate in this laboratory, showed an average deviation from the mean of f3 per cent, which, it is felt, is entirely permissible, considering the range of concentration for which the method is adaptable.

SUMMARY

Microcolorimetric methods for the estimation of cystine and cysteine are presented. They are based upon the development of a blue color by heating cystine or cysteine or both in acid solu- tion with p-aminodimethylaniline in the presence of ferric am- moniuom sulfate and determining the percentage absorption at 5800 A. by a spectrophotometer. From 0.01 to 0.20 mg. of cystine or cysteine per cc. of solution can be estimated, with an average error of ITt3 per cent.

The formation of the typical blue color appears to require a thiol group and a primary amine separated from each other by two -CHz- groups as is found in cystine and cysteine. Reduced glutathione and homocystine do not react to give the blue color. However, they interfere with cystine analyses by apparently reducing the colored compound to its leuco compound. Ascorbic acid and tyrosine exert no such effect on the reaction, except that when the former is addedafter the blue color is formed, reduction of the color to the leuco compound occurs.

The author is greatly indebted to Dr. M. L. Crossley for his helpful interest throughout the course of this investigation and to

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Estimation of Cystine and Cysteine

Professor Howard R. Lewis for valuable suggestions and criticism in the preparation of this manuscript.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Fleming, R., Biochem. J., 24, 965 (1930). 2. Fuji& A., and Numata, I., Biochem. Z., 300, 265 (1939). 3. Miller, G. L., and du Vigneaud, 1 T., J. Biol. Chem., 118, 101 (1937). 4. Stern, A., Beach, E. F., and h!lacy, I. G., J. Biol. Chem., 130,733 (1939). 5. Folin, O., and Marenzi, A. D., J. Biol. Chem., 83, 103 (1929). 6. Kassell, B., and Brand, E., J. Biol. Chem., 126, 145 (1938). 7. Graff, S., Maculla, E., and Graff, A. M., J. Biol. Chem., 121, 81 (1937). 8. Kassell, B., and Brand, E., J. BioZ. Chem., 126, 115 (1938). 9. Sullivan, M. X., Hess, W. C., and Smith, E. R., J. BioZ. Chem., 130, 741

(1939). 10. Sullivan, M. X., and Hess, W. C., J. Biol. Chem., 130, 745 (1939).

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Bruno VasselAND CYSTEINE

FOR THE ESTIMATION OF CYSTINE A COLORIMETRIC MICROMETHOD

1941, 140:323-336.J. Biol. Chem. 

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