Halil Semih ERYILDIZ, Professor, Doğuş Üniversitesi Faculty Of Arts, Design & Architecture Turkey, semih.eryildiz@gmail.com

Demet Irkli ERYILDIZ, Professor, Maltepe University

Faculty Of Architecture & Design, Turkey, demeteryildiz@gmail.com

KAUNAS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture and Urbanism, Faculty of

Civil Engineering and Architecture

3rd International scientific conference

“ECOLOGICAL ARCHITECTURE 2015”

October 22-23, 2015

3rd INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE ECOLOGICAL ARCHITCTURE 2015 Main conference places:

1. Conference place: Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Studentu st. 48;

2. Dinner place: KTU Santaka valley, K. Barsausko st. 59; 3. Sightseeing tour meeting place: Kaunas Christ's Resurrection Basilica,

Zemaiciu st. 31a. 3. Sightseeing tour meeting place: Kaunas Christ's Resurrection Basilica,

Zemaiciu st. 31a 1. Conference place:

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Studentu st. 48 plac taka

2. Dinner KTU San st. 59 e:

valley, K. Barsausko

‘Principle Of The Sustainable Settlement’ Declaration

At UIA Chicago Congress of 1993 representatives of architects with an unbelievable enthusiasm discussed and unanimously voted for the declaration of Architects.

Commitment was to the goal of ‘sustainable human settlements in an urbanizing world’. A commitment to sustainability means following the guiding principles of ecological sustainable development (ESD) and creating objectives to sustainable practice that enhance the health of people and our natural environment provided support social justice and ultimately ensure prosperity. Authors of this article have the honour to work on the preparatory committee working on the draft.

SOCIAL Programs & Resilience

ECOLOGICAL & Poverty alleviation programmes aiming resilience should not only be utilitarian.

They must be; – Ecological Respecting ‘Mother Earth’s sustainability. – Humanitarian – Anthropocentric – Built environment through architecture

should reflect people's health, – values and concerns.

Therefore we try to find answers for the questions of

‘how does one plan for eco resilience & build in

harmony with Nature?’

WE WORKED ON TWO IMPORTANT EXAMPLE

COMPARE & DROUPHT CONCLUSION TO A NEW DRAFT

ROADMAP

Knowledge, understanding

& methodology

‘POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES’ should not only be utilitarian but also, in fact, both humanitarian, ‘ecological’ & should respect Mother Earth’s viability. Built environment through architecture should reflect people's health, values and concerns; therefore, we try to find answers to the questions:

‘How does one plan and build in harmony with Nature?’

How do we design and build a home or office that is healthier to live and work in, that uses renewable energy with more efficiency, that

uses materials that are gentler on the environment and disaster resistant?

Graphic representation of a communal

ecocity district a guide for Batıkent

A- Ecodesign & Batikent

Batıkent has about one million people nowadays being on the way to city centre in Turkish Capital. It is the only and biggest urban settlement in the huge Anatolian geography for hundreds of year.

The project was started to be realised with the establishment of Kent-Koop in 1979. The underlying intimacy was derived from the unhealthy and unsustainable living conditions of the existing situations of the city (Eryıldız H. S. 1994).

Batıkent was a social, co-operative strategic, holistic and endless planning process. Partners were cooperatives, central government, Ankara municipality and Kent (City) -Koop.

Batıkent Project was meant for collective housing, and collective house management.

BATIKENT AS AN EXPERI- MENTAL TOOL

Batıkent ‘West City of Ankara Project’ will be used a tool to

evaluate a new model for evoplanning for resilience against

poverty and hazards in this paper .

A new model of evoplanning against poverty & hazards is

necessary. Social, economic and environmental effects in low

cost housing in Batıkent and other cases are discussed.

Project was started as ‘Akkondu’ in the year 1974 in Ankara

Municipality. V. Dalokay was Mayor, and Architect Semih Eryıldız

was responsible Director for ‘Directory of Slum Clearance New

Settlement’.

Evolutinary analysis

phases of site

Example application for

ecological inspection of

Batıkent collective houses

Akademililer: AA;Harb-İş:

BB;tez-Koop:CC; ODTU:DD

B- SolarCity Linz, Austria • The project initiative for an ecocity in the scale of an ecodistrict

began in 1990, when Linz, the capital of Upper Austria, introduced a policy of low- energy social housing.

• Linz, an Austrian town situated in the narrow area between the Traun and Danube Rivers, was in urgent need of expansion. However, hemmed in between the two rivers as it was, it was no easy task to find a suitable place for that expansion. Plans to build in the rural and ecologically important washland (riparian strip) gave rise to much concern.

• As a consequence, it was decided from the earliest inception that a project should be realised of a high architectural and ecological quality.

Solar City

• Renowned Austrian urban planner R. Rainer was asked to present a master plan. Atelier Dreiseitel, which specialises in ecological landscape designs and water concepts, won the competition to design the landscape.

• Solar City, the name chosen, was a statement that was intended to make the objectives of the new urban expansion clear. A great deal of effort was devoted to ensuring a low level of fossil fuel consumption.

PHASES

• Ultimately, 25,000 people will live in Solar City Linz, divided across five centres.

• The first phase of the project involves 32.5 hectares of building land

and will offer housing to 4,500 people, together with the necessary facilities and 20 hectares of parkland.

Decentralised Waste Water Purification

• As a pilot project, a decentralized water purification system has been set up for 88 homes and a primary school. That system serves as a research facility for studying the various aspects of decentralized wastewater purification and, if possible, for working toward amending the applicable regulations. In Austria, like in most of the European countries, all buildings in urban areas must be connected to the sewer system. Toilets have been installed that separate urine and faces. The solid matter is turned into compost. The fluid waste is purified in the helophyte filter.

• The urine is captured in basements for use as fertilizer. The helophyte filter has been integrated into the parkland, though for safety reasons it had to be fenced off. Acceptance on the part of the residents and the functioning of the system are monitored. The system as a whole is not without its problems and makes demands on the users. As such, it is uncertain whether this system is suitable for use on a large scale.

Eco Transport • The connection of nature protection and urban development is a very important

and actual challenge for urban development. SolarCity is an example for a project in which this was not only included in the design of the city and its surroundings, but in which, beyond that, nature protection and recreation were excellently integrated so that both complement each other.

• A tramway line of about 2.3 km connects the city center of Linz since September 2004 with the solarCity. However, the distant to Linz and who to bridge it is the weakest point of the ecocity.

• Most part of the “Traun-Donau wetlands” is legally protected. This unique nature reserve remains protected and at the same time it is meant to constitute a nature experience for the solarCity’s residents.

• Wooden footbridges for walks are installed in the alluvial forests. Info-checkpoints make the offer complete.

• No traffic in between sites, • Bicycle Lines all sites.

Social Center & Transport Means (Photographs; Eryıldız D&S- site work 2015 July)

• A large number of criteria were not met in this project, the emphasis lying definitely on the energy concept and open space planning.

• Other criteria, such as soil, were neglected, not fulfilled or even not target at all. But the ecocity project “solarCity”, with its lasting effects and organization, is undoubtedly a positive step towards a sustainability-oriented future, as far as guidelines in ecological settlement projects are concerned.

• On the basis of the results an arithmetic mean could be calculated. With this, an overall evaluation of the single criteria, implemented in the Solar City Linz project, can be deduced.

• The master plan for the Linz-Pichling residential district was finished in 1992. This master plan makes provision for between 5,000 and 6,000 homes together with the entire infra- structure servicing the area. This concentrates development in nodes along a tram route that links in to a local railway station and the city center. In 1993, the Linz City Council took the proposal further by commissioning a study to demonstrate how the homes in Pichling could serve as an example of low energy living. The following year the Eight non- profit-making building organizations joined the development in 1995. Therefore current plans propose 1,317 on a site of around 32 hectares forming one of the nodes proposed in the Master Plan. The City of Linz commissioned world-class architects Norman Foster, and Richard Rogers from England and Thomas Herzog from Germany to plan the first 630 homes.

Shading devices- energy efficiency (Photos; Eryıldız D&S- site work 2015 July

School & Education Facilities (Photographs; Eryıldız D&S- site work 2015 July)

. Social Center & Transport Means (Photographs; Eryıldız D&S- site work 2015 July)

• Environment carrying capacity should be calculated, standard social-economic parameters increase past to plan, programme and political steps systematic and comprehensive alternative and organisational conditions must be ‘Strategically Environment Effect Evaluated’ (Yeang K.).

• • ‘Walking area, bicycle ways and green area for continues city

planning for future must be an architectural measure, and natural identity should be at front of the plan. To create a good environment for living, buildings must be open for sun energy. Ecological master planning should be implemented in the region’ (Frazer J.).As ecological architecture has deep roots in the natural world, architecture has to be seamlessly and benignly incorporated into the environment. The eco design for settlements itself should be a part of the environment. It uses eco friendly materials, it is

• These also will be productive both for eco restoration of the project & for future eco planning.

• Batıkent is perceived problematic from different views such as it was a huge ideological monotype and so on.

• The integration of special organisations and architectural firms would have been more effective if it would have done by a well organised ecological approach together with the consideration of regional characteristics of the issue.

• Therefore, ecological renovation of the existing building stock became one of the most important problems together with construction of ecological new sites.

• In this context, this study aimed to show an exemplary renovation of an existing social housing unit to be an eco-house in Europe &Turkey.

CONCLUSION

It goes without saying that not all guidelines can be met in any eco- city project.

Preconditions and circumstances differ enormously between evaluation subjects and project areas.

However, it is striking that most criteria and guidelines that had been detected were regarded in the development concept and during the construction of Batıkent & solarCity.

Moreover, the guidelines are just there to give some clues for an ecological housing development project.

Still, the more criteria and guidelines a project fulfills, the more ecological a residential area gets, in a sustainable sense.

• A large number of criteria were not met in this project, the emphasis lying definitely on the energy concept and open space planning. Other criteria, such as soil, were neglected, not fulfilled or even not target at all. But the ecocity project “solarCity”, with its lasting effects and organization, is undoubtedly a positive step towards a sustainability-oriented future, as far as guidelines in ecological settlement projects are concerned. On the basis of the results an arithmetic mean could be calculated. With this, an overall evaluation of the single criteria, implemented in the Solar City Linz project, can be deduced

• A comparison and assessment is more effective with the evaluation of the assessment categories and the single criteria instead of summarizing them to single number. The Abovementioned criteria’s had been included, following KENNEDY 1984a, (Kennedy & Kennedy 1998) siting and land use, open space, soil, material, indoor environmental quality, energy, traffic, waters and waste.

The arithmetic mean is that point in the scale which is at a time below and above of the half of the values (Zöfel 1988, 43).The grade 5 (insufficient) corresponds with the former category 1 (not implemented): 1 = excellent, 2 = good, 3 = satisfactory, 4 = sufficient, 5 = insufficient. The assessment scale consists of five categories with a different hierarchy (Zöfel 1988: 267): 1 = not implemented, 2 = partly implemented, 3 = implemented, 4 = well implemented, 5 = very well implemented. To achieve a final grading of the eco city project Solar City Linz, the five hierarchical categories are going to be transformed into grades from 1 to 5 (Van Der Ven 1980, 34). The arithmetic mean from all criteria was calculated to achieve this final grading and resulted in the value 3.24. This value stands for the cumulative grade “satisfactory”.

The evolutionary architecture

The evolutionary architecture is on the contrary made by technology

itself. The computers were created as one of the final results of

industrial revolution.

The mother of evolutionary architecture is oil. But the history does

not mean the future, therefore the evolutionary architecture has a

big potential into the future designs, where the computer is in the

contemporary world inevitability.

Where eco tells ´´it is possible without technology´´,

it is hard to imagine, that contemporary dwellers would

abandon the possibilities of computers.

Evolutionary architecture is highly inspired by nature, and it tries to

imitate the nature as much as possible. The great example of

imitation is the cobras snake skin, where is easily seen the similarity

between the natural an evolutionary.

Advanced Methodology

What Evotecture is trying to say is that it is possible to live

benignly without need of anything even similar to high

technology.

We are moving to the new era of ‘renewables’.

We feel that our past blindness has to be over. Instead of acting

like we are separate from nature, we need to accept that we are

a part of it and we should be behaving accordingly.

We need to add our wisdom power to change the nature.

Best new revolutionary examples are on material production

field, Universities show the way for new designs.

PRODUCTION SYSTEM

Figure 23: Yong Mao of the University of Nottingham, UK and colleagues

Figure 24:. The shape and space of evolutionary architecture. Entry 2006 Exibition, Zeche

Zollverein, Germany. Ultra - light 3D-Printable Beams Fractal Structures Could Yield Ultra - light 3D-Printable Beams That Are 10,000 times stronger than Steel

Infrastructural City of

Natural Qualities

“We might ask ourselves what would happen if we were to

introduce, into our artificial landscape, a whole series of

succession and natural growth laws in conjunction with

geometries and rules to generate artificial environments.

• Welcome to an infrastructural city of natural qualities,

• Artificial material landscapes,

• Evolved and cultivated as if they were living organisms

• That have assumed the role of architecture.”

PRODUCING

‘CITY FRACTAL’s

In the fractal geometrical description of real built-up area (e.g. using the self similarity or

some particular fractal shape); In the simulation of urban growth using fractal algorithm

(e.g. using the Diffusion Limited Aggregation (DLA) model1)

Figure 27: In the first approach there is present of an interesting syllogism :

· the house like a part of the town, and it is little image of the town, too;

· the town is constituted from copies of itself (this is an example of self-similarity)