a comparison of two gasoline and two diesel cars with varying … · 2014-03-11 · 2002-08-27...

20022002--0808--2727 Gasoline & dieselGasoline & diesel 11

A Comparison of Two Gasoline and Two Diesel Cars with Varying Emission Control Technologies

DEER 2002, August 25-29

Peter Ahlvik, Ecotraffic ERDPeter Ahlvik, Ecotraffic ERD33 ABAB

20022002--0808--2727 Gasoline & diesel 22 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotraffic

Acknowledgements

FF Olle Hådell and Pär Gustafsson, the Swedish Olle Hådell and Pär Gustafsson, the Swedish National Road AdministrationNational Road Administration

FF Katarina Sandling, Katarina Sandling, K W Bruun AutoimportAB (Swedish Peugeot importer)Swedish Peugeot importer)

FF JeanJean--Claude Momique, PSA, FranceClaude Momique, PSA, FranceFF AndersAnders NorénNorén,, SvenskaSvenska Volkswagen (Sweden)Volkswagen (Sweden)FF KlausKlaus--Peter Schindler, Volkswagen, GermanyPeter Schindler, Volkswagen, GermanyFF John Fairbanks, DOEJohn Fairbanks, DOE


Outline of the presentation

FF Introduction and backgroundIntroduction and backgroundFF Selection of test carsSelection of test carsFF Measurement programMeasurement programFF Results, exhaust emissions Results, exhaust emissions FF Results, impact on health and environmentResults, impact on health and environmentFF OutlookOutlookFF Discussion and summaryDiscussion and summary


What’s new in this study?

FF First tests (in Sweden) of unregulated (harmful) First tests (in Sweden) of unregulated (harmful) emissions components on:emissions components on:–– Newer diesel cars than MY’93 (e.g. direct injection)Newer diesel cars than MY’93 (e.g. direct injection)–– Diesel cars with highDiesel cars with high--pressure injectionpressure injection–– UltraUltra--low sulfur diesel fuel (introduced in 1990)low sulfur diesel fuel (introduced in 1990)

FF Complementary driving cycles/temp.: cold start Complementary driving cycles/temp.: cold start at at --7°C, US06, overtaking (707°C, US06, overtaking (70--110 km/h)110 km/h)

FF Calculation of impact of exhaust emissionsCalculation of impact of exhaust emissionsFF LowLow--cost project (about $ 135 000)cost project (about $ 135 000)FF Inspiration for an openInspiration for an open--minded debate (in minded debate (in SweSwe.).)


Diesel and gasoline share of new car sales in Europe, 2001

36,4%

65,4%62,6%

17,9%

56,2%

34,5%

0,7%12,9%

36,0%

58,2%

22,9%27,0%

52,5%

17,8%

63,6%

34,6%37,4%

82,1%

43,8%

65,5%

99,3%87,1%

64,0%

41,8%

77,1%73,0%

47,5%

94,4%82,2%

5,6%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

EU-15 A B DK FFIN

GER GRIR

E ITLUX NL P SP SE UK

Shar

e of

new

car

sal

es (%

)

GasolineDiesel


Ecotraffic’s forecast for futureenergy converters i the EU

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015

Mar

ket s

hare

, new

veh

icle

s (%

)

IDI diesel

CIDI diesel

SIDI (comb.)

SIDI otto

Fully VVTotto (TWC)

Conv. otto(TWC)

Fuel cells


Why are diesel cars so popularin Europe (except in Sweden..)?

Power:Power: 130 kW130 kWTorque:Torque: 240240 NmNmAccAcc.:.: 9.1 s (09.1 s (0--100)100)Speed:Speed: 236 km/h236 km/hFC:FC: 10.9 l/100 km10.9 l/100 kmCOCO22:: 262 g/km262 g/km

Mercedes E 240 (Mercedes E 240 (gasoline)gasoline)

Power:Power: 130 kW130 kWTorque: 400 Torque: 400 NmNmAccAcc.:.: 9.0 s (09.0 s (0--100)100)Speed:Speed: 233 km/h233 km/hFC:FC: 6.5 l/100 km6.5 l/100 kmCOCO22:: 172 g/km172 g/km

Mercedes E 270 CDI (diesel)Mercedes E 270 CDI (diesel)


Selection of test cars

FF Peugeot 307, 80 kW 1,6 liter gasoline (Peugeot 307, 80 kW 1,6 liter gasoline (SISI--PP))FF VW Golf 77, kW 1,6 liter gasoline (VW Golf 77, kW 1,6 liter gasoline (SISI--GG))

FF Peugeot 307, 80 kW 2,0Peugeot 307, 80 kW 2,0 HDiHDi FAP diesel with FAP diesel with CR injection and particulate filter (CR injection and particulate filter (CICI--CR/DPFCR/DPF))

FF VW Golf, 96 kW 1,9 TDI diesel, highVW Golf, 96 kW 1,9 TDI diesel, high--pressure pressure unit injectors (unit injectors (CICI--UI/HPUI/HP))

Fuels used: Swedish Environmental Class 1 diesel fuel (<10 ppm S) and Swedish Gasoline according to EU 2005 specification (<50 ppm S)


0,00

0,01

0,02

0,03

0,04

0,05

0,06

0,07

0,08

0,09

0,10

0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 HC+NOX emissions (g/km)

Par

ticu

late

em

issi

ons

(g/k

m)

Emission development forVW Golf diesel cars

SourceSource:: mot mot NoNo. 12, . 12, MayMay 26, 200126, 2001

Euro 2Euro 2

Euro 3Euro 3

Euro 4Euro 4

90 90 hphp, Euro 2, MY’93, Euro 2, MY’93





100 100 hphp, Euro 4, MY’01/02, Euro 4, MY’01/02

Potential for 4Potential for 4--V V techtech

?Test car


Certification data for particulate emissions (source: VCA)

0,000

0,005

0,010

0,015

0,020

0,025

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Par

ticu

late

em

issi

ons

(g/k

m) With particulate filter Without particulate filter

Euro IV limitEuro IV limit

In total: 62 vehicles ≤0,025 /km


Measurement program- Driving cycles

FF NEDC test at +22°CNEDC test at +22°CFF NEDC test at NEDC test at ––7°C7°CFF US06 test (“tougher” driving cycle)US06 test (“tougher” driving cycle)FF Overtaking, 70 Overtaking, 70 –– 110 km/h. “Simulating” 110 km/h. “Simulating”

overtaking of a truck with maximum overtaking of a truck with maximum accelerationacceleration


Measurement program- Emissions components

FF Measurements at the chassis Measurements at the chassis dynodyno of MTCof MTCFF Regulated emissions: CO, HC, NORegulated emissions: CO, HC, NOXX, part., part.FF Unregulated gaseous emissionsUnregulated gaseous emissions

–– Nitrous oxide (NNitrous oxide (N22O), ammonia (NHO), ammonia (NH33))–– AldehydesAldehydes: formaldehyde and acetaldehyde: formaldehyde and acetaldehyde–– Light aromatics: benzeneLight aromatics: benzene–– AlkenesAlkenes: : etheneethene, propene, 1,3, propene, 1,3--butadienebutadiene–– AcrylamideAcrylamide–– PolycyclicPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)

FF Particle number and size distributionParticle number and size distribution


Emission testing at MTC


Instrument set-up for particlesize measurements with ELPI

Venturi Dilutiontunnel

ELPI

Diluter Aerosol10 lpm

Samplingfilter

Pump

Pump

PC/laptopPC/laptopDataDataProcessingProcessing

20022002--0808--2727 Gasoline & diesel 1515 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficPump

Schematic lay-out of the ELPI instrument

Insulated Impactor Stages (13)

HV

High Voltage

PC/laptopPC/laptopDataDataProcessingProcessing

ELPIELPIEElectricallectricalLLowowPPressureressureIImpactormpactor

100 mbar100 mbaraa

Aerosol

Charger

A/D & A/D & ControlControlElectronicsElectronicsMultichannelMultichannel

ElectrometerElectrometerAmplifierAmplifier

1 fA = 101 fA = 10--15 15 AA0,000000000000001 A0,000000000000001 A


Emissions for the gasoline carsin comparison to a Honda ULEV

0,37

0,24

0,37

0,059

0,042

0,050,0460,046 0,044

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,35

0,40

CO HC NOx

CO

em

issi

ons

(g/k

m)

0

0,01

0,02

0,03

0,04

0,05

0,06

0,07

0,08

HC

& N

OX e

mis

sion

s (g

/km

)

SI-PSI-GHonda ULEV

CO

HC&NOX


HC emissions in NEDC

0,084

0,0270,0100,013

0,0500,012

0,52

0,20

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

SI-P SI-G CI-CR/DPF CI-UI/HP

HC

em

issi

ons

(g/k

m) Temperature: +22°C

Temperature: -7°C

Gasoline Diesel


NOX emissions in NEDC

0,0520,073

0,033

0,55

0,370,37

0,040

0,61

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7


NO

X e

mis

sion

s (g

/km

)

Temperature: +22°CTemperature: -7°C

Gasoline Diesel


Benzene emissions in NEDC

0,591,03

0,17 0,15

2,31

6,13

0,25

0,81

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


Ben

zene

em

issi

ons

(mg/

km)


Gasoline Diesel


Emissions of alkenes in NEDCInterpolated to +7°C

1,94

3,01

1,54

2,15

4,36

0,500,50

3,00

0,23

0,41

0,120,14

0

1

2

3

4

5


Eth

ene

& p

rope

ne e

mis

sion

s (m

g/km

)

0,00

0,10

0,20

0,30

0,40

0,50

1,3-

buta

dien

e em

issi

ons

(g/k

m)

EthenePropene1,3-butadiene

Ethene &propene

1,3-But.


PAH emissions i NEDCInterpolated to +7°C

17,9

10,06,6

24,1

4,4

3,2 0,2 0,80

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


PA

H e

mis

sion

s ( µg

/km

)

PUFPM

Gasoline Diesel

9,8

42,0

0,96

14,4


Other unregulated emissions

FF Nitrous oxide (NNitrous oxide (N22O): in general low levels, O): in general low levels, however higher for diesel (mixhowever higher for diesel (mix--up?)up?)

FF Ammonia (NHAmmonia (NH33) in NEDC: gasoline=low, ) in NEDC: gasoline=low, diesel=0. Higher level for gasoline in US06diesel=0. Higher level for gasoline in US06

FF AldehydesAldehydes: gasoline=0, diesel=0 or at the : gasoline=0, diesel=0 or at the detection level at +22°C, 3 mgdetection level at +22°C, 3 mg vidvid --7°C7°C

FF AcrylamideAcrylamide: not detectable in the overtaking : not detectable in the overtaking test, below detection limit in US06 for all cars test, below detection limit in US06 for all cars except in one case (CIexcept in one case (CI--UI/HP), where it was 2 UI/HP), where it was 2 times higher than detection limittimes higher than detection limit


Particulate emissions in NEDC

0,7 1,30,3

22,1

2,1

5,3

0,3

32,4

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35


Par

ticu

late

em

issi

ons

(mg/

km)


Gasoline Diesel


Particulate emissions comparedto gasoline direct injection cars

82

49

27 27

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

VTT, EU2000 VTT, RFG MTC, Swe gas CI-UI/HP

Par

ticu

late

em

issi

ons

(mg/

km) Particulate @+7°C

Gasoline Diesel

Sources: SAE 2000-01-2017MTC 9704

VTT: EU 2000 gasoline andFinnish reformulated gasolineMTC: Swedish commercialgasoline


Total number of particles in NEDC

9,5E+12 8,2E+12

1,9E+11

3,5E+13

4,1E+12

6,1E+11

7,2E+148,2E+14

1,0E+11

1,0E+12

1,0E+13

1,0E+14

1,0E+15


Tot

al n

umbe

r of

par

ticl

es (#

/km

)


Gasoline Diesel


Particle size distribution for thePeugeot cars in NEDC at +22°C

1,0E+08

1,0E+09

1,0E+10

1,0E+11

1,0E+12

1,0E+13

1,0E+14

0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10

Aerodynamic diameter (µm)

Num

ber

of p

art.

dN/d

logD

p (#

/km

) SI-PCI-CR/DPF


Particle size distribution for the VWGolf cars i NEDC at +22°C

1,0E+08

1,0E+09

1,0E+10

1,0E+11

1,0E+12

1,0E+13

1,0E+14

1,0E+15

0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10


Num

ber

of p

arti

cles

dN

/dlo

gDp

(#/k

m) SI-G

CI-UI/HP


Total number of particles in US06 and during overtaking

4,4E+14

6,3E+13

2,1E+101,4E+10

2,2E+142,3E+14

2,1E+122,6E+12

3,3E+14

1,0E+10

1,0E+11

1,0E+12

1,0E+13

1,0E+14

1,0E+15

SI-P SI-G CI-CR/DPF CI-UI/HP (5) CI-UI/HP (6)

Tot

al n

umbe

r of

par

ticl

es (#

/km

)

US06Overtaking

Gasoline Diesel


Total number of particles in real time in US06

1,0E+07

1,0E+08

1,0E+09

1,0E+10

1,0E+11

1,0E+12

1,0E+13

1,0E+14

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600Time (s)

Tot

al n

umbe

r of

par

ticl

es (#

/km

)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

SI-PSI-GCI-CR/DPFCI-UI/HPUS06 (km/h)

Spee

d (k

m/h

)


Particle size distribution forthe Peugeot cars in US06

1,0E+08

1,0E+09

1,0E+10

1,0E+11

1,0E+12

1,0E+13

1,0E+14

1,0E+15

0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10


Num

ber

of p

arti

cles

dN

/dlo

gDp

(#/k

m) SI-P

CI-CR/DPF


Particle size distribution forthe VW Golf cars in US06

1,0E+08

1,0E+09

1,0E+10

1,0E+11

1,0E+12

1,0E+13

1,0E+14

1,0E+15

0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10


Num

ber

of p

arti

cles

dN

/dlo

gDp

(#/k

m) SI-G

CI-UI/HP


Ozone formation potential, +14°C

16,4

2,1 2,4

100

38,3

14,2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Gas 93/94 SI-P SI-GDiesel 93/94

CI-CR/DPFCI-UI/HPO

zone

form

atio

n po

tent

ial (

gas

93/9

4=10

0)

Gasoline Diesel


Local NOX emissions, +7°C

15,8

137129

100

11,8

192

0

50

100

150

200

250


CI-CR/DPFCI-UI/HP

Lok

al N

O X e

mis

sion

s (g

as 9

3/94

=100

)

Gasoline Diesel


Local particulate emissions, +7°C

9,7 2,1

191

100

23,3

618

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700


CI-CR/DPFCI-UI/HPL

okal

par

ticu

late

em

issi

ons

(gas

93/

94=1

00)

Gasoline Diesel


Cancer risk index (gas 93/94=100)URFs by Törnqvist/Ehrenberg

0

20

40

60

80

100

120


CI-CR/DPFCI-UI/HP

Can

cer

risk

inde

x (g

as 9

3/94

=100

) PACAldehydesAlkenersBenzeneParticles

Gasoline Diesel100

4,111

71

2,2

15


Acidification potentialNOX-equivalents

41

59

2727313637

7580

112

9,210,5

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160


CI-CR/DPFCI-UI/HP

Aci

difi

cati

on p

oten

tial

(gas

93/

94=1

00)

VehicleFuel prod.

Gasoline Diesel

100

48 45

143

106 102


Voluntary CO2 reduction byEU car manufacturers (ACEA)

164

199185

224

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

CO

2 em

issi

ons

(g/k

m)

ACEA commitmentStatistics 1995-2000Sweden 1995&2000

Indicative target 2003:165-170 (2000: 169)

Target 2008: 140

Indicative target 2012: 120Average CO2 emissions forACEA manufacturers


Emissions of climate gasesCO2- equivalents

17,6 15,9 15,4 10,7 9,1 9,3

82,4

67,1 66,167,7

59,5 60,7

0

20

40

60

80

100

120


CI-CR/DPFCI-UI/HP

Clim

ate

gase

s (g

as 9

3/94

=100

)

VehicleFuel prod.

Gasoline Diesel100

82,9 81,5 78,4

68,6 70,0


120%

125%

130%

135%

140%

145%

1998-01 1999-01 2000-01 2001-01 2002-01 2003-01

Fue

l eco

nom

y di

esel

vs.

gas

(%)

0

40

80

120

160

200

Num

ber

of c

ars

(#)

Relative mileageNumber of cars

Relative mileage for gasoline anddiesel cars with similar performance

Fuel consumption in NEDCFuel consumption in NEDCEqual performance:Equal performance: accacc., 0., 0--100 km/h100 km/h

FE

No. of cars


Outlook

FF Euro V, EEV (lowEuro V, EEV (low--emission) not yet decidedemission) not yet decidedFF PhasePhase--in of ultrain of ultra--low sulfur fuel…low sulfur fuel…FF Gasoline fuel Gasoline fuel econecon. must (and will) improve . must (and will) improve FF Tax harmonization on diesel fuel in EU?Tax harmonization on diesel fuel in EU?FF Activities in SwedenActivities in Sweden

–– Workshop on diesel emissions this fallWorkshop on diesel emissions this fall–– Future fuel and vehicle taxation is discussedFuture fuel and vehicle taxation is discussed–– Additional tests on cars (?)Additional tests on cars (?)–– CNG/diesel comparison on transit busesCNG/diesel comparison on transit buses

FF Fuels for future diesel engines?Fuels for future diesel engines?


Conclusions 1(2) - Emissions

FF CO, HC lower for diesel, NOCO, HC lower for diesel, NOXX higherhigherFF PM higher for diesel w/o DPF, lower with. PM higher for diesel w/o DPF, lower with. FF Ammonia, NAmmonia, N22O low for all cars in generalO low for all cars in generalFF AldehydesAldehydes: “zero” for gasoline, low for diesel: “zero” for gasoline, low for dieselFF PAH low for all cars, extremely low with DPFPAH low for all cars, extremely low with DPFFF Most harmful gaseous Most harmful gaseous emissemiss. lower for diesel. lower for dieselFF Number of particles & size is influenced by the Number of particles & size is influenced by the

driving pattern (driving pattern (→→ new driving cycle?). The new driving cycle?). The particulate filter is very effective (particulate filter is very effective (→→ advantage advantage for diesel in the future?)for diesel in the future?)


Conclusions 2(2)- Impact on health and environment

FF Ozone formation, fuel consumption, climate Ozone formation, fuel consumption, climate gases, energy use are lower for dieselgases, energy use are lower for diesel

FF Impact related to NOImpact related to NOXX lower for gasoline: local lower for gasoline: local NONO22, acidification, , acidification, eutrophication eutrophication

FF Cancer risk: low, in general, but with varying Cancer risk: low, in general, but with varying results (PM filter results (PM filter →→ future advantage for diesel?)future advantage for diesel?)

FF Gasoline development: low emissions=TWC; low Gasoline development: low emissions=TWC; low fuel consumption: direct injection (fuel consumption: direct injection (NONOXX, PM?), PM?)

FF Diesel engine development: fuel consumption, Diesel engine development: fuel consumption, particulate filter, NOparticulate filter, NOXX catalystcatalyst

FF Is there a new view on diesel cars (e.g. US EPA)?Is there a new view on diesel cars (e.g. US EPA)?


This concludes my presentation

FF Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!

FF Questions?Questions?

FF More information is availableMore information is availableat the Internet at:at the Internet at:

www.www.vvvv.se.sewww.ecotraffic.sewww.ecotraffic.se

a comparison of two gasoline and two diesel cars with varying … · 2014-03-11 · 2002-08-27...

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