A Compilation of All Described Species in the Section Zapotecorum (Guzmán)

2007

Not intended for distribution or publication.

Contains copyrighted material heavily borrowed from Guzman’s

The Genus Psilocybe and other sources without permission.

Version 0.95

Errata: “cheilocystidia” misspelled in most figures. Reference page missing. Order of specie’s descriptions is random. P. sanctorum description is incomplete.

Section Zapotecorum 20 species Species Location Spore Length (μm) Psilocybe angustipleurocystidiata Mexico, Columbia (5.2)6.5-7.8(9.1) Psilocybe argentipes Japan (5) 6.6-7.7 (8.5) Psilocybe aucklandii New Zealand (6.5)7-9.5 Psilocybe barrerae Mexico (6)7-7.5(9) Psilocybe chaconii* Mexico (6)7–8 (10) Psilocybe collybioides Argentina 5.5-6.6 Psilocybe graveolens U.S.A., New Jersey (7)7.5-9.5(10.5) Psilocybe kumaenorum New Guinea (5.5) 6.6-7.7(8.8) Psilocybe meridensis Venezuela (5.5)6-7(8) Psilocybe microcystidiata Brazil (5.5) 6-7 Psilocybe moseri Mexico (4)5-5.5(6.5) Psilocybe muliercula Mexico (6)7-8(9.9) Psilocybe pintonii Columbia (6)6.6-7.7(8.8) Psilocybe ramulosa Brazil 5.9-6.5(7.5) Psilocybe sanctorum Mexico ? Psilocybe subcaerulipes Japan (5.5)6-6.6(8.5) Psilocybe subzapotecorum* Mexico (5.5) 6-7 (9) Psilocybe zapotecoantillarum* Puerto Rico (5)6–7(9) Psilocybe zapotecocaribaea* Martinique (5)5.5–6.5(7) Psilocybe zapotecorum Mexico, S. America (5.5)6.6-7.1(8.8) * species not in key

Key to Section Zapotecorum Guzmán

la Annulus well developed.................................................................................................... 2 1b Annulus absent.................................................................................................................. 4 2a Pleurocystidia absent. Stipe with a pseudorhiza. Known only from Japan....................... P. argentipes 2b Pleurocystidia present. Stipe without pseudorhiza............................................................ 3 3a Spores 7.5-10 µm long. Known only from the U.S. (New Jersey State)........................... P. graveolens 3b Spores 6-7(-8) µm long. Species known only from Venezula (State of Merida).............. P. meridensis 4a Cheilocystidia of two types: 1) common, irregularly cylindric or subventricose, (17-)18.5-34.5(-37) µm long, and 2) rare, vesiculose mucronate, 12-21.5(-22.5) µm long. Spores (4-)5-5.5(-6.5) µm long. Known only from SE of Mexico in subtropical forests ............................................................................................................. P. moseri 4b Cheilocystidia mostly lageniform, branched or unbranched............................................. 5 5a Cheilocystidia wider than 6µm ........................................................................................ 6 5b Cheilocystidia narrower .................................................................................................... 9 6a Pleurocystidia up to 21 µm long........................................................................................ 7 6b Pleurocystidia larger.......................................................................................................... 8 7a Pleurocystidia 16-21.5 x (3-)5-8(-9.5) µm, inconspicuous, ventricose mucronate or sublageniform. Cheilocystidia (5-)5.5-7(-8) µm wide. Known only from New Zealand. P. aucklandii 7b Pleurocystidia 12-20 x 6-7.5 µm, common, variable in form, ventricose mucronate, subfusiform or sublageniform, sometimes branched. Cheilocystidia 6-16.5 µm wide. Known only from Mexico................................................................................................. P. sanctorum 8a Pleurocystidia 22-28(-32) µm, Cheilocystidia 12-27 µm long. Known only from semisterile colections Argentina. Spores rare, mostly 5.5-6.5 µm long............................ P. collybioides 8b Pleurocystidia 24-32 µm, Cheilocystidia 16.5-31.5 µm. Spores 6.5-7.5 µm long. Known only from subtropical forests in Mexico............................................................... P. barrerae 9a Cheilocystidia irregularly branched, 8-20(-35) x 3-6 µm. Pleurocystidia subglobose, ventricose, subfusiform, submucronate or sublageniform. Known only from Brazil (Sáo Paulo State)............................................................................................................... P. ramulosa 9b Cheilocystidia not branched.............................................................................................. 10 10a Pleurocystidia present....................................................................................................... 11 10b Pleurocystidia absent........................................................................................................ 13 11a Cheilocystidia 1.5-3 µm wide. Pleurocystidia 10-21 (-24) x 7-10(-12) µm, fusiform, ventricose, globose or napiform. Known only from Brazil (Sao Paulo State)................. P. microcystidiata 11b Cheilocystidia wider......................................................................................................... 12 12a Pleurocystidia 20-38 x 5.5-14 µm. Cheilocystidia 3.5-6 µm wide. Known from subtropical forests in Mexico and South America............................................................ P. zapotecorum 12b Pleurocystidia (9-)11-15.5(-20) x 3-6 µm. Cheilocystidia 5-6.5(-8)……………………. P. angustipleurocystidiata 13a Cheilocystidia frequently and irregularly branched, 4-7 µm wide. Known only from high elevations "paramos" of Colombia. ………………………………………………. P. pintonii 13b Cheilocystidia simple, not branched (except few cases in P. muliercula, see 15a), mostly uniformly lageniform............................................................................................ 14 14a With smal Cheilocystidia, 11-17 x 3-5 µm. Known only from New Guinea................... P. kumaenorum 14b With large Cheilocystidia, 15-2 µm long ………………………………………………. 15 15a Spores (6-)7-8(-10) x 4-5 µm. Cheilocystidia 4—5(-6) broad, sometimes irregularly branched. Known only from high mountains with coniferous forest in central Mexico…P. muliercula 15b Spores (5.5-)6-7(-7.5) x 4-5(-5.5) µm. Cheilocystidia 5-7 µm broad, unbranched. Known only from Japan..................................................................................................... P. subcaerulipes

Psilocybe barrerae (Cifuentes & Guzmán)

Description:

Cap: up to 55 mm in diameter, striated margin, yellowish brown to gray, darker in center. Gills: Subadnate to sinuate. Stem: 70-110 by 4-10 mm, uniformly cylindrical, sometimes with a subbulbous base, white, often

with fibrillose annular zone.

Microscopic Features: Spores: (6)7-7.5(8)(9) by 3.5-4.5(5) μm, elliptical, yellowish brown, wide germ pore and short hilar appendage, thin walled. Basidia: 21-27 by 4-6.5 μm, 4-spored, sterigmata up to 8 μm in length Pleurocystidia: (26)28-38(40)(48) by (6)7-10(11)(12) μm Cheilocystidia: (16)17-29(32) by 4.5-9(10) μm abundant in young specimens, rare in older. Habitat: Muddy soils often partially covered in moss or grass in or out of subtropical forest. Distribution: Mexico, States of Guerrero, Hidalgo, Mexico and Veracruz. Comments: Probably conspecific with P. collybioides

Psilocybe zapotecoantillarum (Guzmán, T. J. Baroni & Lodge)

Description: Cap: 13–33 mm diam, conic or campanulate, umbonate, papillate, smooth, burnt umber or raw

umber or dark brownish-red, hygrophanous, drying to tawny, with irregular blue and reddish-brown staining or with reddish fuscous hues, margin not striate or translucent-striate.

Gills: adnexed, light brown to dark reddish-brown or dark violaceous brown, edges even or serrate, concolorous or whitish.

Stem: 15–35 by l.5–3 mm, equal or with a subbulbous base, smooth or pruinose, whitish to light brown or dark reddish brown, with irregular dark blue or dark reddish stains, hollow, base inserted. Microscopic Features: Spores: (5)6–7(9) by (3)4–4.5(5) by 3–3.5 μm), subellipsoid, both in face and side view, thin-walled, up to 0.4 μm thick, yellowish-brown, with a broad germ pore. Basidia: 16–27 by 5–6.5 mm, 2- or 4-sterigmate, hyaline, ventricose, frequently with a median constriction, sterigmata 0.8–1.6 μm long. Pleurocystidia: (11)13–20(22) by (3)4–5(6) μm, hyaline, ventricose or subventricose, with a short or long flexuous neck. Cheilocystidia: (14–)16–40(–64) by (4)5–7(10) μm, hyaline, strongly versiform, subventricose or subcylindric, irregularly lobed, apex broad or acute, short or long.

Habitat: Gregarious on bare or mossy soil, in tropical forests. Distribution: Known only from Puerto Rico.

Psilocybe zapotecocaribaea (Guzmán, Ramírez-Guillén & T. J. Baroni)

Description: Cap: 5–20 mm diam, convex to umbonate or campanulate-mammillate, smooth, dry, margin translucent-

striate, some undulating when mature, surface dull burnt umber to raw umber, with a chestnut umbo, hygrophanous, drying to rufous, tawny or clay, in dry specimens pale or dark cinnamon brown, with a darker umbo.

Gills: adnexed to slightly free, light brown or clay, edge even, concolorous, in dry specimens the lamellae are dark violaceous brown with whitish edges.

Stem: 15–65 by 1.5–7 mm, equal to flared or tapered at base, clay, light brown or dull raw umber, covered by whitish floccose scales, smooth or fibrillose, staining blue when handled, in dry specimens becoming reddish-brown, with blackish or dark reddish-brown spots. Microscopic Features: Spores: (5)5.5–6.5(7) by 3.5–4 by 3–3.5 μm, subellipsoid, both in face and side view, thin walled, yellowish-brown, with a narrow germ pore. Basidia: (13)14.5–17.5 by 5–5.5 μm, 4-sterigmate, hyaline, ventricose, with a median constriction. Pleurocystidia: (11)12–16(17.5) by (3.5)4–5.5 μm, uncommon, hyaline, subventricose or subfusoid, with a short or long narrow neck. Cheilocystidia: (12)14–36(40) by (4)5–7.5(9) μm, hyaline, subventricose or sublageniform, with an acute apex or a short or long neck, frequently irregularly branched, or some irregularly globose. . Habitat: Gregarious or caespitose on soil in tropical forests. Known only from the type locality. Distribution: MARTINIQUE, Lorrain River, 100 m altitude, 1 Jun 1975 Comments: This collection originally was studied and considered by Pegler (1983) to be P. yungensis Singer & A. H. Smith. However P. yungensis has distinctly rhomboid or subrhomboid, thick-walled basidiospores and belongs in section Cordisporae. Psilocybe zapotecocaribea is somewhat similar to P. zapotecoantillarum but differs by the cheilocystidia that are not branched and rarely lageniform in P. zapotecoantillarum. P. zapotecocaribaea also has white floccose scales covering the stipe, which are lacking in P. zapotecoantillarum.

Psilocybe aucklandii (Guzmán, C. C. King & Bandala)

Description: Cap: 15-55 mm diam., broad-conic, expanding to broadly umbonate to more or less flattened,

with edges becoming slightly upturned and often splitting; dry; lacking veil remnants; dark brown to yellowbrown, striate to edge, hygrophanous, drying to pale yellow-brown to straw-coloured; staining greenishblue with damage or age; flesh white.

Gills: adnate, greyish yellow-brown with conspicuous narrow pale margin. Stem: 35-100 by 1.5-5 mm, cylindric, finely pruinose toward top, silky-fibrillose toward base,

whitish; staining greenish-blue with damage; flesh brownish. Veil cortinoid, poorly developed, disappearing as caps mature.

Microscopic Features: Spores: (6.5)7-9.5 by 4-5.5 by 3.5-4.5 μm, average 8.1 by 4.9 by 4.3 μm, in face view ovate, in side view elliptic-ovate; wall brown, smooth, about 0.5 μm thick, with apical pore. Basidia: 20-28 by 4.5-6 μm, cylindric, 4-spored, clamped. Pleurocystidia: 13-19 x 4.5-6 μm, scattered, similar in shape to cheilocystidia but with shorter neck, up to 4.5 μm long. Cheilocystidia: 15-32 x 4-8 μm, ventricose-rostrate, with long, tapering, flexuous and sometimes bifurcate neck up to12 urn long, hyaline, thin-walled. Habitat: On soil and litter beneath Leptospermum and Dacrydium, and in pine plantations. Distribution: New Zealand: Auckland. Comments: P.aucklandii is very similar to P. zapotecorum. The two species are barely distinguishable microscopically, although comparison with published descriptions (Guzmán 1983) show that P. aucklandii may have slightly narrower pleurocystidia and slightly wider spores. Published illustrations of P. zapotecorum (Guzmán 1983) appear to show that P. aucklandii is a less robust species. References: Guzman, G., V. M. Bandala & C. C. King (1993). Further observations on the genus Psilocybe from New Zealand. Mycotaxon 46:161-170

Psilocybe moseri (Guzmán)

Description:

Cap: 10-13 mm in diam, subcampanulate to subpapillate, sublubricous, glabrous, even, dark buff to brownish, hygrophanous, very bluish.

Gills: adnate, pale brown to blackish violet, with whitish edges. Stem: 75-80 by 2-3 mm, flexible, smooth, silky, whitish to brownish, very bluish,

subbulbous and with a thick, irregular long pseudorhiza. Veil absent in ripe specimens. Microscopic Features: Spores: (4)5-5.5(6.5) by (3)3-3.5 x 2.5-3 µm, ellipsoid both in face or side view, thin-walled (no more than 0.5 µm thick), pallid brownish, with a distinct and broad germ pore and an apical short appendage. Basidia: (14.5) 16-21 by 4-5.5 µm, 4- spored, hyaline, vesiculose, cylindric or subclavate. Pleurocystidia: 12-16(17) by (4)5-5.5 µm, hyaline, common, vesiculose and mucronate. Cheilocystidia: of two types, 1) (17)18.5-34.5(37) by (4)5.5-7(8) µm, irregularly cylindric or subvesiculose, hyaline, common, and 2) 12-21.5(22.5) by 4-5.5(6.5) µm, vesiculose mucronate, hyaline and rare. Habitat: Gregarious and caespitose on soil, in a tropical rain forest, 500m elevation. Known only from the type locality. Distribution: Chiapas, Mexico. Comments: The peculiar pleurocystidia, the two types of cheilocystidia, the pseudorrhiza, as well as the smaller spores, separate P. moseri from all the species considered by Guzmán & al. (1988) in this section. P. moseri is the species with the smallest spores in the section.

Psilocybe meridensis (Guzmán)

Description: Cap: (10)15-30 mm diam, conical to convex or subcampanulate, subpapillate or subumbonate,

lubricous, even, slightly striate at the margin, yellowish brown or reddish brown, becoming paler towards the margin, readily turning blue-green to blackish when bruised or old

Gills: adnate or sinuate, yellowish gray to brownish violet or dark brown sepia, edges whitish and subfloccoses; turning blue-green to blackish when bruised.

Stem: 40-80 by 3-5 mm, equally cylindrical or slightly thickened at the base, somewhat flexuous, hollow, whitish to irregularly reddish brown or blackish, readily turning blue-green when injured, covered by whitish floccose little scale, mainly toward the base. Veil well developed, cortinate and white, forming a complex subfibrillose or submembranous annulus, frequently doubled.

Microscopic Features: Spores: (5.5)6-7(8) by 3-4 by 3-3.5(4) µm, subellipsoid or subovoid both in face and side view, brownish yellow, thin-walled, with a broad germ pore at one end and an acute short appendage at the other. Basidia: (16) 17.5-24 by (4)5-6 µm, 4-spored, clavate ventricose, hyaline. Pleurocystidia: (16)17.5-27(28) by (4)5-8(9) µm, common, hyaline, subfusoid with acute apex or sublageniform with a short neck. Cheilocystidia: (14.5)16-28(31) by (4)5-6.5 µm, abundant, hyaline, ventricose sublageniform, frequently with a middle constriction with a short or long neck, sometimes bifurcate. Habitat: Gregarious on soil, in a subtropical forest with Cyathea and Blechnum, at 2400m of elevation. Known only from the type locality. Distribution: Venezuela, Márida State Comments: The presence of an annulus relates this species to P. argentipes Yokoyama from Japan and P. graveolens Peck from U.S., but the former has no pleurocystidia and the latter has broader spores [4.5-5(6) µm] and hyaline to brownish pleurocystidia.

Psilocybe sanctorum (Guzmán)

Description Cap: Gills: Stem:

Microscopic Features: Spores: Basidia: Pleurocystidia: 12-20 by 6-7.5 µm, common, variable in form, ventricose mucronate, subfusiform or sublageniform, sometimes branched. Cheilocystidia: 6-16.5 µm wide Habitat: Distribution: Comments: was known only from the type locality in Mexico in the State of Mexico, in grassland on the border of a Pinus-Quercus-Populus forest (Guzmán, 1982). It is now recorded for the first time from the State of Veracruz, in a subtropical (mesophytic) forest. This material differs from the type by the pileus which is not so papillate. This demonstrates the variation of the basidiomata in this species, a feature typical of several other species of Sect Zapotecorum.

Psilocybe angustipleurocystidiata (Guzmán)

Description: Cap: 15-35 mm in diam., conic to convex but subumbonate or subcapanulate, glabrous, even to

slightly sulcate in dry, subviscid, hygrophanous, reddish brown, fading to fulvous brown or yellowish with dark blue green tints. Sometimes the dry specimens remain blackish.

Gills: subadnate, pale brownish to dark violaceous brown, with the edges concolorous or slightly whitish.

Stem: 30-50 by 5-8 mm, equal or enlarged downwards, longitudinally striate, fibrous, flexuous, hollow, floccose above, brownish to reddish brown, finally remain blackish. Bluing when touched or injured. Veil poorly developed, as whitish flocculent fibrils in the young stages, soon evanescent

Microscopic Features: Spores: (5.2)6.5-7.8(9.1) by 3.2-3.9(5.2) by 3.2-3.9 µm, subellipsoid both in face and side view, thin walled and brownish, with a narrow apical germ pore. Basidia: 15.6-26.6 by 3.9-6.5 µm, 4 spored, ventricose, hyaline. Pleurocystidia: (9)10.8-15.5(2) by 3.1-6.5 µm, hyaline, scarce, ventricose-rostrate to sublageniform. Cheilocystidia: (10.4)13-24 by (2.6)5.2-6.5(7.8) µm, hyaline, abundant, forming a sterile band, ventricose-rostrate to sublageniform. Habitat: Gregarious to caespitose on soil, frequently muddy soil without herbaceous plants, usually in ravin, in subtropical regions. Fruiting in Summer. Distribution: Known only in Mexico and Colombia. Comments:The Indians of the type locality use the fungus to avoid stomach pains, molar teeth pains or to see visions. The name of the species refers to the narrow pleurocystidia.

Psilocybe collybioides (Singer & Smith)

Description:

Cap: 13-40 mm in diam., convex to subcampanulate, then expanded or becoming flattened (as a Collybia), with a slight umbo, glabrous and even but finally translucent striate when moist, viscid, hygrophanous, reddish brown to light ochraceous brown with dingy pallid center, fading to pallid straw color. Staining slightly blue when touched.

Gills: adnexed or adnate, whitish at first to brownish pallid or brownish orange, edges concolorous. Stem: 30-70 by 1.5-4.5 mm, equal to slightly thickened downward, often twisted-contorted, curved or

irregular, stuffed to hollow, white to irregularly cinnamon-brown, fading to yellowish pallid, subsquamulose from the veil, later appressed finely fibrillose, apex fibrillose-pruinose. Basal mycelium sometimes strigose, white forming white rhizomorphs. Veil cortinate-fibrillose mass of white fibrils, soon obliterated. Microscopic Features: Spores: generally none (the material studied is almost sterile). They are 10 by 6.5 µm according to Singer and Smith (1958 a,b) or 5.5-6.6 by 3.3-4.4 µm in those few observed by Guzmán in the type; they are subellipsoid both in face and side view, pallid yellowish brown, thin walled with a broad germ pore. Basidia: very scarce, hyaline, similar in size with the pleurocystidia, vesculose, or not well formed. Basidioles similar to the pleurocystidia, hyaline or brownish are present. Pleurocystidia: 22-28 (32) by 7.7-12 µm, hyaline, vesiculose or fusoid but mucronate or bottle shaped with a short neck 2.2-3.3 µm broad. Cheilocystidia: 12-27 by 5.5-11 µm, abundant, hyaline, fusoid-ventricose, mucronate or bottle shaped with a short neck, up to 7 µm long 3.3-5.5 µm broad. Habitat: Gregarious on humus or small sticks or leaves and debris on the soil, in Alnus jorullensis forests. Fruiting in January to February. Known only from the type locality. Distribution: Argentina Comments: The only two known collections from the type locality are semi-sterile and have few spores and basidia. P. barrerae is probably conspecific with P. collybioides, but until more material is available, both fungi are considered as separate taxa. P. collybioides is known only from Argentina (Singer & Smith, 1958) and P. barrerae only from Mexico (Cifuentes & Guzmán, 1981).

Psilocybe argentipes (Yokoyama)

Description:

Cap: 20-50 (60) mm in diam., conic-campanulate then subconvex or expanded, umbonate or subpapillate, margin often irregularly wavy, inflexed when young, and with appendiculate particules of the veil, surface glabrous, margin sometimes translucent-striate, not viscid, hygrophanous, when moist honey yellow, golden brown, mustard brown or clay color to subfuscous, fading to melleous or ochraceous when dry, staining blue to blackish when touched.

Gills: adnate or adnexed, soon seceding, grayish sepia or brownish orange to grayish avellaneous, becoming purple brown when mature, edges whitish.

Stem: 60-80 by 2-4 mm, somewhat thickened downward, or almost equal, somewhat rigid and cartilaginous, hollow, whitish to amber yellow when young, then brownish, finally dark brown or reddish brown, densely covered with appressed, silvery white fibrils in the lower two thirds of the stipe, bluing where injured or handled. Basal mycelium sometimes strigose, white, and forming white rhizomorphs. Veil well developed as white arachnoid fibrils, forming a silvery white scaly-membranous subannulus, but very often evanescent. Microscopic Features: Spores: (5) 6.6-7.7 (8.5) by 3.8-4.4 by 3.3-3.8 µm, subellipsoid both in face and side view, or slightly inequilateral in side view, thin walled (0.5-1 µm), pale yellowish brown, with a distinct plane and apical germ pore.

Basidia: 16-18 by 5-6 µm, 4 spored, hyaline, clavate, sterigmata 3-4 by 1 µm. Pleurocystidia: absent. Cheilocystidia: 13-25 (32) by 5-8 µm, abundant, hyaline, thin walled, varying in form, ventricose-ampullaceous, mucronate or with narrow (1.5-2 µm) neck, frequently irregularly branched, or with two or three necks, or with lateral outgrowths. Habitat: Gregarious of fasciculose on soil in open areas or by the trails in forest of Cryptomeria japonica mixed with Quercus glauca, or in plantations of Pinus taeda. Fruiting between June-September. Distribution: Known only from Japan. Comments: This species is close to P. subcaerulipes Hongo but differs in the form of the cheilocystidia.

Psilocybe graveolens (Peck)

Description: Cap: (10)20-30(40) mm in diam., convex to subumbonate, then expanded with a slight umbo or

sometimes depressed at the center, glabrous, even but slightly striate at the margin when moist or when dry, hygrophanous, brownish fading to creamy white to subalutaceous, or pale orange brownish, with some dark greenish tones.

Gills: adnexed, somewhat close, yellowish brown to chocolate-brown, edges same color or somewhat pallid.

Stem: (20)40-60 by 2-5 mm, equal or somewhat thick towards the base or subbulbous, bluing, in dry conditions with dark violaceous tints, stuffed to hollow, white to brownish, silky fibrillose with white appressed to floccose fibrils from the veil. Base subhypogeous like pseudorhiza, covered by soil. Vei as arachnoid white fibrils, forming a very evanescent annulus in young stages. Microscopic Features: Spores: (7)7.5-9.5(10.5) by (3.7)4.5-5.2(6) µm, ellipsoid or subellipsoid both in face and side view, yellowish brown, thin walled, with small apical distinct germ pore. Basidia: 21-26 by 6-7.5 µm, 4-spored , hyaline, but some are pale brownish or yellowish brown, fusoid-ventricose, some with a short neck, or mucronate. Pleurocystidia: 26-38 by 6-8 µm, hyaline, but some are pale brownish or yellowish brown, fusioid-ventricose, some with a short neck, or mucronate. Cheilocystidia: 12-22 by 5-8 µm, abundant, hyaline, sublageniform or lageniform, neck 2.4-4 µm broad somewhat flexuous. Habitat: Caespitose or gregarious on marshy soils in meadows. Fruiting in November. Known only from the type locality. Distribution: U.S.A., New Jersey Comments: The name means strong smelling. Close to P. zapotecorum Heim emend Guzmán but with larger spores.

Psilocybe kumaenorum (Heim)

Description: Cap: 5-7 mm in diam., conic to campanulate, then umbonate to expanded or somewhat convex

when old, glabrous and even but the margin striate by transparence, subviscid, hygrophanous, brown or purplish brown, fading to beige when dry, with irregularly greenish or blackish tints.

Gills: adnate, yellowish to brownish violet with a purpuraceous tone with whitish edges. Stem: 15-30 by 1.3-2 mm, equal or subbulbose base up to 2.5 mm broad, white to brownish, with

some greenish to blackish tones, smooth but longitudinally fibrillose, with grayish or violet fibrils as remains of the veil on the upper part. Microscopic Features: Spores: (5.5) 6.6-7.7(8.8) by 3.3-4.4 µm, ellipsoid of subellipsoid both in face and side view, some with a slight median constriction, with thin walls (no more than 0.5 µm thick), pallid brownish, with a distinct apical pore and short appendage Basidia: (5) 5.5-6.5 µm, 4-spored, with sterigmata 5-5.5 µm long, hyaline and pseudocylindric. Pleurocystidia: absent. Cheilocystidia: 11-17 by 3.3-5 µm, abundant, forming a sterile band, fusoid-ampullaceous or lageniform with long neck 1-2 µm diam., hyaline. Habitat: Gregarious on soil, in small groups, in open places among grasses. Fruiting in August. Distribution: Known only from Papua, New Guinea . Comments: A hallucinogenic species used by the Kuma Indians.

Psilocybe muliercula (Singer & Smith)

Description: Cap: (5)15-40(50) mm in diam., convex or conic to campanulate or subumbonate, expanding when mature to

mor or less applanate but at the same time umbonate of slightly papillate, glabrous, even but slightly translucent-striate at the margin when humid, viscid to lubricous, hygrophanous, reddish brown or vinaceous brown, fading to fulvous brown or pale ochre from the umbo to the margin; in old specimens the pileus is undulate and somewhat rimose, frequently with blue greenish tints.

Gills: adnexed or sinuate, rather close, pale pink brownish to darker brown chocolate, edges concolorous or somewhat whitish.

Stem: (20)30-60(100) by (2)4-7 mm, equal or tapering upwards, becoming hollow or stuffed with white floccose mycelium, surface whitish pink, turning blue to blackish easily when touched or injured: becoming concolorous in the adults with the pileus especially below or darker, smooth and somewhat glabrous, but some (the young) covered by white floccose fibrils from the veil. Base with white floccose mycelium. Veil as white arachnoid fibrils in the young stages but evanescent, not forming any annulus, or only a pseudo-annulus is present in young specimens. Microscopic Features: Spores: (6)7-8(9.9) by 3.8-5 µm, subfusoid, subellipsoid or ellipsoid ovate both in face or side view, rarely subrhomboid with rounded angles in face view, thin walled, yellowish brown with a distinct apical germ pore. Basidia: 16-21(29) by 5.5-6.6(7.5) µm, 4 spored, ventricose or subcylindric with a slight median constriction. Pleurocystidia: absent. Cheilocystidia: 16-24 by 3.3-5(6) µm, abundant, hyaline, subulate to mucronate or sublageniform to lageniform, with more or less long, flexuous or moniliform neck 1.5-2(3) µm broad, sometimes irregularly branched: apex 2-4 µm diam. Habitat: Gregarious to caespitose, rarely solitary in swamps or muddy soil without any vegetation, very rare among mosses, on the walls of the darker and very humid ravines, in Abies or Pinus forests, at 2600-3200 m elevation. Fruiting in August-September, rarely in October. Distribution: Known only from Mexico. Comments: Used by the Aztecs and Matlatzincas. Close to P. subcaerulipes Hongo from Japan but the spores are a little smaller and the cheilocystidia broader.

Psilocybe subcaerulipes (Hongo)

Description: Cap: 20-30 mm in diam., conic to campanulate or convex to subumbonate, submamillate,

glabrous or with small floccose white scales from the veil; even to slightly striate at the margin, viscid, hygrophanous, ochraceo-fulvus or sordid alutaceous to ochraceous, tawny olive, brownish yellow or argillaceous; staining blue or darker when injured or touched.

Gills: adnate or adnexed, whitish brown to dark violaceous brown, with subfloccose concolorous edges.

Stem: 40-70 by 3-5 mm, equal flexous, hollow, whitish to ochraceous or brown-reddish, fibrillose, covered by whitish fibrils toward the base. Veil as a white arachnoid-fibrillose curtain but fugacious. No annulus formed.

Microscopic Features: Spores: (5.5)6-6.6(7.5)(8.5) x 3.8-4.4(5.5) by 3.3-3.8 µm, suboval in face fiew, subellipsoid to slightly in equilateral on side view, thin walled, pale yellowish brown, with a distinct apical germ pore. Basidia: 16-18.5 by 5-5.5 µm, 4-spored, hyaline, ventricose. Pleurocystidia: absent. Cheilocystidia: 15-22 by 5-7.5 µm, hyaline, thin walled, more or less abundant, fusoid-ventricose with a short to long neck 1-1.5 µm broad. Sometimes with a hyaline viscous drop at the apex. Habitat: Caespitose or gregarious on soil among mosses or grasses in forest. Fruiting from May to September. Distribution: Japan, known only from the type locality. Comments: P. muliercula is a possible synonym, but more information on the Japanese material is needed to confirm this. The only differences between them are small differences in the size of the spores and cheilocystidia.

Psilocybe pintonii (Guzmán)

Description: Cap: (10)15-30(40) mm in diam., convex to campanulate or subumbonate, slightly papillate,

sometimes irregularly lobulate, eventually applanate or subconcave, glabrous and even but covered by white fibrils from the veil when young; sometimes slightly rimose, lubricous to dry, slightly transparent striate when moist, hygrophanous, chocolate brown to orange brown, fading to brownish yellowish or dirty yellow.

Gills: sinuate or adnate, brownish to gray violet, thick, with whitish to concolorous edges. Stem: (18)25-60 by 3-5 mm, cylindric or somewhat subbulbous, hollow, whitish to

subconcolorous with the pileus, covered toward the base by white floccose veil fibrils; base remaining somewhat blackish in dried specimens. Both pileus and stipe stain green-blue when injured. Veil as conspicuous white arachnoid fibrils when young, but absent in the adult stage. Microscopic Features: Spores: (6)6.6-7.7(8.8) by (3.3)4-4.5 µm, ellipsoid or subellipsoid, both in side or face view, somewhat subrhomboid in face view, thin walled, brownish yellow, with a broad germ pore. Basidia: 16-22 by 4.4-8 µm, 4-spored, hyaline, cylindric to pyriform, sometimes somewhat sinuous. Pleurocystidia: absent. Cheilocystidia: 17-20 by 4-7 µm, hyaline, ventricose or fusoid with capitate or subcapitate apex, 3-5 µm broad and irregularly branched, lageniform, mixed with basidia in different stages of deformation. Habitat: Solitary or gregarious in small groups, on soil without herbaceous vegetation, in high mountains with Espeletia, in Paramos vegetation, at 3450-3600 m elevation. Known only from the type location. Fruiting July-August. Distribution: Colombia Comments: Close to P. argentipes Yokoyama from Japan and P. muliercola Sing. & Smith from Mexico

Psilocybe zapotecorum (Heim emend Guzmán)

Psilocybe zapotecorum (Heim emend Guzmán) cont. Description:

Cap: (10)30-70(110) mm in diam., variably in form, from conic to convex when young to subumbonate and papillate or convex to campanulate to convoluted or subconcave when old; glabrous and even but translucent striate when moist, subviscid, hygrophanous, reddish brown or orange brown, fading to beige, beige rose, orangish rose, beige-orange or straw color when dry, strongly staining blue or greenish to blackish very easily and irregularly when injured or in old specimens; sometimes finally purpuraceous brown from deposited spores.

Gills: sinuate or adnate, pale brownish to violet brown or violet-purple, edges concolorous or somewhat pale.

Stem: (40)100-200 by (3)5-10(12) mm, equal or somewhat subbulbous, sometimes with a pseudorhiza or bulbous, other times flexuous and irregular in diameter, white to grayish or irregularly brown-reddish or red vinaceous; hollow, floccose above to strongly scabrous-strigose at the base. Bluing very soon when touched or injured, sometimes with blackish violet tones through the surface. Veil white, floccose and soft, forming a fugacious annular structure in the upper part of the stem; readily staining blue when injured or in old specimens. Microscopic Features: Spores: (5.5)6.6-7.1(8.8) by 3.8-4.4(5.5) by 3.2-4 µm, oblong-ellipsoid or ovoid both in face and side view, with thin walls, pallid brownish, with a distinct apical pore and short appendage. Basidia: 15.4-24.2 (28) by 4.4-5.5(9) µm, 4-spored, subcylindric or clavate, some more or less sinuoses, hyaline. Pleurocystidia: 19.8-38 by 5.5-14 µm, numerous, hyaline, stains easily with cotton-blue; a few are pallid brownish mainly toward the base, very heterogenous in form, fusoid-clavate, ventricose, submucronate or pyriform, some with the apex divided irregularly, or arbusculiform. Cheilocystidia: 13-27 by 3.5-6 µm, hyaline, abundant, forming a sterile band, ventricose to fusoid, pyriform, or ventricose-rostrate, or lageniform, with long neck 1.5-2.2 µm diameter, sometimes with a globose hyaline viscous drop at the apex. Habitat: Gregarious or caespitose, rarely solitary, on soils frequently in swampy or muddy soil, but also found in humus, among leaves and debris, in the deciduous forest and coffee plantations; also on a humid soil inside of Indian houses in very dark corners. Common on the walls of ravines on muddy argillaceous soils without herbaceous vegetation. Distribution: In Mexico, in subtropical (deciduous) forests between 600-1800 m elevation and in South America in subtropical forests. Comments: Important among the Zapotec and Mazatec Indians in Mexico. P. candidipes, P. bolivarii, P.aggericola are synonyms. P. lazoi also considered by Guzmán (1983) as a synonym of P. zapotecorum, but Singer, 1986, claimed that this is a not bluing fungus.

Psilocybe subzapotecorum (Guzmán)

Description: Cap: (15) 25-90 mm diam., convex to campanulate, subumbonate or pappilate, regular or

irregular. Striated at margin. Variable coloration, light brown to dark brown with greenish blue to black spots.

Gills: brown to violaceous brown with whitish margin. Stem: 150 by 12 mm, fibrous, hollow covered with small white flakes, subbulbose base.

Microscopic Features: Spores: (5.5) 6-7 (9) by 3.5-4 (-4.5) by (3) 3.5-4 µm, subelliptical in both faces, thin walled (less than 0.5 µm thick) Basidia: 15-29 x 4-4.5 µm, 4-spored, hyaline, ventricose. Pleurocystidia:Type A (14) 27-30 (36) by (6) 8-11 (13) µm, hyaline, regular or irregularly ventricose, apex blunt or sharp, sometimes short and irregularly mucronate. Type B (10) 12-20 (28) x (3) 5-6 (8) µm, hyaline, utriform, with a thin short neck Cheilocystidia: (10) 15-26 (37) x (3) 5-8 (12) µm, hyaline, regularly or irregularly utriform, sublageniform, often irregularly branched. Habitat: Gregarious or caespitose (forming groups of up to 6 basidiomas joined at the base), in muddy clay soils, recently disturbed, without herbaceous vegetation, in mudslides, ditches or roads in Pinus-Quercus mesophylic forests. Altitude 1280-1850 meters. Distribution: Mexico, States of Oaxaca, Veracruz and Puebla. Comments: Seperated from P. zapotecorum by the two types of pleurocystidia and width of cheilocystidia. [Guzmán, Doc. Mycol. 29 (116): 46, 2000.] Better drawings in this reference (add later). Guzman 1983, The specimen in plate 33 Figure 473 first identified as Psilocybe zapotecorum by Guzman is now the basis for the description of P. subzapotecorum.

Psilocybe ramulosa (Guzmán & Bononi)

Description:

Cap: 20-80 mm diam., conic to subcampanulate, papillate, smooth to slightly striate at the margin, glabrous, lubricous, brown chocolate with some violaceous brown tones to straw color, hygrophanous.

Gills: subadnate, violaceous brown, with whitish or concolorous margins. Stem: 40-140 by 5-10 mm, uniform or somewhat thicker at the base, cartilaginous in the stipe,

bluing very slowly.

Microscopic Features: Spores: 5.9-6.5(7.5) by 3.8-4.2 µm, subellipsoid or ellipsoid both in frontal and lateral view, thin walled, brownish pale with a broad germ pore.

Basidia: 15-22 by 5-6 µm, 4-spored or 2-spored, hyaline, ventricose. Pleurocystidia: 15-35 (45) by 10-13(15) µm, necks 2-4 µm thick, very abundant, hyaline or with some brown chocolate diffuse pigment, variable in form, from globose, ventricose, subfusiform, submucronate to langeniform with short of large uniform of moniliform neck. Some pleurocystida are prolongations of the hyphae of the subhymenium (pseudocystidia Type B) Cheilocystidia: 8-20 (35) by 3-6 µm, hyaline, abundant, forming a sterile band at the edge of the gill, sublageniform with a short to long neck (1-1.5 µm thick). Frequently profusely branched, sometimes irregularly so. Habitat: Gregarious on bare clay soil, in a subtropical (or mesophytic) forest. Fruiting in November Distribution: Brazil Comments: Previously considered as P. zapotecorum var. ramulosum. Seperated from P. zapotecorum by the profusely branched cheilocystidia, brown pleurocystida, pseudocystidia and more southern locality.

Psilocybe microcystidiata (Guzmán & Bononi)

Cap: 7-10 mm diam., conic to campanulate, subviscid, glabrous and smooth to slightly striate at

the margin, reddish brown or darker, hygrophanous. Gills: subadnate, violaceous brown, with whitish floccose edges. Stem: 25-30 by 1-2 mm, uniform to somewhat bulbous at the base, brownish to reddish brown,

covered by small whitish floccose scales. Annulus absent.

Microscopic Features: Spores: (5.5) 6-7 by 3-3.5 (4) µm, ellipsoid or subellipsoid, both in frontal and lateral view, thin walled, brownish with a broad germ pore.

Basidia: 10-15 by 4-5 µm, 4-spored, hyaline, subcylindric or ventricose. Pleurocystidia: 10-21 (24) by 7-10 (12) µm, abundant, hyaline to somewhat yellowish brown, fusiform, ventricose, globose or napiform. Cheilocystidia: 8-13 by 1.5-3 µm, necks 0.5-1 µm thick, hyaline, regular or irregularly sublageniform. Habitat: Gregarious in soil. Distribution: Brazil, known only from the type locality. Comments: This species differs from other species in the Section in its small cheilocystidia.

Psilocybe chaconii (Guzmán, Escalona & Ramírez-Guillén)

Description:

Cap: about 25 mm diam., convex subumbonate, smooth to slightly striate at the margin, brownish pale to irregularly darker with bluing spots.

Gills: subadnate, thin, brownish violaceous dark, edges concolorous. Stem: about 55 by 5 mm, cylindric, with a bulbous base, brownish pale as the pileus or darker,

covered with small whitish appressed scales toward the base, caerulescent to blackish. Microscopic Features: Spores: (6) 7–8 (10) by 4–4.5 (5.5) by (3) 3.5–4 µm, subellipsoid, both face and side view, thin walled, yellowish brown, with a broad germ pore.

Basidia: 15–21 by 4–6 µm, 4-spored, clavate ventricose, frequently with a median constriction, hyaline. Pleurocystidia: hyaline, of two types, A: 16–28 by 6–12 µm, common, utriform or ventricose, submucronate, and B: 20–42 by 6–9 µm, scarce, ventricose subcylindric, rostrate with a short or long, fl exuous neck, up to 25 µm long, sometimes irregularly branched. Cheilocystidia: 13–25 by 5–9 µm, common, utriform or sublageniform with a short neck, sometimes irregularly branched. Habitat: Solitary, on soil without herbaceous plants, in a mesophytic forest, at 1300 m altitude. Known only from the type locality. Distribution: Mexico, Veracruz Comments: The two types of pleurocystidia distinguish this species from all known in the section Zapotecorum. Pleurocystidia similar to type B with a long neck were observed in P. laurae of the section Cordisporae (Guzmán, 1998). The form of the basidioma is like that of P. caerulescens, but the stipe is not smooth, and the spores are neither subrhombic nor thick-walled. The name of the species is in honor of Dr. Santiago Chacón, who gathered the fungus.

Psilocybe species (compare with P. subzapotecorum)

Cap: Gills: Stem:

Microscopic Features: Spores: 5.5-7.0 µm, ellipsoid or subellipsoid, apparently small germ pore at one end and an acute short appendage at the other.

Basidia: Pleurocystidia: 22-33 by 9-11 µm (only 3 measured), with odd finger-like projections, numerous and obvious. Cheilocystidia: 16-28 by 4.4-8 µm occasionally forked. Habitat: Distribution: Jalisco, Mexico Comments: Spore , cheilocystida and pleurocystidia (type A) size and shape agrees well with P. subzapotecorum but no type B pleurocystidia where observed. Sample needs to be reexamined to see if type B pleurocystidia are present.

Psilocybe species (Secotiod Zapotecorum, compare with P. meridensis)

Cap: Small, sometimes papillate, never expanding at maturity. Gills: Shallow but not contorted, not sterile with abundant spores at maturity. Stem: Very long relative to cap diameter, covered with scales typical of species in the section

Zapotecorum. Microscopic Features: Spores: 5.5-7.2 by 3.2-4.0 µm, ellipsoid or subellipsoid, broad germ pore at one end and an acute short appendage at the other.

Basidia: Pleurocystidia: 15-27 µm (only 4 measured). Not similar to P. zapotecorum, compare with P. meridensis. Cheilocystidia: (10)17-25 by 4-6(7) µm Habitat: Know only from one location. Distribution: Jalisco, Mexico Comments: The lack of cap expansion resembles that seen in some forms of Psilocybe semilanceata and in secotiod forms of mushroom. This collection is unique in macroscopic form and is probably an undescribed species but may be a mutated form of a known species. Differentiation of the pleurocystidia from cheilocystidia was difficult due to the shallowness of the gills. It is possible that some of the isolated pleurocystidia in the micrographs were close to the gill edge and are actually cheilocystidia. Closer examination may be necessary. Microscopically, this species most closely resembles P. meridensis from Venezuala.

Psilocybe species (Compare with P. angustipleurocystidiata and P. moseri)

Cap: Gills: Stem:

Microscopic Features: Spores: 5.6-7.0 µm

Basidia: Pleurocystidia: 16-17 by 4.3-5.6 µm (only 3 measured) Cheilocystidia: 11-15.3 by 3-4.7 µm Habitat: Muddy soils in ravines with no vegetation, very near water, sometimes partially submerged. Distribution: Jalisco, Mexico Comments: Compare to P. angustipleurocystidiata and P. moseri. Spore size and pleurocystidia shape and size agree well with P. moseri but only one type of irregular cheilocystidia was observed and no pseudorhiza was noted. Cheliocystidia size and shape resembles that found in P. angustipleurocystidiata and the pleurocystidia are also in the right size range, but the spores are larger and the pleurocystidia are narrower in P. angustipleurocystidiata. More observations are needed.

Psilocybe zapotecorum

Cap: Gills: No obvious white edge, concolorous with rest of gill. Stem:

Microscopic Features: Spores: 6.5-7.4 µm, ellipsoid or subellipsoid

Basidia: Pleurocystidia: 19.5-27.5 by 10.5-17 numerous, large and obvious. Slightly wider than described. Cheilocystidia: 13.3-16 by 3.6-5 µm (only 4 measured), lageniform with a long neck, one observed with a globose hyaline drop at apex, not extremely abundant. Habitat: Distribution: Jalisco, Mexico Comments: An extremely good match to the description of P. zapotecorum in virtually all respects. The only minor difference is in the slightly wider pleurocystidia. Cheliocystidia were not as abundant as expected but it has been noted in other species that cheliocystidia numbers decline as specimens age.

Psilocybe species (Curled Stem)

Microscopic Features: Spores: 6.3-7.5 µm

Basidia: Pleurocystidia:. Cheilocystidia:

Psilocybe species (Zapotecorum specimen #2)

Microscopic Features: Spores: 5.9 -7.0 µm

Basidia: Pleurocystidia:. Cheilocystidia:

Psilocybe zapotecorum (Zapotecorum specimen #1)

Microscopic Features: Spores: 6.5-7.5 µm

Basidia: Pleurocystidia:. Cheilocystidia:

Psilocybe species (Alan Find)

This appears to be the same species as sample #2 Microscopic Features: Spores: 5.5-7.2 µm

Basidia: Pleurocystidia:. Cheilocystidia: