“a comparative pharmaceutico

“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA &

VISESHA SHODHANA” By:

Dr. SHIVA PRASAD.J.SONAR

Dissertation submitted to the

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka, Bangalore

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

AYURVEDA VACHASPATI (Doctor of Medicine)

In

RASASHASTRA

Under the Guidance of

Dr. M.GOPIKRISHNA, M.D. (Ayu) Asst. Professor,

Dept. of Post Graduate studies in Rasashastra,

S.J.G.A.M.C, KOPPAL.

Under the Co-Guidance of

Dr. RUDRAKSHI.P.DEVARAGUDI, M.D. (Ayu) Reader,

Dept. of Post Graduate studies in Rasashastra,

S.J.G.A.M.C, KOPPAL.

DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA

S.G.V.V.T’S SHREE JAGADGURU GAVISIDDESHWARA AYURVEDIC MEDICAL

COLLEGE, KOPPAL – 583 231 (Karnataka) 2014

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka,

Bangalore

Declaration by the candidate

I hereby declare that this dissertation entitled “A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA” is a bonafide and genuine research work carried out by me under the guidance of Dr. M. GOPIKRISHANA M.D (Ayu), Asst. Prof., S.J.G.A.M.C, KOPPAL.

Signature of the Candidate Date: Place: Koppal Dr. SHIVA PRASAD.J.S

SHRI JAGADGURU GAVISIDDHESHWAR AYURVEDIC MEDICAL

COLLEGE, P.G.STUDIES AND RESEARCH CENTER, KOPPAL

(Affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore,

Karnataka)

DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN RASA SHASTRA

Certificate by the Guide

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA” is a bonafide research work done by Dr.SHIVAPRASAD.J.S in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of AYURVEDA VACHASPATI (DOCTOR OF MEDICINE) IN RASASHASTRA.

Signature of the Guide

Date: Place: Koppal

Dr. M. GOPIKRISHNA, M.D. (Ayu) Asst. Professor. Dept. of P.G. Studies in Rasashastra, S.J.G.A.M.C, KOPPAL




Karnataka)


Certificate by the co-guide

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA” is a bonafide research work done by Dr. SHIVA PRASAD.J.S in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of AYURVEDA VACHASPATI (DOCTOR OF MEDICINE) IN RASASHASTRA.

Signature of the Co-guide

Date: Place: Koppal

Dr.RUDRAKSHI.P.DEVARAGUDI. M.D. (Ayu)

Reader Dept. of P.G.Studies in Rasashastra S.J.G.A.M.C, KOPPAL




Karnataka)


Endorsement by the H.O.D and Principal/Head of

the institution

“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA” is a bonafide research work done by Dr. SHIVA PRASAD.J.S in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of AYURVEDA VACHASPATI (DOCTOR OF MEDICINE) IN RASASHASTRA.

Signature of the H.O.D Signature of the Principal

Dr. P. H. C. MURTHY Dr. B. S. SAVADI Principal

COPY RIGHT

Declaration by the candidate

I hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Science, Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this dissertation in print or electronic format for academic / research purpose.

Signature of the Candidate Date: Place: Koppal

Dr. SHIVAPRASAD. J. S

© Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka, Bangalore

Acknowledgement

The dissertation work is a planned work carried out in a scheduled time. This

is made possible with valuable guidance, inspiration, critics, advice and suggestions;

all these empowered me to complete my work successfully.

I express my deep sense of gratitude to his great holiness Jagadguru Shri

Abhinava Gavisiddeshwara Mahaswamiji, Gavimath, Koppal, for their divine

blessings.

I express my Sincerest thanks to my beloved Guide Dr. M. Gopikrishna

M.D.(Ayu), Associate professor, Post Graduate Department of Rasa Shastra, for his

maximum support and guidance all throughout the work.

I express my heartiest gratitude to my co-guide Dr. Rudrakshi. P. Devaragudi

M.D. (Ayu), Reader, Post Graduate Department of Rasa Shastra who supported me with

her extremes in making this dissertation a completed work.

I express my heartiest gratitude to Dr. P. H. C. Murthy M.D. (Ayu), professor and

H.O.D, Post Graduate Department of Rasa Shastra, who supported me with his

extremes in making this dissertation a completed work.

I express my heartiest gratitude to Dr. Sashidhar Jeeru M.D (Ayu), Reader,

Department of Rasa Shastra and Dr. Santosh Kulakarni M.D (Ayu), Reader, Dept. of Rasa

Shastra and Bhaisajya Kalpana for their valuable suggestions.

I sincerely thank our Principal Dr. B. S. Savadi M.S (Ayu) for his encouraging and

thought provoking support.

I am thankful to our P. G. Coordinator Dr. M. M. Salimath M.S (Ayu), for

encouragement and facilities provided during my postgraduate studies.

I am Thankful to Prof. Dr.P. Brinda, Associate Dean & Co-Ordinater of Centre

for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine (CARISM), SASTRA University,

Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, who supported me in the analytical study of Drug - Vanga.

I am Thankful to Sreenivas. G. M and Madhusudhan JSW Steel Limited HSM

LAB#2 for supporting me in the analytical study of Drug - Vanga.

A friend need is a friend in deed. I always remember Late Dr. Raghavendra

Shetty for his wish in completing this work.

I would like to thank my U. G. friends Dr. Aruna, Dr. Ambika, Dr. Guru. G, Dr.

Dhanu, Dr. Premalata, Dr. Ranjit, Dr. Ravi, Dr. Seema, Dr. Shivaraj, Dr. Sudha.

I would like to thank my friends Dr. Prateek, Dr. Naveen.B, Dr. Satish, Dr.

Bhaskar, Dr. Pown, Dr. Tarun, Dr. Somanath, Dr. Vikram, Dr. Suprabha, Dr. Ashwini,

Dr. Vijayalaxmi, Dr. Veena, Dr. Ajay, Dr. Praveen and Dr. Naveen Kumar. who helped

me in the all the way to complete this Work.

I also would like to thank my seniors Dr. Sreemant. G. Chawan, Dr. Sreenidhi

G. S, Dr. Kevin for their guidance and support.

I am thankful to my juniors Dr. Vishal. C and Dr. Altaf who are part and

partials in making this work completed.

Mr. Vinod I. E (Librarian), Miss. Sunita and Miss. Saraswati (Library staff) and

Mr. Shivappa, attender, RS and BK pharmacy for their kind support.

I am desperately thankful to my parents Sri. Jagadevappa. K. Sonar and Smt.

Sharada bai. J. Sonar, my Sister Smt. K. Jyothi and my junior friends Vara Prasad

and Varsha for their love, affection and caring support throughout my studies.

Last but not the least I wish to thank all the persons who have helped me

directly and indirectly with apologies for my inability to identify them individually.

Date:

Place: Koppal

Dr. ShivaPrasad. J. S.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CS Charaka Samhita

SS Susrutha Samhitha

AH Astanga Hrudaya

BP Bava Prakasha

RN Raja Nigantu

RM Rasendra Mangala

RSS Rasendra Sara Sangraha

RT Rasa |Tarangini

RJN Rasajalanidhi

RDP Rasa |Dhatu Prakasha.

R.CHU Rasa Chudamani

AP Ayurveda Prakash

YR Yoga Ratnakara

BRRS Bruht Rasa Raja Sundara

RPS Rasa Prakasha Sudakara

RV Rasarnava

SHS Sharangadhara Samhitha

AK Ananda Kanda

Sn Tin

Mg Mile gram.

Gm. Gram

XRD X-Ray diffraction method

XRF X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer

FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

M.M Microscopic Metallography

ABSTRACT

Background and objectives:

Vanga is classified under Dhatu varga in all Rasa texts and it will be considered one

among the PootiLoha. Vanga Bhasma is having great medicinal value in many more

diseases. To make its use internally it has to undergo various processes like Sodhana,

Jarana and Marana, here Sodhana method is one among the basic and fundamental

process. Shodana for Vanga is carried out in 3 different methods and its Pharmacuetico

analytical study was carried out to evaluate Malavichhedana and gunavardana

property of Shodhana method.

Method:

Method selected for shodhana in present study: Nirvapa method for Samanya

Sodhana and Dalana method for Visesha Sodhana was selected. The study carried out

in following steps. Vanga samanya shodana carried out for 7 times, in each of the

following media Taila, Takra, Gomutra, Aranala, Kulatta kwatha. Vanga vishesha

shodhana carried out i.e., Nirvapa of vanga in churnodhaka for 7 times without

subjecting it to samanya Shodana. Vanga Samanya and Visesha Shodhana carried

out by subjecting it to both Samanya Shodana and Visesha Sodhana.

Characterization study: In this study each and every character of the Vanga will be

tested by both physical and chemical base. Those tests are cleavage, fracture, colour,

taste etc.

Analytical study: The physic-chemical, organoleptic analysis is carried out for the

each of the sample. Physicochemical analysis is carried out with XRD, XRF, M.M, ZP

and FTIR in order to calculate the percentage and evaluate the characteristic of Tin in

after Bhasma form. Liquid used for the each Shodhana is subjected analysis with

Organoleptic characters, Physical and chemical properties before and after shodhana.

Physical properties include pH, total solids, and weight per ml. Chemical properties

includes percentage of Tin in both before and after Bhasma.

Interpretation and conclusion: Zinc as a Mala was removed from the Vanga this

shows the importance of MALA VICCHEDANA property of Shodhana.

Comparatively Maximum amount of Zinc was removed in Vanga by Samanaya and

Visesha Shodhana. Media contribute to the removal of Lead in ppm level except

Aranala. Maximum percentage of Tin was obtained in Samanya and Visesha Sodhana

procedure. Physical and structural changes take place, in metal helpful for the next

process. Vanga under goes the oxidation as a chemical change which quickens the

further process of Jarana and Marana. Reduction in the size of particles is maximum in

Samanya-Visesha sodhita Vanga Bhasma.

Key words: Vanga, Samanya shodhana, Vishesha shodhana, Malavicchedana, Xrd,

XRF, FTIR, Ph Weight/ml Physical, Chemical

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL. No. CHAPTERS PAGE NO.

01 INTRODUCTION 01-02

02 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 03

03 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

DRUG REVIEW

04-31

04 PHARMACUETICAL STUDY 32-56

05 ANALYTICAL STUDY 57-87

06 VANGA

CHARECTARIZATION STUDY

88-93

07 DISCUSSION 94-103

08 CONCLUSION 104

09 SUMMARY 105-107

10 BIBLIGRAPHY 108-117

Sl. No. TABLES PAGE NO.

01 Synonyms of Vanga 04

02 Vanga Types according to different Rasa Texts 06

03 Khuraka Vanga Lakshanas in some Rasa Texts 07

04 Misraka Vanga Lakshanas in some Rasa Texts 08

05 Sweta and Krishna Vanga Lakshanas 08

06 Ashodhita Vanga Sevana Janya Vyadhies 08

07 Various methods of Sodhana of Vanga 09

08 Important Ores of Tin 12

09 Contents of Butter Milk 16

10 Chemical composition of Gomutra 17

11 Various methods of Sodhana 26

12 Sodhana medias their properties and effects 27

13 pH value of Taila Media 34

14 Results of Vanga Sodhana in Taila Media 34

15 pH value of Takra Media 35

16 Results of Vanga Sodhana in Takra Media 36

17 pH value of Gomutra Media 37

18 Results of Vanga Sodhana in Gomutra Media 37

19 pH value of Kanji 39

20 Results of Vanga Sodhana in Kanji Media 39

21 pH value of Kulatta Kwata 41

22 Results of Vanga Sodhana in Kulatta Kwata Media 41

23 pH value of Curnodaka 43

24 Results of Vanga Sodhana in Curnodaka Media 44

25 All sodhana medias and its pH 46

26 Loss and appearance of Vanga in all Sodhana medias 46

27 Observation of Vanga Jarana(Samanya Sodhita) 47

28 Observation of Vanga Jarana( Visesha Sodhita) 49

29 Observation of Vanga Jarana( Samanya-Visesha

Sodhita)

51

30 Results of Marana Procedure 56

31 Analytical characteristic of Vanga

Bhasmas(v1,v2,v3,v4)

61

32 FTIR Results of V1 77

33 FTIR Results of V4 77

34 Grain size of vanga(Taila Sodhita) 87

35 Grain size of vanga(Takra Sodhita) 87

36 Grain size of vanga(Gomutra Sodhita) 87

37 Grain size of vanga(Kanji Sodhita) 87

38 Grain size of vanga(Kulatta Kwata Sodhita) 87

“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”

1 INTRODUTION

INTRODUTION

Rasa Shastra is a one of the basic and fundamental branch of Ayurveda

developed in medieval period i.e., 8th

-9th century A.D and onwards. It deals with the

usage of various Metals, Minerals and Visha dravyas by their identification,

purification, incineration and for the therapeutic usage, Ayurvedic classics describe

several methods for the processing of the raw Rasa drvyas, and Sodhana is one

among them. During Sodhana, all most all Rasa Dravyas are processed in stipulated

manner and brought into purified manner. So hear the process of Sodhana carried out

to remove the impurities and convert them for best suitable for further process and

therapeutic use.

Vanga is metal classified under loha varga and one of Poothi loha. It is having

synonyms like Ranga, shukra loha, trapasva etc, Vanga is classified into Khuraka and

mishraka where khuraka is considered as sresta. Vanga is having tikta, ushna, ruksha

guna and medogna krumigna activates.

In Rasa Shastra branch so many different type of works have been under

taken for the study of Vanga Bhasma, but it is necessary to establish the relative

difference in qualities acquired to Vanga Bhasma when it is subjected to different

types of Sodhana methods.

Though there are different types of Sodhana Vidhis are advocated in classical

texts, in the present study, Vanga Sodhana is carried out through three different

methods, in which separate Physic-Chemical analysis will be carried out for each

methods of Sodhana in order to establish and record the data related to qualitative

and quantitative comparative changes occurred in final product to validate and

facilitate for rational practice and usage.

Sodhana is a process which separates impurities (mala) by doing bhavana,

mardana, dalana, nirvapana, swedhana etc. Vanga Sodhana is carried out to by heat

and dip (quenching) method in different medias as taila, takra, gomutra, aranala,

kulatta kwatha, and churnodhaka.


2 INTRODUTION

In Sodhana method there are mainly two types one is Samanya Sodhana and

second is Viseha Sodhana . In Samanya Sodhana procedure all most impurities

present in minerals/ metals are removed out and drug will be ready for further

procedures.

Second method is Visesha Sodhana, in Samanya Sodhana some doshas are

remains their only so removing these doshas a specific Medias are mentioned for

specific drugs in Rasashastra.

Now a days all Ayurvedic drug manufacturing companies prepare Rasa

Oushadies without doing Samanya Sodhana they directly doing Visesha Sodhana

and next Bhasmikarana so somewhat doshas remains their as it is in the drugs and

they distribute to all pharmacy, so drugs having less efficacy.

Considering all above concepts here my work is on observe the

Pharmaceutical Analytical changes in Vanga Bhasma prepared by 3 different purify

methods i.e Smanya Sodhana, Visesha Sodhana and Samanya-Visesha Sodhana.


3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

AIM:

“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA

BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY METHODS i.e. SAMANYA

SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”

OBJECTIVES:

1. To carry out Samanya Shodhana of Vanga Bhasma and its Pharmaceutico-

Analytical study.

2. To carry out Vishesha Shodhana of Vanga Bhasma without subjecting them to

Samanya Shodhana and their Pharmaceutico-Analytical study.

3. To carry out Samanya-Visesha Sodhan of Vanga Bhasma and its

Pharmaceutico-Analytical study.

“A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE PURIFICATORY

METHODS I.E. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”


VANGA

Vanga it is one of the DHATU (metal), due to origin Vanga got its name i.e.

from Vanga Desha. It is classified under of Puti lohas, is because of it emits putrified

smell on melting. It is widely used in Prameha Roga. In Ayurveda Prakasha1, it has

been mentioned that if the disease Meha is compared as Hasti(elephant), then the

Vanga is like Simha(lion) which is able to kill it.

“VANGA BHAKSHATO NARASYA NA BHAVIAT |

SWAPNEPI SHUKRA KSHAYAM ||” Rasatarangini.

Many rasa vaidyas called vanga as shukrala dhatu, vrishya which indicates its main

use 2.

Vernacular Names 3:

Sanskrit : Vanga

Hindhi : Ranga, kalai

Gujarathi : Kalai

Kannada : Tavara

Latin : Stannum

English : Tin

Malayalam : Velutteyam

Marathi : Kathila

Tamil : Velliyam

Telugu : Tagaramu

Table No. 1 Synonyms of Vanga

Sl.No Name A.K R.T R.R.S R.A A.P R.J.N R.K

1 Vangaka + + +

2 Ranga + + + + +

3 Shukralaha + +

4 Kurupya + + +

DRUG REVIEW




5 Trapu + + + + + + +

6 Trapusha + +

7 Vanga + + + + +

8 Pichchata + + + +

9 Aleemaka +

10 Vanga + +

11 Gurupatraka + +

12 Hima + + +

13 Kasteera + +

14 Mrudu vanga + +

15 Nagaja +

16 Pushpa +

17 Pootigandha + +

18 Simhala +

19 Abheera +

20 Mukhabhushana +

21 Shwetaroupya +

22 Trapusamarupam +

23 Vichata +

25 Swacha +

26 Rupyakarana +

27 Manduka

28 Madhura

30 Suksma Patra +

Meaning of some important synonyms 4,5

:

Ranga - Means colour, specially used for colouring process.

Trapu - “Agnim drishtva trapate lajjate va” Since Vanga melts quickly on fire.

Vanga - Vanga desha refers to north east part of India, from where it is

obtained Picchata - Easy to cut down or to mould.

Abheer - Which gives confidence.

Banga - Which was transported from Bangladesha in olden days.




Chippata-Which melts easily.

Ghana- Gains solid state very quickly.

Kasteera- Shaining metal.

Kurupy- If Vanga exposes to atmosphere for longer period it becomes dull.

Nagabhava- Its properties are similar to Naga.

Nagaja-It occurs along with lead ores.

Pichchata- Which melts easily.

Puspa- Molten vanga attains shape of flowers after pouring in liquid media.

Pootiganda-Emits foul smell on heating.

Rangaka- Used for dyeing process.

Roupya shastra- Destroys the metallic properties of silver.

Simhala- Occurs in Simhala desha.

Shukraloha-Represents shukragraha, useful in shukravikara.

Historical Review:

In Veda Kala:

The reference of Vanga is found in the oldest testimony of Indian culture, i.e.

“Vedas”. The word Trapu is used in “Sukla - yajurveda”alongwith the other five

metals (Yajurveda 18/13). The Manusmrti also mentioned Trapu is one of the metals

for making vessels (Manusmriti 5/111).

In Samhita period:

Charaka Samhita, Vanga is mentioned in the group of metals6

and its use in

making some Yantras like Vasti Yantra7. In sutra sthana it mentioned as a jihwa

lekhana karma(tongue scraper) He also mentioned a therapeutic use of Vanga churna

as an external application for Mandala Kustha8.

Sushruta samhita, “Trapu” is said as a metal, and its therapeutic action is said

as a Krimighna9. In uttara tantra it is mentioned as a netra varti in rakta abhishandy

disease with the combination of other drugs10

.

Ashtanga sangraha , he explained the treatment for diseases of Netrasandhi

& mandala. Anjana is prepared out of powder of precious minerals like Tamra,

Loha, Seesa, Trapu, Manashila, Samudralavana, Kukkutanda, Saindhava choorna

with honey is mentioned11.




Rasendra mangala12

: Nagarjuna the author of Rasendra Magalam describes

Shodhana and Marana procedures of Vanga.

Rasa Hridaya Tantra13

:

Rasa Hrudaya Tantra describes Vanga and categorizes it under Puti Lohas for

the first time. In the Golden period of Rasa Shastra, Vanga was used mainly for

Dhatuvada.

Rasarnava14:

The author of Rasarnava gave much importance to Vanga in Swetakarma,

Dwandvamelapana. In Rasarnava some special procedures like Vanga Sthambhana

and Vanga Nirmali karana have been mentioned.

Rasendra cudamani 15:

Rasendra Chudamani has also described Vanga Shodhana and Marana. He also

described the pathaya to be followed while using Vanga Bhasma.

Rasa Prakash Sudhakara 16:

Rasa Prakash Sudhakar has quoted that Vanga Bhasma can cure 80 types of

Vatvyadhi and 20 types of Prameha roga. Rasa Ratna Samuchayakara gave detailed

description of Vanga regarding its varieties, properties, Shodhana and Marana etc. The

books written after 14th A.D such as Sharangdhara Samhita, Bhava Prakasha, Rasa

Kamadhenu, Ayurveda Prakasha explained Vanga in Shukra Vikaras, Meha and many

other diseases.

Mythological origin:

According to Rasa Kamadhenu, Vanga is originated from Shareera of Indra.

According to another view it is said as the semen of Indra17

.

According to Rasendra Bhaskara it is originated from footmarks of Lion of

Durga while killing Shumbha Rakshasa. During the extreme fighting stage

between goddess Durga, lion of the goddess and the demon Shumbha, the earth

was badly dug.Vanga’s origin is believed to be from that foot marks18

.

BHOUTIKA GUNAS OF VANGA19

:-

Varna (colour) – Sweta

Sparsha (Touch) - Mrudu snigdha




Apekshita gurutwa – 118.7

Melting point – 2320 C

Boiling point - 2700 C

Vanga is softer than gold, harder than lead

Lighter than lead & malleable metal.

Praptisthana20

:

Usually Vanga is not available in muktavasta (Native form), but is in the

form of oxide known as Vanga patthar (Tinstone). In India it is found in less

quantity in Bihar. Specially in Burma & Bangla desh it is available in large quantity.

So in olden days Vanga was imported from vangadesha (Bangla desha) hence called

as Banga, Vanga also found in Simhala desha (Srilanka) hence Simhala. Vanga has

been found in native form in Bolivia, Syberia & also found in nature in yougika

form (mixed) i.e it contains Gandhaka (Sulphur) Silika, Loha (Iron), Tamra

(copper) etc. by applying heat to this yougika form in presence of charcoal vanga

could be separated. Vanga is also avialable abundantly in Malasia & Tennaserim.

Varieties: 21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32

In major rasa shastra granthas and other Authors also have explained only two

types of Vanga.

A) 1. Khuraka vanga - Uttama

2. Mishraka vamga - Adhama

B) 1. Sweta vanga - Uttama

2. Krishna vanga - Adhama

Table No. 2: Vanga types according to different rasa texts

TYPES R.chu RC RM RSS RRS RT RSN AP RJN AK YR BRRS

Khuraka + + + + + + - + + + + +

Mishraka + + + + + + - + + + + +

Sweta - - - - - - + - - - - -

Krishna - - - - - - + - - - - -




Khuraka Vanga Lakshanas: 33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43

Dhavalam : White

Mrudulam : Soft, malleable on pressure.

Snigdham : Smooth.

Drutadravam : Readily melting on heat.

Sagauvaram : Heavy

Nisshabdam : Makes no noise on hitting.

Nirmala : white and clear

Table No. 3: Khuraka vanga lakshanas in some rasa texts:

Lakshnas R.chu RM RSS RRS RT AP RJN RPS BRRS AK YR

Dhavala + + + + + - + - + + +

Mrudu + + + + - - + - + + +

Snighda + + + + + - + - + + +

Drutadravam + + + + - - + - + + +

Sugauravam + + + + + - + - + + +

Nishabdam + + + + + - + - + + +

Nirmala - - - - + - - - - - -

Chandraloha

Samaprabha

- - - - + + - - - - -

Khurakaram - - - - - + - - - - -

Saralam - - - - - - - + - - -

Shubhram - - - - - - - + - - -

Misraka Vanga Lakshana: 44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53

Dravteatikathina : Not easily melting.

Ruksha : Dry/Rough surface.

Anya Dhatuvimisritum : Mixed with other metals.

Dhusaram : Greyish in colour.

Kathina : Hard.




Table No. 4: Misraka vanga lakshanas in rasa texts:

LAKSHANAS R.chu RM RSS RRS RT RJN RPS BRRS AK YR

Shyam + + + + - + + + + +

Ashubhrakam + + + + - + - + + +

Drutae ati

kathinam

- - - - + - - - - -

Rukshatvam - - - - + - - - - -

Anya dhatu

vimishram

- - - - + - + - - -

Dhusaram - - - - + - - - - -

Katinam - - - - + - - - - -

Durgandhi - - - - - - + - - -

Malinam - - - - - - + - - -

Guru - - - - - - + - - -

Rasa rasayanae

ayojyam

- - - - - - + - - -

Table No. 5: Shweta and Krishna Vanga Lakshanas54

:

Necessity of Shodhana & Marana: It is necessary to subject Vanga to

Shodhana and Marana to eradicate impurities and convert it it to Bhasma.

Ashodhita or Apakwa Vanga causes following disorders.

Table No. 6 :Ashodita/Apakwa Vanga Sevana Janya Vyadhis.

Vyadhis B.P55

B.R.R.S56

R.T57

R.J.N58

Kusta + + + +

Kilasa + - + +

Gulma + + + +

Shweta Vanga Lakshana Krishna Vanga Lakshana

Laghu Guru

Mridu Kathina

Snigdha Ruksha




Prameha + + + +

Pandu + + + +

Shleshma jvara + - + +

Bhagandhara + - + +

Shukrashmari + - + +

Rakta vikara + - + +

Akshepa + - - +

Kampa + - - +

Shoola + - - +

Vatashopha + - - +

Kshaya + - - +

Vidradhi + - - +

Muskala roga + - - +

Ashodita/Apakwa Vanga Sevana Janya Vikara Shanti59

: The combination of

Mesha shringi and sita is advised to be taken for three days to overcome the

Ashuddha Vanga sevana janya vikaras.

Shodhana: There are different Shodhana methods explained in the classics of

Rasashastra and they are tabulated below.

Various methods of Shodhana of Vanga: 60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67

Table No, 7

No Referance Drug & Media (Type of Shodhana) Procedure Repetition

1 R.M. Arka-dugdha (V) Dhalana 3

2 R.R.S. For Khuraka – Nirgundi Swarasa +

Haridra churna (V)

Dhalana 3

“ Taila-Takra-Gomutra-Aranala-Kullatha

Kwatha (S)

Dhalana 3

4 R.Chi Nirgundi Swarasa (V) Dhalana -

6 R.S.S Arka-dugdha/Churnodaka (V) Swedana

1/2 yama

3




7 A.P.

Taila-Takra-Gomutra-Aranala-Kullatha

Kwatha (S)

Dhalana 7timesIn

each

Kadalimula rasa

Arka-dugdha (V)

Dhalana 7

8 B.R.R.S.

Mutra+Amla+Ksharajala+

Arka-dugdha+Snuhi-dugdha (V)

Dhalana

3

Nirgundi Swarasa+Haridra Churna (V) Dhalana 7

9 R.T.

Churnodaka/Arka-dugdha (V) Dhalana 7

Nirgundi Swarasa+Haridra Churna

Amla Takra/Kumari Swarasa (V)

Dhalana 3

10 R.J.N. Nirgundi Swarasa+Haridra Churna

Amlatakra + Punarnava Kwatha +

Vishtinduka or Katukalabu Rasa or Arka-

dugdha (V)

Dhalana 3

Juice of Ghosha/Nirgundi rasa +

Nirgundimula Churna (V)

Mutra+Amla+Ksharajala+

Arka-dugdha+Snuhi-dugdha

Kadamba Patra (V)

Churnodaka (V)

Lepan &

Atapa

shoshana

Dhalana

Prakshalan

Swedana

7

-

½ Yama

*V – Vishesha Shodhana *S – Samanya Shodhan

Vishesha shodhana68

:

।

॥

।

॥ - R.T. 18/8

Bhasma Matra69

: 1-2 Ratti.




Guna Karma70

:

Rasa : Tikta, amla, kshareeya

Guna : Ushna, Ruksha

Virya : Ushna

Vipaka : Madhura

Karma : Deepana, Pachana, Balya, Lekhana, Medhya,

Kantiprada, Virsya, Dhatukara, Ojoprada,

Rasayana.

Vyadhihara : Kleebata, Upadamsha, Svapnadosha,

Swetapradara, Prameha, Daha

Modern chemistry view – TIN71,72

:

Tin was known to the ancients and is mentioned in the Old Testament.

Ordinary tin is a silvery-white metal, is malleable, somewhat ductile, and has a highly

crystalline structure.

History: Tin extraction and use can be dated to the beginnings of the Bronze Age

around 3000 BC with the history of the tin-copper alloy. Bronze articles from an

ancient city of Babylonia, Mohanjadaro-Harappa called the Indus Valley civilization

dated about 3500 BC. The oldest artifacts date from around 2000 BC. The Tin content

between 10 to 15% in Persian White copper are dating back to 3000 BC have been

found in the form of weapons, Tools, Chariot fittings & Ornaments etc., The

discoverer and the discovery year of Tin is not known to the scientists but since

ancient times it is in use, there are specimens of it being found in Egyptian tombs.

Habitat: The important tin producing countries are Malaysia, Bolivia, Thailand,

Republic of Congo, Nigeria, and China, which account for 99 % of world production.

Small tonnage is produced in Australia U.K., Burma, Japan, Canada, Spain and

Portugal. In India occurrences of tin ore have been reported from Bihar, Rajasthan,

Gujarat and Karnataka

Occurrence: Cassiterite (SnO2) or Tin stone is the only commercially important

source of tin, although small quantities of tin are recovered from

complex sulfides such as Stannite, Cylindrite,Franckeite, Canfieldite, and Teallite. In

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stannite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindrite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franckeite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canfieldite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teallite




crude form tin is always found associated with Sulphur, Arsenic, Manganese, Iron,

Tungston, Copper etc., So in order to obtain the pure form of it, it has to be processed.

Ores of tin: Table No.8: Important ores of Tin

Name Formula

Cassiterite(tin stone) SnO2

Cylindrite Pb3Sn4Sb2S14

Franckeite Pb5Sn3Sb2S14

Stannite Cu2FeSnS4

Teallite PbSnS2

Properties:

Latin Name: Stannum

Symbol: Sn

Classification: Metallic

Group in periodic table : 14, period 5, p-block

Colour : silvery-white

Atomic number: 50

Atomic weight: 118.71

Hardness: 1.5

Specific gravity: 7.29gm/cc

Density (g/cc): 7.31

Crystal structure: Tetragonal.

Melting point: 231.93 °C

Boiling point: 2602 °C

Malleability: Capable of being shaped or bent into extremely thin tin foils.

Ductility: Easily pulled or stretched into a thin wire

Conductivity: Good transmission of heat or electricity

http://www.webelements.com/periodicity/name/

http://www.webelements.com/periodicity/name/

http://www.webelements.com/periodicity/classification/

http://www.webelements.com/periodicity/group_number/

http://www.webelements.com/periodicity/standard_state/

http://www.webelements.com/periodicity/atomic_number/

http://www.webelements.com/periodicity/atomic_weight/

http://www.webelements.com/periodicity/melting_point/

http://www.webelements.com/periodicity/boiling_point/




Oxidation: Not easily oxidized but oxidizes upon heating with concentrated HNO3

Reactivity with water: Stable in both cold and boiling water

Reactivity with acids: Does not react rapidly

Extraction and Refining: Different methods of extraction of tin from Cassiterite:

Concentration: The powdered tin stone is concentrated by gravity separation

and the magnetic impurities like Wolframite etc., are separated from tin stone

by magnetic separators.

Roasting: The concentrated ore is heated in a current of air in which impurities

like Sulphur and Arsenic are oxidized to volatile SO2 and As2O3. Iron pyrites

change to their oxides and sulphates.

Leaching and washing: The roasted ore is treated with water when CuSO4 and

FeSO4 are washed away from the main ore. Further lighter ferric oxide is

washed away leaving behind heavier ore particles known as black tin. Molten

tin is drawn into blocks. It contains 99.5 percent of tin metal and is called

block tin.

Refining of tin: it is purified by liquation, poling and electrolytic refining.

Uses:

Used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion or other chemical action

Alloying agent: important alloys include soft solder, type metal, fusible metal,

pewter, bronze, bell metal, white metal, die casting alloy, and phosphor

bronze.

The chloride is used as a reducing agent and as a mordant in calico printing.

Tin salts sprayed onto glass are used to produce electrically conductive

coatings. These have been used for panel lighting and for frost-free wind-

shields.

Window glass is made by floating molten glass on molten tin (float glass) to

produce a flat surface (pilkington process).

Tributyltin, a tin compound is the ingredient in antifouling paint used on ships.

Organotin compounds are used as bactericides and fungicides in marine

environments but they cause severe problems to local wildlife.

Tin level in human body:

Bone/p.p.m : 1.4




Liver/p.p.m : 0.23-2.4

Muscle/p.p.m : 0.33-2.4

Daily Dietary Intake : 0.2-3.5 mg

Total Mass in Avg. 70kg human : 20 mg

Tin has no known natural biological role.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion: Tin enters into the body while

eating contaminated food & drinks & also by touch or by eating soil, containing Tin.

Gastrointestinal absorption from food or water is the principal source of internally

deposited tin in the general population. Gastrointestinal absorption is generally quite

low, with only about 2% of the amount ingested being transferred to the blood stream.

Most of the Tin travels through the intestine and excreted through the faeces & urine.

35% of tin that reaches the blood is deposited in mineral bone, 15% is distributed

throughout all other organs and tissues of the body and the remaining 50% are

excreted. If your breath air containing Tin dust or fumes, some of the Tin could be

trapped in lungs, but this does not affect your breathing if it’s in small amount. Of the

tin deposited in any organ or tissue, 20% is retained with a biological half-life of 4

days, 20% is retained with a biological half-life of 25 days, and 60% is retained with a

biological half-life of 400 days.

Health hazards: The organic tin bonds are the most dangerous forms of tin for

humans. Despite the dangers they are functional in a great number of industries, such

as the paint industry and the plastic industry, and in agriculture through pesticides.

The number of applications of organic tin substances is still increasing, despite the

consequences of tin poisoning. The effects of organic tin substances can vary. Human

and animal studies shows that large amounts of these tin compounds can cause

Stomach aches, anaemia, liver and kidney problems and skin & eye irritation. They

can interfere with the functions of brain & nervous system. Some of these compounds

weakness body’s immunity. Tin compounds do not affect reproductive function; nor

produce any birth defect or causes genetic changes.Acute symptoms are: Eye and skin

irritation, Headache, Stomach ache, Sickness, Dizziness, Severe sweating,

Breathlessness.

Long-term effects are: Depressions, Liver damage, malfunctioning of immune

systems, Shortage of red blood cells, Brain damage.



DRUGS USED FOR VANGA BHASMA

TILA 73, 74, 75

:

Botanical name: sesamum indicum DC.

Family: Pedaliaceae.

Vernacular name:

a) Hindi- Tila

b) English-sesame seeds

c) Kannada- Ellu.

Botanical description: It is an annual herb growing up to 1m bearing

white or light pink colour flowers. It is mainly cultivated in temperate land

of India

Varaities: Swetha and Krishna.

Chemical constituents: Neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids,

sesamolin.

Classical classification:

Charaka: Svedopaga, Purishavirajaniya.

Properties: Rasa - Madhura, Kasaya, Tikta

Guna - Guru, Snigdha

Virya - Usna

Vipaka - Madhura

Karma - Vatahara, twachya, balya, keshya, sukrala

Indications - Vataroga, grahani, agnimandya

Properties of Sesame oil76

:

It is a pale yellow limpid liquid, with a slight pleasant odour.

Solidifies at -50º C to form buttery mass

Density: 0.916 to 0.920

Oil is soluble in chloroform, ether, pet-ether, carbon disulphide, slightly soluble in

Alcohol and insoluble in water.

This oil is having Fat, saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, Vitamin C, vit

E, vit K.



TAKRA77,78:

It comes under Aahara dravya and it is a Dugdha vikruthi.

„Mathitam dadhi Takra mithyochatae‟ |

Dadhi chaturtham jalam Takra muchatae ||

It is obtained by churning 1/4th

of water with curd.

Properties: Rasa : Kashaya, Amla, Madhura

Vipaka : Madhura

Veerya : Ushna

Guna : Laghu

Karma : Pathya, Deepana, Preenana, Vrushya, Sangrahi

Doshaghnata : Tridosha shamaka, Pitta prashamana

Swadupaakitwaat, Kapha prashamana, Vata prashamana, Swaadwamla, Saandratwaat

Rogaghnata : Shopha, udara, Arsha, Mootragraha, Aruchi,

Pleeharoga, Gulma, Ghruta vyaapat, Garavisha, Panduroga, Grhani

Table No. 9 Butter milk79

Energy 169kJ (40Kcal)

Carbohydrates 4.8gm

Fat 0.9 gram

Protein 3.3grm Calcium I16mg

It also contains lactic acid naturally produced by the lactic acid bacteria while

fermenting lactose primary sugar found in milk. Here milk cacine precipitate causing

curdling make butter milk thinner then plain milk.

GOMUTRA80:

Gomutra is considered as the best among all the mutra.

Properties: Rasa : Katu, Tikta, Kashaya

Veerya : Ushna

Vipaka : Katu

Guna : Ushna, Kshaara, Teekshna.

Dosha karma : Pittakrut, Kaphavata hara



Rogaghnata : Shoola, Gulma, Aanaha, Kandu, Akshiroga,

Mukharoga, Kilasa, Atisara, Mootra rodha, Kasa, Kushta, Krumi, Panduroga,

Pleeharoga, Shwasa, Shotha.

Table No: 10 Chemical Composition of Gomutra 81

No Composition Formula No Composition Formula

1. Nitrogen N2 8. Lactose C6H12O6

2. Sulphur S 9. Water H2O

3. Ammonia NH3 10. Creatinine C4H6N2O2

4. Copper Cu 11. Iron Fe

5. Urea CO (NH2)2 12. Uric acid C4H4N4O3

6. Manganese Mn 13. Carbolic acid HCOOH

7. Phosphate P 14. Hippuric acid CHO-NH-CH2- COOH

ARANALA/ KANJI82,83,84,85

Kanji is categorized under Shukta kalpana.

Definition: “Vari paryushitannamla jalam kanji iti bhasha” (Shabdha Kalpa Dhruma)

The Amla Jala prepared out of boiled rice is called Kanji.

“Kanji is a clear transparent fluid with an acid taste and vinous smell.

Synonyms: Aranala, Sauvira, Kulmasha, Abhiyutm, Avanti somam, Dhanyamla, Kunjalam,

Bhaktavari, Tushambu

Classical reference: Different contexts according to different Acharyas

Charaka -„Amla skandha‟.

Vagbhata -„Madya varga

Sushruta - „madya varga‟.

Sharangadhara -„Asavaristakalpana‟.

Bhavamishra-„KritannaVarga”.

Madana pala Nighantu -„paniyadi varga

Different methods of preparation of Kanji are as follows: 86, 87, 88, 89

• By fermenting the Dhanya manda (Gruel prepared by boiling the cereals like

rice, wheat etc.) and this method is adopted in the present study to prepare



Kanji.

• By fermenting Kulmasha and Dhanya manda.

• Cooked rice is added with 3 times parts water and fermented for 7 days to get

Kanji.

• The pounded Ashu Dhanya and Bala moolaka of 1 Prastha quantity is mixed

with 1 Adhaka of water and fermented to get sour tasted Kanji.

Pharmaco therapeutic properties of Kanji: 90.

Rasa : Amla rasa

Virya : Ushna

Vipaka : Amla

Guna : Laghu, Teekshna, Ushna

Karma : Vatakaphahara, Rochana, Pachana, Deepana, Koshta

Shuddhi kara

Rogaghnata : Daha, Jwara, Vibanda, Shoola, Ajeerna.

KULATTA91,92 :

Botanical name: Dolichor biflorus. Linn

Family: Fabaceae.

Vernacular name: Hindi-Kulthi, English-Horse gram, kannda- Huruli.

Synonyms: Kulatthika.

Botanical description: It is an annual herb which is grown up to 1 mt height, and

bears light yellow flowers and it is cultivated in most parts of India.

Major chemical constituents: Genistenin, dalbergioidin, phase colliding from seeds.

Classical categorization:

Charaka: swedopaga.

Vagbhata:Niruhopaga.



Properties: Rasa : Kashaya

Guna : Laghu

Virya : Ushna

Vipaka : Katu

Karma : Vatakapha hara, medohara,sukrahara,vidahi.

Indication: Asmari,Medoroga,svasa,kasa.

Parts used: seeds.

KUMARI93,94 :

Botanical name:. Aloe vera. linn.

Family: Liliaceae.

Vernacular name: Hindi: Gheekuvara, English: Indian aloe, Telagu:

Klalabandnha Tamil: Chiruli, Kannada: Lole sara.

Synonyms: Ghrita kumara, Ghritakumarika,vipulasrava,kumarika.

Botanical description: A perineal plant with a short stem.

Leaves: 30 to 60cm erect crowded in basal rosette flower: yellow dense recemes

terminating the scapes.

Chemical constituents: Aloe emodin, Alotin, Aloenin, Barbaloin.

Properties: Rasa : Tikta

Guna : Snigdha, Picchila, Guru

Veerya : Shitha

Vipaka : Katu

Karma : Kapha vatahara, chakshushya, vrushya,

brimhana, rasayana.

Indication: Gulma, granthi, yakritodara, plihodara, jwara, stri roga

Parts used: Leaves.



CHURNODAKA95.

It consisting of A) Churna--- lime B) Udaka--- distilled water.

Churna:

Synonyms: Churnaka, sudha, soudhavilepana, and shilakhara.

Preparation of Churnodhaka: The filtrate obtained by mixing 250mg of choorna or sudha

with 5 tola water, kept for 12 hrs is called as Choornodaka or sudhodaka. This should be

stored in green bottle.

Properties: Krimihara, Atisarahara, Amlapitta shamaka, shoola, grahanihara.

Dose: For 1 year baby : 30 drops - 60 drops

For adults: 2 tola

Therapeutic Uses: a) As an external application in scorpion bite with navasagar.

b ) As an antidote for malla visha. c)Choornodaka and milk given in Amlapitta roga.

d) Applied on the Dagdha Vrana to reduce its burning.

LIME WATER:96

(Saturated calcium hydroxide)

Taste: Alkaline

Smell: arthy smell.

Chemical formula: Ca(OH).

Chemical properties: when expose to co2 lime water turns to milky white.

Manufacturing: Lime water is prepared by mixing excess of calcium hydroxide

with distilled water and shakes well. It is left to settle and clear superannuated liquid

is obtained from sediment.

Uses:

a. To find out the presence of co2

b. To produce various maize bakery products

c. To make sugar from sugar beets



d. Used in arts painting etc.

Samudra Lavana 97,98

Historical review: The Lavanas were known to man since vedic period. The various

reference of Lavana can be traced even from the Samhita. Charakacharya explains

about 15 Lavanas in Aharopayagi Varga1, Shushrutha under Lavana Varga2 mentions

10 in and in Astanga Sangraha eight different types of Lavana are mentioned. In Rasa

Granthas mainly six types of Lavana are mentioned they are Saindhava, Samudra,

Bida, Souvarchala, Romaka and Chullika Lavana. Among all Saindhava Lavan is

given Prime importance by all the authors. It has been included under Lavan Varga ,

Lavana Panchaka in rasa texts,Dhanvantari Nighanu-Shatpushpadi Varga, Kaiyadeva

Nughantu- Dhatu Varga, Madanapala Ngatu- Shunthyadi Varga, Priya Nigahntu-

Suvarnadi Varga.

Synonyms: Samudra Jalasambhava, Samudraja, Sagaraja, Samudrka,

Properties: Rasa : Madhu, Tikta, Katu

Guna : Snigdha, usna

Virya : Usna

Vipaka : Madhura

Karma : Bhedi, Vataghna, Hridya, Ruchya,

Agnidipaka.


METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”

22 REVIEW OF LITRATURE

INTRODUCTION

Sodhana is a one of the Samskara wich is a very first step to adopt for all kinds

of Rasa Dravyas. Shodhana is swatantra vidhi. Sodhana make the drugs those

suitable for further procedures like Jarana and Marana.

HISTORICAL

Historically Shodhana concept was in existance since the time of

Charaka Samhita (600-1000BC).

NIRUKTI 99,100,101,102

zÉÑkÉ + ÍhÉcÉç + srÉÑÈ

DEFINATION:

• iÉSåuÉ zÉÉãkÉlÉqÉç MüqÉï SìèurÉ SÉåwÉ ÌlÉuÉUhÉqÉ| (rÉÉSuÉ ÎeÉ)

Shodhana is a process where impurities are removed from the Rasa dravyas.

• “vÉÉåkÉlÉÇ MüqÉï ÌuÉfÉårÉÇ SìurÉSÉåwÉ ÌlÉuÉÉUhÉqÉç |”

The process, which eliminates the blemishes, is called Shodhana.

• EÌ¬¹æUÉæwÉkÉæÈ xÉÉ®ïÇ Ì¢ürÉiÉå mÉåwÉhÉÉÌSMüqÉç | qÉsÉÌuÉÎcNû¨ÉrÉå iÉ¨ÉÑ zÉÉãkÉlÉÇ iÉÌSWûÉãcrÉiÉå ||

-(UxÉiÉUÌ…¡ûÍhÉ 2/52)

It is a process in which blemishes are separated from the substance by

various processes.

• ÌlÉÌSï¹æUÉæwÉkÉæÈ xÉÉ®ïÇ mÉåwÉhÉçÇ xuÉãSlÉÉÌSMüqÉç | SÒ¹Ç SÉãwÉÌuÉlÉÉzÉÉrÉ zÉÉåkÉlÉÇ mÉËUMüÐÌiÉïiÉqÉç ||

(UxÉÍqÉ§ÉÉ, mÉëjÉqÉ UÎzqÉ mÉ× 11)

• Shodhana is a process of removal of impurities from substances

by means of different pharmaceutical process like Swedana, Mardana

etc with particular drugs.




• “sÉÉåWû kÉÉiÉÑ UxÉSÏlÉÉqÉÑÌSiÉæÈ AÉæéæwÉkÉæÈ xÉWû

xuÉåSlÉÇ qÉSïlÉÇ cÉæuÉ iÉæsÉSÉæ RûÉsÉlÉÇ iÉjÉÉ ||

SÉååwÉÉmÉlÉÑ¨ÉrÉrÉæ: uÉæ±æ: Ì¢ürÉiÉå vÉÉåkÉlÉÇ ÌWû iÉiÉç |”

Subjecting the Loha, Dhatu, Rasa and upa Rasas etc. to the procedures like

Swedana, Mardana etc. with the prescribed medicines, Dhalana in tailadi

dravadravyas to remove the Doshas is termed as Shodhana.

COLECTIVE DEFINATIONS103

:

Shodhana is the combination of processes where it removes unwanted

part from the drug or its ill effects, which enhances the properties of the

drug and makes the drug suitable for desired actions.

Though the literal meaning of shodhana is purification but it has wide

implications. By impregnating and triturating with the organic materials

like herbal juice (in the form of weak acids and bases) they are made

homologous to the cells and thus their toxicity get reduced and

acceptability by the cells is increased.

Example: Role of Garlic in purifying mercury where in the sulpur

content in garlic not only helps in detoxifying the mercury and its

stabilization but also the enhances properties as garlic by itself is a

known anti-oxidant it makes Parada (mercury) a better ingredient in

further drug designing.

CONCEPT OF SHODHANA 104

In samhita period we are not find any reference regarding visesha Shodhana

for Metals. Charaka mentioned Nirvapa method in case of some metals but it is not

with specifications. The Raw drugs generally possess lot of impurities which are

visible / invisible, of toxic nature & with heterogeneous qualities which are unwanted

in therapeutic use. So many Rasagranthas suggests the process of purification of

metals or minerals before administration for alchemical or therapeutic purposes.




The meaning of shodhana can be

It is for clean the drugs.

It is for purify the drug.

It is for distil and filter a unwanted residents.

It is for to wash and clarify the drug.

It is for to peel and to sort out adherent components.

The impurities can be of 3 types

1) Natural 2) Physical 3) Chemical

IMPORTANCE OF SODHANA:

Its importance mainly in 1) Physical changes 2) Chemical Changes 3) Biological

changes

Phisical and Chemical Changes

Shodhana having its own importance in Rasashastra. Without Shodhana

there is no further process.

Shodhana removes both physical and chemical impurities which are

present in Rasa dravyas.

Shodhana helps to do sangatha bedha of drug and makes it marana

upayogi.

Helps to archive guanavrudhi of the drug.

It removes tikshnatva, ushnatva, rechaka etc of Rasa dravyas.

Example: In gandhaka shodhana,

The poisonous matter and tikshnatva will be removed by Bharjana with

ghee.

The other poisonous matter will be removed by pouring in milk.




And lastly the other physical materials will be removed by pouring

through the cloth.

So finally gandhaka become mrudata ,snigdhta & devoid of all toxic

matters.

It gives smoothness and reduces particle size of Rasa dravyas.

Biological Chages

These physico-chemical changes ultimately increases bioavailability.

Reduction in particle size helps in absorption.

Smoothness leads to non-irritability and all chemical changes makes metal

body friendly and suitable for further proceeding.

OBJECTIVES

With the help of shodhana we can achieve the following objectives.

Conversation of some characteristics of the drugs to different stages.

The enhancement of therapeutic action of dravya.

Elimination of harmful matters from drug.

Modification of undesirable physical properties of drug.

Elimination of impurities.

Separation of admixtures.

Metals are made free from blemishes.

Reduce or minimize toxic effect.

Make metal or mineral soft and brittle.

Reduction in particle size.

Make substance suitable for further processing.

Transformation of attributes or imbue organic qualities to inorganic

substances.

Increasing the potency of the drugs.

Modification of undesirable physical properties of the drug.

Conversion of some of the characteristics of the drug to different stages.

Enhancement of therapeutic action.

Conversion of drugs from heterogeneous state to homogenous state.



Corrects the imperfections.

Shodhana depends upon

1. Dravya Structure

2. Dravya composition

3. Dravya Impurities

4. Dravya Qualities

5. Dravya Action etc.

Shodhana for is of two types 105:

(1) Samanya Shodhana: Common for all the dhatus & may be helpful in

removing generalised impurities.

(2) Vishesha Shodhana: Specifically indicated for individual dathus, may

alleviate specific dosha.

Various methods of Shodhana: Various methods of shodhana are mentioned in

Rasa classics. Table No. 11

1 Swedana Boiling with liquid Sankha Sodhana

2 Mardana Trituration Parada Sodhana

3 Murchana Trituration up to fine

disintegration

Parada sodhana

4 Patana Sublimation Parada Sodhana

5 Abhiseka Sprinkling Mandura Sodhana

6 Atapa Drying Lauha Sodhana

7 Achusana Absorption Bhallataka Sodhana

8 Bhavana Levigation Hingula Sodhana



9 Bharjana Frying Navasadara Sodhana

10 Dhalana Melting & Quenching Vanga sodhana

11 Galana Melting & Pouring Gandhaka Sodhna

12 Nirjalikarana Evaporation of water Sphatika sodhana

13 Nirvapa Heating & Quenching All metals Sodhana

14 Prithakikarana Separation Guggulu Sodhana

15 Vilayana Elutriation Silajatu sodhana

16 Prakshalana Washing Godanti Bhasma

These are also some of the methods of shodhana for many Rasadravyas:

1. Washing. 7. Desumption.

2. Sifting. 8. Decoloration, Bleaching.

3. Elutriation. 9. Boiling.

4. Chemical combination 10. Dipping.

5.Percolation. 11.Sublimation.

6.Dialysis.

Table No. 12 SODHANA MEDIAS, PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS106

:

Media of Sodhana Properties Effect

1) Tila Taila Suksma, Asukari -Rapidly enters into metals

-Make film coating

-Further heating causes compound



formation & breaking of material

2) Takra Tiksna, Sithalikarana -softening of material

-breaking Materials

3) Gomutra Dahana, Pachana -Separates oxides from metals

-Remove undesired substances

4) Aranala Tiksna, Shaithilikarana Softening and breaking

5) Kulatha

Kwatha

Bhedana Breaking of metals

CONCEPT OF VANGA JARANA

Recent Acharyas like C.B. Zaa107

and P.H.C. Murthy108

uses the word „Jarana‟

for explaining conversion of Putilohas in powder form prior to conversion in Bhasma

form.

It is said to be the intermediate procedure between Shodhana and Marana of

Putilohas. The rationality of this process may be the fact that Putilohas with low

melting point cannot be converted to powder form easily, once they are cooled they

regain their metallic form. So the procedure of melting the Putilohas in open air is

carried along with continuous adding of powders of drugs like Apamarga Panchanga,

Ashwattha bark, Kukkutanda Twaka in big iron pan. The continuos rubbing with iron

ladle converts Putilohas to powder form in 3-4 hrs and reconversion of metal is not

possible. This Jarita Vanga is further processed giving puta till it obtains Bhasma

form.

Drugs use for Jarana procedure:

Apmarga curna , Aswattha twak curna , kukkutanda twak curna, vata twak curna ,

tamrind bark.



CONCEPT OF MARANA

Definition109

: Root meaning of Marana is Himsayana110

, to kill…etc. Marana is the

Rasashastra method of subjecting the Rasadravya to Puta to get the respective

Bhasma. The process of Marana burns the Rasadravya to irreversible form called

Bhasma, in which Shodhita Rasadravya treated with Marana gana dravyas so that

Marita dravyas attains pharmaco –Therapeutically useful new form. The Marana word

was used in Tantrica practice for sacrificing. This irreversibility of a Bhasma from

parent substance is a mandatory condition to call it a Bhasma.111

Significance of Marana: Hard substances are converted into powdered ash form.

Reducing the non assimiable Dravya to assimiable form. Further elimination of

remnant if any unwanted substance at high temperature. Achievement of qualities like

– Laghuta, Aruchi, Alpamatropayogi and achieving Rasibhava (absorbable) form.

Concept of Puta: The method of subjecting Rasadravyas as per Rasashastra

principles is called Puta. Processed materials are triturated with juices or decoctions of

prescribed plants; the solid paste is made into coin shaped cakes. These cakes are

given different degrees of heat with fired cow dung cakes is called Puta. This process

of Putapaka (heating) produces Niruthatva (non-returning to original metallic state),

Varitaratwa (floating on water), Deepana (appetizing)…. etc. are the benefits of

Mrutaloha. The amount of heat to be given was defined in ancient Rasashastra texts

by means of specific arrangements of cow dung cakes on the surface of earth or in the

pit specially constructed for burning.

Types of Puta:

Chandra puta: Preparation of Bhasma and allied procedure under moonlight.

E.g. Pravala bhasma.

Surya puta: 112

Also called Bhanupaka, is preparation of Bhasma and allied

procedure under sunlight. E.g. Loha bhasma.

Agni puta: Pharmaceutical heating in open air in earthen Sharava with the help of

fire.

Bhugarbha puta: Keeping the pharmaceutical product beneath dry ground.

Dhanyarashiputa113

: Keeping the prepared medicines in the piles of cereals

viz. Jawar, Shali…etc



BhugataPuta114

: Giving heat to the processed material in a specially prepared

pit in the selected grounds of selected measurements either with referred

number of cow dung cakes or organic husk is called Bhugata puta. Agni, it is

of various types viz. Maha puta, Gaja puta, Varaha puta, Kapota puta, Kukuta

puta, and Laghu puta depending upon the quantum of heat, number of cow

dung and the drugs to be incinerated.

Varitaratva: This test signifies the lightness of Bhasma, when the prepared Bhasma

is sprinkled on water it doesn‟t sink but float. This shows, they attain a fine state of

division and cannot break the surface tension of water, on account of which they float

on water115

Rekha purnatvam: When the Bhasma is rubbed between index finger and thumb,

particles of Bhasma enters into the skin furrows, signifies fineness116

.

Gata Rasatvam: The properly processed Bhasma becomes tasteless. The presence

of taste in Bhasma indicates the imperfectness of Bhasma. This may be due to less

heat

Unnama (Uttam): If a guru dravya or dhanya is placed on bhasma surface over

water, the dhanya will not sink rather it floats on the water117

Apunarbhava Pareeksha : Even after intense heat and mixture of dravaka gana

dravyas, the bhasma is not gaining its original metallic form ,rather it is in the same

bhasma form is known as Apunarbhavatwa. This implies total conversion of raw

metal into bhasma form118

.

Nirutthatva – The Roupya (Silver) is mixed with bhasma and heated

vigorously on fire. Not even a little amount of bhasma mixes with the Roupya

(silver) such bhasma is called Nirutthita bhasma 119

.

Significance of Marana process:

Hard substances are converted into powder form.

Use of reducing agents for final product to be assembles form.

Elimination of unwanted substances with high temperatures.

Uses as catalyst agents for therapeutic value.



Conversion of qualities of Nirindriya Dravya to Sendriya Dravyas.

Achievement of qualities like Laghuta etc., to final product & achieving

Rasibhava (Absorbable) form.

Properties of Bhasma :

Very fine therefore easy for absorption & assimilation.

Thus giving quick action.

This fact reduces the amount of dose to be administered.

Properties of curing many diseases are developed when this prakriya is done

in combination with mercury.

Unlikely taste of the material is lost during the process so appreciated by the

patients.

REVIEW OF YANTRAS USED IN THE PRESENT STUDY

Pithara Yantra120

: It is circular based iron mortar, with a heavy lid having a hole

at centre. It is to be filled with liquid media selected for shodhana and then molten

metal has to be poured in it through the hole of lid. It is used in shodhana of

Putilohas. Due its narrow base which requires less quantity of liquid. Puti loha like

vanga when poured into the liquid explodes with a splash of liquid which may

harmful to worker, this special method save the worker from danger.

Khalva Yantra121,122

: Khalva literally means “a mill or stone for grinding drugs”

That which is round shaped, hard and which is made by good quality, that stone vessel

is called as Khalva Yantra.Khalvas are of different shapes and sizes, depending upon

its utilization. On the basis of shape, it is of 2 types viz., round and oblong. Depending

on the materials used, 4 varieties of Khalvas are there viz. Mrunmaya, Loha, Pashana

and Ayaskanta, among which Ayaskanta is considered as best for Rasakarmas118

. The

mortar is commonly prepared from the stone. The stone should be black or bluish in

colour, heavy, hard and lustrous119

. That which is made up of iron & kept over fire is

called tapta Khalva Yantra.


METHODS i.e., SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA”

32 PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY

PROCEDURE REVIEW

Samanya Shodhana of Vanga:

1. Heating in fire and then dipping in Taila, Takra, Gomutra, Aranal & Kulattha

Kwatha for seven times each can do the Samanya Shodhana of Swarnadi

Dhatus123

.

2. Samanya Shodhana can be also done by heating the Dhatus and then dipping

in Swarasa of Kadali Moola124

.

3. Purification of all Lohas can be done with Sashaka Rakta Bhavana or apply

over metals then subjected to strong heat, this procedure repeated for 3

times125

.

Vishesha Shodhana of Vanga:

1. Khuraka Vanga is taken in Darvi then heated on fire till it melts, then it is

poured in a pot covered with lid (having central hole) containing Churnodaka.

After Vanga gets cool it is taken out and same procedure is repeated for seven

times & each times Churnodaka has to be changed126

.

2. Molten Tin should be poured in Arka dugdha for seven times127

.

3. Molten tin should be poured in a Nirgundi juice containing Haridra powder.

By repeating the process three times Khuraka Vanga becomes pure128

.

A. SAMANYA SODHANA:

Name of the Practical: Samanya Shodhana of Vanga.

Reference: R.R.S 5/29

Materials: Raw Vanga - 500gm

Taila, Takra, Gomutra, Aranala, Kulatta Kwatha.

Equipment: Gas stove, steel vessel, Loha Darvi , cloth, weighing machine,

pH paper.

Method: Nirvapa.

Procedure:

Pre procedure: Raw Vanga with proper quantity measured and taken.

Procedure:

Take the Vanga in loha darvi.




Give heat up to Vanga get melt.

The melted Vanga pore on the flat stone made it into thin

sheet.

Heat the thin sheet on fire and dip it in following medias,

Tila , takra , gomutra , arnala , kulatta kwata

This procedure is for 7 times in each media.

Post procedure:

After this procedure wash the sheets with water.

Observe the physical changes in it.

Check the pH in every stage.

1. SAMANYA SHODHANA OF VANGA IN TAILA MEDIA:

Materials: Vanga – 500gm

Tila Taila – q.s

Equipment’s: metal holder, Gas stove, steel vessel

Procedure:

Take all the equipment’s mentioned as in above practical

1st take Vanga patra(thin sheet) and heat it on fire

Then after dip it in Taila.

After each nirvapa, wash the Vanga with normal water.

It was again heat and dip it in Taila for 7 times.

Check the pH level of Taila in each Nirvapa.

Observations:

After above procedure the metal became solid with oily smell.

It’s shining decreased slightly.

There was no change in pH - 5.

Total loss of Vanga during this media was 6 Gms.

After Shodhana Vanga was 494gms in Tila Taila media.




Table no.13 pH value of Taila media

NIRVAPA pH VALUE

1 5

2 5

3 5

4 5

5 5

6 5

7 5

Table no. 14. Results of Vanga Sodhana in Taila Media.

Colour before

Taila

Shodhana

Colour After

Taila

Shodhana

Touch before

TS

Touch

after TS

Weight

before TS

Weight

after TS

No, of hours

taken for

procedure

White silvery Slight yellow Metallic and

malleable

Slight

rough

500gms 494gms 10 minutes

Precaution taken:

Avoid too much heat

It is fell down while more heat

Keep one plate down to the stove so here we collect fell down Vanga pieces.

Preparation of Takra (Butter milk): 129

Materials: Curds -3 liters, water -12 liters, churner, vessel.

Procedure: One part of curd was mixed with 4 parts of water and churned

thoroughly in a vessel to prepare the Takra.

Observations: The prepared Takra was white in colour, sour in taste, pH-3

2. SAMANYA SHODHANA OF VANGA IN TAKRA MEDIA

Materials: Taila Sodhita Vanga – 494gm

Takra – q.s

Equipment’s: metal holder, Gas stove, steel vessel

Procedure:



Then after dip it in Takra.





It was again heat and dips it in Takra for 7 times.

Check the pH level of Takra in each Nirvapa.

Observations:

Black coloured scum appeared over the surface of Vanga.

While dipping Vanga in this media explosive sounds (hissing) were

heard.

Reduce the size of the Vanga patra.

Colour of the Takra turned white to grayish white.

Curdy smell.

After the above procedure the metal became brittle, rough,

disintegrated.

The pH of Takra increased from 3 to 4.

Total loss of Vanga by this media 10 Gms.

After Shodhana Vanga – 484 Gms.

Precaution taken:

Avoid too much heat

It is fell down while more heat

Keep one plate down to the stove so here we collect fell down Vanga

pieces.

Table no.15 pH value of Takra media

NIRVAPA pH VALUE

1 3

2 3

3 3

4 3

5 3

6 4

7 4




Table no.16 Results of Vanga Sodhana in Takra Media.

Collection of Gomutra (cow’s urine)

Bhava Prakasha has explained Gomutra in Mootra Varga. For the practical

purpose, required amount of Gomutra was collected early in the morning from a

healthy cow. Light yellow in colour, pH-11

3. SAMANYA SHODHANA OF VANGA IN GOMUTRA MEDIA:

Materials: Takra Sodhita Vanga – 484gm

GoMutra – q.s

Equipment’s: Metal holder, Gas stove, Steel vessel

Procedure:



Then after dip it in GoMutra.


It was again heat and dips it in Takra for 7 times.

Check the pH level of GoMutra in each Nirvapa.

Observations:

Vanga appeared to be highly explosive in gomutra.



heard.


Colour of the GoMutra turned into blackish brown.

Pungent smell.

Colour

before TS

Shodhana

Colour After

TS

Shodhana

Touch before

TS

Touch after

TS

Weight

before

TS

Weight

after TS

No, of hours

taken for

procedure

White silvery Shining

increase

Slight brital

and rough

Slight rough 494gms 484 gms 10 minutes




Black fumes were observed during heating.


disintegrated.

The pH of GoMutra increased from 10 to 11.



Precaution taken:

Fresh Gomutra should be used.

Avoid too much heat.

It is fell down while more heat.


pieces.

Table no.17 pH value of GoMutra media

NIRVAPA pH VALUE

1 10

2 10

3 10

4 10

5 10

6 11

7 11

Table no.18 Results of Vanga Sodhana in GoMutra media.

Colour Before

GoMutra

Shodhana

Colour after

GoMutra

Shodhana

Touch Before

GMS

Touch After

GMS

Weight

before

GMS

Weight

after GMS

No,of hours

taken for

procedure

White shining Slight Black Slight brutal

and rough

Average

brittle rough

484gms 470 gms 10 minutes

Preparation of Kanji:130.

Materials and methods:

Materials: Rice Shali: 500 Gms,

Water: 7 liters

Equipments: Big stainless vessel, Mud pot of 8 liter capacity

Method: 500gms of pounded and de husked Shali rice was boiled with 7liters




of water till the rice get well cooked. Then that cooked rice was filtered. The

filtered liquid was placed in mud pot. The mouth of pot was covered with

cloth tied with thread. This pot was kept undisturbed for 7 days. After 7 days

Kanji was tested for Amlatva and pH. Then the Kanji was filtered and stored.

Observation:

After 2 day, sour alcoholic odor was observed near the pot indicating

the process of fermentation.

After 4 days, the sour alcoholic odor became more and strong.

After 7 days, Kanji was tested for Amlatva, it was sour in taste and pH

was 4, indicating its acidic nature.

The final product Kanji was found to possess, following properties -

Sour taste, transparent white in color , Sour alcoholic odor , Cool to

touch.

Results: Ingredients used- 7 lts water, 500 Gms rice,

Quantity of Kanji prepared – 4 liters

Net loss - 3 liters

pH of Kanji - 4

4. SAMANYA SHODHANA OF VANGA ARANALA/KANJI MEDIA

Materials: GoMutra Sodhita Vanga – 470gm

Kanji – q.s


Procedure:



Then after dip it in Kanji.


It was again heat and dips it in Kanji for 7 times.

Check the pH level of Kanji in each Nirvapa.

Observations:

The colour of kanji became dark & more quantity was evaporated.

After the above procedure the metal turned to a shining big granule.






heard.


Kanji changed from whitish clear liquid to blackish grey coloured

liquid.

Acidic smell.


disintegrated.

The pH of Kanji increased from 4 to 5.



Precaution taken:

Well prepared Kanji should be used.

After this procedure Vanga became more brittle so avoid too much

heat.


pieces.

Table no. 19 pH value of Kanji media

NIRVAPA pH VALUE

1 4

2 4

3 4

4 4

5 5

6 5

7 5

Table no. 20 Results of Vanga Sodhana in Kanji media

Colour Before

Kanji

Shodhana

Colour after

Kanji

Shodhana

Touch

Before KS

Touch After

KS

Weight

before KS

Weight

after KS

No,of hours

taken for

procedure

slight black Blackish

surface

Average

brittle and

rough

More brittle

rough

470 gms 460 gms 10 minutes




Preparation of Kulattha Qwatha:131.

Materials: Kulattha - 6 kgs,

Water - 96 liters.

Apparatus: Big vessel, Gas stove, Stirrer, Cloth Thread, Ulukhala yantra,

Vessels.

Procedure: Yavakuta Curna of Kulattha (horse gram) was secured by

pounding in Ulukhala yantra. This was taken in a big vessel and mixed with

96 liters of water. This was heated in Mrudu Agni and reduced to one eighth

i.e., 12 liters. This was filtered thoroughly by a clean cloth.

Observations:

After 2 hours of heating dense fumes covered the vessel of Kulattha

Qwatha.

After the liquid was filtered thoroughly the following characters were

observed.

Colour - Dark brown, Taste - Bitter, pH - 5

Precautions:

Mrudu Agni was maintained throughout the process.

Continuous stirring was required until the liquid started boiling.

The liquid was filtered thoroughly before using it for Shodhana

5. SAMANYA SHODHANA OF VANGA IN KULATTA KWATA

MEDIA

Materials: Kanji Sodhita Vanga – 460gm

Kulatta kwata – q.s


Procedure:



Then after dip it in Kulatta kwata.


It was again heat and dips it in Kulatta kwata for 7 times.

Check the pH level of Kulatta kwata in each Nirvapa.




Observations:

Grayish Black coloured scum appeared over the surface of Vanga.


heard.

Colour of Kulattha Qwatha turned from light brown to blackish brown.

Acidic smell was appreciated.


After the above procedure the metal became more brittle and rough.

The pH of Kanji increased from 4 to 5.



Precaution taken:

Well prepared Kulatta kwata should be used.

After this procedure Vanga became more brittle so avoid too much

heat

It is fell down while more heat.


pieces.

Table no. 21 pH value of Kulatta Kwata media

NIRVAPA pH VALUE

1 4

2 4

3 4

4 5

5 5

6 5

7 5

Table no.22 Results of Vanga Sodhana in Kulatta Kwata media

Colour Before

K.K Shodhana

Colour after

K.K Shodhana

Touch Before

KKS

Touch After

KKS

Weight

before KKS

Weight

after KKS

No,of hours

taken for

procedure

slight black Blackish surface more brittle

and rough

More brittle

rough





B. VISESHA SHODHANA METHOD:

In this method 1st

to prepare Curnodaka as a Shodhana media -

Preparation of Curnodaka132,133.

Materials: Lime powder-50gms, water-10 lts

Apparatus: Earthen pot, cloth, vessels

Procedure: Fine powder of lime was taken and to this water was added. This

was kept overnight. Next day the supernatant liquid part was collected and

filtered thoroughly with the help of a clean cloth.

Observations

After adding water to the fine powder of lime air bubbles and hot

fumes were appreciated.

The filtered lime water was whitish in colour, translucent with

pH-12

Precautions taken

Handling fine powder of lime with bare hands avoided.

The prepared sudha jala should be filtered before using it for

Shodhana.

Vishesha Shodhana of Vanga in Curnodaka134.

Reference: Rasa Tarangini- 8-9/18

Materials: Samanya Shodhita Vanga – 500 Gms, Curnodaka - 7 liters.

Apparatus: Big iron pan with handle, Pithara Yantra (Iron vessel with a lid

having a hole), Agni Chullika, Steel vessels, Steel spoons.

Procedure:


1st take Vanga and heat it on fire wait upto melt completely.

Then after pour it into Curnodaka.

After each Dhalana, wash the Vanga with normal water.

It was again Melt and pour it in Curnodaka for 7 times.

Check the pH level of Curnodaka in each Dalana.




Observations

Grayish black scum forms over the surface of Vanga.

There was more explosive (hissing) sounds were heard.

There is splashing of Curnodaka.

Vanga broke down into small pieces, which were soft and pointing

with more powder form.

Odorless.

Vanga – Curdy white, no shining.

Colour of Curnodaka became grayish.

There was change in pH 10 to 06

Total loss of Vanga – 30 gms

After Vishesha Shodhana Vanga – 470 Gms.

Average time taken for completion of procedure is 3.48 min.

Average time taken for Vanga to start melt is 2.57min.

Precautions:

Precaution should be taken while preparing Curnodaka as is having

kshariya guna.

Proper quantity of Curnodaka should be taken to immerse molten

Vanga.

Pouring of molten Vanga was done using Pithara yantra to avoid

splashing of Vanga in unwanted directions causing injury or wastage.

Table no.23. pH value of Curnodaka media

NIRVAPA pH VALUE

1 10

2 10

3 10

4 10

5 09

6 09

7 09




Table no.24 Results of Vanga Sodhana in Curnodaka media

Colour

Before

Shodhana

Colour after

Shodhana

Touch Before

Shodhana

Touch After

Shodhana

Weight before

Shodhana

Weight after

Shodhana

No,of hours

taken for

procedure

White shining Curdy white

No shining

Soft, flexible Slight brittle

and rough


SAMANYA AND VISESHA SHODHANA:

Concept: all most all previous studies conducted on Vanga dhatu only on

different methods of Shodhana and different method of Marana. Still no one conduct

research activity on both combination of Samanya Sohana and Visesha Shodhana

here my study is depend upon this method only, I want to observe the pharmaceutical

analytical changes in this combination of practical method.

As we seen in the above mentioned practical’s procedure of Samanya

Shodhana and its observation, organoleptic changes also we observed the changes in

the method of Visesha Shodhana.

Name of the Practical: Samanya Shodhana of Vanga.

Reference: R.R.S 5/29

Materials: Raw Vanga – 500gm

Taila, Takra, Gomutra, Aranala, Kulatta Kwatha.

Equipment: Gas stove, steel vessel, cloth, weighing machine, pH paper.

Method: Nirvapa.

Procedure:

Pre procedure: Raw Vanga with proper quantity measured and

taken. And equipment’s also taken.

Procedure:

Take the Vanga in loha darvi.

Give heat up to Vanga get melt.

The melted Vanga pore on the flat stone made it into thin

sheet.

Heat the thin sheet on fire and dip it in following medias,




Tila , takra , gomutra , arnala , kulatta kwata

This procedure is for 7 times in each media.

Post procedure:

After this procedure wash the sheets with water.

Observe the physical changes in it.

Check the pH in every stage.

Practical: Vishesha Shodhana of Vanga in Curnodaka

Materials: Samanya shodhita Vanga – 450 Gms,

Churnodaka - 3 liters.

Reference: Rasatarangini, 8-9/18

Apparatus: Big iron pan with handle, Pithara yantra (Iron vessel with a lid

having a hole), Agni Chullika, Steel vessels, Steel spoons.

Procedure:


1st take Vanga and heat it on fire wait upto melt completely.

Then after pour it into Curnodaka.

After each Dhalana, wash the Vanga with normal water.

It was again Melt and pours it in Curnodaka for 7 times.

Check the pH level of Curnodaka in each Dalana.

Observations

Grayish black scum forms over the surface of Vanga.

There was more explosive (hissing) sounds were heard.

There is splashing of Curnodaka.

Vanga broke down into small pieces, which were soft and pointing

with more powder form.

Odorless.

Vanga – Curdy white, no shining.

Colour of Curnodaka became grayish.

There was change in pH 10 to 06

Total loss of Vanga – 40 gms

After Vishesha Shodhana Vanga – 410 Gms.

Average time taken for completion of procedure is 3.48 min.




Average time taken for Vanga to start melt is 2.57min.

Precautions:

Precaution should be taken while preparing Curnodaka as is having

kshariya guna.

Care should be taken handling molten Vanga.

Proper quantity of Curnodaka should be taken to immerse molten

Vanga.

Pouring of molten Vanga was done using Pithara yantra to avoid

splashing of Vanga in unwanted directions causing injury or wastage.

Table no.25 All sodhana medias and its pH

No. Of

Nirvapa

Taila Takra Gomutra Kanji Kulatta

Kwatha

Churnodaka

1 5 3 10 4 4 10

2 5 3 10 4 4 10

3 5 3 10 4 4 10

4 5 3 10 4 5 10

5 5 3 10 5 5 09

6 5 3 11 5 5 09

7 5 3 11 5 5 09

Table no. 26 Loss and appearance of Vanga in all Medias:

Sl.No Name of media

used

Intial wt of

metal(gms)

Final wt of

metal (gms)

Loss of wt of

metal (gms)

Physical appearance

1 Tila taila 500 494 06 Solid smooth surface

with yellow coating

2 Takra 494 484 10 Brittle rough surface

with shining

3 Gomutra 484 470 14 Brittle rough surface but

shining decreased.

4 Kanji 470 460 10 Some part becomes

granular with shining.

5 Kulaththa

kwatha

460 445 15 Some part becomes

coarse powder.

6 Curnodaka 445 410 35 Granular and thorny

surface.




A) Samanya Sodhita Vanga Jarana Method135

:

Name of the Practical: Vanga Jarana

Reference: Ayurvediya Rasa Shastra

Ingredients: Shodhita Vanga- 445 gms.

Samudra Lavana Curna - 500 gms. (Coarse Powder)

Apparatus: Iron cauldron (Big size)

Iron Ladle

Agni Chullika

Water

Litmus paper

Procedure:

445 gms of Samanya Shodhita Vanga was taken in big iron cauldron. It was

heated till it melts. Then little quantity of coarse powder of Samudra Lavana was

sprinkled on the sides of molten Vanga and at the same time continuous rubbing with

big iron ladle was done. In first half hr. there was no change only smoke of burnt

Curna was seen, then slowly Vanga started getting converted to powder from. It took

5-6 hr. for complete conversion of tin to powder form. Then the total powder was

collected in the center and earthen Sharava was kept covering it and strong heat was

given for 1 hr. The powder was red hot then heat was stopped and allowed to self-

cool. After cooling next day to remove the excessive Kshara, Kshara Nirmulana was

done till red litmus paper stops turning to blue.

For Kshara nirmulana jarita Vanga was taken in a patra and water was added

to it. With the hand Vanga powder was macerated in 2 litr. Of water and allowed to

settle down over night without any shaking. The next day morning supernatant water

was thrown out, then again procedure was repeated and every time test with litmus

paper was done. It took 5 to 6 days for Kshara Nirmulana.

Table no. 27 Observations of Vanga Jarana(Samanya Sodhita):

Time

Aprox. Conversion of

Vanga to powder

form

Samudra Lavana

used Observation.

½ hr. No conversion, Vanga 10 – 20 gms Light smoke after adding Curna, slow




in molten state rubbing to avoid spillage of molten tin.

1 hr. 5 – 10% 30 – 40 gms. Smoke of burning Curna, Rubbing was

smooth, Greyish black powder on sides of

cauldron.

2 hr. 25 % 60 gms. Sluggish rubbing, smoke with Curna.

3 hrs. 35 – 40 % 80 – 100 gms. Sluggishness increased, Blackish white

ash was seen.

4 hrs. 65 – 70 % 130 – 140 gms. More pressure could be applied since less

chances of spillage, colour whitish black.

(Plate no- 6)

4 1/2 hrs. 90 % 180 gms. Colour of Curna whitish black, few

globules of tin.

5 hrs. 98% 210 – 230 gms. On pressure small globules of unconverted

tin could be seen colour whitish.

6 hrs. Almost all 255 gms. Even with pressure no tin globules seen

colour whitish yellow.

Total weight of Vanga before and after Jarana was 445 gms. & 470 gms

respectively.

5-6 day required for kshara Nirmulana.

After kshara Nirmulikaran colour of Vanga became more grayish white &

weight were 395 gms. (Loss 75 gms.)

No odour to the product.

Partial Rekha Poornatva & Varitaratva obtained.

Ph of Jarita Vanga was 8.

Visesha Sodhita Vanga Jarana Method:


Reference: Ayurvediya Rasa Shastra.

Ingredients: Visesha Shodhita Vanga - 470 gms.



Iron Ladle

Agni Chullika

Water

Litmus paper




Procedure:

470 gms of Visesha shodhita Vanga was taken in big iron cauldron. It was

heated till it melts. Then little quantity of coarse powder of Samudra Lavana was

sprinkled on the sides of molten Vanga and at the same time continuous rubbing with

big iron ladle was done. In first half hr. there was no change only smoke of burnt

Curna was seen, then slowly Vanga started getting converted to powder from. It took

5-6 hr. for complete conversion of tin to powder form. Then the total powder was

collected in the center and earthen Sharava was kept covering it and strong heat was

given for 1 hr. The powder was red hot then heat was stopped and allowed to self-

cool. After cooling next day to remove the excessive Kshara, Kshara Nirmulana was

done till red litmus paper stops turning to blue.






Table no. 28 Observations of Vanga Jarana (Visesha Sodhita):

Time


Vanga to powder

form

Samudra Lavana

used Observation

½ hr. No conversion, Vanga

in molten state

10 – 20 gms Light smoke after adding Curna, slow

rubbing to avoid spillage of molten tin.



cauldron.



ash was seen.

3 1/2 hrs. 65 – 70 % 120 – 130 gms. More pressure could be applied since less


(Plate no- 6)

4 hrs. 90 % 160 gms. Colour of Curna whitish black, few

globules of tin.

4 1/2 hrs. 98% 190 – 210 gms. On pressure small globules of unconverted





5 hrs. Almost all 230 gms. Even with pressure no tin globules seen



respectively.

5-6 day required for Kshara Nirmulana.

After Kshara Nirmulikaran colour of Vanga became more grayish white &




Ph of Jarita Vanga was 8.

Samanya & Visesha Sodhita Vanga Jarana Method:


Reference: Ayurvediya Rasa Shastra

Ingredients: Samanya-Visesha Shodhita Vanga - 410 gms.



Iron Ladle

Agni Chullika

Water

Litmus paper

Procedure:

410 gms of Samanya & Visesha shodhita Vanga was taken in big iron

cauldron. It was heated till it melts. Then little quantity of coarse powder of Samudra

Lavana was sprinkled on the sides of molten Vanga and at the same time continuous

rubbing with big iron ladle was done. In first half hr. there was no change only smoke

of burnt Curna was seen, then slowly Vanga started getting converted to powder from.

It took 5-6 hr. for complete conversion of tin to powder form. Then the total powder

was collected in the center and earthen Sharava was kept covering it and strong heat

was given for 1 hr. The powder was red hot then heat was stopped and allowed to

self-cool. After cooling next day to remove the excessive Kshara, Kshara Nirmulana

was done till red litmus paper stops turning to blue.









Table no. 29 Observations of Vanga Jarana (Samanya & Visesha Sodhita):

Time


Vanga to powder

form

Samudra Lavana

used Observation.

½ hr. No conversion, Vanga

in molten state

10 – 20 gms Light smoke after adding Curna, slow

rubbing to avoid spillage of molten tin.



cauldron.



ash was seen.

4 hrs. 65 – 70 % 120 – 130 gms. More pressure could be applied since less


(Plate no- 6)

5 hrs. 90 % 160 gms. Colour of Curna whitish black, few

globules of tin.

6 hrs. 98% 190 – 210 gms. On pressure small globules of unconverted


7hrs. Almost all 230 gms. Even with pressure no tin globules seen



respectively.

5-6 day required for Kshara Nirmulana.

After Kshara Nirmulikaran colour of Vanga became more grayish white &




Ph of Jarita Vanga was 8




Precautions:

Coarse powder of Samudra Lavana should be used.

Rubbing with ladle should be done with pressure but not rigorously, in order to

avoid spillage of molten tin.

Process should be continued till all particles of tin gets converted to powder

form.

In order to avoid excess alkalinity to the final product Kshara Nirmulana is

must.

MARANA PROCEDURE:

Yadavj Trikamji acharya in dravya guna vignayan – Paribhasha prakarana

says ‘The process by which conversion of purified metals and minerals into Bhasma

after subjecting them to trituration with juice and then heat is called Marana’.

Name of the Practical: Marana of Vanga (Samanya sodhita)136:

Reference: Rasamritam 3/94

Ingredients: Jarita Vanga 395 gms.

KumariSwarasa- Q.S

Apparatus: Khalva Yantra, Plastic sheet, Knife, spoon,

Cloth Domesticated Cowdungs around 500 for each puta.

Karpura, Match box

Procedure:

Jarita Vanga 395 gms. Was taken in a Khalva Yantra and to it Kumari

Swarasa was added, and then triturated continuously for 3 hrs. After that Chakrikas

were prepared and kept for drying. After a day these Chakrikas were kept in earthen

Sharava. Chakrikas were arranged in two layers one above the other. Then another

Sharava with same measurement was kept above it and Sandhi Bandana was done.

This Sharava samputa was then subjected for ardha gajaputa with around 525

cowdung cakes (375 below Sharava samputa & 150 above) Size of Cowdung cakes

was approximately same size, totally dried. The uniformity was maintained to have

uniform heat. The fire was lited by keeping four small camphor balls on all four sides.

It took 7 – 8 hrs. For complete burning & self-cooling. Then the Samputa was taken

out of pit and by slowly scraping the sealed part, 2 Sharavas were separated & Vanga

was taken out weighted and again placed in khalva Yantra and same procedure was




repeated for 6 more times to get final Vanga Bhasma.

Observations:

The colour of the Vanga Bhasma turns from white to yellowish white after

seven putas.

After 1st puta only 1 – 2 gms of Vanga got stucked to the Sharava. But it was

not seen successively.

Total quantity of 400 – 500 ml of Swarasa was required for 1st Bhavana but

successively it was less.

The fineness of Bhasma got increased with successively puta which was tested

by Rekha purnatva and Varitaratva of Bhasama.

There was no odour to the Bhasma.

Slight reduction in the weight was noticed i.e. 30 gms.

Precautions:

Trituration should be done continuously & uniformly.

Swarasa should be filtered, pulp should not be used.

Chakrikas should be uniform & thin.

Use of properly baked Sharavas should be done.

General precautions of Sandhi Bandana were taken.

Cowdung cakes should be uniformly thick, round & dry.

Arrangement of Cowdung cakes should be proper.

Fire should not be put at a time rather use of camphor at 4 corners ensures

slow burning.

After completion, careful opening of Sarava should be done to avoid

contamination of Vanga Bhasma with mud dust or ash.

Name of the Practical: Marana of Vanga (Visesha sodhita):



Kumari Swarasa- Q.S


Cloth Domesticated Cow dungs around 500 for each puta.

Karpura, Match box




Procedure:














Observations:

The colour of the Vanga Bhasma turns from white to grayish white after seven

putas.









Precautions:












slow burning.



Name of the Practical: Marana of Vanga (Samanya &Visesha Sodhita):



Kumari Swarasa- Q.S


Cloth Domesticated Cow dungs around 500 for each puta.

Karpura, Match box

Procedure:














Observations:

The colour of the Vanga Bhasma turns from white to grayish white after seven

putas.












Precautions:









slow burning.



Table no.30 Results of Marana Procedures:

Marana procedures WT. before Marana WT. after Marana Colour of Bhasma

1.Samanya Sodhana 395 gms 365 gms Yellowish white

2.Visesha Sodhana 390 gms 350 gms Grayish white

3.Samanya & Visesha 365 gms 325 gms Dull white



57 ANALYTICAL STUDY

ANALYTICAL STUDY

To evaluate quality of finished product, it becomes necessary to subject the

drugs in the prospect of science. The drugs, which are manufactured, should be well

understood and interpreted in the light of modern chemistry to provide proper

scientific back ground. The increasing need for drugs have made it incumbent that

some uniformity of manufacturing in Ayurveda i.e. medicines should be brought

about. The need has also been arises for statutory control to ensure standard of

Ayurveda drugs in the modern sense.

In the present study the analytical study was done for all three samples i.e.,

Samanya Shodhita, Visesha Sodhita, Samanya & Visesha Shodhita Vanga Bhasma

under following aspects.

Vanga Bhasma-

Ancient Parameters- At S.J.G.A.M.C. KOPPAL

Physical & Chemical test- At SASTRA University, TANJAVUR.

NPST – At S.J.G.A.M.C. KOPPAL under guidance of Dr.P.H.C.Murthy.

VANGA BHASMA

Ancient Parameters:

Organoleptic Characters:

Colour- Yellowish white.

Odour- Odourless

Touch- Fine smooth Powder

Taste- Tasteless.

Physical Test:

Varitaratva - Positive

Rekha Poornatva - Positive

Unatvam - Positive

Nirdhoomata - Positive

Gata rasatva - Positive



58 ANALYTICAL STUDY

Varanatva - Yellowish White

Nischandratva - Positive

Mrudutva - Positive

Chemical test:

Apunarbhavatva- Positive

Procedure- Vanga Bhasma along with Gunja, Madhu, Guda, Sarpi, Tankana were

triturated together in equal quantity then kept in Sumputa. The Ardhagajaputa was

given to find no regainment of metal.

Physico- chemical tests137,138,139.

Ash value, acid insoluble ash, loss on drying and pH are some physico-

chemical tests employed in the present study. The brief review of those is as follows-

Determination of ash:

Method I

Unless otherwise stated in the individual monograph, weigh accurately 2 to 3 g

of the air-dried crude drug in a tarred platinum or silica dish and incinerate at a

temperature not exceeding 450o

C until free from carbon, cool and weight. If a

carbon-free ash cannot be obtained in this way, exhaust the charred mass with hot

water, collect the residue on an ash less filter paper, incinerate the residue and filter

paper until the ash is white or nearly so, add the filtrate, evaporate to dryness and

ignite at a temperature not exceeding 450o. Calculate the percentage of ash with

reference to the air-dried drug.

Method II

Heat a silica or platinum crucible to red hot for 30 minutes; allow cooling in a

desiccators and weight. Unless otherwise specified in the individual monograph,

weigh accurately about 1 g of the substance being examined and evenly distribute it in

the crucible. Dry at 100o to 105

o for 1 hour and ignite to constant weight in a muffle

furnace at 600o + 25

o. Allow the crucible to cool in desiccators after each ignition. The

material should not catch fire at any time during the procedure. If after prolonged

ignition a carbon-free ash cannot be obtained proceed as directed in Method I. Ignite



59 ANALYTICAL STUDY

to constant weight. Calculate the percentage of ash with reference to the air dried

substance.

Determination of acid- insoluble ash:

Method I

Boil the ash, Appendix 3.38, with 25 ml of 2 M hydrochloric acid for 5

minutes, collect the insoluble matter in a Gooch crucible or on an ash less filter paper,

wash with hot water, ignite, cool in a desiccators and weigh. Calculate the percentage

of acid-insoluble ash with reference to the air-dried drug.

Method II

Place the ash, Appendix 3.38, or the sulphated ash, Appendix 3.24, as directed

in the individual monograph, in a crucible, add 15 ml of water and 10 ml of

hydrochloric acid, cover with a watch glass and boil for 10 minutes and allow cooling.

Collect the insoluble matter on an ash less filter appear, washes with hot water until

the filtrate is neutral, ignite to dull redness, cool in a desiccators and weigh. Calculate

the percentage of acid-insoluble ash with reference to the air-dried drug.

Determination of loss on drying:

Loss on drying is the loss in weight in % w/w resulting from water and volatile

matter of any kind that can be driven off under specified conditions. The test is carried

out on a well-mixed sample of the substance. If the substance is in the form of large

crystals, reduce the size by rapid crushing to a powder. Unless otherwise specified in

the individual monograph, use Method A.

Method A

Weigh a glass-stopper, shallow weighing bottle that has been dried under the

same conditions to be employed in the determination. Transfer to the bottle the

quantity of the sample specified in the individual monograph, cover it and accurately

weigh the bottle and the contents. Distribute the samples as evenly as practicable by

gentle sidewise shaking to a depth not exceeding 10mm. Place the loaded bottle in the

drying chamber (oven or desiccators) as directed in the monograph, remove the



60 ANALYTICAL STUDY

stopper and leave it also in the chamber. Dry the sample to constant weight or for the

specified time and at the temperature indicated in the monograph. After drying is

completed, open the drying chamber, close the bottle promptly and allow it to cool to

room temperature (where applicable) in a desiccators before weighing. Weighing the

bottle and the contents.

Note: Where drying in desiccators is specified, care must be taken to keep the

desiccant fully effective by frequent replacement.

Method B

Thermo-gravimetry:

Thermo-gravimetry is a technique in which the weight of a sample is recorded

as a function of temperature according to a controlled temperature programmed.

Apparatus:

A thermo balance consisting of a device for heating or cooling the substance

being examined according to a given temperature program, a sample holder in a

controlled atmosphere, an electro balance and a recorder. The instrument may be

coupled to a device permitting the analysis of volatile products.

Temperature verification:

Check the temperature scale using nickel or other suitable material according

to the manufacturer‟s instructions.

Calibration of the electro balance:

Place a suitable quantity of calcium oxalate monohydrate RS in the same

holder and record the weight. Set the heating rate according to the manufacturer‟s

instructions and start the temperature program. Record the Thermo-gravimetric curve

as a graph with temperature on the abscissa, increasing from left to right, and weight

on the ordinate, increasing upwards. Stop the rise in temperature at 230o

C. Measure

the distance on the graph between the initial and final weight-temperature plateaux

that corresponds to the loss of weight. The declared loss of weight for calcium oxalate

monohydrate RS is stated on the label.



61 ANALYTICAL STUDY

Note: If the apparatus is in frequent use, carry out temperature verification and

calibration regularly. Otherwise, carry out such checks before each measurement.

Procedure:

Apply the same procedure to the substance being examined, using the

conditions prescribed in the monograph. Calculate the loss of weight of the substance

being examined from the distance measured on the graph obtained and express as a

percentage w/w of the substance taken.

The actual procedure and the calculations to be employed are dependent on the

particular instrument used. Consult the manufacturer‟s literature and / or the thermal

analysis literature for the most appropriate technique for a given instrument. In any

event, it is imperative to keep in mind the limitations of solid solution formation

insolubility in the melt, polymorphism and decomposition during the analysis.

Table .No. 31 Analytical characters of v1, v2, v3

Parameters Results V1 Results V2 Results V3

Description Dull white fine

powder

Dull white amorphous

powder

Dull white

amorphous powder

pH (1%w/v suspension) 4.59 4.68 4.34

LOD at 105°C 0.1442% 0.0748% 0.2558%

Total Ash 99.56% 99.73% 99.79%

Acid Insoluble Ash 84.42% 77.31% 90.81%

V1- Samanya Sodhita V2- Visesha Sodhita V3- Samanya&Visesha Sodhana.



62 ANALYTICAL STUDY

REPORT OF TEST OR ANALYSIS

Form 50 [See Rule 160-D (f)]

The Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 and the rules thereafter

Report No.: CAR/DTL/phy154 Date: 17.03.14

1. Name of the manufacturer from whom : Dr. Shiva Prasad, S.J.G.A.M.

Sample received with Mfg. License No College, Koppal

2. Reference number and date of the letter : SR No.473, 25.02.14

3. Date of receipt of the sample : 25.02.14

4. Name of drug / Raw material received : VangaV1/4003

5. Details of Raw material/Final product (in bulk)/

Final product (in finished pack) :

6. Original Manufacturer Name :

B. No

Batch size as

represented by the

sample

Sample Qty.

submitted Mfg. Date Expiry Date

- - - -

RESULT OF TEST/ANALYSIS SAMPLE SUBMITTED BY

THE PARTY

SAMPLE NOT

DRAWN BY US

S No Parameters Results Specifications

1. Description Dull white fine powder -

2. pH(1%w/v suspension) 4.59 -

3. LOD at 105°C 0.1442% -

4. Total Ash 99.56% -

5. Acid Insoluble Ash 84.42% -

In the opinion of the undersigned, the sample referred to above is of Standard Quality

/is not of Standard Quality as defined in the act or the rules made there under for the

reasons given below

Remarks:

Tested By Signature of person

In- charge of testing



63 ANALYTICAL STUDY





1. Name of the manufacturer from whom : Dr. Shiva Prasad, S.J.G.A.M.




4. Name of drug / Raw material received : Vanga V2/4004

5. Details of Raw material/Final product (in bulk)



B. No Batch size as represented by

the sample

Sample Qty.


- - - -


THE PARTY

SAMPLE NOT

DRAWN BY US


1. Description Dull white amorphous powder

2. pH(1%w/v suspension) 4.68

3. LOD at 105°C 0.0748%

4. Total Ash 99.73%

5. Acid Insoluble Ash 77.31%



reasons given below

Remarks:





64 ANALYTICAL STUDY





1. Name of the manufacturer from whom : Dr. Shiva prasad, S.J.G.A.M.




4. Name of drug / Raw material received : VangaV3/4005

5. Details of Raw material/Final product (in bulk)/



B. No Batch size as represented by

the sample

Sample Qty.


- - - -


THE PARTY

SAMPLE NOT

DRAWN BY US


1. Description Dull white amorphous

powder

-

2. pH(1%w/v suspension) 4.34 -

3. LOD at 105°C 0.2558% -

4. Total Ash 99.79% -

5. Acid Insoluble Ash 90.81% -



reasons given below

Remarks:





65 ANALYTICAL STUDY

X RAY DIFFRACTION METHOD:

It is a special and sophisticated technique for conducting the analysis in a non-

destructive fashion. A variety of X-Ray techniques and methods are in use. The main

three categories in which all the methods are classified are:

i. X-Ray Absorption Methods

ii. X-Ray Fluorescence Methods

iii. X-Ray Diffraction Methods

As we have adopted the X-Ray Diffraction method, we will go into the

essential details of this method only.

Principle:

X-Ray Diffraction Method:

When a beam of X-radiation is incident upon a substance, the electrons

constituting the atoms of the substances become as small oscillators. These oscillate at

the same frequency as that of incident X-radiation. These scattered waves come from

electrons, which are arranged in a regular manner in a crystal lattice and then travel in

certain directions. If these waves undergo constructive interference, then these are

diffracted from that crystal plane. Every crystalline substance scatters the X-rays in

itsown unique diffraction pattern producing a fingerprint of its atomic and molecular

structure. The following methods used in the X-ray Diffraction Technique.

1. Laue Photographic Method

2. Bragg X-ray Spectrometer Method

3. Rotating Crystal Method

4. Powder Method

We have adopted the Bragg X-ray Spectrometer method. When X-rays fall on

a sample, they are diffracted as per the Bragg's equation:-

n λ = 2d Sin θ (depending upon arrangement of atoms)



66 ANALYTICAL STUDY

Where, λ = Wavelength of X-rays

d = Spacing between the layers of atoms

θ = Angle of incident X-rays

Materials and Methods:

X-ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns were obtained using a Shimadzu XRD-6000

diffractometer with Cu-Kα as target with 40 KV voltages and 30 MA current.

Sample Preparation:-

The powdered sample was placed in a sample holder and analysis was carried

out in a static position with the detector moving through 2 θ 3 to 70.

Characterization:-

The X-ray diffraction of the sample is matched against the standard reference

spectra library of software for phase identification. The method gives certain emission

peaks, which are characteristic of elements contained in the target. The wavelengths of

the peaks can be related to the atomic number of the elements producing them, so they

provide a means of identifying elements present in the target sample. Furthermore,

under controlled conditions, the intensity of the peaks can be used to determine the

amounts of the various elements present. This is the basis of "electron probe

microanalysis", in which a small target area of the sample in pinpointed for

examination. This has important applications in metallurgical research and in

determining the metallic elements in biological materials (if present)

Advantages:

1. It is rapid and accurate method in identifying the crystal structure.

2. Ease of sample preparation

3. It is large library of known crystalline structure.

4. It is a non-destructive method.



67 ANALYTICAL STUDY

Limitations:

1. XRD cannot help in the case of amorphous solids.

2. Trace element detection is often difficult.

Applications:

1. Characterizing the crystallographic structure and characterizing heterogenous

solid mixtures.

2. It is used in determining relative abundance and actual state of chemical

combination.

3. It is only a method, available for determining polymorphs of a substance.

4. The effect of polymorphism on solubility is particularly important from

pharmaceutical point of view.

5. Used for differentiation among various oxides. For e.g. difference between

FeO, Fe2O3 & Fe3O4 can be identified.



68 ANALYTICAL STUDY

V1

Angle 2-Theta ° d value

Intensity

Intensity % Angstrom Count%

26.643 3.34308 3137 87.9

33.939 2.63926 3570 100.0

38.011 2.36538 846 23.7

39.036 2.30559 187 5.2

42.691 2.11626 84.8 2.4

51.824 1.76273 3104 87.0

54.804 1.67373 715 20.0

57.873 1.59205 472 13.2

1 - File: V1.raw - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 10.000 ° - End: 60.000 ° - Step: 0.010 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - Time Started: 13 s - 2-Theta: 10.000 ° - Theta: 5.00

Inte

ns

ity

in

co

un

ts

0

1000

2000

3000

2-Theta

10 20 30 40 50 60

d=

3.3

4308 d=

2.6

3926

d=

2.3

6538

d=

2.3

0559

d=

2.1

1626

d=

1.7

6273

d=

1.6

7373

d=

1.5

9205



69 ANALYTICAL STUDY

V2


Intensity


26.663 3.34068 2709 84.0

33.963 2.63745 3225 100.0

38.028 2.36433 640 19.8

39.052 2.30467 185 5.7

51.837 1.76232 2640 81.8

54.819 1.67331 623 19.3

57.901 1.59135 390 12.1


Inte

ns

ity

in

co

un

ts

0

1000

2000

3000

2-Theta

10 20 30 40 50 60

d=

3.3

4068

d=

2.6

3745

d=

2.3

6433

d=

2.3

0467

d=

1.7

6232

d=

1.6

7331

d=

1.5

9135



70 ANALYTICAL STUDY

V3


Intensity


26.612 3.34695 3073 98.0

33.903 2.64201 3135 100.0

37.977 2.36742 822 26.2

38.995 2.30791 188 6.0

42.200 2.13974 33.7 1.1

51.794 1.76368 2816 89.8

54.778 1.67446 717 22.9

57.845 1.59276 350 11.2

X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETER:

XRF is a physical method of analysis which directly analyses almost all

chemical elements of the periodic system in solids, powders or liquids. These

materials may be solids such as glass, ceramics, metal, rocks, coal, plastic or liquids,

like petrol, oils, paints, solutions, blood or even wine.


Inte

ns

ity

in

co

un

ts

0

1000

2000

3000

2-Theta

10 20 30 40 50 60

d=

3.3

4695

d=

2.6

4201

d=

2.3

6742

d=

2.3

0791

d=

2.1

3974

d=

1.7

6368

d=

1.6

7446

d=

1.5

9276



71 ANALYTICAL STUDY

Principle:

X-ray is a type of electromagnetic waves such as visible light ray, but the key

difference is its extremely short wavelength, measuring from 100A to 0.1A. And

compared to normal electromagnetic waves, X-ray easily passes through material and

it becomes stronger as the material's atomic number decreases. X-ray fluorescence

analysis is a method that uses the characteristic X-ray (fluorescent X-ray) that is

generated when X-ray is irradiated on a substance. The fluorescent X-ray is the excess

energy irradiated as electromagnetic field, which is generated when the irradiated X-

ray forces the constituent atom's inner-shell electrons to the outer shell and the vacant

space (acceptor) falls on the outer-shell electrons. These rays possess energy

characteristic to each element, and qualitative analysis using Mosley's Equation and

quantitative analysis using the energy's X-ray intensity (number of photons) are

possible.

Device Structure:

X-ray fluorescence analysis devices can be largely categorized into

1. Wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDX).

2. Energy-dispersive Xray spectroscopy (EDX).

WDX disperses the fluorescent X-ray generated in the sample using dispersion

crystal and measures it using a Goniometer, resulting in a large size. On the other

hand, the detector in EDX has a superior energy resolution and requires no dispersion

system, which enables downsizing of the device.

X-Ray Generation

X-ray is generated when the X-ray tube accelerates the electrons at high

voltage and bombards them against the metal anode (anti-cathode). There are two

types of X-ray tubes, side window type and end window type, and both are designed

to irradiate intense X-ray on the sample surface as evenly as possible. Beryllium foil is

commonly used for the window for retrieving the incident X-ray. For the anti-cathode,

(sometimes referred as 7gtarget7h) tungsten, rhodium, molybdenum and chrome are

used.



72 ANALYTICAL STUDY

Detector

When voltage is applied against the current (reverse bias) and light enters in

this state, the electrons in the forbidden band are excited into conductive band and

only the current for the excited electron travel. For X-ray detection, each current pulse

corresponding to an incident X ray photon is measured one by one. The instantaneous

current value of a single pulse is relative to the incident X-ray energy, so X-ray energy

can be found by measuring the wave height of the current pulse.

Qualitative Analysis

In defining X-ray fluorescence analysis, the wavelength of the characteristic

X-ray or the regularity of the energy and atomic number are used. Most devices are

equipped with the automatic identification (definition) feature but it is important to

note various interfering spectrums. Depending on the element types contained in the

sample, energy position of characteristic X-rays may be close to each other or

spectrums may overlap.

When conducting quantitative analysis with fluorescent X-ray, there are two

basic methods. The first is to create a standard curve. This method involves measuring

several samples with a known element concentration, and finding the relationship

between the intensity of the measured element's fluorescent X-ray and the

concentration. By referring this relationship, element concentration of unknown

sample is obtained only with information on its fluorescent X-ray intensity.

Limitations:

Only the elemental composition of the surface layer of the sample (in case of

solid samples) be to U can be easily determined.

For solution state/liquid samples much care is to be taken lest the X-ray source

gets damaged due to spilling of the sample by the rupture of the mylar film

window of the solution cell.

In general XRF DOES NOT give the oxidation state information of elements

except in case of low Z elements eg. for Sulphur, if we use very high

resolution mode of measurements, one can at least in principle, differentiate

between sulphide and sulphate group.



73 ANALYTICAL STUDY

Centre for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine (CARISM)

SASTRA University, Thanjavur

Phone: 04362-264346

CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS

Name of the Sample : V1 (Vanga)

Sample received from : Dr. Shiva Prasad, S.J.G.A.M.C, Koppal.

Sample Received Date : 25.02.14

Report Date : 15/03/14

Instrument used : XRF (Bruker S8 Tiger)

Material: Oxides : Mode: Vacuum

Element in oxide form Element form

Formula Concentration (%) Formula Concentration (%)

SnO2 97.11 Sn 97.73

PbO 0.85 Pb 0.79

Fe2O3 0.50 Cd 0.39

CdO 0.45 Fe 0.35

SO3 0.30 Cl 0.22

Cl 0.22 Hg 0.14

Al2O3 0.19 S 0.12

MgO 0.18 Mg 0.11

Hg 0.14 Al 0.10

CuO 0.04 Cu 0.03

SrO 0.02 Sr 0.02

ANALYST QUALITY MANAGER TECHNICAL MANAGER



74 ANALYTICAL STUDY



Phone: 04362-264346


Name of the Sample : V2 Vanga

Sample received from : Dr. Shiva Prasad, SJGAM College, Koppal.






ANALYST TECHNICAL MANAGER QUALITY MANAGER

Formula Concentration (%)

Sn 96.72

Pb 2.10

Cd 0.32

Fe 0.25

Cl 0.21

S 0.19

Al 0.07

Mg 0.06

Cu 0.05

Sr 0.03


SnO2 92.57

PbO 0.47

SO3 0.10

CdO 0.08

Fe2O3 0.08

Cl 0.04

Al2O3 0.03

MgO 0.02

CuO 0.01

SrO 67PPM



75 ANALYTICAL STUDY



Phone: 04362-264346


Name of the Sample : V3 (Vanga)

Sample received from : Dr. Shiva Prasad, SJGAM College, Koppal






ANALYST TECHNICAL MANAGER QUALITY MANAGER


SnO2 97.47

PbO 0.78

Fe2O3 0.60

CdO 0.43

SO3 0.33

Al2O3 0.16

MgO 0.14

CuO 0.04

P2O5 0.03

SrO 0.02


Sn 98.11

Pb 0.72

Fe 0.42

Cd 0.38

S 0.13

Al 0.08

Mg 0.08

Cu 0.03

Sr 0.02

P 0.02



76 ANALYTICAL STUDY

FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy):

Infrared spectroscopy is an important technique in organic chemistry, which is

an easy way to identify the presence of certain functional groups in a molecule.

Principal:

As the chemical bonds absorb infrared energy at specific frequencies or

wavelength, basic structure of the compound can be determined by spectral locations

of their IR absorption. The plot of a compounds IR transmission Vs Frequency is its

„Finger print‟ which is characteristic of the molecular composition of the sample.

Advantages

Identification and quantification of organic solid, liquid or gas samples.

Analysis of powders, solids, gels, emulsions, pastes, pure liquids and solutions,

polymers, pure and mixed gases.

Infrared used for research, methods development, quality control and quality

assurance applications.

Limitations

Limited surface sensitivity (typical sampling volumes are ~0.8 µm)

Minimum analysis area: ~15 micron

Limited inorganic information

Typically not quantitative (needs standards)

Application

Identification of organic functional groups in the finished products like

bhasma, kupipakwa, kharaleeya preparations.

Interpretation of report V1:

In V1 FTIR report- at level of 3408.84 level shows Alcohols and Phenols stri-

vibr O-H and frequency is 2.93µ

At the level of 1639.74- Bonding Vibration shows NH2 Scissoring Amines.

At this same level Stretching Vibration point shows Amides, Carboxylic acids

and derivatives having C = O bond of Frequency 6.09µ



77 ANALYTICAL STUDY

Report V2 and Report V3 shows same contents as shown above pattern.

Report V4: 3421.28 point level Stretching vibration shows Amines N-H 2 bonds

and Frequency is 2.92µ.

2922.57 stretching vibration Alkanes CH3,CH2 and CH having 2 or 3 bonds.

Frequency is 3.42µ

At the level of 1540.82 shows carboxylic Acids and derivatives.

Acids C-H overlap O-H and Frequency is 6.49µ

Table No: 32 Showing the observations of V1:

Frequency Wave length (μ) Functional group Bonding

3408.84 2.93 Alcohol & Phenol O-H(Single)

1639.74 6.09 Amines, Carboxylic

acids & derivatives.

C=O(Double)

V1-Samanya Sodhita Vanga Bhasma

V2 and V3 Results are same as it is mentioned in above table

V2 is Visesha sodhita Vanga Bhasma.

V3 is Samanya& Visesha Sodhita Vanga Bhasma.

Table No: 33 Showing the observations of V4:

Frequency Wave length (μ) Functional group Bonding

3421.28 2.92 Amines N-H(Double)

2922.57 3.42 Alkanes CH3, CH2 &

CH

C=O(Double

or Triple)

1540.82 6.49 Carboxylic Acids and

Derivatives.

C-H overlap

O-H.

V4- Jarita Vanga.



78 ANALYTICAL STUDY

SAMPLE NAME : FT-3992 FT-IR SPECTRUM (V1 Vanga) Date: 3/4/2014

Shiva Prasad,V1Vanga,FT-3992-280214.pk

Shiva Prasad,V1Vanga,FT-3992-280214.003 3601 4000.00 400.00

18.78 54.42 4.00 %T 10 1.00 REF 4000 54.40 2000 52.83 600

3408.84 48.85 1639.74 51.95 620.55 18.77

4000.0 3000 2000 1500 1000 400.0 15.0

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55.0

cm-1

%T

3408.84

1639.74

620.55



79 ANALYTICAL STUDY

SAMPLE NAME:FT-3993(V2 Vanga) FT-IR SPECTRUM Date: 3/4/2014

Shiva Prasad,V2 vanga,FT-3993-280214.pk

Shiva Prasad,V2 vanga,FT-3993-280214.003 3601 4000.00 400.00 25.12 55.23 4.00 %T 10 1.00

REF 4000 55.21 2000 53.95 600 3426.89 50.10 1632.21 53.30 1078.78 53.76 623.08 25.12

4000.0 3000 2000 1500 1000 400.0 20.0

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54 55.3

cm-1

%T

3426.89

1632.21 1078.78

623.08



80 ANALYTICAL STUDY

SAMPLE NAME : FT-3994(V3 Vanga) FT-IR SPECTRUM Date: 3/4/2014

Shiva Prasad,V3 vanga,FT-3994-280214.pk

Shiva Prasad,V3 vanga,FT-3994-280214.003 3601 4000.00 400.00 9.23 42.05 4.00 %T 10 1.00

REF 4000 42.04 2000 41.95 600 3409.19 37.01 1631.99 40.70 619.15 9.23

4000.0 3000 2000 1500 1000 400.0 0.0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45.0

cm-1

%T

3409.19

1631.99

619.15



81 ANALYTICAL STUDY

Namburis Phased spot test

Namburis phased spot test was conducted for qualitative standardization of

Vanga Bhasma.

Methods & Materials :

This test is special for qualitative assessment of Bhasmas developed by Dr. H.

Namburi. When a drop of clear solution of a substance (Bhasma) that is under

examination is put on one of the chemical reacting paper, a spot with a series of

changes in colour and pattern will appear on paper. It is the study of this spot and

colour at three successive phases spreading over three different time intervals is

known as “Phased spot test”.

In chemistry the technique of spot test or chromatography is widely used. This

is a method to study or detect continual chemical reaction that take place gradually

between two chemical substances on static media at every second or even at a fraction

of a second.

Procedure:

For testing Vanga Bhasma which is mulika marita ,the following procedure is

to be adopted.

Preparation of solution:

0.2 gms of bhasma was taken in to a centrifuge test tube and 0.5 ml of 5 N

HNO3 was added drop by drop and gently heated for one minute. This solution was

kept in the stand for 50 hrs. Shaking now and Then solution was allowed to settle until

clear layer was formed for testing.

Preparation of Chemical reacting Paper:

The paper that is treated with the solution of the taken Bhasma is known as chemical

reacting paper. For vanga Bhasma 10% Potassium iodide paper is indicated.

No.1 Whitman‟s paper of size 14 cm x 8 cm was taken. Then 50 ml of solution

of 10% potassium iodide was taken in a stainless steel tray and paper was impregnated



82 ANALYTICAL STUDY

for one minute and was kept for drying, on glass sheet in shade avoiding wrinkles or

air bubbles formation between glass & paper. After proper drying it was used.

Testing of the bhasma : The solution, which was prepared of Vanga Bhasma & 5, N

HNO3 was taken & one drop of clear supernatant fluid was taken & drooped on

chemical reacting paper.

Observation: Observation was made in three phase‟s i.e.

1st phase – Very moment of dropping the drop till formation of spot up to

5 min. Called “Immediate reaction”.

2nd

Phase – Extends after 1st phase up to 20 min called “Delayed Reaction”.

3rd

Phase – Extends from end of 20th

min to some hrs. Or days called “Late

reaction”.

Following observation were seen in Vanga Bhasma.

1st Phase – Dark brown solid spot.

2nd

Phase – Formation of glittering grey spot.

3rd

Phase – i.e. 8 hrs. After 1st Phase – the dark brown spot fades away in the center

of the spot leaving behind a yellowish while spot as big as a glittering spot.

This pattern was observed tallying the standard pattern of mulika mrita Vanga Bhasma

indicating high standards of the Bhasma.



83 ANALYTICAL STUDY

Particle Size Analysis:-

Aim: To determine the particle size of the given sample.

Principle: The illumination system in the sensor is designed to provide a monotonic

increase in pulse height with increasing particle diameter. A particle size distribution

is constructed one particle at a time, by comparing the detected pulse heights with a

standard calibration curve, obtained from a set of uniform particles of known

diameters.

Baseline Correction: The water / medium used as the vehicle should be standardized

before running the sample. With reference to this standard values the system is

calibrated.

Sample Preparation: 20 mg of the given sample is mixed with the insoluble medium

and stirred well. The sample should be uniformly dispersed in given solvent.

Procedure: The medium, kept in the conical flask is taken in by the syringe and it

passes through the sensor. Few drops of the sample are added to the conical flask

which is constantly stirred by the magnetic stirrer. The detector detects the number of

particles per ml of the sample. The result derived is calibrated with reference to the

baseline correction value. A data file can be retrieved to display the resulting particle

size distribution with the desired weighing result. Display: A data file which has been

stored following a measurement can be retrieved to display the resulting particle size

distribution (PSD), with the desired weighting using this option. Population

Distribution: This is the raw data that the instrument produces a histogram of

differential counts vs particle size. All of the data is obtained in 512 logarithmically

spaced channels from the minimum to maximum sizes as defined by the sensor

calibration menu. The graphical binning of the counts is based on the choice entered

in the system menu where the user had the choice to look at data in 8, 16, 32, 64, 128,

256 or 512 channels.

Differential distribution: Differential distribution displays a histogram of the data as

the total number of particles located in each bin. For example in this particular data

file the raw data channels were 512 logarithmically spaced channels from 0.5 to 400

microns. In this graph they were binned to 128channels for graphical representation



84 ANALYTICAL STUDY

and case of data handling. To assign a single size value to a bin the instrument picks

the arithmetic mean of the bin size and rounds it off to the second decimal place. For

differential distributions the data is displayed as a function of the total number of

counts located in each bin. There are several differential plots that can be obtained.

The Population Differential distribution is the raw data of counts vs size in each bin

or the number of particles at each diameter. The Number Weighted Differential

Distribution is the same graph normalized to 100 %. This is very useful when trying

to compare multiple runs where the same number of counts was not present. By

normalizing all curves to 100% the graphs are now displayed as percentage of total

number of particles located in each bin where The Volume Weighted Differential

Distribution takes each bin from the Number Weighted Differential Curve and

applies a volume weighed function.



85 ANALYTICAL STUDY

MICROSCOPIC METALLOGRPHY

The surface of a metallographic specimen is prepared by various methods

of grinding, polishing, and etching. After preparation, it is often analyzed

using optical or electron microscopy. Using only metallographic techniques, a skilled

technician can identifyalloys and predict material properties.

Mechanical preparation is the most common preparation method. Successively

finer abrasive particles are used to remove material from the sample surface until the

desired surface quality is achieved. Many different machines are available for doing

this grinding and polishing, which are able to meet different demands for quality,

capacity, and reproducibility.

A systematic preparation method is the easiest way to achieve the true structure.

Sample preparation must therefore pursue rules which are suitable for most materials.

Different materials with similar properties (hardness and ductility) will respond alike

and thus require the same consumables during preparation.

Metallographic specimens are typically "mounted" using a hot

compression thermosetting resin. In the past, phenolic thermosetting resins have been

used, but modern epoxy is becoming more popular because reduced shrinkage

during curingresults in a better mount with superior edge retention. A typical

mounting cycle will compress the specimen and mounting media to 4,000 psi

(28 MPa) and heat to a temperature of 350 °F (177 °C). When specimens are very

sensitive to temperature, "cold mounts" may be made with a two-part epoxy resin.

Mounting a specimen provides a safe, standardized, and ergonomicway by which to

hold a sample during the grinding and polishing operations.

After mounting, the specimen is wet ground to reveal the surface of the metal. The

specimen is successively ground with finer and finer abrasive media. Silicon

carbide abrasive paper was the first method of grinding and is still used today. Many

metallographers, however, prefer to use a diamond grit suspension which is dosed

onto a reusable fabric pad throughout the polishing process. Diamond grit in

suspension might start at 9 micrometres and finish at one micrometre. Generally,

polishing with diamond suspension gives finer results than using silicon carbide

papers (SiC papers), especially with revealing porosity, which silicon carbide paper

sometimes "smear" over. After grinding the specimen, polishing is performed.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grinding_(abrasive_cutting)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polishing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_etching

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_microscope

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscopy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_materials_properties

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasive

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasive_machining

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasive_machining

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardness

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductility

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumables

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosetting_polymer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol_formaldehyde_resin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curing_(chemistry)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_carbide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_carbide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometre

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porosity



86 ANALYTICAL STUDY

Typically, a specimen is polished with a slurry of alumina, silica, or diamond on

a napless cloth to produce a scratch-free mirror finish, free from smear, drag, or pull-

outs and with minimal deformation remaining from the preparation process.

After polishing, certain microstructural constituents can be seen with the microscope,

e.g., inclusions and nitrides. If the crystal structure is non-cubic (e.g., a metal with a

hexagonal-closed packed crystal structure, such as Ti or Zr) the microstructure can be

revealed without etching using crossed polarized light (light microscopy). Otherwise,

the microstructural constituents of the specimen are revealed by using a suitable

chemical or electrolytic etchant.

Analysis techniques:

Many different microscopy techniques are used in metallographic analysis.

Prepared specimens should be examined with the unaided eye after etching to detect

any visible areas that have responded to the etchant differently from the norm as a

guide to where microscopical examination should be employed. Light optical

microscopy (LOM) examination should always be performed prior to any electron

metallographic (EM) technique, as these are more time-consuming to perform and the

instruments are much more expensive.

Further, certain features can be best observed with the LOM, e.g., the natural color of

a constituent can be seen with the LOM but not with EM systems. Also, image

contrast of microstructures at relatively low magnifications, e.g., <500X, is far better

with the LOM than with the scanning electron microscope (SEM), while transmission

electron microscopes (TEM) generally cannot be utilized at magnifications below

about 2000 to 3000X. LOM examination is fast and can cover a large area. Thus, the

analysis can determine if the more expensive, more time-consuming examination

techniques using the SEM or the TEM are required and where on the specimen the

work should be concentrated.

Bright and dark field microscopy:

Most LOM observations are conducted using bright field (BF) illumination, where the

image of any flat feature perpendicular to the incident light path is bright, or appears

to be white. But, other illumination methods can be used and, in some cases, may

provide superior images with greater detail. Dark field microscopy (DF), although not

used much today, provides high contrast images and actually greater resolution than

bright field. In dark field, the light from features perpendicular to the optical axis is

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slurry

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumina

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silica

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nap_(textile)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microstructure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopy



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_field_microscopy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_field_microscopy



87 ANALYTICAL STUDY

blocked and appears dark while the light from features inclined to the surface, which

look dark in BF, appear bright, or "self-luminous" in DF. Grain boundaries, for

example, are more vivid in DF than BF.

Metallographic analysis may determine such issues as:

Grain size and growth

Grain structure resulting from processing

Intermetallic phase microstructures

Carbide formation at surfaces and grain boundaries

Equiaxed or columnar grains

Chemical microsegregation

Microshrinkage and porosity

Inclusions

Planar, cellular, and dendritic interfaces

Microstuctures as a function of cooling rate

Grain size as a function of work hardening

Table no. 34 Grain size of vanga(Taila Sodhita)

SID:A ASTM NO. Mean Intercept(mm) Std.Dev(mm)

Frame - 1 3.00 0.12793 0.04001

Table no. 35 Grain size of vanga(Takra Sodhita)

SID:B ASTM NO. Mean Intercept(mm) Std.Dev(mm)

Frame – 1 3.75 0.10151 0.08078

Table no. 36 Grain size of vanga(Gomutra Sodhita)

SID:C ASTM NO. Mean Intercept(mm) Std.Dev(mm)

Frame – 1 4.00 0.10164 0.04425

Table no. 37 Grain size of vanga( Kanji Sodhita)

SID:D ASTM NO. Mean Intercept(mm) Std.Dev(mm)

Frame – 1 4.25 0.08085 0.03712

Table no. 38 Grain size of vanga(Kulatt Kwata Sodhita)

SID:E ASTM NO. MeanIntercept(mm) Std.Dev(mm)

Frame – 1 4.38 0.07564 0.03255

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_boundary



88 VANGA CHARECTARIZATION

CLEAVAGE

Cleavage or parting is the tendency of minerals to split along certain definite

planes. The cleavage plane is closely related to crystalline form and internal atomic

structure and therefore is generally parallel to crystal faces. Minerals may show

several cleavages and also the degree of perfection of each cleavage plane Vang is

imperfect Cleavage.

COLOUR

The sensation of colour depends in the case of monochromatic light, solely upon

the length of the waves of light which meet the eye. If the light consists of various

wavelengths it is to be the combined effect of these that the sensation of color is due.

Vanga is Metallic Colour

VANGA CHARECTARIZATION




CRYSTAL AGGREGATES

When a mineral shows no crystalline form, it is said to be massive it may however

have a definite molecular structure, and then it is said to a crystalline aggregate.

The Vanga is Lump in crystal aggregate. (Lump is an uneven mass).

FLAME COLOUR

Forceps are employed to hold the fragment of the mineral while a test

is made as to its fusibility, also when the presence of volatile ingredient which

may give the flame a characteristic colour is tested for

Vanga didn’t show any change in colour on the flame.

FRACTURE

The term fracture is used to define the form or kind of surface obtained by breaking in

a direction other than that of cleavage in a crystallized mineral, and in any direction in

massive minerals




Irregular fracture and it’s not so easy to breck because it is not brittle one.

LUSTER

The nature of luster of minerals varies with the nature of their surfaces .A variation

in the quantity of light reflected produces different degrees of intensity of luster: a

variation in the nature of the reflecting surface produces different kinds of luster.

Vanga is a Silvary white colour metal.

MAGNETISAM

A few minerals/ metals, in their natural state, are capable of being

attracted by a hand magnet. They are called magnetic. In other words, if a

mineral/ metal gets attracted by a horse-shoe magnet or deflects the needle of a

compass, it is said to possess magnetism. A substance may be strongly

magnetic, weakly magnetic or nonmagnetic.

Vanga is a nonmagnetic in nature.




NATURE

Being natural chemical compounds, minerals may occur in any aggregation

state, though most of them are known to belong to solid crystalline substances.

Amorphous minerals are scarce. As such natural occurrence of minerals may be in the

following forms:

a. Crystalline

b. Amorphous

c. Opaque, transparent and translucent

d. Aggregate

Vanga is in opaque nature

ROASTING

Sample is taken in Iron pan and heated to observe the odour, fumes and

changes occurring while roasting.

While roasting Vanga gets melt and produce the Pooti Gandha. On continue heating it

get burnt become black powder form.




TENACITY

This is a measure of how a mineral deforms when it is crushed or bent. In fact,

tenacity or tensile strength is the resistance that a mineral offers to mechanical

deformation. In other words, it is the resistance that the atoms or ions of a substance

offer to being subjected to processes that tent to cause bending, breaking, crushing, or

cutting. Vanga is malleable.

FIZZ TEST:

A mineral which is to be tested kept on a flat surface and few drops of conc.

hydrochloric acid is dropped on the sample and the observations are to be noted, if the

test is positive the froth and sound will be observed. On Vanga Fizz test positive.




STREAK TEST

The fine powder of a mineral shows more constant colouration than the same

mineral in a massive specimen. This phenomenon is used for identification of

a mineral by rubbing the mineral on a rough surface. A white unglazed

porcelain plate commonly known as streak plate is generally used to see the

colour of the powder of a mineral. Streak is a more reliable distinguishing

feature of minerals with a semi-metallic and sub-metallic lustrer.

Vanga gives White Streak and glittering fine particles were sprinkled.



94 DISCUSSION

DISCUSSION

Discussion is the part of research work. Without this, work cannot be

completed. This chapter deals with the discussion regarding Drug, Purification,

Incineration and its Observations, findings and results of the various studies.

The present work entitled “A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO-

ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VANGA BHASMA PREPARED BY THREE

PURIFICATORY METHODS i.e. SAMANYA SHODHANA, VISHESHA

SHODHANA, SAMANYA & VISESHA SHODHANA” are studied under 3

headings.

Review of literature

Pharmaceutical study

Analytical study

Discussion on Review of literature:

Discussion on Vanga Dhatu:

Vanga is a known one of the Dhatu since Vedic period, In Rasa texts it is

classified under Dhatu Varga and in the Poothi loha varga, because of the bad smell

emitted during its melting or reason can be the mythological origin of metal that it is

from the Sharira of Indra according to rasakamadhenu. It is also called as Khuraka, the

shape resembling the hoofs of animals indicates the easy recognization of the metal.

Other synonyms reflect the nature, properties, and origin of the metal.

Classification of the Vanga clearly indicates the quality of the metal, Khuraka

is considered as the pure form of the metal known. It is most beneficial to select

Vanga which is Dhavalam, Mrudulam, Snigdha, Drutadrava, Sagaurava, Nisabdha,

smooth, shiny, proper weightage; clarity indicates the quality of the drug. Vanga metal

is Mrudhu as compared to Yashada and Khatina as compared to the Naga. Vanga is

Mrudu and easily cut by knife, Katinata of the Vanga indicates the mix of other metal

in it.

Vanga is having laghu, Ruksha, Tikshna, Ushna property to bring the

Medohara, lekhana property when induced internally. According to Kashinata Shastri



95 DISCUSSION

on commenting on Rasatarangini text says Vanga is used internally in Bahumutra,

Shukradosha, Sveta pradara, and various other Sravayukta vikaras indicates its Grahi

property, hence it is also a superior medicine in the treatment of Shukrakshaya,

Swapnameha.

Ashodita Vanga mainly affect the Rasavaha, Rakthavaha, and Mamsavaha

srothas, causing pandu, Vatashonitha,Vidradi and various other ill effects on the body.

Tin was the one of first metal known to the human being throughout the

ancient history various culture recognize the virtues of the tin in coating, alloys and

compounds and use of the metal increases with the advancing of the technology. Tin

is an important metal used in industry although its annual usage is minimum

compared to other metals, in most applications only small amount of tin are used at

the time.

In periodic table Vanga the Stannum-Tin (Sn) is belonging to „P‟ block

element, of fourth group vertically positioned in number 4, just above the lead. It is

obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, where it occurs as an oxide.

Tin not easily oxidized in air so used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion.

Tin is malleable at ordinary temperature but it is brittle when it is cooled, at 2000c it

become brittle and falls in to powder. Cry of tin when it is bent is due to the twinning

of crystals. It is less hard (1.8) so it can be cut easily.

Because of wide range of Physical and chemical property it is used in many

forms such as alloys ,soldering, making utensils, mirrors, dying, calico printing and

many more.

Tin has been established as essential trace elements for some animals. From

the source of the food we get 1-3mg range which is less than 1/10th

of daily intake

obtained, less usage of tin coated utensils may be the cause. Tin deficiency results in

the poor growth, hearing loss, hair loss. Tin is capable of entering in to biological

activity at saline pH, and less toxic than important trace elements.



96 DISCUSSION

Discussion on Pharmaceutical Review:

Discussion on Samanya and Vishesha Shodhana of Vanga

Samanya and Visesha Sodhana concept we seen in mainly in Dhatu varga.In

various Rasa Granthas different types of liquid Medias like Taila, Takra, Gomutra,

Kulattha Qwatha, Kanji for Samanya Sodhana and Choornodaka, haridra kwatha,

kumara swarasa ect. For Visesha Sodhana are mentioned. Shodhana described before

any kind of use of Vanga for Marana. So the main purpose of Shodhana of Vanga

seems to be for removal of both physical and chemical impurities. Destruction of

structure of Vanga by converting to a granular form especially before Marana. pH of

these drugs do play an important role in the structural changes in Vanga as well as

impose their properties on it during the process.

In this study, Samanya and Vishesha Shodhana of Vanga were performed by

the process of Nirvapa and Dhalana. So, here the action of Nirvapa and Dhalana

procedure for Samanya and Vishesha Shodhana of metals /minerals has been

discussed.

Nirvapa procedure:

This process is performed in two phases. In first phase metals /minerals made

into thin sheet form are heated and in second phase metals /minerals are quenched in

liquid media. These heating and quenching are repeated for specific times and in

particular Medias.

Dhalana process

This process is performed in two phases. In first phase metals /minerals are

heated up to molten/red hot state on strong heat and in second phase the molten /red

hot metals /minerals are quenched in liquid media. These melting/heating and

quenching are repeated for specific times and in particular Medias.

Nirvapa procedure: First Phase -

In this phase, flakes (thin sheet) of metals/minerals are taken with holder

heated it on fire. Heat is the most important phenomenon in Rasashastra. Because for

the transformation of state of matter,heat is most essential. So, in Rasashastra for



97 DISCUSSION

every processing a particular heating pattern is indicated. This pattern of heating must

be followed to achieve the desired change in the matter and in case of process of

Nirvapa, heating to complete state is very important, because in this state desired

changes in the metal can be achieved.

Second Phase: Phase of quenching

In this phase, heated flakes of the metal/minerals are quenched in specific

liquid media. The quenching must be immediate, because which affects the

reconstruction of the crystals after heating during cooling by changing its grain size.

Grain size is nothing but the microscopic crystalline areas of a particular

metal/mineral, limited by the boundaries known as “grain boundaries”

In general smaller grain size causes more strength and hardness in a metal. So

one has to increase the grain size to reduce the hardness and increase the brittleness of

a metal by recrystallization, which can be achieved by quenching.

As this heating is followed by quenching and sudden cooling takes place. The

sudden change in the temperature breaks the strong bonds to reduce the hardness and

increase the brittleness of Vanga.

The liquids used for the primary processing of Samanya and Vishesha

Shodhana contain one or many following qualities or substances. viz, weak/strong

acids, weak/strong bases, enzymes, solvents, inorganic contents, herbo-mineral

entities and specific Prabhava. Presence of any acidic content in the liquid reacts with

the metal to liberate hydrogen. Similarly with other substance; these liquids may be

solvents for other contents, elements etc...

Changes of materials during Shodhana process:

Physical changes

Repetition of heating and cooling effect‟s disruption in compression tension

equilibrium leads to increased brittleness, reduction in hardness and finally reduction

in the particle size. The applied force by the form of heat is initially taken on high

portion of the surface. As a result, high stress may be set up locally in the particles.

The bond at this place becomes weak, which may be responsible for flaws. The



98 DISCUSSION

particle with the weakest flaw fractures most easily and produced largest possible

pieces. In the next step, another weakest flaw fractures. By this way particle size is

reduced.

Chemical changes

During heating hot state of metals and minerals volatile chemical impurities

like arsenic are removed completely. Some metals and minerals during molten or red

hot state react with atmospheric oxygen or steam and form chemical compound. So

during molten or red hot state immediate quenching in liquid media is important; it

facilitates chemical reaction in the media whenever the materials remain molten or red

hot. For example Tin when heated to molten, react with atmospheric oxygen or steam

to form Tin oxide

DISCUSSION ON TIN PERCENTAGE IN THE VANGA :

Raw Vanga contains 97.05% of Tin, after the treatment in the different media

percent of tin is decreased except in Takra and Kulatta kwatha of Samanya Shodhana,

Kumari drava and Arka dugdha of Vishesha Shodhana,and Arka dugdha of samanya

and vishesha shodhana. The reduction in Tin percent shows some amount of tin has

oxidised to Tin oxide, this can be established from XRD report, but this does not give

any initial information about MALAVICCHEDANA property.

In Choornodaka percentage of Tin is drastically reduced that shows maximum

amount of Tin is converted to Tin oxide.

In Tila Taila Media:

It has Sukshma and Ashukari properties, by these properties it may easily and

rapidly enter into the material through the cracks and intermolecular space, and makes

film coating and further heating causes chemical reaction, compound formation and

breaking of the material. It has Madhura,Tikta and Kashaya Rasa, Vyavayi, Vikasi,

Vishada, Deepana, Lekhana, Ushna, Guru properties, by these properties it may

causes Snigdhata (softening) and bhedana and removal of the Doshas present in

Vanga.



99 DISCUSSION

In Metallurgical science also explanation of Oil as a quenching media is found.

Quenching in oil media may be responsible for removal of fat soluble impurities.

These metals contain greasy material and apart from this any other fat soluble

impurities are present with metal, they may get dissolved in this media.

Takra Media:

It is having Tikshna, Sanghata Bhedana and Shithili karana properties. By

these properties it may cause softening and breaking of the material it is acidic in

nature so it may contain lactic acid and acid media to help in removing the basic

impurities associated with these metals like hydroxides, bicarbonate and oxides.

Shodhana in Amla rasa varga may be effective upon these metals due to the

physico pharmalogical effects of Amla rasa such as Apakarshana, etc. Hence these

metals are benefited by Shodhana with reference to Apakarshana, Kledana, leading to

increased laxity of molecules and for dissociation and also the intermolecular space of

metals are pierced by the effect of amla rasa under temperature and pressure. As Takra

is also rich in protective organic bacilli, it may be helpful in effective organolising of

the metals as well as helping in organic conversion of inorganic substance. In this

process, splashing and explosive sounds were heard, which may be due to the boiling

point of Takra which is less than the melting point of these metals which causes

decomposition of water and organic matter.

Sn+ + Takra (lactic acid) T

+ salt +H2O + H2

In Gomutra Media:

It has Dahana and Pachana properties. So it may cause worn out of the

material and this may cause eradication of undesired substances from the material. It

is alkaline in nature and having the Ksharana and Kshanana property upon drugs may

remove its watery and oily contents. Hence Kshara rasa may be helpful in dissociation

of molecules and softens and brittles the metals. In this process it may remove the

acidic impurities which may be soluble in alkaline media present in the metals. The

acidic impurities like chlorides, sulphides and nitrates may be washed away. The

boiling point of Gomutra is lesser than melting point of these metals this may cause



100 DISCUSSION

decomposition of water and organic matter. So splashing and explosive sounds were

heard.

Sn++ Gomutra (alkaline) T

++ H2O + Salts

In Kulattha Qwatha Media:

It has Ashmari bhedana property. By this property it may cause breaking of

material. In this media there was maximum loss of metals due to scum formation. This

indicates Kulattha Qwatha makes metal soft and breaking it into smaller particles. The

boiling point of Kulattha Qwatha is lesser than the melting point of metals it may

cause decomposition of water and release of Hydrogen gas, which leads to splashing

and explosive sounds.

Sn++ 2 H2O kul.qwath T

+O2+2 H2

In Kanji Media:

It is also having same properties like Takra and may cause softening and

breaking of materials.

2CH3COOH + T+ T

+ (CH3COO

-) 2 + H2

Choornodaka

It is also alkaline in nature. By this process any escaped acidic impurities are

washed away.

Sn+ + Ca(OH)2 T

+ + Ca salts + H2O

Vishesha Shodhana of Vanga in Choornodaka may help in breaking down the

crystalline structure of Vanga to grain amorphous nature. The breaking of bonds helps

in quenching the metals

All these liquid Medias acts as cooling media during the process of

Nirvapa/Dhalana, these may serve a favourable atmosphere to the material for

occurrence particular chemical reaction and compound formation. These may enter

through the cracked surface of the material and cause film coating and further heating

leads to breaking of the material. They may also acts as source of inorganic traces.



101 DISCUSSION

Discussion on Jarana Procedure:

It is said to be the intermediate procedure between Shodhana and Marana of

Putilohas. The rationality of this process may be the fact that Putilohas with low

melting point cannot be converted to powder form easily, once they are cooled they

regain their metallic form.

This procedure is carried out in open air, along with continues adding of

powders of drugs like Apamarga Panchanga, Ashwattha bark, Kukkutanda Twaka in

big iron pan. The continuos rubbing with iron ladle converts Putilohas to powder form

in 3-4 hrs and reconversion of metal is not possible. This Jarita Vanga is further

processed giving puta till it obtains bhasma form.

Here we are using Samudra Lavana for Jarana procedure. It is because of it

burnt and make molten Vanga into ash form and it not give any high weight to Vanga

while Jarana procedure. After washing it in water all burnt salt removed out.

Discussion on Marana Procedure:

After the Jarana procedure next step is Marana procedure here we took Kumari

swarasa for Mardana. Take Jarita Vanga in Khalva fill it with Kumari Swarasa 3 to 4

hrs mardana should be done.

After dried make into chakrikas keep it into Sarava Samputa give heat by cow

dung cakes. This procedure is repeated for 8 times obtained dull white coloured

Bhasma. But it is not came white colour as classics told.

Kumari swarasa

Possessing Tikta,Madhura anurasa,and Ushna virya property it brings the

Bedaniya guna in each particles of Vanga leading to the reduction in the size of

Vanga.

Kumari brings the property of Balya, rasayana property to the Vanga and add

Singda and Laghu guna.



102 DISCUSSION

Discussion on Analytical study:

To standardise and to establish the safety and efficacy of a drug and to

convince the scientific society of the efficacy of a drug, analytical study with data is

essential. For the present work, analytical study was carried out considering both

ancient and modern parameters. Discussion…

“A Pharmaceutico-Analytical Study of Vanga Bhasma prepared by three purificatory

procedures i.e Samanya Sodhana, Visesha Sodhana and Samanya-Visesha Sodhana”

Ancient parameters

All the classical, analytical parameters explained in our rasa texts have definite

significance viz

– Which indicates lightness of bhasma ,

- which indicates micro fineness of the bhasma .

Nischandrata – Which indicates transformation of the specific lustful to lustreless

metallic compound after incineration process.

– Which helps to ascertain the stableness and complete formation of

bhasma .

Modern parameters

Various modern analytical parameters are explained to assess the quality of raw

drug, during the process and after the formation of the end product. But selection of

specific analytical parameters suitable to the purpose is very important . In the present

study,

1. Physico-chemical analysis:

a) Form of the Vanga Bhasma of all the 3 purified procedures shows fine

powder.

b) Shape, Colour ect. Charecters of the Vanga Dhatu shows their respective

characters according to its variety.

c) Odour and Taste of all the 3 procedures are indistinct.

d) Ash value of all 3 Bhasmas are above 99%.

e) Acid insoluble ash is more than 80% in all 3 Bhasmas.

f) PH of all the samples are varies.



103 DISCUSSION

2. XRD analysis:

Major peaks at 2 θ position show the presence of SnO2.

3. XRF analysis:

Element in oxide form – SnO2 is 97.11% when it is in element form

Sn 97.73% - Samanya Sodhita Bhasma.


Sn 96.72% - Visesha Sodhita Bhasma.


Sn 98.11%

4. NPST Analysis shows standard quality and all three Bhasmas shows

customary set of images as mentioned in Npst book.

5. FTIR Analysis shows Frequency points like 3421.28, 1436.53 ect contents like

Alcohols and phenols, amines,ect. Wave length like 2.93µ, 6.09µect and

bonding arrangements like Single, Double and Tripple.

6. Particle size estimation of all 3 samles of Vanga Bhasma is differs. Samanya

Sodhita Vanga Bhasma is having size 1864d.nm, Intencity% 100.0, and Width

254.0 d.nm.

Visesha Sodhita Vanga Bhasma is having size 823.5d.nm, Intencity%

94.6, and Width 146.7 d.nm.

Samanya and Visesha Sodhita Vanga Bhasma is having size 1039d.nm,

Intencity% 100.0, Width 155.0 d.nm.

7. Microscopic Metallography shows the grain size of Samanya Sodhita Vanga

samples, there is changes in values of all five Medias (Taila, Takra, Gomutra,

Kanji, Kulatta Kwatha) .


104 CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

The inclusion of Vanga under Puti lohas group because of exhibiting typical mild

foul smell while melting. Due to low melting point and formation of black scum

on the surface while melting.

The Shodhana Samkara of Vanga in Medias like Taila, Takra, Gomutra, Aranala,

Kulattha Kwath & Choornodaka, leads Vanga in spiky pieces form, loses lusture,

along with amorphous powder.

To convert Vanga from metallic form to powder state Jarana process plays key

role and within five to six hours metallic Vanga turns to powder form.

Using the sea salt for Jarana it helps the Vanga convert into complete powder form

and weight gain will be less.

After 8th Puta Vanga shows Varitartva Rekhapoonatva and even Nischandratva to

call it sumritas form.

During Marana, Bhavana with Kumari Swarasa helps to convert the Vanga

powder into fine Powder and convert it into to white colour Bhasma.

Conclusion on Analytical study: According to all Analytical study Vanga is having

more amount of Tin and it obeys all features of Vanga.

Total Ash value of Samanya Sodhana is 99.56% and Dull White fine powder.

In Visesha Sodhana is 99.73% and Dull White Amorphous powder and in

Samanya-Visesha Sodhana is 99.79% and Dull White Amorphous powder.

XRD shows the more present of SnO2 in all 3 Vanga Bhasmas.

XRF analysis spectacles Tin in Samanya Sodhana element form Sn

concentration percentage is 97.73% and Oxide form SnO2 is 97.11%. In

Visesha Sodhana element form is Sn 96.72% and Oxide form is SnO2 is

95.85%. & In Samanya-Visesha Sodhana element form 98.11% and Oxide

form 97.47%

FTIR analysis Finger Printing part shows peak value of Sn percentage in all

prepared Vanga Bhasmas.

NPST analysis shows prepared Vanga Bhasma having more percentage of Tin

and it shows Native form of Tin patern on paper.

Microscopic Metallography shows grain size of Samanya Sodhita Vanga (5

Samples).


105 CONCLUSION

SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDY

The Rationality behind Shodhana procedures can be studied chemically i.e.

how the Shodhana Dravya going to detoxify the Raw Material.

Study can be expanded to evaluate the removal of other Malas by the use of

Different Shodhana Medias.

Other methods of Vishesha Shodhana procedures can be adopted and

compared physicochemically.

The analytical estimations can be done at various stages in the preparation of

drug.

Ayurvedic Metallurgical part can be made strong by expanding the study with

reference to Malavicchedana property of Shodhana.

Use of Modern techniques to know that, what is the actual chemical reaction

taking place within the Sharava samputa and temperature reading with optical

Pyrometer during the process can be studied.

In the routine practice tila taila is considered for all Dhatu shodhana. As per

the theory of quenching, both fatty oil and mineral oil used. Wherein mineral

oils are superior than fatty oils hence respective Dhatu shodhana using suitable

different oils can be taken up

Study can be carried out by comparing Physico chemical analysis of

Samanya, Vishesha and Samanya Vishesha shodhita Vanga bhasma and its

therapeutic value

LIMITATIONS

1. Physico- chemical analysis is limited to XRD, XRF, FTIR..

2. The study is restricted to evaluate the MALAVICCHEDANA property of

Shodhana.

3. Modern chemistry is limited to explained the Gunavardana property of Vanga.

4. Specific instrumentation and technological accreditation are taken from

outside laboratories.

5. It was a time bound research work.

6. The work is not monitory sponsored



106 SUMMARY

SUMMARY

To Summaries the above study “Pharmaceutico analytical study of Vanga

Bhasma prepared by 3 purify methods the plot is as follows. In the introduction part

the need of this study & significance along with objectives & hypothesis of the study

finds mention along with study design.

Objectives:

1. To carry out Samanya shodhana of Vanga Bhasma next to its Jarana and

Marana procedure

2. To carry out Visesha Sodhana of Vanga Bhasma next to its Jarana and Marana

procedure

3. To carry out Samanya-Visesha shodhana of Vanga Bhasma next to its Jarana

and Marana procedure

Literary review:

References regarding the tin metal are available since vedas and as the

development of Rasashastra took place its importance regarding therapeutic aspects

against various ailments became inevitable part of the Science. Amongst its mentioned

types ‘Khuraka’ variety is the best one & shows low melting point (2320C). After

proper Shodhana, to convert metal into Bhasma form it has to undergo process called

Jarana i.e. open pan frying method by high temperature alkaline interaction of Vanga

under pressure. This Jarita Vanga has to be subjected for puta to obtain bhasma form.

This Vanga shows disease alleviating property like pramehaghna, Vata vyadhihara,

diseases related to reproductive system etc.,

The other drugs included are Taila, Takra, Gomutra, Aranala, Kulatta Kwata,

Curnodaka, Saindhava lavana and Kumari Swarasa also along with drugs concepts

like Shodhana, Marana, Jarana & also finds mention in drug review.

Pharmaceutical study:

Vanga with samanya shodhana losses its lusture, gets converted to pieces &

powder form after melting & dipping in various medias like taila, takra, gomutra,

aranala & kulattha kwath for 7 times each, with max loss of 15 gms seen in kulattha

kwath and in Curnodaka alone vanga loses is 30 gms.



107 SUMMARY

In Jarana procedure Samudra Lavana was used & within 5 to 6 hrs. Tin totally

got converted to powder form with weight gain ie. Totally 25 gms.

While giving puta for 8 times the slight colour changed seen in Kumari Swrasa

Bhavita Jarita Vanga i.e. from white to yellowish white & 30,40, 40 gms weight loss

in respected 3 bhasma procedures. Bhasma shown Varitaratva & Rekhapoornatva.

Bhasma was odour less & very fine powder form showing all signs of Sumurta

bhasma

Analytical study: X-RD, XRF, FTIR was carried out for 3 Bhasmas at SASTRA

University Chennai. The reports showed crystal structure, Colour tin percentage other

physico chemicalpropertiesof Bhasma, etc.

The Namboories phased spot test for prepared Vanga bhasma finds series of

colour changes in the spot on chemical reacting paper perfectly tallying the standard

pattern of Vanga Bhasma. This indicates the hight standards of Bhasma.

Microscopic Metallography of Samanya Sodhita Vanga samples test

conducted in JSW steel industry HSM lab # 2, samles shows significance changes in

grain size of each sodhita samples.


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JSW Steel Limited -HSM LAB # 2

Tin samples Date: 17.04.2014

Taila media (A) Takra media (B)

SID:B ASTM

NO.

Mean Intercept

(mm)

Std.Dev

(mm)

Frame-1 3.75 0.10151 0.08078

Gomutra (C) Kanji (D)

SID:D ASTM

NO.

Mean Intercept

(mm)

Std.Dev

(mm)

Frame–1 4.25 0.08085 0.03712

Kulattha Kwatha (E)

SID:E ASTM

NO.

Mean Intercept

(mm)

Std.Dev

(mm)

Frame–1 4.38 0.07564 0.03255

All frames are in Mag. 100 X

SID:A ASTM

NO.

Mean Intercept

(mm)

Std.Dev

(mm)

Frame-1 3.00 0.12793 0.04001

SID:C ASTM

NO.

Mean Intercept

(mm)

Std.Dev

(mm)

Frame–1 4.00 0.10164 0.04425

Inte

nsity

(%)

Malvern Instruments Ltd

www.malvern.com

Zetasizer Ver. 6.20

Serial Number : MAL1054413

File name: 03_2014

Record Number: 72

13 Mar 2014 9:54:25 AM

Size Distribution Report by Intensity v2.1

Sample Details

Sample Name:

SOP Name:

General Notes:

473 - 4008 size 1

Nanoparticles.sop

File Name:

Record Number:

03_2014.dts

72

Dispersant Name: W ater

Dispersant RI: 1.330

Material RI: 1.59 Viscosity (cP): 0.8872

Material Absorbtion: 0.01 Measurement Date and Time: Tuesday, March 11, 2014 7:06:15 PM

System

Temperature (°C):

25.0

Duration Used (s): 70

Count Rate (kcps): 214.7 Measurement Position (mm): 4.65

Cell Description: Disposable sizing cuvette Attenuator: 6

Results

Size (d.nm): % Intensity Width (d.nm):

Z-Average (d.nm): 3164 Peak 1: 1864 100.0 254.0

PdI: 0.443 Peak 2: 0.000 0.0 0.000

Intercept: 0.857 Peak 3: 0.000 0.0 0.000

Result quality : Refer to quality report

Size Distribution by Intensity

40

30

20

10

0

0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000

Size (d.nm)

Record 72: 473 - 4008 size 1

Inte

nsit

y (

%)


Sample Details

Sample Name:

SOP Name:

General Notes:

473 - 4009 size 1

Nanoparticles.sop

File Name:

Record Number:

Material RI:

Material Absorbtion:

03_2014.dts

69

1.59

0.01

Dispersant Name:

Dispersant RI:

Viscosity (cP):

Measurement Date and Time:

W ater

1.330

0.8872

Tuesday, March 11, 2014 6:53:35 PM

System

Temperature (°C):

Count Rate (kcps):

Cell Description:

25.0

281.6

Disposable sizing cuvette

Duration Used (s):

Measurement Position (mm):

Attenuator:

70

4.65

7

Results

Z-Average (d.nm):

PdI:

Intercept:

Result quality :

1521

0.792

0.860

Refer to quality report

Peak 1:

Peak 2:

Peak 3:

Size (d.nm):

823.5

165.8

0.000

% Intensity

94.6

5.4

0.0

Width (d.nm):

146.7

17.81

0.000


30

20

10

0

0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000

Size (d.nm)


www.malvern.com

Zetasizer Ver. 6.20


File name: 03_2014

Record Number: 69

13 Mar 2014 9:53:55 AM

Record 69: 473 - 4009 size 1

http://www.malvern.com/


Inte

nsit

y (

%)


Sample Details

Sample Name:

SOP Name:

General Notes:

473 - 4010 size 1

Nanoparticles.sop

File Name:

Record Number:

03_2014.dts

65

Dispersant Name: W ater

Dispersant RI: 1.330

Material RI: 1.59 Viscosity (cP): 0.8872

Material Absorbtion: 0.01 Measurement Date and Time: Tuesday, March 11, 2014 6:33:54 PM

System

Temperature (°C):

25.0

Duration Used (s): 60

Count Rate (kcps): 244.8 Measurement Position (mm): 1.25

Cell Description: Disposable sizing cuvette Attenuator: 5

Results

Size (d.nm): % Intensity Width (d.nm):

Z-Average (d.nm): 1816 Peak 1: 1039 100.0 155.0

PdI: 0.507 Peak 2: 0.000 0.0 0.000

Intercept: 0.860 Peak 3: 0.000 0.0 0.000

Result quality : Refer to quality report


40

30

20

10

0

0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000

Size (d.nm)


www.malvern.com

Zetasizer Ver. 6.20


File name: 03_2014

Record Number: 65

13 Mar 2014 9:53:27 AM

Record 65: 473 - 4010 size 1



“a comparative pharmaceutico

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