a continuation of the osteographia elephantina: or, a description of the bones of an elephant, which...

A Continuation of the Osteographia Elephantina: Or, a Description of the Bones of anElephant, which Died Near Dundee, April the 27th, 1706. By Mr. Patrick BlairAuthor(s): Patrick BlairSource: Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775), Vol. 27 (1710 - 1712), pp. 117-168Published by: The Royal SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/103109 .

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- z w z - | t {S -

( lg7 )

iI ConztinWation of the OReographia Eleplla::atina: Or, X Defcrtption of the Boves of 4v ELlepllant, arhicA dieo tear Dundee, s4pril the 27th, i706. BY Mr. Parrick Blair. f

D Eing come to the Internal Parts of the Head, we {hall proceed Inaer Partsr ) as in Treatifes of O#eology, by taking Notice of its Str8cureX of tte Scddf two TablesX Dipatoe Figure and Extent ofthe inner Table, r00ZX Eminences and Foramina ; of all which in their order. As therc is no Animal in proportion that is endued with a greater- quan titv of Brains than SlanX fO there is none that feems to have lefs than the Elethant. 1n the one, 'twas fO ordersd by the WtiSe Go- vernor of all Things, that they might be filfficient for the GeneZ ration of fo many Spirits, as are requifite for tlle Performance of the Rational and Animai Fundtions f and in the other, had the quantity Qf Brains becn greater, the Ptsacipia yervor had beea more divid-ed; fo that inllead of being requifite, they -had Feen vaftly inconveslient, becauSe the Nerves collld not fo well receive the Spirits dil:persd in a greater MaSs, as nows mrhen con traflred within leSTer bounds: And Ellch a contrivance as this being requilitej the interpoGng of fuch a vaIt diRance betwixt the tsro Tables of the Scull, as we {hall come to gin e an Account of, is a fEupendious Piece of MechaniSm.

As we befo-re obServeds in the bottom ofthe Hole for the Root Tah Ets of the Trunk there are Several Lamin fh. b.3 to be heen. There I 3 b Lasin taking their Origin from hence, run backward in a Paral- lel, and fometimes oblique Line, to the Second trable of th¢: - Scull, or that part of it which inveRs the 13rain: And theSe La- mgnx being either horltontally, perpendicularlyX or obliquelyc,:l}laf plac dX meet with and interredt each other,- forming tntermedia£e the ezzd Cavitles or Cal!XSes (c. 6.) of different MagnitudesX Pofitic)ns and gig. 4 Figures according to the IntergerineWaNs or SielesX whereof they are compos?d: SO that although Dr. XoBlinl, and after hinl fenttelixs, feem to aSert, that they were for the moll part tri- an;gular, yet I have obServ'd them qua(lvangular, pentagonal, hexagonalX and reCtangular and even fometimes irregularw Thek (ells run, as I faid from the outer PtableX cw External Parts of the Scull (aF ,) tO the inner Tab]e or Seat of the BraiIl (b. b and commutlicate with orlW another by pretry large Holes t eitller

Oward



(tls ) toward the inner or outer Table, and fometimes two meeting

together in the middle frame a thlrd. In a word, as there is no certain Rule obEerv'd is their Figure, SO neither is rhere any in tileirCommunication. The diItance they fill up between the two Tables befiore is X X InchesX at the Sideb 8 Inclles, to&rard tIae lack-part but 3 Inchess and at the Hole br the Spinal MarS 0w7 fo.). both Tables meet together; for the Brain is plac'd ir; the lower and back-part of the Scull (Fig. 5.) A11 t-iSe Cellxles were emptyX alld only obduc'd with a thin Membrane. And here 1 cannot but take Notice of what Dr. AWo«sl«nr obfierves, narnelyX £-hat there are feveral Bloi VeSels pleatintly diSeminated throughout the Surface of theSe Cellxles with diffierer; Divari- cations; ai Zentaelis fays, he obServ'd feveral Lineaments of Veflels after the fame manner. This vras not to be obEerv'd ia ours at a11, nor ro much as the V.egf:,ixm of a VeINel to be feen; the reafon whereof, I ftlppore to be this: When ghe one was brnt in- Ireldttzd) and the other over-whelm'd 57vith Earth in GermanyX both fuffierix3g sfiiolent Deaths, could not but have vaSStruglings and Atrefl;lings, fuch as Dr. Saxlirs fays hisfhad, and fuch as Ientzeliffl Xppoles that n Germay to have laad aISo. 13y thefe violerlt Mv£ions, the lBlood could not but be propell'd with a vaR force from the greater Trunks to the fmaller Capilaries, where it diRended the Vefle-ls, and rersdred thein So perceptible to tlle view after the l;beath of tlle Animal; wherea-s this we treat of, having iabournd of a languiihing Di+temper for fome-t,sle, as appears by the Poypxs's bund in tlle He;rt and oLncs VelEels the Blood could not but be very languid, and Icarce c<^i^vey it_ Self to theSe Capillaries; So that thfie Sides of the Ve;ffiels b+>ing cilaps'd, they vvere rendred imperceptible: BuP that which i5 more rerllarkalule isX that not fe much as any of the ilci, whicls £hefe VeSels might have nlad-e in the Lamin-, d1o at a11 appear X and yet the Sxlcz were fEill v@ry evident in thc S-ol,es bu ld in GsrrJnyX witb the B1wd VeSels containing the dry Blo()d Rx ity glueel to thetAlS asd changtd into a yellowilh ColollrX and th-at pe^aps after thoufands of tears, as t-he fame Author obEraresb !Xldecd upon viewing m-ores narrowly the Cellztle) [ find a11 c)f their tfftin enduWd witb Emall E{ole5 of an indefil-Jite NumberX a-nd xrrxgularSy pSac:d) through which theSe YefleSs kem to have paLl kom 0[1t3 Cellzle to-another: So t'lat thot not fo o6>irvable, yer ne (loulit they have 'seen dilDers'd through th;Cm in this as well as sa, Othgg Ei-¢,khaks4



(tt9 )

\Ve come next to enquire what may be the USe of the CeAlxle.IJfe of thc There kave been felreral Opinions advanc'd about them; as s§. Celltlles That fince the Elephant has been obServ'd to fuck up a great deal of Water by the ProborczX that the Water perhaps is received snto theSe CWgles7 becauSe of the Communication they liem to have with the Probofsg, and thaot therBby they cool their Braln ill hot Couxltries, where they aboundv 2. That fince the-Elephint has a very acute SenEation of Smelling,. they thinkXthe lVer?>"

OlfdgoriG iS dtfipers'd (after it has paEs5d the Os Ethmoides) tllroughout - the fine Membranes that obduce the Laminze,, whch deScribe thefe Cellxles. 3. That thefe CelluSes being inp terpos'd betwixt the two Tables oF the Scull, they only Serve to

Beep the Head from being too weighty. As to the firflc; admit

the Water could be receiY'd into theSe CeltxlesX which from their

Po}tion at the Root of the Trunk, 'tis plain they cannot, there

being no muScular SubRance to expel theSe WatersX wt cannot

fiuppFe this is their uSe. As to the fecond; the S6ertg OlfWo ris, after it haA paSs'd the fthmogdesX does not at all communi- cate with thefe Lxminu, but penetrates the Os Vomerw, whence the swrtilag«noxs 5eptgm of the Proborcg arifes : So that theSe Cel- twles can be no vvays aQ^lking for that end, theSenEation of Smel- ling being thiefly perform'd in the PYoborc) and not bty the Fio

bres of the Neratu OlfaS;ors diEpers'd in thefe LJmsna, whick

are quite otherwife difpos'd--heres than in Men, Dogs, f c. whofe Lamsne 5pongioJd are litiiated in the.Root of the Nofe; fe that

tlte Air mtl& touch them before it reach the Os Cri6rofxm ; where

as here the L4m«nu are Io fitua;ted, that the Air touches the Ner- sg 0>JfSoris as foon as it cat} touch themv The third is to me

more probalble9 and Dr. llfoZ«ns ij of the fame Thought and

that upon feveral Accounts; fuch as the Confideration of the iwmall extent of the Seat of the Brain, to which had the reR of the Head been correEpondent, it would harre had no proportion to the Body X nor could the MuScles, fit for moving the Head, hasCe

fuffi^cient fipaee for their nfertionX Ilor t}le Proborcz for its Origta 7

io tistt there was a a Necet'T;ty br interpoWlug Xme diRance be-

twixt the inn¢r atld outer aotvr*-< of the Scull. Now this diltance

muR be fill'd up with tome intetmediate Subflcanee, ard had that

either been carnous or tIRous? wbether fipongious or SolidX or

(as fome thixxk the sia*.D;s l:rontAlet} 614xillareS e iNdftares in

human Sculls are) Mucous 5 (h40uVd fither Gf there have orcupy'd

ich vaR boundss the Head wrould have been rendered too

t z weighty.



( 120) 57veighty. - Thetefiore it is wiSely order'd by Prolridence, tliat £here thall be only thin Lamive of Bones, lo diipers'd, that the orlter Table of the Scull may be more Rrengthened for fupporting: the Weight of the MuScle of the Headf Lower Jaw,- and prs6afcg adhexing therecos that it may have a Communication with the nler lable, and tbat the fpace betwixt theSe Samir may b:

empty; lefc by any intermediate Subflcarice? the Head had been too healry, as is faiid, and the inner 1 able fo bllrthen'd -as to preEs too muci upon the Brain, which n iglzz have difEurbtd the e2tconomia Avigalw- Analogous to this StruRllre we find in Oxen, which have the fa£ne Cellgles betwist the two Tables of--tlleir Scull, eEpecially toward the HornsX whofe FlintsX as they are sall'd vvith us, or the boney Subliance, whereby that part of the Horn, whtch is t /ward the Head, is fill'd, is likewife cellulous, }efc-by their Weight, togethe-r with that of the Hosns, they ffiould prove uneary to the Head: But lelE by reafon of there Vacuities, which are all plac'd in the upper -asld fore part of the Head of the ElephdntX (for the Brain and Elesatsres C4pitz axe Ru fECient tO dePre ES ;CS back -PartS) i t {hOU Id be rendred SO light, thaL it could not }ve equaXly pois'd or kept Ready, the 1 eeths b()th in the Upper and LomYerJawZ areH rendred thuJ weighty to counterbadance it.

sJVe come next to confider the inner Surface of the Scull, where Snner Sr tlXe 1Araiz I5 1sfl%': 7tib in Figure likel an Human Gnef butnmort ffe f 2e Sphertcal, being fFom the Rig,lat to the Lefit s<3Inches) from be &RS fore to behind 9 Inches, and from abo-ve to belovf at the axt&rior

F6ff"a 7 Inches, betwixt the uliddle S Inches, and at the poMario;^> or Seat of the Cerebelz>. 4- 1: Inches. 1t has 4 F;e, a-nd y Er seinences. The artarivr Fofoa (b. b ) ts circllmScrsbad by tlve fofe

7aDv 3;>Fig. part of the inner Table of the Scull befare, and by the two Attt,

s4* FtOt Eminences (c s.) behind. Here the Brain fends forth is grcatefl P-rodudrion; for at- tlle }ind part this tt-ti:r F, is de??tEs'd lEreight down ntar 2 Inches, where the Os Ethmoide;. begas, which is of a iin8iz1ar F-igure anS Struciur4; 64r froe the re-part of the Seat of tlle Brsaia in trhe mleidle, there is her-, - as in moIt SculL§, agq Emnence which t-uns oblbqueXy downward, till ix begins to form tbe £ri.ga GaAli (d.) b calJ'd in Hax slan SubjeAs. This ̂ *^i>ffi CalZi divides the Os Ethmoides- into- ts r-h*-; and kfc Dart; ttls- prttty thick and broad at the BaSo, 3Yhce it ires from e-ach rlde) till it begins to form a Craww whvS > per*iutd by a Pait of Holes i sd theR thete; ariSes.



( l2t ) a filuall Sptnx in tlle middle (d.) at the fore Extrersxty wheretE, it beingtfllrther extended thall the Etlunwidesn tllere is another Etole, From this Cr;#a Gdll; run on each flde feveral prominent convex Lines, fome obliquely fiward, oXhers obliquely bacl* ward, others tranfverSe}y; each of-which is branch'd out twise- or thrice toward -the CircumferenceX which-5twas impoElble to expreSs rery lively in fo Emall a Figure TheSe Lines have iome few Perforations running from their higheR part but. moR of them are betwist their lnterftices, where they are plea^ fantly difpersXd after Wome- kiind of order, which alfo we could not exprefs in the Figure The Os Ethmo«des is not unlile a Os Eth- Heart,- as they ul>eally reprelint it, be:ir,g narrower at the hind:lnostlese part, where the d?ttert#t FofJ; runs itreight dovvn frosm.the fom - part of the Sellw zxrsira (X.) and broader at the forepart of the Bone, which runs obliqueIy upward from it; tis from- before to behind 3 > Inches, and from the rlght to the left 4 Inches: Its Circumfcrence is not altogether circular*. The Speciality of this Strudure ,ives groutud to enquire into its Reafon) and the acute Senfation of Smelling, wherewith, according to all Authorsj this Animal is endued Tn moft of other Animals, neither is this Wnte-

wier Produdioxs of the Brain WO great, the Perforations of the Qs cr;vro0Xr3 fo many, nor its-estent rO .arge: Bllt in AnimaIs of an acute Srne!Lling, befides the Perforations of the oS Cribro0Bm) thel*R

are feveral fpongiousa Lwoxia which arife from is$ lower part X eacll whereof are endued with Tunicles, wherein are lrariouny difpersd reveral 3iranciles of the Nert Olf#ori; and there I-am«n are fet very aear to one another, as it were the TeethX in a Comb, or the Lage#4 irk the lover Part of fome Rluionet Both the ContrilranceSof the Lam«na and tbeir thickXdifpoX}} ate very uSefill fior Senfatlon ;; for whereas) ladi thiss rXf ok- figoris; been RiU+n one Trunk,, the vsG;atTle saline Particlesi would have only aded upon filch F.ilaments as compofe^he Sur- face; wthueas the Nerve beingc varioafly. difpers'd into divers

ICranclles, and th-eSe BranCes--differently diEpos'd..into Se*^raL SurtacesX 'tts capab;e to receve ;mpreGgn -ffom as alany Salixe Particles, as there are d;fferent Brarlches and Surfaces wher-einto > thcSe arediEpossd: Add alfow that the fl2arpF-dges-of theSe L4w; zine being- tovvard the AXir- theyA arc- more capable to. d£Ende-theo Co?"nW- Serzw fucktd inWby the+NafeX and give a greaterAtenSkoa

to the blersous Filarnents dit?ersM;in them; whoreby<thS- Sv2a &son is sqmslluni¢d th¢. mre livelys to tb,; S.a,6Qffii. Comtgs7?e ?

'' at.f\.



( 121 ) tud tis 0l3fervables that fuch Creatllres as have moR of there LR}Z$/ZZ laave their Smelling the more acute Now this StruSture is only to be 1Ecn in thofe A^nimalsfi whofe Septzm nterediz and two Slcles of the Nofe confifl: of F5ones, at leaflc fo far a¢ tlleir La- nzi7S are exended; but it fates otherwiSe with our ElephantX whQfe Os Erbmosdes is v¢ry thirl, and has no Lin6 Spongio/tz adherig to its outfide, nor a Bone for the Septu or Sides to guard aheSe l,^nizze wliich would haare been incoslve£lienttor thea the Probfisz could not have mov'd vvith the faxne Fatilitys e'en from its Roor, as it dOthe Thereforc to Espply this deitt, and ftill to congerlue the Smelling fo acute, if not more in this than in many other Animals, 'tis prouridedX that tht xaterior Foga ihould be rery deep that the P{ odudtion of the Brain ln it lnight be the greater; and leflc its Surface fhould :#891 lit too rmatiX there Sllollld be eminent I*ines both in the Voger ati;+ rllroughout the reR of the Bone that there might Riti be xn*?re f-ace for braLjch ing out t-k Srve, as it proceeds firoll titS (^]! -a-Sn of here may aIfo be another Xeal6n alledg'll for thefe 1rotul;tases vsz. be cauSe the Brain is more pendent here than cliewhere they may ferve as fo many Columns to fillpp?rt ita lefR by tas Weiglilt it Ihoultl lean roo much 1lpo! ¢he os { ,.-,>kaD3fi?, ro Xhat the Origia af rhe l7erag Olfaaorzs 1eS g to MUCN 1J."eS'dX inftead of a clear, might afford a very (onfusd Idea of >;fnclling; andX that even within the ScuIl it may be rt d5r ded and difersad tn tilis Animal, as it uSeth to be wit>Out; it 8 otlzers So that Fhe (lefe& of the Iamin SpongioJR without, is tupplysd by this disrfity of Perforations and Eminences in the - *; dN:/9 wilitofgw within lndeeo t8

Horfes there is fompwhat of thls- L¢;t-N-e teE be obiers>^t; The Es v6ropxm feems t> be proportoviFllv as large; its Perfos-.$.;ions as frequent; and-theLameneSpony#fi< wJthout,i<oorll fiew and thirs <er ; by which thatCreature hasbutanordinaxySenfationofSmclXJng, and only fuch as is convenien£ for the choIce of its Food; oe- cauSe the Nervs OlfafEorius has not fuch a fpace wherein to be dpersd, as the SeptBm andCartilaginous Sides ofthi ProbofS; which is fo greatt that fcarse can a Particle of any odoriferous SulRance e-fcape rlle touching of fome-one OF QthCr of the NerF VQUS Ftlaments: Whereas in Horfes, there being but a [hort fipace bS Fwixt t;he Os C:rilte oJw a-nd the Nofe, [he additional Sur6ces of the Lxmiat spf>giop and £he tenfion of the Bone of the Nose on bo.h fdes, ottlerwiSe tllan in the Elepkants who has no Bone £1lere at allX are stery conYenieIlt tO rupply that deit; for you

know



( 12-3 ) know the more extended a Nerve iS7 the greater is its Senfation, and a Bone is fitter for tenfion than either a Cartilage or other foft SubSances are. The artersor Fojfia (b.b.) iz from tlle Right Ante.ir<-;l? to ttle Left g Inches, and frortl before to the Neruxs Opticx5 be- °01 of ;4¢ hind 4 s Inches, and of depths ffi t.- llreight down from the Sena 3::Y1Z CxrsicaX or in the middle betwixt tIze forefaid Holes to the bot tom of the Os Ethmoides ora each fide, 2 ¢ Inches The tvro mid Xiddle dle FoJJ are bounded before by the tWo anterior Eminences (e eJ FGERJ and -behind by the two Prasevss PetroJi (s. s*) The Seat -of the :Erain is here I 2 Inches Diameter (r. r.J In the Center between the two astterior ProceJ0esX is the firll Pair of Holes ff f ) at an Inch di ilance. Thefe rlln obliquely between two fmall Emine}ces, where Fir, P"ir the Glardla Pstxttria was lodgvd, call7d the Sflld tBrstca (s¢.)of Holes and theCe tw-o Brocegfes are calld in Humatl Subjeflas Cliroides, This Pair of Nerves rum obliquely hdowntYard 6 Inches, and pafs fes out below the LaminJ on eash Gde of thW Head (s.) whichFigo 2

firams the upper Edge of the Sin for t-he Globe of the EyeX being the fecond Pair, caH'd the OptictlWurv¢s. TheSe two Prot se rllnning -;- lnch back on each Side, at the fame diftance aSord two more Holes palling in. below thems which--could not be rnewn SeronZ PtViro

in the FiOure; this is callvd the Foramen lxcerm, and througll it pqfs the third Pair7 or Ocxlargm Motorij; the xth Pair) or PtEe. -3 I tsci; the G}pthalmisX or firR Branch of the 5th PairX and all the ^ 4 fixth l?air (<g.g.) The third Pair of Holes is at the hack of the tbird f;tXro

two antetior Emlnences) betwlxt the firlE Patt and the E^ternal Part of tlz-e Rat of the Brain, X Inches dillant firoln caci3 other (h. b.) They are tile largeR of all thoSe in the botrom of the Scllll; except that for the Spinal M:arrow and have a peculiar Ufea, which is at Iarge tdeclared) Pages 8t and 83 when fpeaking of the VefJels and Nerves of the Prsborc; stiz that they are t^or the tranEmiSon of the pxperior Branch of the Second DIstlf.sonf o£ th¢- th Pair of Nervese and a Branch ci an Artery:-which prceeds from the Arteria dar <ati¢ (0<,03> beingSeparated kom ir Iy tne b >noy SeprHmX which paZes betwiF94t it and the tRo1e for tho third Branch of the sth Pair (ffi. t.) runs along the Cren4e (A..X.) and palJ:ren ozz with the foreSaid Secont1 Branch (g^g.) Th.> fi urti00t;tJ "tte Pair of Holes then-ts for tlze EgreSs of the third Branc.l of ek,

yth Pair (i t) and 4ngreSs of a Branch from the trtcz H.Xr r;, R e

r.-> ) and the 5£tl I?ails iv 0orthe Wrter;a dxrz f0/fJtti^> stieS^ ;- D kr >* (11 y f1Xe {Ixth Pair is for thCe Carotid z4rtery *tl.l.) whch isS*Z^;'j P;sbs > othcrviSc Iitu.at¢d.h.erc than in Human Su1)3eC}s 2 for in..tiC it * R )



(t lt4) s betwixt the Preceffxs Petrofgss and two po/Zerxor iproregs ClsF

roilles.} whereas here 'tis betwixt the Procc;ts Petrofa arld Center of thc BaSe of the Scull, on tach fide about 3 Inches diRant ftom

-Q>evtfipaXr.each other. rlhe feventh Pair is for the tervg Saditorixs (m. m.) being fituated in the Prose.,<s Patrofigs (S. b.J And llere 'tis obServableX that from the Slde of the Hole where the Carotid Artery (Z. 1.) paiNes toward the Os Petrofgmx there is an Hoie which runs about j g Inch outward, forms an Angle, and then paSng by the Sides ief the Cvtitad fS7mpans (e.J runs [treight downward

wand peIle£tates the Scull ( 1. ) This I take to be the Hole for the hard PQrtioil of the lMcrtus - AxdstoriSx which does not here as in other Animalss paSs in at the Hole of the Procefxs Petrofs -vith tl)e rQft Portion; but as it proceeds from the Brain, goes along the Sides of theCarotid Artery to this Hole. This hard Portion, as 1 told you, was mxh bigger as we trac'd it running forward above the TetzJporal MurcleX - atid going to the upper Lip

EigDD PJir.tO be aftetward difpersXd ia the Probsrc. The eighe Pair is for the lnternal lugular Vein, and per vaggmt which pafles out at the

X Hele for fame Hole (n. a.\) And the Ninth Imparx is ior ehe Spinal Marrow; the SIJ!S4X of which already. And thus we have given an Account of all the 2X2rtow Parts of the inner Stlrface oi the Scull. Now we come to the

ConSderation of The EarX wthofe Parts are, l0. The Meats vdstorsgs, 0r

that D# which runs frwm an Orifice on each fide of the Head T;b g. Fk. fi) wllercof formerly, to the inner Table of the Sculls termi 2. Ilating in the Os Petrofizm (S.) being of a Cylindrical Eiigure (b. b ) *1t( I@- having the CtBles arifing from it on all Gdes (c. s. &c-.) 'Tis in - 1 2- length from the External Orifice to the Crenow for the Membrara }';o IO. Tympani (b.)g t. Inches, andabout I InchOiameterthroughout

the whole Extent. Its Sldcs are compos'd of a firm rolid Bone, and littlethick than an Halfpenny. Next is obServablethe cre?a for the MegOrana Tyenpans) in C;rcumferencc 2 Inches 3 - Aftcr which is to be ften the Cavit Tympatg confifi;ngof two Parts; the firlE vYhereof (cX c.) eiS 3 l nch deep flreight down from the foreIiid Creras endued with a great many CallxlesZ difiinguifEd from each ather by feveral olieous folid Lmsn} irregularly diEpos'el, which could nor be fo well reprefented in the Fige;jre. Thefe Excavations were about two or three Lilles, or , or 4 Inch deep. The next Cavity (d*) is of a Ssarface more

fisosth, ariSes n:uch higher than the former, and runs toward th,e cuter Tablc, having fvveral Semicircular Lines running

acrofs4



( 125 )

acrofs. The firR Canrity is from tle Right to the LeR t ff Inch, and from -before to betlind I 1+ Inch. 1 he *cond Cavity w lach snlength,ands nchatitsbroadeIt-part. -he Ogisics¢ut. tEle lleolg (v J) lScS (b ) Sl;Pes ( f ) are of a prop(rtlonal bigw sSeo* nels, as you fe.e xn the FigureX where they are Illewn itl their true Dimxntions) running Som the ilIalleolxs) wtllich touchcs the glXembr6zta IyKfpania jco tbe BaJis of the Stopes, which Illuts the Faramev c);t>le (C.) It has buLt a ftllall Cochievg in proportion (S.) D£ Itt uJhereinto a Branch of the Soft Fortion enters, and anttiter

--lSranch of tlle Iaid Portion goes into the C4vitA 7Gpdnix wIzoSe upp-r pal t is covered by the lower ltde of the Os PetrvpBm ('b b.> I was atfome Pains to file down a great part of theC;s Perror;mf wlzDre ! obEerv'd how the Hard Portion paR outward from the HQle for the Carotid Arterys as is faid, and how the Soft Portion afiter it 11ad entred the ProceMess etro,fiss (e+) did dilride it'elf in to thefe tVYO jult ilOW mention'd Portions, to the Cacbtev) and Cztita tympdni. 1 Search'd for the Labyrinth) or Line SemiS- axref, but could find none; by which 1 concluded, that theSe Caverns In the botronz ot the Civitas 7sytnpan; did ferrre for the Iamv USes in tllis Animal, as ti2e AFeanders of the Lsbyrintb do in otheis; and thclt this fecond Cavity did felve ror receivit3g and continuing the Undulations of the Air, for the longer reta?ining of the Sound, as we See the catQUS SpapLyrs arEosdes does in Sheep, CatsX Dogs, eFc. and the SpOIlgiOUS one in hies. The hrv-

er 9Caie is hut little, and the Bafe of the Stwpes very thin and nender(h) wheieby; fuppoSe tlletenfationoffJearing israther perfol m'd ny the Vibrations of the Air upon tlle Cwi; Sympanis than by any alto{lance it had from the Coc/le. The upper part of the eptd which c«rcumScrib7d the Caverns in the f'RTitU Tym- pvai, is thickern and;che lower part very nender; and I doubt not but rhey communt cate viitll one another by Rveral hiatagrs 57vhereby what humidity is in tne bottom of the Caverns ulay be con-eysd from each other, till it cc.ne to tlle Orifice of the A <2ed36;E paral]el to it, and tSvWJy dir¢ShargD it into the ttlotuth t

for the boney palt of t'nis J$edxcX defEcnds iil a Rrcibht LIien from TI1e gore p^rt of t'z- hottom of tl.is ('4OJ¢J tt5tZ'p4ri S '2 t

clses Qet7 bcing from tlae Rigl:< eo th . lbeft abeut A Intw;Hs at5-3 02 before to behtnd 3 t.in.es, or 4 of ail IncIi, I am farry I utd nor know the QsPetrs0zm wo ld fo cafily fepaxat:e 5X T u3ig'lt h<4tsrc obServ'd more rsaXroawV¢>>? 'ne stouSture of the tXar b..Mr> the Scull was boil e1 a and ^;is by an accid-sutal ¢parari)n of t$in

K Pont><



( z26 ) Bone, after the FIead was taken oust of the Caldron? that I hare no.v come to gilre this AccounL of tt.

-FroXl the Flcad we go to the Trunk, w h ich conG0s of the Sp ne, Rlbs, and ftet^.rtm The *.pise is divided into the Yerte brx of ti'e Necke i->af k, l oins? Os tdcrzz, and Wil. TIle- terteZ -brze of the Neck d ffeAing from each oEher in fcveral things ma teIial) 1 [hai! Speak of them feparately: Whereof

She ,., s he -firk ca >d Stlawn has foUr confid-erable Cavities; two at %rtitr, of-the fiere part (6. b.3 whereby ic receives tlle CvadrIes of the Scul} tSe 8leck. -and two at the bath-part -(c, c.) whereby it receives the Bafe of tI.b. 4, 4,r. the following Vertetr; the firit two are z s lnches Som above

. to below, and 2 Inches from the Right £0 the Left. lt has a ]-arge Hole in the middleX divided into its larger pa-t (a.) 3- In- ches 13iameter, which is for receiving the Spinal Marrow5 and ltier, which receifires the Tooth of the following (b.) Four Per-

A. forations, or two Pair of Holu at the Sides; one at xts lower and fore-parr (c. c) which receives the Arter; cerTiGalMX or Vertebralz srom the Sde of the Spinal islarrow, and conlreys xt to a Creta (e. e ) along whicla it rUtlsX till it ag3in penetrates the fime Bone (d. d.) an-d goes out at the back ptt; aftWr which in its ProgreSs it perforates -all the tranfxrerKe Proceffies of the refE of the Fertebrz of the NeckX as is ufaal in other Animals. Ti-lis £rezlJ is gualded on its olltfide, or at thW Extremity of the tran- *v>;Se Pr()ceSes by >.L Protuberance whiclA runs toward the SCUTI

-I 2 Irlch (4 4) till it be equal to the Sides of the Hole for the Spinal LMarrover. At its upper and fore part it inciincs obliqwely (f.) where'tis f Inches thick, and at its lower and baclz-par:

A. 1* (e.) it has a P-otulerance which is extended where it embraces the Tooth. This Vertabra is in Diameter -1 z Inches (W. *) The tranlver e Procefles are in breadth from aboxte to beJow z lnchWs, and In length at their lozer part g Inches

7Aue festnd rhe Seconcl [rrertebra has remarkable in it, IR A large Protu- she <* hPrance called thet * ootll (d.) which is received by an FIole in

the .orIner, and ferves as an Axis upon which thc hcad xs talrnd rouIX. TElis Tooth runs forward from tije Body af rlle Ferie6ra 2 Inches abovet and z t Inches below, tapering and Eerminatig;

in an obtulk Pvlat. . *A large Protuberance ari+!ng froul iLs vpper an} middle patt (W. a.) (llke the Procef< Spinofgs irs others ?

4 srlches frotn the beginning of the tranrverre ProceffiesX two In° eile3 broad at tlle top, terminating in two obtuS Povtlts, with a

5;R;>,; ( h ) la-ocr at ths baA than thc fore-Parc) in tht siXldlek i hib



( t27 )

This Protuberance inclines forward to-ward the firR p)zeb^X. <, lts Body or back pa.t, and ̂ re of the Tooth (f.) trani-B. ̂ verfely * ^ Inches, perpendicularly 4 fChes. 4, Two ol)lique procelSes, by whicl:e 'tis articulated with thofe of the following, alad betw1ist which thae are 4 Inches (h. h.) . Tso traurverle Proceffes (gsg) each 2 Inches lOng. At its fore part on each Elde of i the O ooth (d) are two Protuberances (e e ) which are received by the two bi£ld Cavities of the firA Merte6r;?. This Ver. A. v. tebra is tvvo Inches thick from before to behind, the Hole for the Spinal Marrow z Inches [2iameter, thoSe for tlie Cerrlc;al Artery- tf.t.) 2 Inch Diameer. Between the oblique and extremity of the traurver^Se Proceffies, vtis 6 Jnches.

The third and fourth Mertebru dis5er from this, sft. In their 7he tJbied four oblique ProceiSe-s fe.e.) wix. two by which they are articu. anl fo *t5

lated writh the preceding, and two with the foSlowing, whicbVertelzt. is common to thofe of the Neck Back and Loins. 2. ln theirA 3 t + Convex Bonly before (b. b.) and concave behind (c. c.) where they are receivvdi by, and do recelYe the priceding and follWowing, w hich is alfo common to the other Verte6r. 2,. In their Eminences at the Top (betwixt the olulique Proceffies) at 4 2 lnches di- Rance (e. e.) betwixt which there is a DepreElon in the third, and a -fmall Protuberance in the midlt ot this DepreElon in the fourth. Their tranfver,ae Proce«es (f. f. ) are 2 lnches broad at the Extremity. from vvhich they deScend obliquely R Incbes,having a Protuberance on each fide, betwixt which and the Body of the preceding Vertebra (h. h.) does proceed a Brancla of the Cervical H Artery, svhich it continues to do Som betwixt all tlle other Yer- Z 8* tfbrd of the Neck, till it comes to betwixt the Seventh of the Neck and firk of the Back, where atib wholly Epent. 13etwixt the-oblique Proceffies (e. c.) and tranf9erSe (f.f.) it is 4 lnches. The Hole for the tervical Artery (d. X.) is here Oval. The Badies of thefe Verteb744 are thinner below than the former: They are 4 Inches in Diameterl being of the fame DimenCons with all the other Zertekrj of the Spine, till you come to the Os Saca*m. Thofe in the heck are m-ore flat before, and thofe in the Back more P;otuberant BeEldes thofe sit^7s in the inlide of the fore-mention'd Protuberarxces in the Neck, there is like- wite a Sitg betwixt the tra-Everic Proceffies of each ̂ertebra and its BodyX throllghout the whole Spinex for tranEmitBlon of the fLveral Coniugatiorss of N¢rves from the Sptaal l!darrow.

The



/ 8 )

?thv fkt X he fAh F;-rtc&tR is of the tne Dimenfions with the otller a fc twd3 and diirs in tnothing tron1 them but by its Spinal ProceSs.

which from; Inch in th-P -tUr2ncr ari{is to X - sn this, belng s lnch broad, and thina at the Extrem*ty.

Sefi.vth. The fix-th Vertebra differs k()m a11 the rePt in lts tranferRe * o. Procefs) which is as far forward as the reRs and fencis out ano-

ther lXrocels which runs an backwa rd; Io that from the Estre-

nvity at the fbre part to -that at the ba£k-part? vtis g Inclles. It * 3* 31s0 SeudsanotherProtuberance obliq?lely outward t A lnch ( s.)

A;t this Procefs the Cer5rical hrtery pas out from the tranrverre ProceS of the [/rertbr4, and only rerld a Twig £o the

W¢J;venfb Seventh IQrtekrvs or lalt of the Neckn which di1ffi#-^s from all

th>ereft, 2It In thelct}Sthof its Spinal P+ot+5;, whlch- s aug

mented fronz g lnches in tllte for.mer to, in thAs (k. t J . 1n

the .lsallneX of the Hole for tht >rvical Artery (d. d.) tt is be

ing the laR perfbrated tratlfver Procelrs) a5 is fdid. 3. Iil a S;Zs

on each Sde; of its Body bchind (i. iJ wheretnto it recei7cs part oftlle firis Rib

7bt<TOv z e ti,§>{4t ist d*vlded seto the Trertebr4Sf R-ib5* an ;eraz: TElere are ss Srtebat cerre@onint to fo £naliy Pair rJf 5.ti5S s

they dllEr nothing kom t}3e- former except t:hat tlcir Body is more Proral5erant7 tl5t.tt t6;eir Spir3a1 ProceIIes are alzgmente 1* and

dImiQed rn their lengttll7 ucto-<iing to their Situaiion, an(l ttlat

they have a Siae; ta e<clz 5£deX beth bofore and bebtlldX fbr Re-

ceptior3 of tlzeir- reSpeftive Rib. Far the \Veight. and-L>ImenI>

ons of their Spinlal PrrceSts 1ce the foiJowing Table. £ffi The RiS vre divid-ed into tlle true (wilich are articulated

wlth the Sernxm) anal SI Se ones with and witlnout Carti lages}

Tlere are 8 zair of ttuW Ribse S Pair fiIfn wtth and A without CarTtl-ageS. . T}R9> Cart&Iages hire are S0kt as-in- Human Vubic&sa

stnd not boneyX 8$ in 0Xey1a Harts, bc. The lengtI-z of thk Rilis both -fLoln t3ie one Extremity to tho c-tller) antl aOn:, their

inner SurficeX that yo.] t}ay the b.tter krlow how much they

are bendedt wuitit their iJreadth a-t the Estrernity ar.el Wight of ¢lch Pair) hall be giv-erl in the illowing Tabl*

S;trAitSl * The Sterr confiIts of ff.txr Bones; they are plac'd ede>vsfe9*

heing twa lnches thick abeat} and fharp betow :- From- Ei>e irc-

partto the Pe:?intcxf the C>rtaldge E^^ffo,r vtss 2i In£hes wsthere

af tttP fit R is SS Inthws longand 4 2 igches broa-d at tle 4l-ti-v11a

tkon tE elKl> fir R th ; the IEco}d 4 rc}] 1al}g, anx1 -; l iCllt5

bradX ttze thrd j Ae SncEes long; and 2 11.-X&LKS b(?ad n the th + 1>



( Zqg ) 4- Inches longX and 2 ' Inches broad ; the reN of the length is made out by the CXrttlWgO Enfliorm.

The Loins conf10 of three 1Xertebr whoWe Splnal ProceSes are be Vertes hut nliJrr; thei tranrverre Proce(Nes a little Ivnger tharl thoSe in brt of [ke the Back; which beIide their Weight, Cfor which fee tlle Table) LoZn-- is all that is materiaS about them-*

The Os S4crHm confiRs of five Bones; they are of a flat Sllr- os Sacrulnv face before (B) each halring three Procefles (vAz two.obllqe,<46.4 RF and one Spinalw under which the Spinal Marrow deScends) be4 hind. They are perforated before by 4. Pair of Hoiet, placsd at their Ir}ter&ices on each Elde. 1t is s2 Inches Song and 7 A broad, where vtis artic ulated with the 0 innomin4ta above, and 6 Inches broad at the lower part. See Fig. + and S

The J@asZ coniittsof twenty nlne Yertebr) whoFediffierencesareNe Vterteo to be fieen in the following Tables. From the Os Sacrgm to the bra of the Eight they haate fiv-e Procefls s, wit. two tranlVerSe, two oblique, [4t

and one Splrsal, under wllich tlae Spinal hzZarrow delVends, Send- ing forth a <>on}ugation ot Nerves f£om betwtxt each of thern. From the Eightll to the Sixtecuth each has 4 ProcelIes, %>iz, two lotigitidinalbeI)-ind) betwixtwhich the remainder of theSpinal Narrow ftitl deStends, and two trar.rverEe: The reIt have lzo Proe cefs at a11, but are of a kind of q.lladrangular F0gllre) having a Ridge which deRends before and behind, and on each Sde; being-Svmewhat bigger at eash ex}d, an! fmaller at the middler All the erte6r4> as well in the Neck and BackX as Tail, had Cartilages, z7hich run betwixt each of them ) they were about r Inch thick in the BackX thinner iIl the Necka and thi£ker pro- portionabXy in the Tail. TheSe Ca;ilages I was obliged to Idp- ply with fveather ill mounting thc Sceletoll, as nliu be Xewat So much for th!e Trunk. . ^>

BecaulE tllis i v a Quadruped, we thall divide the Extremities 7thp FDre into the fore and htud onesF We begin the tore Extremities at Ertee,itieL the -Scapxla, which is utuaily divitled ilNtO it§ Heads Necli, SpaneS S ti7lXt

ProceSes? fore ansl llind Cavittes, (ise. thefE Parts before and behind the .v!pite) it5 concave part, which lies -upon the RibsX and its convex or outer partj and lt.; itargir. rhe :Head C a. ,> which-receiates theOs hlwwers, is *ublonsrX (becat* the ntotion of ths H*nerg ,9erfornl'd by this AnirnalX i.s rather FIexior; and lE:xteuSonX than AdduEion or AbdaEtion ) wherefore th.e Casity being S ;. ISCX1CS long} is only; 3 t Inchcs broaelX and the Ma*gia X the Bone aritinl.& frotl; the fore aad b*ckepart (b. b..} n}akes it

* - - ; lb



( f ao 5

- z Inches deep; for at tlle lideS the Margin is equal to the CaZ Viti. At thk tack part there are twtProceSes; that which re- ga dC7 irs ccvnsex part is 2 Inches long} rugous. thick and obtur;

tnt 510 A i . 5 rPg<x ds the concaven runs two inches backward, wherc it O*ms aa obtlutc Angle, whence it aScends z Inches to theNeck - z hsEi 114s a tharper lEdge than the forulerX being fomewhat incllt rated kSetwixt theSe t5ro Proce«es is a tugous Sitlws two Inches broad, aRe t-+ding ft om the Cavity of the Head R Jnches to the Ncck, and riting fomewhat in the middle ef its ProgreSs. The Neck (c. s ) is -3t? being more obtuSe Z£ it5 sack-part, and where is the laft rlam'd Protuberance, and fllarper at its fore) where is a little Protuberance toward the Spind on tbe convex Sde, being more plain on the concave. Betwixt the firR of the fore nam>el Protuber nceX (b.) and rile Spit4} there is a Sinags which afcends 4 Inches (d ) arld from the rame Protuberallce (b.) to the Extre- aity of t'.e Procrfas --orJcaides (e*) is 3 1 laches. a his Pro6e0Xs

Cordcoides is that part of the Spitta (e*) Yvhich runs togrard the Neck of the S(4pX147 but does not, as in A4en, defend the Hgme rxs from Dillocation. 'Tis very rugous and contrex beforeX but concave at its back part being 3 2 Inches broad at the Point it arcends I I ltlches, where 'tis raifed S Snches from the Body of the scafeld (f. ) it inclines a littie backwards and aScends J2

Inches mere, till it be loR where the eiphyrs begins (g.) beitlg Ili i concave at £he fore, and convex at the back-part. From the Spina (f ) it Sends forward a ProduEion 8 Inches long fh) 3 Inchcs broad at its upper part, two Inches about the middle where tis crooked, and t t Inch at its lower Extremity where 'tis thin and Iharp; but at its upper part thicker and rugous, con cave a-t the inacr, and convex at the outer fide. This Procelk Serves to l- eep the M2lcul; pwra-Jpinatt within their bounds} when they pllll up fuch a vaR Weight as the foreLeg. As the ,spina runs up S Inches from this Produdion, 'tis rugous and thick in its edge, from thence it besomes gradually thinner till it comes to the Epiph8fis. The Back and upper part of the SsPxlJ is very thill} and Iharp from the Neck (c.) s6 Inches upward to (m.)

from thence it alrcends 5- luches to the place where the Spsna ends, and forms a very rugoa1s and fpongious Epiphy#u, thiek at the upper end (Z.) thence it deEcends obliquely two Foot (ffi- ) whence its fore edge runs obliquely in toward the*Neck tO In- ches, being {harp; thence it tends ot}twards and delkends otller s Inches till it comes to the Neck. A1} the upper part ot the

S(4ptXlJ



( Rgo! ) S.dPBlJ fron; (m to fl) where is thiwke5, and fr<:)n (/.J to (it,) where 'tis tllirner7 except towards its lower parts i; coveied wii an eipofis fas is faid, fp3ngious and rugo.sX which fepeX rate> sw tS boilin>) and is a further Argumerat thae th¢) - X *2-is I WdS YouX%) ac-coraing to their term of Lite ? tiS othe-Wife a very thin Borse and SoLid, c,;cept where the f;iphzles are.

Ihe J2Zlerxs is a very irregular Be*e; itss Head is in Cir-^tt-/tJe HUi cumferellce 2 -oot, havinU, a remarkable Epipe.fes) onn wherebyiWiS tib articulated Witll the Ssan2Za fron before to behind with d convex SLlrf-ace 8-lnchesand from the right to the left + 2 Inxr}es and another on the outtide riSag higher and {harp about tt Inches, Round this Epiphys is XI Inches? and frozn before to behind with a flat outfide 6 ^ Inclles. Betwist the EpiphyjairXwhich receives the ScwpxlaX and thls Protuberance is a Snz about 3; lnches broadX and about I t Inches deeW-; } as it deScend- toward the inStde it becomes deeperX and only 2 Inchesbroad: Xl[is

fior lodgengl the ext;rnal Tendon of the 8xceps, analogous to a Crena fUr the fame purpoFe in human SubjeEs. l he Neck of the Hxmerws is gn Circumference g IncllesX flat behind for the fpace of A Inches, then forming an Angle, and runll.ng obliq1ie ly outward A laches then wpalTing forewatod bekw the utmoScX Protuberance = laches, thence cr2llelng the forenamXd sinxs it rune back} firR flat3 then a littte convcxf 7 Inches. Below this outward Protubefarlcethere is a rugofity for the IIlSertion of the Flesores Cx6tit; 6 - Inches long, arld f ^' Inthes broad at the upperr part, and thence deScendlag gradually it terminats in a Polatt At the lower part of this rugoS.ty the Bone is X s } Inches in CircumferenceX having , Faces; one at its Backplrt ; Incbes broadX folne-what deprefs'd firomtheinSlde, then a littlWProee; berant, as it tends outward; a fccond on the outfide, and ffi Xnches br0ad, and the third on the irsfilde, 4-. IIlclles broad} Sat; alSo. Here begins another-con6deral)IP rugofilty, fmall and obr lique from rlle back part of the utmoft Pr()Cub rance of the Herxs, and becomingYesy rugou.s at thts phce3 continuing; 6 Inches obliquely downward and ; lnches broad about th: middle. At the lower parAt of this rugofity t11e ne is l8 Inches n CiteumferenceX with its three eacgs otherwi iSe d1@ofed } that

which -was before terminated in; an obtute sptvaX and where it Was aa obtuEe Spin behind, now becoming flat.. On the outfide begins a sconfsderable Si8xss being the (3ontineation of the Ssnss. fQrmerly mention & bgtwiSt thB JSpaphy* <Hxmer; an- A oute:

R-r



r tisX ) Prout>^ral te) whetuce tn its defcent the Bone became deprefs'd ; and rcs the Sixtes is conlt3icuous (3 ) being fkam'd by at. obtuXe Sr9/X*, (leicending olzliqxlely- forward from the freia d rugo£y

on [18i o^Xe fidea and another obttlfie Spina detcendng fthliquwly

oUt5Wftti on the otherv Tnis .inxs ( *) is Incbes bi oad frorn be- 0oic to behlnd X thcnce meaJuring backward the BQIiO jS flat * g

trscl-zes, meaturitzg frZ5mtheDce on the infide, the Bor; harring forXt u an obtute A>lg,';c is S 2 [rches flat alio The Sp.ina on the

fore iide,>fter it has detceildeci ) s Inches) the Bene becmes iidt;

th9t 0n the outftde trmin>ting 1t} a conSHera-bie Protuberance, ^, llzcties longB ssthere tke BOt has only two Fawes £>onvex be-

fore and cf-ncaxre hc hindt and s7 Inches round Behtxd its fore-

faid otltwardPr-urui:r tawltt is 7 Inches, ithtcomes 1 A2 t; jches deX

prefs ci in che taziudle? wt-lere the Sinrs flr rectivitp. the C- bit#x bcOins. From tlle fter-efaid external ' oturBetv r;ce .t -1ecegds

in a ftr-e g-tlt Line S InchesX and Som lts ()ppoft; uart at thp ia fide lt (.wa g>:etlds oblislutI a-ti l<;ackw rds- S Invhes 7 dE8-S hit 4 the i fwxr Eptpyrs ¢ginss tttere tis recttv u ty tltb Cb;{i/; and Ra 4Xks

This Sptt>et^;1 tr ls t Fovt lo ^ Inch;s rtund heig . s 'neq t!liek at

the out£ewand flat, and 1rch**- xt thz iiltioe anf1 Pt>:$shorant;

13exwixttwthicb btbir.d isaox<izfaiit xfs s AIr>thevroad, and z . Inches sleet9 anrt ho otc} a;tothcr S-rt 7 uthes !)r ad, of thefanJ*< ( _*.PS-fi^S -i'§'.t.;5 tpt.t''l.l*'I'' i.< t'*ts l0wci- txtr<miFy aald inSde, *->-h -*sXft it ret vive W the 2b't*t.i-} 5 2 Inches Som beEvre

to bei,ind; :)t a cO.X:lVeY Srtace arld ¢ I.ths at its outfideX where

'tis tec>.iv7d by the Rad.#sR At its bre r,art [ite Si>ogs is not very confil!:icrai.- le, but at iES bacls part deepF I and arrowr tor teceivtrsg the Ulevr44on. At ti?f ex.remity of the Epi byr} tis

naI rower being (}1 1) 6 inchcs fi om the right to the left before, and 7 . lnches rehilldO And thus you hlve an Account of the moft irregllIar Solle ot t he Body, being at ittsb externaJ part x o Inches in leng,th} and 6 at its }nttrral s havirug a- -large Head confili- xng of an Epsphy,4s recevid bf tbe ScXpuX a latgc Protuberance on the outAide defending it from tjinocationX and a Si#-s be -twixt the two react-lt ng a good way bachX thence defcerlding to its Neekg wheneg thc Bone becomes flat (2) to about the mid-

dles deScending on the outfide, flat alEo, with two rugoSties for

the InSertion of the Tendonsc Betw;xt tilis outfide and back part,

is a very large SinM for the Biceps, which oblique Stuation f )

is an admirabie contrvance for--adding Strenct:h and conciliating lBngth to tkis SfuRIc. Now the Ihape of the Bone begins to be

chang d,



chang'd, for whereas it formerly reacil'd from before to bebind now it reaches fioom the right to the leftX and its lower extremity (4) becomes broaderX whereas at its upper extremity it w-as roun.der.

The Cubitxs and Rxdizss are two Bones of a fingular Fi-rheCUbitus gure, the one Sying above the other: We Ihall bcgin withangRa^tc, the CxbitxsX which Is in length from tlle top of the ot lecsraz2an to its Articulation with the Bones or the Carpxs (F) 28 lnches. The Olecrinon (X) from the right to the left, with a Surface Somewhat convex, i5 -9 ; Inches; and from be-r*¢ O4;;raa fore, where it is articulated with the Hgmerus, to its utmoPt pointXlva behind, in a IEreight line 7 Inches. This Okcrxnon as it deScends, becomes narrower by degrees, till it forms a Spie, which runs Oba -liquc3y forevard 13 Inches, where tis contradredfrom the forefaid 9 f Inches to 3 in breadth. Afterwgds the Bone is en- larg8d on each fide, till itforms a convex Surface, which ts received by, and articulated with the HgmerMs.This Articulation is a GizzgtymgsX as in all other- Animals; wiv. the Cxbitgs and Rogdiess together xeceive the Hgmergs on the outfilde before, which on the infide the Cgbitxs doth alone. -Betwixt theSe two is a large Pro-

tuberance rifilng 2 laches, which is alfo received by the Hxme

rgs. - Meafilring from the extremity of tbe cxbstxs and Radigs, which receiere xhe Hzerxs, on the outEde to its oppofite- par£ on the intide, including the back part oftbeOitcranon,it is lo lnches. ISoth the Bones from the right to -the left, at the articulation before, are 7 Inches. Then meaEurIng round the Cubitus. below the Articulation, iS 16 X Inches. Here the Bone ls flat before, from the right to the left 7 Inches; froal thence obliquely backward tothe forementionedSptzebeneaththe OlecranfinisS Incheson the outlide, and 6 2 on the infide. At thA lower part of the foreDaid Spine the CBbitgs is in Circu-mEerence X X laches; vio. flat before + InchesX where i£ forms an Angle ; thence running obliqucly back-.* ward 2 luches, forming another Angle ; thence 1: lnch ob lqu-ely backward, where ttis altttle Protuberant ; and from thence ob liquely inward s ,laches R-ound the-lower extremity oftheCs bitus) and 3 Inches above-tht EptFhyrsX it is 1e lzchcs , effiX. f an the Radius a 2 JrChes; thence obliquely outward, with ano-- ther flat Surfice, 3 i ;nches; <n3d from thence,withKt convex Sur-- face) tound the back pArt 6 IncIes jX The Cs¢bitxs-at the FjDipby#,,

from the hFius on the o-re- part to sts oppofite fide- o8h-} die back partvis l ; Inches-; from the. upper patt of the lo*erEsZ#wst whers 9Lis artitulated with the e-xternal Bons of the Cartxs,- lA44ely -m

S ward



( 34) ward ss S laclles This fame EpiphyJ sof witIl a conv-ex Stlsce behind1 fiom the right tv 1at eft is S laches.

R d TheRxdXs in lengthXfrom ttle extsrnJul and upper part ofthe C- t ltlS bi!AxsXon w]ith it liesXad witll which it is united,running obliquely

in wardis 1 Foot 9 z Inches. At its upper part it fends a ProduCtion outward 3 2 Inches} by wtLicll with a part of thn C;¢bitxs} lt re- ctive) the external pare of the lower Epiphyfs 9f the HmerX: Fraln tllence the Bone ir contraded at its fa)re pal t to 2 5 Inches i tllca deScendillg IO s InchesX it becomes e > lnches broad tIasence it enlarges gradually till yon come to the lower EriFh where mea§u ing from the fore part of the gttXs to itS oppofite

and hack part} tbe R4diww is 8 t lilches} thence yon deEcend 3 4nches to its artict}lation with the internal 53nC of the firR rank of: the CarpHs. This Bone is 9uadrangular aboveX dersending to aX bou£ thg middle it bewomes more conNrCX; fi:oan the-nce it is gradually ealarged, and duringthewholeProgre.rs9retty free fron) the CHbstBs, xcept where vtii cot}Join d with it at its upper part: *

At the Iorwer articulatton, the one is otlly feperated from the v- tIvler by a Cartilage. The lower Epiphyrs of thefe :Sones is of a very unequlal furface, and though unt Weperated frow3 rlem by boilitga yet plainly diRsnguitluXd by their Carttlagess which are s1er yec Oflificd

The Fo4e Foot fas the Hand tn human Subje25) conEk5 of the The F0rP5 t c*XrpXS)XvbrJapgr;and [;ingerS ,or rather Toes. The Cat7xs has 6 (:virP9 ones dispos7d into z Ranges) dtffiti iN Figure from each o-

ther5 rugous beforeX endud witll feveral FIoIEs 6-or tranXilTion 0f Blood VelEels? and of a conlrex Surce b-ehind) havirfg fi,rt,_

ral inequalities for Infiertion oftTendons. .ttt9$Xstl The Exterllal Bone ofthe firR Rank (1) is an irregular Bone,

W08e 6)f the runnillg forward with a convex Surfacee till it rncets with irs fiiR , R4724* (opartatrX S s Irlches; l)afEl;ng ln a more direE line 3 < Inches be

g te 4 8 hind. It has s Faces: lts upperViewzin the Figure,whereby it is articulated wsth thfe Cs6it^frorn behind- to httore is z A Inches om the right to the left 3 - Inches. h*t the fore pait it has

a Prominence WhJ£t} is£eceisXd by the CSitmt from which tlie bne decXines a^s- it runs backward and forms a depre{Elon ahout t:he £ntddle,, ri!{ng higher at the hind part. At each -fide on the right and lefit) it rectives the CbiXs by two Suwrfical SaX>st hs Secon61 FijceX whe£eby tt is recexv'd by the fecond Mne ofthis Ranl4> rens FrowX<lzcforetalzehxnd z Inches, It is sergnarrows w;4 sly tollcj-es sE S4artSleS g thB lomX p#rt i fdVb betwixt

thi$



( t3S-') th;s and tlle other is a ftnalJ Cavitys wllofe Sllr:ace camyos)d by both Bones is unequal for the lnRrtion of Tendons,and perforated with Weveral Holes for immilllon and egreEs oE'EXood VelIels. Its Iowex Surface is articulated with the otlter Botle of th fecond Rank by a G;aglmxs; i. e. behindit has a Siaus forreceiving that bolow it. About the miadle it has a fmalJ Prominence which ts receit'dby thetvther, and both are conjoin'd by a plain Surhce' behind. Frorn before to behlau it is g Inches, and froin the rig,llt tothe lefc 4 Inches, being X ' thick. It has three Protuberances t one laraer at its outEdevmore obtuSe 9 one leUer below tlat more jharp, extended a little furtller to cover a part of the outer Bone of the Second Rank; and a third on its intide towards its Co- partner: Befides theSe, it hs anotller rmall Face at its upper and back part, whicll runs 2 Inches froul the right to the IcHts and <. Inch trom abolte to t)elow, being alSo conjoinsd obliquely with the back part ofthe Cz6itxs. This Bone greighs 6 i.

The fecond Bone of the firR Rank (2) iS of the fame tllxck- neeSs with the former, being articulated with the Rddiz; it is 3 te secJng lnches from the righe to the left before. At its luiddle it has a Sinus on each fide; one towards the former, making up with it the forenamtdCavityathe other on its oppofite fide,where it receives the third-Bone of this Rank; Io that here tis only 2 Inches Dia- meter} and further back but I 1 Inch : From behind to before it is g I£tchest and behind 'tis articulated with the Radfgr by a G;a- glymrs alSo, for before 'tis received by a [mall Produ&ion of the ds; about the middle it receixtes the 7>dixs. This Bone weighs s i

The third Bone of thia Etank (s) is only articulated witb tlle forF thc zk .g mer at the fide, where'tis receis'd into the forenamad Sia;$s, a- xr bove which itis alSo receier'd by the Radtags. It runs I -3 Inch higher than the former, atld as much lower; fiQ that it is + s Inches Eom above to below, making up almoUt the whole inlide ofthe Carpxs. It terminate: above in an obtuSe point,from therlce it beconzes Rill broader,fo that 'tis 2 lnches frot at)ove to l)elow. At its lower part it relEs uponthe fecond and third Bone of tlle fecond Rank: It weighs 3 i.

The firk Bone of the fecot3d Rank ( s) in its fore and outer fide 7h* 4 ,@0rt follows the fame Progrefs with that above, being 6 Inches from °f the e¢046{ behind to before, where 't s conjoinXd with its Partner; and from beforeX at the Asticulation with its Partner, to behind 4 Inclzes; from he right to the leEt behitld, where stis broadett; 3 laches.

S s ths



(XX6 )

T+s Surface behind IS unequ ii br the reception of Tendons. 1 4

is artixulated above with the firR Bone of the firLE Rankanlul witi g Boacs vftheXAeracxrp1gs belowX alld at its inrlde with its Part ner ();fthefameRank. lts arttculationabove is per CorgZymxm) aS

is faid X ¢ e. before and behind vtis receivXd by that above, and at ttle middie it riceiVes it: It is z A laches thick before. 1t weighs 6 i.

the J;conX The fecon(l (4) wllich i5 mtlch like to it, as being received -by the Second above after the farne manner, is 3 lnches on its convex Sarface, and 2 s Inches tranfverSely at itb middle At its olJtfidex being the infide of the FootX it mutually rectives

f t ile ¢ tbird Third(j whichruns obliquely backward 2 ltsclles from the

brmer: It has fotlr Surices torArticulation; one where tisioinvd with the third Bone ofthe former Rank ; the fecond where i£ iS join'cl with the lail narnsd Bone : In con jundion vvith the former it receiVes the 5 th }3or,e of tileMet6tcarpxs; and at its outfide the bth. lt terminates in an oSttlSe point behindf and has a Sinas bEtYt7iX£

theArticulation of the Bone of thetC4rpr arld its extremity. The zd we-;ghs 6 t> and thts 4.

Bvnt! Gf t2t There are S is Bones in the tJcxrpxs?per G«a/jmxm lorgz 7+e?t22 3 rPtsi>* they are receivvd above by theBones of the Second Aank of the

@ ' C4rpasX and below !)y the Ttes. They at-e all of mucll about tile fame Figure) but not of an equal length, fomewhat dat; beforet apd both conxtex behind; broader at the upper and lt}wer extreS

n?ity where they touch oneanotherX and narrow in tne rs}iddie. The firlE in the outfIde is 3 Incbes long, and 4; Inches tound its

middle) alld articula£ed with the external part of tne outer Bonc oftlleRcondRankofthe C4rpBs; in weight 3 :3*

Ihe lecond is + luches tong, and S X lnches rou-nd its mid ;I!e; {tat be<oFe} a£d mote convex behind-; and afticulated with the middle of the forefaid IS3ne i the Carpxs. It weighs z g.

The third is S Inclles tong) flat alfo beforeand 7 Inches;round it5 m.iddle, articulaled with tlW forefaid Boneofthe CwrpxS-, and- occto }3ylng moft of its inner Surface. It weighs 6 §.

Theazth ts s Incheslon) and 6 rountilts middle, This ¢c gupins the lrgeR part of tlze middle Bone of the Second RanlX oft}:e (r;;o. lt weighs 6 i

Th}e th is 4,; tnches loDgs oftho me higneR; with the tirmer b and occupies a part both of rlie middlt and of the in tar;al tong f tht Rcoti1Rask of theC4rpxsy atld wiigbs J i)

ZEi



t J37) -The lixth is 3 I Inches long, and S s Inche5 toun-dXits middle ;

and o£eupies tlle externalpartofthe fecond Bone of the caYpx and weighs g . - FachoftheToes oftheForeFootconERs 0ftWOthicsk ShortBones;The Bores e whereof the firPc of the external ff oe is i ^ 3:nches round, and X hcSse.s (.f tte Inch lang; the fecond about X lrach broadX an:l 2 Inch long; weigh t,'t*C-F0°t.

ing 2 §. The firR XoneofthefecondTot isz incislong, and65:LS 2 Ss o- Inchvround 7 tbe fecondd ls x 3 Inchfioln theright tothelekX and 2 Inch from abovg to below i weighing g t. -The firll Bone of the third Toe is z -Inches longX and 7 2. Inches round: The iEcond BOI1e is d;vided into two in thisSubjedlin figuro nor unlike anOxes Hoof, whether it be alXis ZYatXr or peculiar to all otherAnimals ofthis Species I know not. Weigh 4 o. The Elrk Bone oftlle fourth

Toe is 2 Inches long, and 5 1 lnches rouM * The Scond Bone is

in figure not ualike the formerX but not divided i Eom tlle rigltS to the left 2 [lches and from above t-o behind I tnch. Weigh 4 :,, tRhe firR Boc of the fifth Toe is 2 o Tnche-s fong and 4 t- In- shesround: Its SecondHoneisinfigureliketheformer,bl2tlefss and divided. Weigh R §. The firk Bone ofthe i;xth Toe is m nshes. IongX and 4 w Inches rot!nd; bigger at tlle sxpper and becoming narrower at its lower extremity, whcrew jth a very fmall Bone is articulated, and weighs } >} .

AlltheSearebeSdestwoOafia Se0amvidewhich were affixvdto the lower part of the lower extretnity of each Bone of the ,Qet* oLfi: C5aS.eX sarpS; each beilzg abotlt x lnch- Iongy ̂ llal f nch broad} Protube t3e£tlvideab rant at tbe lower party andconcaveat tlleiruppervt thatfide whereby they are articulated with the tvatAtcdrpSs; ipel ated fromw each other by an Cartil4Ze, which elid run dowrl in the mddle of this lower Epiphyrs oftEe aT3One in thea72We.r*?C4rpss TheSe OJ%a Sefa- mordea were Yery aSeful fbr ipporting the Foot; forabout their nliddle did all tte four Hoofes of the Evre Foot terrninate. Thety

. i-. + *

'e'lg 1 eh 3l}J

tthe Hind ̂ xtre£nitteg conSRoFthe Of- I?S>oomitt} the Thiglu Bonc7 the two Ben.es oftne Le,g, andthe Foot.

ThWe c fwtio;i;^w Conifir*ing} as in otherAnimals) oRwo large Bones artulci ̂ wed bplalrd wit ll the 0S <as^ra. on each {id ee and N>et9itt £ In before with ea-ch (8ther pdr Stshoadrojfa) as tis -cal!7ds evS may t<QIl i)3 > bedilrided-as in HumanstibjedsX intOtizeXtlid>tuX oruppet and ex 4 <- ternal partn Os P#bt5nOr I6WCR a-nd bre part> an Jfsh;.st.s. 0t1 lower and batk part " Thougl) Xfi2ly fpeakiDS th@e 0ne5$ hert S;ouldoslly; t3e uiviid*d iato thB Jl4vn mds a>zbas.> thc;e b@ns uv

rm> .



( 138 ) rema, lfahle--p-art about them which delwerres to be pointed out by

, . the Nanle of Ipclgisn. Both thefe O lntomrxtx jOi* togetlger, %}t P¢srS make 13p the iPtIvm, which inCircumference is 4F00tb lneh-.es,

Frorn rhe Or Sacrxm above B. to thE upper :-part of the os PxbB - below Cs it is x 8 InchesX and from the Rtghl E) to the Left E. t7 Inclles ae 05 Petbg at the Articulation ss from above C. to belovv F. I 2 Inches s betwixt the tu70 outer a1ld lower Ex- tremities of the llion} from the Right G. to the Fgefc H. is C s Eoot; from the 0S SRCZ#m abonte, alongthe Margin of the Os IlsonX down tathe fore mention'd uttnolt Point is 2 foot 9 '. In ches G. H. and frorn that lime Point H to the Acet0zbxlgm znrhicli receives rlte femHr ER. 1 foot; This cXSta&#lxm is iA Circumference, round the External Edge, sS tnches. The hreVadth of the Os Iii;ot from the External Edge H. to the fide of the Pelsas E. is I3 Taciles. Ronnd the Neck of the llion above the itcerabtllzm M. M. is 4 Inches. The height of the O«a IanoX atiz^a) from the usper part of the -llion to the AcetabglzzX 22 tnches. The- breade-h of the-Os P;tbm from the Articlllation with its Partner, to the outtide N N. 8 Inck.ex The length of the Oval

H-ole for the rcXlg sSarfgpiZ.f^ ) O. 5 its breadth 4, its

Circumference S g lnches. Betwixt the lower and utmoR Ex_ tremities of tile (?s Pxbm behinds R Rs w7 Inches. TheSe Ofa lanomixatd are it betore, Randing almoll perpendicular with the two lower and utmoft lExtremities of the Os lliott Ge H bend- ing forward, havisg the cvs Prbi! aScending oblxquely, convex be fore, where join d togethcr, and concave behind. This aScent of the Os Pu6ia is a fllrther Argument, that this is no lletrocos ent Arlimal.

Fetntlr. The Femgr is 3 fo-ot long with its upper EP$:hfs (X.) ih cir ?fJ 2. L. cumference IS lIlches; the Neck bek)w lt is Xs Inches; the

breadth frorn the great 7rocbanter (2,) on each fide IQ Inches; below this Trschanter in circumference X8 II1CI]eS; about the midw dle !: Inches ;round above the lower Epipb,fis I6 lnches; tound rlle lower Epgebyfs itSelf (s.) from the Pdtella (4*) ou the outfide to its oppolice part on the inSides 8 1 Inches, Its Diameters where articulated with the 7ibia behind, is 7 Inches; having two Protuberances, whereof the External is 2 ?£s and the Internal 3 1 Inches. The 1X3ternal Epiphifsx which is received by the tsaia, is from before to behin-d vlnches, and tlle External Inches. The Femxr is ia general a long Rrtight 13one? having a big round Head (which in this StlbjeA is eparated from its

Bodyt



(t39 ) Body by a Cartilage, tiM an Ar-gument of the touth of tne An* mal) receiv'd by the O0a 1**3m-nata (I.) A large trsckanoer orx the outfde, whgre thc 13one , laroadeR; from thence in its defcent it becomes Smaller, f at beEore and behind, and tlliclier on the infid!e than the outfide, near to an- eq'sal bignefsX till it comes to the lower Extremity, where 2tis enlarg'd into two big Epith*fieb which are receiv'd by the Tibia, with a SinBs in the middle about one In.ch deep, and as mucll Diater. It fends forth a large Yro tuberance before, trhich is receilred by the

Rozxia, or 'Patella, a Bone of a very RllgOUS Surface} conSHe- Roltlla rably Protuberant on the outEde, being from above to below 8 Inches, and from the Right to the Left 6 Inches. It is articulated with the FemueS per Gsaglymxm, having a Caarity on caGh lide vfhich receives} an£l a Protuberance in the middle rPceis'd by the Femxrj

Tne TibiJ is irs length, meafurin :, behind, 2 2 Inches; its - cir Til;s. cumference at the upper Epiphyrs l 9 luctles, and at tbe Neck - 1 7 Inches. Before it has a large DeprelEon fcr facilitating the Mo- tion of the Pvte2a; of a Yery rUgOllS Slurface, for IrlXlertion of the Extenfares Zib 'Tis almolE Semicircular befiore, and flat behig-: Its circumference about the middle }s g i Inches, and at the lower Extremity, where it again meets with the Fibula, And vvhere it receives the AErsgalxs, x 2 Inches.

The Fi^Bld is 2 1 luches long g S < Inches round aboareX stllere

receiY'd by the Tibs4o, 3 laches about the midelle; and ) luclles at the lower part, where it receives- the Tibia Its Eptphyfs which forms tbe ExterIlal Ancle, or A<leolHs, meafuring fron before to behind along its outer Surice, is T Z Inches

The ones of the hind Foot conGft of thofe of tlle t4tXr, Mew The Bones of

tAtarpsX and Toes. The Tar%gs conGIts ot o Bones, wherecf tht kI:nd Fao ̂ The firk is ca-llXd S9rgd1X (1.} This is articulated above

with the fiDta, having a Deprellaon in the middie 3 laches, which A!tz,rag t1 s- receinres, and two Protuberances at the Sides, wllich are receisd t + + iX by the Tt6X 3 2 luches. It receives the Cals be-low with a Sur- 9 face 4 Inches Diameter. On the inSde it fends forth a large Protuberance i and on the outStde both it and the 7ial,+J are reZ ceived by the External Male Zg fbr the fipace of 2 Inches BeZ f-ose) Ztis rec>tiv'd by the Os Nvicslare during the fpace of -* s Xnches. It is su Weisht 6 §*



( I40 )

;tt44 TheX T-J-1za (a.) is a very irre¢llar Bone; it is Protaberant be fztt to h 4-42 4lM2 + i lnches This protuSerance iS i

circunfererlcev at the Exbrremity so lnches, atd at its Neck 8 InS ches.* r,elow itisveryrugousQntheinfde Itfendsfortha prorlzbei ance, which is received by lhe S4rxgZxsX as iti ESunnan Subjccits. [t h2s thrce remarkable xllrfaces; wit. one upon whicll tlle :eriJ-gl; reRs, a£ itssupper fide; one at the iSore-part, artiuSated with the OJqS Crinciforma; and the outElde, fUt the FibsSl.a. 1t weighs X t

C::zb sJ icl . lthc of isY4vicglXre iS £0 ? Inches in Circumference one Inch zve thick) co*tcaYt behind (w*) where i-t receives the AfrJgdlaX and FX(;,e p convex before) wIth its dffcrent Surfices f3*) viz one vvhere

by it is articuwatcd with the Bone of the Toe on tile inlideX and one for each of t}}e thtte Xre4Fl4,e Bones. lt weighs + g.

(AIXTR Cui{i- The Bvnes of the kcond Rank vf the farf are callvd the fiernlia Threc SYa.gc-l«ke Bolzes5 two of which are articulated a-t the

back-part with the Oslv7aviculgre, as is IVid, and the third partly with the Tal> andpartljf withtheOslvIaviczre; eachof

then3 is about X Inctl thick: That on the inner Side (4.J is the leaR., bellog fronz the Right to the LeR osle Inch thick, in Weight >sp: lthe middle 2 Inches (y ) in weight gij X and that oii the outfide (6() 3 - Jnches, in weight §i)* This laR has two Sur- faces at the fore*partX whereby tis articulated with the two utmoR Bones sf the 44//6tat4tf., The middle Bone of the lars beingenly recait d t?y tlle middIt Bone oP the Matxtwrfi¢s.

7++.2e 0at5 of The Externai Bont of the sWeWrarE! is very irregular: It is ar- tJ;.te aC ticulated behind with the External Os cgneiforme, where 'tis aarILk about 2 Ir$hesfronzabouretobelow;frotn wllence fits Extero

nal- Surface being rery rugous) it becomes gradualJy Emaller; being fomewhat Concave below, and Protuberant above, till it

terminates in a roundExtremity. In Weight gijf3. The Seconi is a Enort th}ck Bone, 8 Inches in GircumEerence?

and X A Inches long; isl weight ggj#. Tllis receives the frR ]3sne of the Tce, which js 4 1 Inches tn Circumference, and z long; and receives the fecond Bone of the fame Toe being 3 in Circumo ferencey and I j long; greater at its upperX and fmaller at Its IQWU Extremity} to which is alExd a fmall Bone. X hefe Weigh §sq{3.

The niiddte Bone of the etRtJrfa is thelargeR of all there tAelongi1zg to the Toes being 7 Inches round, and - long; gitij in \Veight. 1t receivcs the frll Snne of the ToeX which is 4 ;x -In- shes rounkl znd z T long; tv which aIro iS join'd anotherEmaU leone to mais up the Extrenzity : In Weight both §inj

thc



( 14t ) The two Ponles of the Matdtvalw remaint;3g are tI2na broad and

irret,ular; the firfE whereof ls 2 l InChes broad) atld ¢2 >- 10Pig i

wenghlng each iz} to wh-ich alfo adhSres a fmail Bone <s In te.> former rttoef but le0* - The fecond and laR of tlle Ztwr* tss oa the inSde is two Inches braad7 and 3S SU& loNgx thin isxa the fortllcr iraving a Emall Pr<?tuSerance adjoinsd in5tead of a TsuCw ts he ESones ofthe Ath Toe wengh t3) and tl.1e Sth .

I once deStgacd to have compar'd sloCe partlcularly the Benes now deScribvd with theSe of leStzeliBs and I}r JMoxlirss But lince both thefe TreatiSes lnave beetl already commun* cated to the R. Ss and X douSt ntst are i-n the E5ands of moit of the Hvnourable Rlembers thereof; and Suce I hawe alreadyfte, <J inS1Lted longer uro-n there} than I J7uppo*+yQtl exped.ed? I {hall>>;iP4.gtGv^; only put you in mind in -few Wordss that Tenttelig -tells his ;Z ts[2<@/->

FrtendX that in digging ina Hill near Et fSrt ln Gf nybr a fine ot @.tetf l;-( b} white Saltd} there were found Neveral huge Bones, fir miRaken fetvtz)'ias for a Giants § 4ut upoa -tryalX an(1 the -perufal of Dr. ¢4nxl*Z s

TreatiSes) known to be the Bonts of an Elephdnt: XAnd tha; among the reR titere vvere bund the Edead 42 I£aches Diameter ? two

Tusks z A Spans largeX and 8 foot long; four GrindersX cach W z t. the Hgmerm t foot 2; Sps; the Fertabr 01t the Necl> tach + Spans tn (:ircumference and 2 Spans high; tne (XJ isno

s;rdtJ 2 ,- foot lon; with th, Flcad of the Femr inferted in the -!retakaJM and part of the tZb;- 22 Inches at the lliggetX and X 7 at the fm>;eR part: That they were obliged to dig 24 foot deept before ttley could get out thP Head ) that the Bones lay ln fluch a PoIt1u;re« as betoken i£S being over-wheltnvd or havinC, tud great StrWlglings whtle a dying; viz. tl:ut LeR fo,re FOQE R<Ctchd forwarfd tv the £ide of ChE tLX({ WiCh I9Y toward t5> Norths the Right inclining licackward utlcler the Body; the Left hind 3FooF ulawnl in toward the Body) and the Right diRot^ted be<e and th>re, out of itS Natu£a1 9ORere. Frotkn all s>Y a wil he cevrIudes this to hasJe be¢< thc laxgeit ElCp4;gt t;tlae ttt'2 ts

Een in ExrePe, and that: it couid be laroughG hither lzy lzo eFh<r m.@eans vhan the Floodt both from tl]f Ptteatwr^]. 'p'32U 0.+; ts^2

Body, antl fron tho diSrexxt &rJtA of Earta Sying RD09t it} tAtitll* out the leaR-fign Or havi<,g been diggd to uuy its



( 142 ) X Taffiole eonQtaing tbe partscxlor Dim¢foas of the Vcrtebrae xn2-

Ribs, dad lWfenght of aFl t?ne Bones Gf the Elephant. The I3ones of the Head. t - The Verte6rZ of the Tailt

Upper Jaw 66 Numb §. Length. BreadrI¢ Loxver Jaw_- 45 Tllch. Inch.

s lo - 2 6 The Kertetrs of the Neck4 2 8 _

Weight. Length of Spi- 3 s

nal Procefs. 4 6 42 Numb. ; §. 3. Inch. 7 +

I - I I3 4- " 8_ . 2 1-" I 6 4 9 4 3z

3 13 4 t tt - 3

4 I 3 4 I X I 3 - 2 ;.

5-- --' 4 4 1 -I3--*--2Z s 6- - " 14 6" 3 4 W 2; l 2

7 , X . . 5 I 5 t _ I 6 - I , "- 2 X

7 IO 6 17 I- szr

1 8 - l -s

_t)C_ ,_ , ,_ I J

nIt - I'+ +

22 8 -Z"_ I t--+ 2t v- s __ 2- 24- - I'+

2 5 2 r _, t -29 32

The Zertek of the Bacld. The Wibs Nbm. xzreight. Lengthofspb Breadth Sezght. L.ofillncr _8oetweon Bt.1dth

nal ProceS. of E2ttrem< Sur g-e. E-^tren, offnxtre, -Q. 6) §. 3. Inch. Inch. ";. g. 3. Fcer. tnch. Peet,Infh. IncX!e

I 52 4 8 2 - I I3 1 5 It 4 4

2 2 X I2 3r I2 4 9 8 3

3 2 19 4'3 1 1 2 l I ; lO

4; X S _Z_ 5

5 I * 2 X 2 3 - 8 4 g 2-t

6 z 2 g X IW 3 j - - 2 3 3

7- 1 5 6 I I T 5 8 g + 2 .,

8 4 so-^aA 2; w - 4 d s O 4 2 9 14 xo 3 5

aa -- -- 1S 9 >

-- I4 4 7 X >- a3: c>a; 2 1 3 4 5 t g 9 12 4 X 4 I ] 0 5 X I - I l X ts 6z X J 9. so ,

X 6 d; 2 _ 5 5 I 9 5

:-7 s 5 8 7

3 g. 2 +; t 1_ . 3 2 5 Ft

>9 4 3 2 X

20 8 7 Id 15 f . .

the Kertebrw of the EJOY; aid XS 6- - 1-g * 3).-Wei3;>hto5R}tss 33; 15 4 :2+t 12- 7 a1\ 4; 2. t n 2

X t- 3 - h _. .



SThe Me^d divided into tlloSe of tlle I [Upper Jaw, vt*

(Calvariv, or upper and - back part-T Frots, or llpper arid fore part 4 * - I Two Maxillary Bones . y " , - 2

Two Botles of the Palate _ 2 < Q Two %y,gomatisBones 2

Two S>yloid Procefes _ 2

l Two Tusks 2 t CFour Grinders - u - - 4

LLower Jaw I

4 Four Grinders 4 t 21

- -

45

b

i 1Xt'

-

i The Trunk compofed of the SSpine confiflcing of the tcrtebrs of the

(:Neck _ _ -" g Back _ _

q Loyns _ - ' Os Sacrum

a _lal _ Wibs, I9 Pairs _ tSternam ,__

7 19

3 s

29 38

4 105

7 lo 6 20 8 7 2 5 ! 4 o o 4 2 7 f

33 I5 4 3 00 o _. _ 75 I1 3 t

-

The

*The Fore Extremities rscapu - | Humerut _ 3 CuSitus and tadius

g Carpus:> SiX on each Poot | Metacarpas g Tees _ i, Oaa Sefamoidex

__ 2 19 o8 o o 2 16

__ 4 I5 I2 3 I2

_e Z2 ^ j

s 24 2 3

24 6

gO 60 I - -

-

> H;ndExtremities ro ]#noti8at4, YiZ . 7

5 lSion >_ a Pubis 3

^vs".Xf ns thresE Wnnh _

I

2 28 X

rcrxxu UL s ss1#> s DUllS - - #s s 6 Tibia arld FibuZa, or Leg and Spit Bone 4 1 3 4 PatelSa) or KIleePanX 2 2 ZarJ"e 12 5 lo Metwtar%8s 1 2 X s>6

S 20 1 02 i

_

54 66 2 g

_ ,

SgmmaTotalis 263 312 I4 7 I __

This is tIle TotaI Sum of the weiglat of the 3 [ones. T; I

(f43 ) Zhe Sceleton of the ElettJant co7tJ*fliof t7Se Boges of



(t44 )

X come now to the 1a1R tEkiog I propos'da wbich is the-Me 70'° Xt;t0/ t505g 1 -t>v d ifa ssoun£ing tlle 5ttttEO2; and becauSe Dr,ffaxl*as* ;S"a>-^atN a. naiAi;+g a PlaFe of Iorl to tne P\QOF vf the RlouthX in 35 & >t*SX* wil;c: tne I.on Rod tizat ren threilgh the Vene6rte of the Neck

wab Q2nedg vculd havt been inconvenient, by EDoilirg the back parb of the Scul! obRruding its View, and making th.e Head 1ook too much forwgda which was the XuIt of his Sceleton, as z*C<Ctt;n*ed by the Figure, l- contriY'd another whi-ch is as Gol- .

There was an lron Rod made about the otgnefs oF ane br 2 Onuattion tf}ledX as long as tht Elepb4stt) kom the Foret}ead to the Poitlt of SeDwdv t*he rail} being 4 Woot, which paSsSu in at rkte fore-partof the

Sculliabove i<the Elole for t'ne Root of the T; art^l<z and run back a-msdll the fore Ce#eles9 pang along the iower part of the Seat of the Bralt-) and going OU£ at the lower part tf the Hole for the Spirlvl Ala-rrow i aM left til-e inconvenien£y o51CJ WeighF (as E2rt Moxliss fearvd) Ihould happet to break ehe tender Lamin4 there- waa another .S*od of lhe lime ltignefs} which paSsrd itl at the one fide of the Heade vihere tbe+DepteEon i$ br InSertion of the

Maliles of the LowerJaw and Proborcz, arXd run thro53gh th CeAlsleg

at the Stdel going tranRerfely alon, the lower part of tl--e seat of the Braln below the bsmer} and pa«ng OUTJ at the ortser fide; by whwh this Rod) from thF lc ight to the tek7 eafes tne 3urthen; of the ornera in lupporttng tlledead on both fdes5 a5 Well as the sther did eSte. And leaR any Qf there fhould Side o}4 I caus'd to bW fUrel+v (l a Piece of Iron upon each Extremi£y of that w1}ich paEsXd fioz} the R ght to the Le*) and upon tLae fore end of tilaL w!hiwh dld run fronz beJorc to lellind. fiftertards the fecond VUrtbe* ln the middtc 05 it; Tooth) and alI the orller fo]owinb Jirof>6rz were pelCoratvd ;n the(Nenter of their Bodies7 and t+s mxke rlre Mead fti71 more Readyn the Bafe of the Scull wTas twice- p¢*r1C-atetl on cach 1X(lP ar twhe Mvle for the SDi-nal Alarrow t and a Rcng Wire bein, p^^Ss'd throubh tlleSe Ho}es, it .u] Scuz tl:ze Rl85 to the Lek atove th3eo Rod, and ke-E3t ;t fi+tu, lcll it

our1 Izave- bended* ant! f!+er7d Lhe Head ;o i Ctine too tnulrI downS^^ard !9y its 5901tisrht

JRC WL£ S XE; pl-thJflps t:he moll O ) O$nA{?n¢C!vS BOR.oS iI] E.Xy T Wklr aiigg1) 'Sas next to Dt cot-'.fy ertd *

; PT gPRM ? E{)eVCSECW _T.<O vJVS irk s T<>-CZe t-ait<)$d isl ab abot or,e Iv)( l Gii an£ > tow >nn tJ:1ltrD tr.>nm2v IOx 0W¢e toJ bciow3 X .u;- )\-At of

. U J tsb



( 45 ) tne Ba of the Scull (y ) which is for Reception of the Cseidylew , 7>4[. s fV <,;d abe fime two tvVircs having paEs5d tbrough two Hales) made 3* Fm !)fore to Lchind n the Cos;9dyles themilves, heth Exrtremi£es ot rhe- VVires wcre m.ade to tutet toget1lcr at the upper and outer part of the CondyZes} and fo £wiRed and made firul. BeiI]g Rill

lufptcious that this would not be filfficient to I;;pport fuch a vet \Veighta and feax ing leIt cither the BaSe of the §clf;1 or the C6X dyles )<ightcome to h-uffbrX there was a \Vire b.raught ro}nel t1>¢ Is4argin of the fo offen ment;on'd great Hole in tle Os AQxil/ S;;per;o;flM5 which bcing Colded was twiRed feveral times toward tlle Pocegs Coro4 in the lower Jaw (b ) where there were twv LatchetsX or Foldings of Wire placvd in the inner Elde; thc folded \N7ite from the £2s Axxillx was brotught in betwixt tbezl, azd a Pin paS9d through ali three} to be raken out a pleafure. And 1eR +-hele Ihould not Rill be fufficint to fuppbrt its \AIcIght there vwas provided in the third place a Folded 97ire f.om behind to- before in th SrX,,^byJs Mbnts (h.) wlitch pa;tag in betrixt rlle¢ v tWQ 004 P2lgti (6v) a Pin was put acrofs thema to be taKen out ;nin

at pleaSure; wkich is fuch a Retief to tlle Cst?dtys that Athos maxing *1fe of the \Vires t02n.ng from the Os AA4w%*illz to tle Pt> lpsm Coro>Z^, we fbund it fufficicnt to ftlpport tha \\leiglat kDS E5d

Xaw i and ztiS 00 much the more conntenientX that by pulling out this PiIlX £he lower *>v carl be brought tack and fbrward, £@Q-- fEew the SpeEators i£S co-nSderable Mt eigIat

13eitzg obliged to Iiw the Sculls in order to take out the 3ra.SwnsX <4Q" fl^, ,r

for faiRn;-ng the upper part 95 it thiert were two \Vires plac d <* ¢!1 R>S'sJ>>V> J

the baclw>rtoF that which is belew thc Divition; iXtQ which .^d *; t.§/;<,*^

are linked two other Witest which tteach to that part above t-he 3'Ci'{t/£'o'

Divi&onl and se tl:zere receiv'd into two foldings of Wire pIa£>d there an perpoSe. The fame Contrivance- I$al6e obrerV@d betUore ;.<

fo tllat thi i upper part may either be laid back} to^hesr tlre Str.R Aure and Conxrivanee of the CelSlesX or takea altoge£her oC < feems vood.

T he Vertekorz beitlg an perforated? my next Care was tQ t;l2Ve /,te g@'jX,';g'

the Ribs tnttch9d and join^d ; i-n order to whictlX having firk Fuited Jlt ttv- t'-z1¢ c ̂

them in -Pai£sn and fitted cacll Pair for i-tS Ystsbr? I causd to. tesLllw. 4B ;' be perforate-d.cach o-f their Epiphy0es twice Eon above tv below->w-RiDsok (once towatd the fbre arld onre toward- tS back part,} and; the tranfve-fie Prarfs of the proYs¢$ gertetr oppoEre- go th$; H>oinws tf the R¢>) afiev the Eamt X-ner °7 and ehXe£} peribrated th$ Riu at the tSemit7 toward tfi>¢ Verte6rg gkd the Siaws; oic the

Verte6rz



( -146 ) [tartezorX (correfponding to Ehe Kib) in toward its Body: After t?{] (h aMzire tWO Inches long was X0ned in the Body oftIze

ZIr-{Saw> and Extremlty of the Rib and thetI both were b-Omght vogether; mrlich being done} the (Vires wereK put into tlle r rebett iere Holes in the tranfsterfe PrGce«es and Rites, and both

thc ends of cacil sf the two lalE WiresX being brought together

at tI1e upper part and Inter!tice bPtwtxt the Rtbs and trauf=Se

prsseges} were t w ilted and made firm. Thus I c3ntinlled to do

-througl1out all-lle; NXinetecIl Paits

L*hf in Afrer this t previded folz3e-Jumps; -or Leather, fuch as Shoe rt,9f Carw makers uSe for the EAeels of ShoesX becaufe the E3elld or Sole

t}/vg6e Leather us'd in mourlting the Sceletons of other Animalsf could

nor be fo conveneently fitted as to its thicknefWi, Halrlng t*>ted

and beat thls L>thers it was flzapen'd according to ttiW bbue&

of-cach [rertrbrz, perbrated in the middies and puc upon the Rvd alternatively7 firR the Zenebr4 and thein the Leathetf to fupply the defith of the Cartilagesfi which were alA lolE in tbosting, as uEually happens3 and was beat fo cloSe, that the oblique Pro c<s of elle bertebr might nnect. This was couti:flueu till all

tlle Zertebrz were upon the Rods all along to the Os Sucrz } and bfcaufe tlze firIt Verte&Ra is nothxng concern'd wath t}7 RxjdX 'tavas convenient ta paSs a Wire betwixt the Scull and 1t on each-Sde that it migllt not renlaitl looWeX but be fixc; to the (:ondylesj by twifting and making faft the Wire;

t came neD£t to the oO; X^trominat4 which had been disjoin'd Ct/}X¢ f in Boiling} both before ol below at the os h& arld above or of the O0 behind at £he 0S SVG/#}#. 1 made two Reds of Iron to paSs

uolinata tran(verfely from the one fide (the one aboYeX and £he othor bew low) through the Os Sgrxm tO the other. TheSe were r;veted oil the back Elde at botlj ends; and then having ertorated the os S6tcrum from above to lelow tilrough the middle of ltS Body,-

it ms alfo put upon the Ro z for the Spine, which was a very

diEcult Taslk> IvecauRc thc Rod being thick ra5 uneafy to bends and

the Situation ofthc Os Sm requird it to be bended precikly,

bntwist rlle 1aR of the Mertebrz lixmborbgmx and the Os Sacrxm, Neither was it eary; to perGctate the Ow S4crxm LtSe14 being oba

liged to make a Drill on purpofe, therc being no other Bone in

t'ne Body that requir7d one ro long After this I proceeded to

put on the Bones of the TailX and their Sham Gartilages aIrer_ nativelyX as they folIowed in orderX till all the Rod was hiltd,



( t+7 ) on wboSe Extremity another Piece of lron was fcrewelX to keep all firm md Secure.

Afterwards a large Wire was palTed from the f¢re to tlle hind C+7Ze1 <^Z¢ of parg of the Ster7Z#}S whereby all its BonWs were fixd to onetS:eS ertlom another; and to thcm were joined pieces of Bend Leatber tO rUpOA.g?ti2?t-

ply tlw Cartilages, which had been firlt mangled by tlle ]3utchers7tbS rilw4liXt

and then loR in the boiling. Thefe I fitted to the Articulation of each Ribj whereto they were soin'd ; and perforating the Ex ttemities of the Ribs twice I paR two Wires berwtixt the Sham Cartilages and them, bringitlg the two cnds togetller7 twiRing arld faftening them orl the infideX by which all the Thor"w was mounted. And lefc the Ribs thus fixvd at both Extremties Ihollid i too ready tO move from before to behindx and e corlr4} each of the Ribs was perforated above toward the lSack, and beloww toward the Belly, for receiving of Foldings arsd Latchets of FI;; ires to be faRned in them. Tllen I provided two hlg e7ires cach being blded twsce, the length of tlle fr.lporax>; one of which being paX'd through the laft Rib, its two Parts being brought toac- ther they were twiEed Seareral timesX till it was brouglle oppo iite to the Latchet in tlle next RibX within whtch the one pare was paSsDd the other continuing witlloutX and then tl;.iRirZg a-

gainX till it came to the third; it was rO continued througllout aM the Ribs, both above and below; to keep thcm firm and at a due diRat}ce. And thus you have the wllole ts rulak tEQUnt

ed. NextX I took the tm70 Ssapxlk, as hel;onting to tlle upper Ex*xrb tvii+; .

tremities; and tleft they {hould be too welghty for the RibS, j>rJ' ;,!.c i:.

nail7d to themX as is 1lfilallsr done in other Sceletonst 1 thougIt';\stllat fit to perfbrate both of them oppolite to ane another at their upper Mar8iny and to pafs a good big Wire throug,-h ane of: the Perforations, svh;ch being folded, was twiRed br the fipace of 20Inches, sve. from the SctpXa on the one fide, Rreight OU?ti'

the Back, pa{ng5g in betwixt two of the Vertebr2) till it carN to that on the otllerX w?here it was fi^tlned. kEterward botH the Scap3¢1te were fk3ftnedX by bringing tsro tolded Wires from the outElde o£ esh SCdFH/4 tlzvough tle firk and vlXirdg RibX in wllDCe rtde they were fixtd; tlien was the Head of the ScgpslJ peri*- rated through ti Margin wllich guards the E]X>mrg at abe ̂Sre mi back-parts



i 848)

Cnl e"^So>! 1ne Head o¢ the HsWmer oppofte to the mid{lfe Qf the ConS

fif sl;t t'-;iS ca\? patt in [5e Sp:,'^e#s of the Ssarw/4, was fotlr ttlnes perE ttt;W§' raClG twice ttowarVl the inEde) and t5-i; t9tzYttd the ottEde X

wler1;lto were plt tWo folded Wzives, whoSe fix-P*-emities were - fix) - 6s?lo^ at tlac Svl} ctid inlrwer and 0 1+er pavt) and into whofe

Foldilgs a large Pin paliXd fronl the h-arg3n of the Sc;2pBia O*Q Chi: one {ide, to tb?st on tile other3 (to be pul!'d out at pleaIuree for fu pending aSehe #merS.

C?}1 *61ss Th CA. 9ittWs and Rad;txs were join d w th tlle hjimerssX tllus

f fl lLliilb The Ct16ittYs was peAhrated twice nnthe back p9.rt,4t tac begirlning

of the Olecrncz on ach fide; waere two Extrc4.nities of Atires be ing fix d and riVctedX they miere brouOht tltrough the upper part

of the fatl O>crAnoN) an(l tlaen twiRed till t^Aty came to@the aBASerBsX wltich svas perbra£ed from the backpoartn wtnere tle DepreElorA for receiring the Olesra,not isX to the fore Eaart ,bove t3ze Epiphy,J received by tlle C2bitgs and RddilS; throuflh whjich Holcs tl5ade pretty large, the Wires thus twiRed wEre paSssda the one to the Rwdixs onithe olltrde) and the other to the Ra- K£Zes on tlze inStde; where they werW intrcduc^d3 aIad brought out at the--back part of the CgWiiHs below the Oldcrdaan on cach fide, wllere their Extsemitics vwerezriveted a I}C!es belww their n- fettion: By whiell rx eans the Elexion and Ext>nSvn can be eaEly lhesn} becauSe the Wires hate fufficient rpace to molre in tbeir PaSage through the Hxmer;sa thek Holes being made bigger or purpoSe, as is faid. ] he 1CJWer EFiPhyJi3 Of both CZ¢ltXs and Ra ditBs having been {Uparated by boilings as I halre formerly ot3fervtdX I was forc'd to perfUrate each of them ltSelow toward the (1trpt*¢Xs and paEs a Wire obliquely upvvardX whereby to Mecure t!-sem: And becauSe the Radixs i§ di{}inh frorul t;he Cxb;t;s below, tthere wms a Mtire pailed from the one to the otllel X and rieted >t qach olxtEde.

tAe hre sn joining the Bones of the Foot) I took fpecin-l tare to ntde rOvt the*utiresX rO that none mht appear to the Be-he-ldt rs. Fot do-

ing A?hiereof the GU0itHs was twitbc perfozratpd in tt1t] back-part of the ipiphyrsX abavlt i lnch abovn tlic Art;ltslation with the Bone tf the Crpss on the ol}tEde, and the Ra7dis in tRe inEode alld and backJpartX after the falme manner: Soth w7hich Perforations vvere continued through the two Bones of tilP firfl¢ Rank of the CarpHs. Aerwards the Externa.l Bone was pertorated a third time; a11 whacll rtln frorn alvvtvre to belowX to the frfE) fecond, and taird bone of tle Second RanA. A7hkch bcing dQrse two

f31ded



( t49 ) folded Wires were paSsd in at tile h)ur- Holes of the back pa-rt ot the CubitzJ and Radixs where their Duplicatures wel e form- ed; and the fiSh wire put into the He-le made in the midelle of the External Bone of the firft Rank of the Carpxs, was continued with the rell through the Bones of the fecond Rank to thofe of the A!erxcarpBsX where they run from one Extremity to another; thae is to Eay7 the outer part of the folded Wire frotn the CR6ittfss

did run down the outfide of the ExternaI Bones of the firIt and fecond Rank ofthe Car:-8s} t0 the External Bone of tise Metacarpssst

all alongX till it was brought out at the Extremity of the furthe: Bone of the Toe belonging thereto; > nd tlle inner part of the fame Wire pailing from the Cxbitxs through the fime two lSones ofthe Carpgs, ran dovern to the third Bone of the MctacaYpas from the outGde, from whence twas convey'd to the Extremity af its Toe, and there riveted. Tlle third Wirc paSs'd from its entry in the middle of the External Bone oit the firll rank of the Cgrp.St to that of tI;e fecond} and from thence down to the icond 13one of the eXetaCwrp#S, firom the outlide, to the Extrerr,ty of its Tse, where it was fa.Rned; and the folded Wire from the back-part of the Radis paSs'd down at two Places through the middle Bone of the firll rank of tIae Cwrp) to that of the Second rank, and from thence to the fourth and fifth Eones of the Merararpgs from the out&de, and llill forward to the Extremities of their ToesX where they vvere Ex'd. This done} I caustd to be perforated the External- Bones of the Carpxs twlce, i. e. towat (l their fore and t)ack part) as - alSo the A1etswrpxs at the upptr and lower Extremity C palling the Drills fro.m the outlide to the inner of each Bone, or from the *Right to the Left} by which the Boues above were as well join'd with their Sides, as with thok below thent X fo tha£ each was-- kept fecure in its Place efipecially the Bones of the AtaratpxsX

whie:h would have too readily Separated fFom each vthvrX and endanger'd the breaking the WiresX by whith they were joinsd with thok above. Since the third Bone of the firit rank of the CarpGs lies, as it were, at tlle fde of both RatlksX therefiQre I-- thought it convenient tO pars the two Extremites of the Wires whici3 run from theright to the lefts in the firft RankX that SO it might be faRned with its Pa.tner on the infide; and Snce the Internal Bone of the Metacarpxs yet remainXd to he J.Oin'<3 this inner Bone of the Cxrpxs was again perforated artd a Al<e brought f£onz it to the inner Bone of the recond liank ancI from

(, tbencc



( iso) rllence to the Caid Bone of the. Meta:4rp"- vwith lts Toes where it WaS (tRrecl.

'0.7t?{)i.jX ff '1 tlO upper Epiphyrs of tlze Fe$r-having alSo- Separat@d by boil--

w s t. rl; g S }) ? ) i t w a s r e gu i fi t e to p e P S r a t l H d f o ur t i m e s ! f o r t h e i m-

mitTon of tWO fol-ded wireS) Which were broug!}t obliq.uely down the inner and outer flde to its Neckx where thxir t-xtremities were twiteel an.d fecured. Aftcrward it waS per%rated in the o;Sf3dle it1f tillles more 60L tWO eher fo}ded wiress which wcZre onfe or twice twiftedn and thett Extremities put t3irough ttle forelitd Holes to the inner and auter part of the ;Xeck of the ie+z5 as before,-there to be mQde faR The Afetdbelsm was per forated ill ahe bot-tom, and Fhefe t%?o Foldings pafsXd through it s wheresnto v as put a Pina ai the back-part of the /Ja ;raoGivat4,

tO bo paIl'd out at pleafltre, atld the Thygh fuSDended as the JYsmerus

irt Zh Ti;, Two fUlded and- tw}Red Xktires were pafis3d in at t11e spip/3yfJ!> ;n; wI>to1d. on each lide of the Spia in the middle oF theTibi and ther

E-tremlties brought aut at its upper and bac!z pArt where thcy wete riveted: Afterward tlle lower Epxphy at the FemBr was perforated from the rlght to theleft} and a Pin palRect from the ourrEIde) xkroug!l the Foldings- ofthe Wires from t-lle lSbia} to the in-Ede, (whereby the FJexton and Extenfion is moR conveniently ffiewr},) to- be taken out at pleaEure The Pero2ze was fix d to t*he Tib>s at the upper pgtX by a Fin paSng obliquely upward from tlle nne to the other X and the PreMh falEned to £Ile fore_ pv of t11e irz4rX by a Pin paElhS diredlly inward ftom befored ts- behind-.

at-ttWe.1 Ihe l£>ver part of tlle Pe-rore f8rsting the External J:g;MeZ ;-0X1' nies, is pexforated @om without to withiln as is tl3e oppofite pa.rt

of the W4;a forming the InternaI one; liikewiKe thw Agre4attgl3 is perira.ted fi;om thv right- to the 1eE, correEponding to tlaefe two Holes Xr the i-.mmiwlEon-*of a PiC whereby the Foot is joinXd- to the zi) to be pull d out at pleafure. The A#* 4atlfts is join d to th1e7'd1;ss hy a PtaX paSsd Sen1*lthe 1lpper and midrJle par£ of the one, to Llle lower part oP- the others where t is rivete:, The ,54,8ragJi;}S iS t hrice perioratedbefore; into two of whicil Holes a foldeR; Miire is pa-fb d, whtch goes forward throuCh!the OS 4tfiffi+ s. 1Are to the Boneb Qf the /}-ffietsdrp of the Iicond and third Toe Rf+m the inl<e7 a-t whoSe Extremities theXy are fixfd. 1 he third MFt,,.gA '2-S fiO; tt W#rffvl4> to the 63 iavirBlrC and the >4gg @ Cg>X(fi06fGts to tht fourths Toc. The fsxd 0s ZX7dvicxZv7e



rfFl z is perforated on the infide for a Wire, wlaich ru,s throllgn the Bone of the Atft4stplgS and inner Toe. The third esanetJorme ss yerforated fori a Wire wllich pa{les thROUgil t!;zn Bone o; the tRC4^tpZS and outer Toet The three Of J CWasif r/ are Join d to each other by a fi:)lded Wire, which runs twice from their ou;1;de to tbe intideX where they are Secured.

Sir, By tlle Opportunity I have had of preparing and joinir thefe Boues) it may be expeNted I Shoui-d give fome AC.COtu!ls 05

their StruEure: But as the defign of prelUrving the S>eteton e-r,* tire gave me Ilo Liberty to go any further than tlleir E;Xcernal Surfaces So it cannot be expeCted 1 could dilre any de-el)er in the Knowledgeo Qf them. fentzels faysX Omnia iJthuc O2J) FO;r¢fi

XE?t § rsmofa; and I nzay add, Letia too: For vllere is tlothing about thetn to be feen of that Selidity and CompaEnets) thac EmoothneSs of SurfaceX and Whitenels) which is olfervable ia other Quadrupeds of the larger 1;z¢> i:uch as Oxena EforEes, HartsZ erc. or fxuallerX as Sheep; Dogsn Cats) d;c. And r iEou!ti have readily attributed this to the Yotll of the A2itualX had nor 7seatteliGs from his Subjed, fupp3S'd to be 2oc Years Old, told the fatue. And this differs much from the Account af the Bel:{- moth ia yo& whofe Bones are fiid to be as krong pieces of lSraSs3 and Bars of Iron. The Lamit-of the Head wers thin and rolid; the Externa1 Table thin and more ponderous; the Teethexceed ing tolid and ponderous: So that from the computation of the Weight of the upper party which was taken off by the Saw, as -in Tdb 3. Fi<g. 5.-and 6. which is only 6%. weight} I may reckon all the HeadX which weighs 66 %. be&de th: Teeth,not to weigh above 24 t. -at moPr; which well agrees with whatEentzeli fays, that each cf the Dentes Molares were 12 . weight, and that of all the +y tX whicl} the Lower Javv weighs, the ref:- of the Bone befide the Grinders do not exceed 12 or x6 t. For its External Surface Seems tQ be both porous and rimousX as is faid; and at perforating the Coadyles feemnd to be very fpongy, as were the Ribs) Famxr, ra6i) eFc. whe.re, after the Drill had paSs'd the External Lvmina, vrhith was very thin, it would have rlln forward as if it had been through So much Mofs When the Ep;- phyrs came off the Thigh Bone it reSembled very much the Ep- phR#s of the Femxr in Man X its minute Cellwlv were not fo big as thoR of un (>xeX and the Lwwirx which circumCcribvd them, nor by aluch Sv folid The H2mert indeed botb above and below was

u 2 much



{152 )

szoch Ilarder; it did 1leat the Drill in palrIt,g And there tnay be f).-ne rcafon (or tlsat t(vo; wit. that fince the Progreilion of morc ($lairapods ciEcfly dep>nds uporx a more frequent tnotion of the FQre tlilan !ov;{ LimbS, it does mllch more hereX where the Head iz p-opor£iollably moe heavy than in other Aniallals. And this ptI-nAp) iS the feaXn tooX why the Fore Limbs in this AniRl are biought fo Sr forward; for meaSuring in a Rreight Line kom t3ne lzmZ8s above to the C4rps below, and bringing another J ire direcAly backwrard at the Aziculation betwixt the Hxmerxs nd CtfbttoW37 fronl tllo porpendicular Line before to the point of tI,e 01ccr; zoa bshind, it is 20 Inches; which is thc reafon why fome bv'icne my Engraver has made the fore Limbs ofthe Scele ton to bend too nluch at the ^[ticulation. The Bones of the Crp,us arepletty Iblid, andby Perforation theySeemonly to haYe a little iuongiofity about the middle: All the reR of the 03ont-s- of the fore Foot are fpongy. The AdragalS Os txvi- se/axeX and ofa Cunfiformi49 are more folid 7 but the Tdlxs and othcr ̂ Bones vlf the htnd toot fDongious. The Spine sras fpongy, as is -usrual ; the 0gx Janominxta of a middle confiPrence; and the ScapBlJ very thing but folid toward its Neck. I cann-ot pofitiarely determine the Cavities for the Marrow) nor quantithy of it; but hy com?afing the Dimenfiorls zwith the B7eight and fmall quan tity of fiat to be feen at the boilieg, we may fuppoSe it not to haare bcen much in tbis Anlmal : 1 know not how it rnay be in others of this Species.

I mlJltnor forget to tell you, that when I weighed the Bones, it was immediately before the.y were joined; fo that their weight svas muth diminifh'd, in reEped:t of whU it was when- they were nswlg boil'd. The weight is gI6. tO I t. and the meake, accordinsg to the EngltJh Yarrda x2 Inches to a Foot, and z Lines to mx1 Inch.

And t hasX Sfr, I :have finifllsd theSe my Weak Endeavours : The Underthing, I doubt, will feem bold to fome, and ralh to om tbers and the Performance measx. 13ut themany Obligations you have laid uepan meg and the frequent Marks of Eflceem I have received in your Several Lettess, ulade me paSs over all Obfracles, R.e9eReons, and DiScouragemeats, wihen to Serve you xnd your :Honourable Socgt-y was my 4nly Defign. 1 have rather cho. Sen to addrefs you in a plain arad common Stile; than gire the ScaR> feicion of D{ingenuity In alfiner Languages7 erpaciallg

.



i- t t--g

( 153 ) Ence it is HiRory I have writtenX wliere A4atter of a.c°r, a.nd nor Romance, where Eloguence, is the chief ldefign;

the Copper Plates, which at my own Charges I 11ave cauSed to be engralten here, I acknowledge rnight have been done Ener in Londoa; but Slace I had the Original by me, thereby I was able fronz time to time to corrett in the Ingravillg what Errors happen'd in drawing the Figures I rather choSe to have them done by me here: And thoX theS:)raughts of the Engraver be c£:urfe, yet I harre endeavoured what in me lay to have the Fi- gures true and well proportion d. Wiihing all Health and Hap pineEs to your felfX Prorperity and Succeli to your Honourabie and Famous SocietyX I corltinue,

5tX

Yo3wr mo,# kble, aazl

From my Houfe at moJi obliged Servaf¢t} DgnXe¢ XprtW 27.

709*

PATRICE BX .G IR.

The



( tS4 )

f he Exy 1;9aio oJC tE3v T4s7Aas.

T A B U L/ ̂ 1.

RepreJ^e;ts tXJe J<d Skiz sf tlie EleAat, r it (>|r 7afads in otar S11) wgth xn =4cao8at < ttS parei42aJr Dirzpeszm jo>ws.

A. A. Tlle H<ight of the EleR4nt tt the Fore Fect. Feet. Inch^a B. B. Ics tJeighe at the Hirld Feet. 9 -C.C. Irs'tength. lo

C. D. The IJeng£h o.f the Tail. z

E E The Circumixence of the Belly 44 Fb F. 1E0IM the top oft"8e LIcad to the Point ofthe ProDofs. 8 G. F. Thelength of tlle P^rsbosz. 4 6 H. H. The diftance between the Forehead and lower Javsz, 2 3 §;. I. From the top of rlle Head to the lower Javva + 6

KK, The lengthofthe Ear. t 7 L.l*. Its breadth. I S M. The C)rifiCe of the M<eatsB t<ditsrizs. N. N. The C<lrcumfersnce of the fore Foot round the Hooh. 3 I0 I . The Fore Hoof fose-thortned. s

b. The middle external Hoof. S s. Tlle tllird External Hoof. 4s

{oteX That neither the Diameter of the fiore Foot firom before to behind, which was I 4s nor kom the right to the left, which was X 2s can be fo -here.

O. O. The Circumference of the fore Foot at the upper Joint. + J

P. P. At the Articulation with the Cwrpxs 2 6 t. t The Cdircumfirence of the hind Foot round the

Hoof. 3 +

The Diameter from befote to behind. I- rom the right to the leR. W. The breadrIl of the fore HQOF. 3 b. oThe breadth of tlle ollter Hoof. +

s. The breadth of the third ESof <

R. R Ttle Circumference of the 11ind Leg. 2 Z SJ



s S

l ! r

V. ,

S.

;

l

.

r,. v ._w s f .

7 4 BD 1

I

F

a

o

js 5 Sml _ s

,p - e

-

-

- -

-- X



- 5 1

D ,

gs f § . #



\ g55 J

zvhen the Animal zvas alive and srery lean, and kill re- maining ill the Skin.

. b. A Pr<)talberance in the fore- i part of the Thigh. z c. i he lower Joint of the forc t Foot1 wllere there ir a De

; i preSion in tlle SkiIl. d. d. Selr&ral Wrinkles in the

fluff'd Skin-.

S. The Mouth. T. The Tusks broken off by the

middle. U. The lEye. , Reprei;ents th.e Scabs about

tlle Belly. Y*, Y. The D¢preSons in the

Skin through the folding of the Praborc.

v A Protubcrance firit occa- fLonsd by the V.gx laNominata,,.

TABULA II.

Reprefesats the Sceleton of the ElAJnt ors it rvas 77oanted by ^y Dviresgio #ad aolv azzds a t/se JRepoftary of it.ffrstxes Gn Dundee.

A. The 5cull taken in Prophile, t. Its Articulation with the os whereby a part of the fore ZygomatisBm. fide is foorethortned. 1. The Os Zygomdticxm

v. TheHvlefortheRootofthe m. TheOrbitoftheEe. Trllnk foreSifotttned. -> a. Its upper Protuberance.

b b. The two -OfSa Palats. o It-s middleProtuberance wherc s. c. The Two Tusks as they the frncbSea is inrertedX

proceed fromthe Pau p.ltslowerProtuberance. lat. - q. A Sitxsbat the botrom of the

d.d. The broken offExtremities Orbit. of tbe Tusks; r.r A lDepreElon fit for lodg

¢. The Grinders of the U;pper ing the Aluicles of the lower Jaw. | Javv and Probayec«sX

f. The fore Grinder ofthe LowF s, Tlle Orifice of the Meatw er law. Sgditor;s.

g. The undvilating Lirles of the t. t. The Articulation of the Ot lower SurAce of the Grindors Calvario with the Os gygoma- of the Upper Jaw. w ticBm.

h. The inner Grinder Qf the . The Proce/Jxs Cotzon of the Lower Jaw. lower Jaw . Pst of thc os dW

, s

.2t Th-



ri :

s. The Infertiorl of the i+fg0Cx loWs AzIa«eter

y. the Jpace for the Afouth bo twixt the Ow Palxt; atld lowe] Jaw.

z Au Orifice fVom which th Xervs faxi/Zns affeWrio proceeds.

B. The [fertebr of tIze Neck. r. The firR NrtebrX, : -The feconei Vertebrasor Tooth

wFbich riScs higher thall the rcit.

, The third lartebrJ having Rarce any Spinal ProceSs,

4. The 4th} wlloSe Spiilal Pro- ceSs is not yet feen.

5. Tlle sth, with the Spinal ProL cefs begionitlg to appear. -

6, The 6th) wllofe Spinal Pro- ceSs aScends higher7 and is reS nlarkable at its fore*part, as in Tb. 4*

7. The 7thX whofe Spinal Pre ceX Rill aCcends, and with wheSc back«part the firll Rib is articulated a

C. The Vertebr oiX the Back. s. 1 3* Their Proce0 Spxnof,

whicll have no Protuberance at their Extremity, whereofl X C. are the longefln and C. I 3. become gra dually thorter.

D The Spinal ProceSes of aH the td -of the F>;ttcbr to the OS SACZ#m wllicll are horned by derees.

sxxxx &c the obllque ProceSes of the Vertebr.

Et TheScwpxl.

5f6 ) r a . The fpongious Margln Qf

the Scaptl., - b 6 Its Proce Spana0Xw fend r ing forward a Protuberancef - r. c. Its Neck. e d.d. The EpxthyJb which re^^ r celves the Hxmer".

e. t. c. SThe Ribs. f:f. Fc. The Ril)s which appear

on the oppofite fide. g.gW The Cartilages ofthe SttrS

> nxm. h. b The Bones of the Steraxm. i. . i. The three Ribs which have

no Carti?ages l.l.l. The Bodies of the three

Merte;?rx Ls¢v;borxm # F. The Hzert. t 1. Its upper part, iDonglous and I rugouss for the Infertion of

1 endons. z. Its middle part more folid.

. A large oblique Siaxs for lodging the Biceps.

4* Its Xower Extrenzity artica lated with the Cxbitg and

| R4digas

G. Che Cs4bstxs and RRdi"* 1. The Qlecranar. 2. An hallovvnefs o£z the outEde

I of the Cxbitgs. g. The Rwdi. +, Its tower SpArfs, rugousX

and Reparated trom it by a Su- ture,

S R- he lower Epip;9 of the C*bstxsx Separated likewife by a Suture.

6 e 6. X hree Bones of the firSt Rank of the Carpxs,

7F7*



- ^} }W w

p-o

I

Gz *&P90 St JEr.)#XxndrolHtptnt X i

Wac= :

Tal ,



-

I

rw Pon -

,tqw"r

I 1

I

a-

.:,':'X; a'a'v";

*%-z:::¢?

! 6



T49 d 2

is F s __ no r

r, 4 d

A

C>BA et gmJDSs, tBt; g; OTU,W, X°swQZBE SW g }oH>Ji This content downloaded from 91.229.248.139 on Sun, 18 May 2014 01:44:24 AM

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v



( }57) , 7 7, lwhree Bones of the re-j x . Ti7e Sp,phyf s reWe,v'd by the

con an . - Gga 3J2§J.SZK4tWx and aicuZ t58. TheBolwesoftlle A<at;.t | iatc¢i witli thd- fem y a

cdr-pxs. 8 sS Sutut cF 9. 9. 14he firEt Bones of the

. toes. 1010. The fecond Bones of

the Toes. H.iIx rhe 0f itK07ni84td re-

preSented in 18.> sflo. I. The Fe1S. K. The Tail. L, L. The two Thigh Bones.

The frocha7Xter n;djor.

The IQWEr EpiFhyJis. a he Pxtellz. The Stbi reroe The Tal¢s. TIle Bones of the 'EWrfs. Tlle Bones of the M6txfWr/8.¢ The Bones of the 1 oes.

$ 2*

4e

2.

s-

4 S

trB> III.

Reprefeats the ReJd ig GZ{2for6Xt [/as1vs PJrts of tAe EDr, PfobofciSx AR22 Utcrus.

F;gBre I. RepreSents the fore pa>t of the Head

a. The [lole for the Roor of the Trunk.

b. llle lovver part of the Os PalzztiX over which hang,s the iPt sbarcz

s. c. A DepreElon of the Bone on tach flue, for lodging of the .MuScles of the lower Jaw.

d§ d. The i£\\r() Eminences on eall +. *de 8at thetop ofthe

.

A DepreClen in the middle betwixt thefe two Eminences. . trwD BegianiSngs of the A;1-

gics for forming bbe DepreS- {;onb for tne MLlfcles ot the ioweL Jaw, betwtxt which a;ne SurEaae of the Bone begins to bc plain.

X

g. The upper Produ&ton of the Ssnoss wh>re the Eye is lodg d.

h. The Begin;aings of the Lar?ffi* >2 sshich run betmixt the two Tables of the ScuAl, and here appear in the bottom of the E1ole for thc Root of tlle Pa0- b-ort M

i. The 0w Fomerm to which the Ccze tilmbixoxs Septxm of tI1e r°bvr Was adherent.

i The beginning of the Depref fion *if the Os P0lers.

l. The middle of tlue SifaBs for tze Orbit of the Eye.

m. The Articulation of the twcx aga Pxlgt.

nj n. The Articutation of the 0s ,5laxill with tEle os Pwlwti; whPre fiIfo i5 a CrenX for cors- tasning the blood Velrels, as

thoy



( 15e) theygotothenourinlmentofls. Thc Articulation of the oJ thePrsbO@Z | Zygsm4tis^n with the OsGX

o.ow ThePlacewheretheTesks sari. w proceed firom the OsPalwtsf t The Orifice of the M ts

p. p. The upper part of the Ar- 4gtSitorigs ticuiation Qf the Os 7zlax$ZI4 1. One of tht Gndyles of the with the 0s Pwlaffi. Ovcipq whtch is articulated

. q. ] he broken Extremities of with tEle firi} Nrtebr. the Tuske | m- The Orifice of the largeOval

r. r. A great Oval Hole sn the Hole in khe ow Xax$JI* 0 evxill through which z. The fore C;rsnder in the upz a conliderable Branch- of the per Javv. SthPairof Nerves,avld a large o. The hind tUrinder, ar rather ArteryfEcrwthew4rteriXdgrec Wedge for keepang the fort ctrm paX to and are diS Grinder CRt

-pvrsd LS the Prabofcw, and pX The undulate Lines in the by h>h a big Vein rerrus lower Surface of tbe Ttett. aAfAd joins to £he t'erJ jX;la- + rrhe lbeginning of the Tusks > . as tlacy proceed firem the Os

;. X 5e tws tygom";cHmo t P4b;$. ¢* The middle Produ&;on Eor|r Thcir brokenoffExtreluities.

the O-rbat o-f the Eye I s The Sns in the l:atrorn of 8 the Qrblt oF the Eye for the

:iF8re 2* repreRuts the Side of SJvmss OptCS the Head.

Tlhe beginning os the DepreS i F;g 3. repreXnts the back-part iion-for the NluScles of thet oftheHead. ^]ower Jaw and PrbqfX. 4.-4. The two Etninences at the

b TlleInSertionof theRetrab upper EJart of the Head en ves ProbofsidiW. IargsdX whereby the Sintgs be-

s. The Infertion of t}ze A0s" twist ellem becomes narroBrer wls Sensparalw. and deeper

d. rt he borto£n of the Orbit of b. The Si?Z fetwixt thefe the i:ye. Eminences IhortnedX

e. Its upper ProduEl;ionw r. c; The two Condylex which are

g. Its lower>ProduCtion. receilr'dby the-{irItTrertebr

g. The Articulation of the t?s d The Hole bEor the Spinal Mawillx with the 03 Z2aMX -Marrowh txcervw .e e. Two FJ-rotuberantes abow

;Fo The Os tugomat^ the.txs Ad«tvrX$. .e

fs Thc



59 ) y. The G/en;;id Cavlty for Ren

ception of tlle lower Coxdylts- of tlae lover Jaw.

z. The.vinus for the Globe of the Eye.

1. The Os Zy>omaticmm. z. tRhe fore C:;riIlder on the rght

- Ede. 3. 'The hind Grinder on the

right iide. 4, ThW hi]d Teet!l on the JeR

* {;de, whiclx not glindng at a11 only iirve as a Wedge

S The fore Wect!on theleft fideX tIle backpart of which does not Grlnd.

6. 6¢ Tile Iower Surfice of the GrindersX where their ufidu- late Lines appear

7. 7. Part of the oJ. 4X$/lU} wilere it is articulated wiil the Os Zga7nvoicHm.

8.8. The great Oval ESole in the os staxill,

9.9. The back-part of the Os P4l4ti

lo The Interf:ice between the - the o^ Palti on tlle back- fide,

r T . X 1. ze Tusks as they proS

ceed from the Os P!Zo« . 1 2. The two broken cff Ex- tremities of the T-usis.

Ftg. 4, reprefents theScull faw'd t-ravlfiverklyX to thSt its lower part with the BuSe appea*

a. a. lshe outward Table of tI1e Scull.

b. h Ille nner Table.

f. The Orifice of the Metgs- A-. . . .

dtor;gs. g. A iin.;s whence the Prvre,fiAs

Saloides arifes,whicll is nlewn by itlelI.

h. The Cartilage whereby the ProcefiX3 Styloic{gs is articu>a. ted wlth the Scalll.

s. Its longeR and Emalleft part. t Its ShorteR and biggeR part . The Orifice for the luari Por

ftON. I

m. n* tShe Hole for tbe Jugular Vein and Par wagxm.

n.n. The bony part of the H- qxe«l2

o. o. <t he Extremity of the X qxed# where the flenly past

.

begln*X.

p.p. The Hole fior theCarotid Artery.

q.q. The Cole for the Jrteria dru ffi?atrz and td BraIlcl of the sth Pair.

r. The rniddle of tEe BaGe of the Scull beneath the Elole for the Spina iMarronrs where the Bone is fomewhat raiKed.

t. A I:aspreElon on the Bale of the Scull before the C60ana beg'ins.

t. Tlle Cboanow, or PaEage between the Etoo£ of the Trunk and the Mollth,

, A ProduRion of the Zzoger, or Sept##t, which divides the Ch8ar^4 in two,

x. The Art,culation- of tlle Os

ZytomaticXm with the OS OG . . .

G;p: td te. >

2 coc. Thc



(Wdo ) s.C. The I..a-nsn which paSsbe e. The Sygphyfs Xest twltt t; c Lwo Tables. d. * th: t elfis for;n7d by tl<cR Fig. 8. repreSents the hack parts

LaXfxn of the lovsrer Jaw e. e<h 0rifices fol*\?eXls which a a. Two CordWylfJ, pnetrate the Latnia b. b Two large O,^ifices of a f. l-heeatof ^heBrainX repre CasrityX wherel enter the

Sen£eel ac morelength ixz Q 3. Veffels for rour7Shtng the g g s: two CondyleS whith areJ TeethXand whtwsn are lodgXd re¢etvsd by the firR Merte6r+ the Rxdementa dtttixmX as in

t. The Hote for theSptnal Mar Fig X 9,, row. c. se The twos fore Grinders of sw The 03 Zygnmats:X* the 30wer Jaw.

d. d. The tIrsdulateLines 1n their Fig. S reprefents tl!le upper part upper Sur.$ace

of Lhe Scull rw tranrYtfi-< eF The diRance between tiaem

5;) W;£t1 the Cells running be for odging the Tongue. twxxt the tWO Tablesand La If The Concave part of the 7S;tZ WlliCXl cover the Seat of lower JawX the Brain.

Sig. 9. repreSents one &de of tIl-e Fig 4. repreSents the oxltfide of Iower Jaw

the upper part of the Sculi a. 4, The two Caakyles. iaw'd tranfierSely. b. b, The two Procefgs corattc # lwo£z.innceson thetop c. A Protuberant part af the O+ t}le SCU}}* 1ower 3aw wlzere the Rads- &. A SA1;13 betwixt thek two meatJ deatSm are lodg'd. Eminences. d. The inner Grinder of the

s =N frJrtg .'8pia sn the tottom lower Jaw. ofthe SiaBs, e. TheoutwardGrsnderXvllere

are reprefented the Ridges Dg 7. repre.ints the fbreSpart arid InterRices of the Edes of

of the 10Vn7er JamJX the Tecti. W. J. j be two CU.YJdVYI¢SJ hj tI5Ise tymphyfs Alents. bX 8. i he two srovrg0Ws (atoR^,¢

SkOrtned toytheoppofitev£cw. Fig;a }oX repreRnts the lower $* s. >he ire Grilldcts £)E the patt of the ftostf.¢Zraf.s; lowor Jawf wheretl) are Shewn

WX srhe <1i2ance betreen the a, A part ofthe tXS-

tlvo 3aws fog Iotig,ing the dsvrs^X} peneda

liZ The



( I 6#^ ) b. The Ctenx for the^oNembras e I3¢ reprefents t5 23n¢ ) of

Tzmpan. -- the iar in tlzetz pro>tr DiM c. The cita Tympzi etJc1ued mer}1-¢- ons and dlfE-rcist V;t <

with feveral CelDa and In tr- W. ) ho fml>ol#}*.

Rices betwixt them. t 6. The lGcGs,

d. A Continuation of the fime c. l7Ile (<tops witllot}t tlle B.a5* Cavity d e The back*part of the gS

e.- The Orifice of the hard Por- lso/s and 2C&'} ar}*vuiaCG to- tion of the l7erst Axd«toriusi gether

f,The raggedMarginoftheBonew fX The S*pes With its Bafe. g. The li1wileoltssvStapPsn ad In-

Z;¢. t X . repxeSents the inner Sur- sHs arti^ulaed 9getherwherev face of the upper part of the by is Shessn the true diLiance Proft>0xs PetrofBs. betwixt the MkE7;btWtJ X,4rS

a a. The ragged Margin of the } S TJXpari, at;d tlle Foramez 0-

Bone TaleX which the Bafe of -the 6.b. The upper part ofthe Ca s+J;Des flnuts.

t*t} 7jsmpans. h. <t he zaS of the 5tapes. G. The Foramea Ovale, d. A Protuberance,, within which

is the Cavity of the Cochlva. e. T3le Orifice for the hard Por

tiQa of the Nervg Axdstorzg,

Fig;. x2. reprelEnts the MeAta Audtorsg with jche ProeJ0Cas Petrof.

a. The External Orifice of the Proce etro0Xw

b. b. The MeAtgs Axditorss de- riervd from the Lxmsnx above, and running Som the outer Table to the Prosefs Petrofgs.

s s. The tmi<? and CBIl#>SX as they proceed from the Prot c+s Perrop on each flde.

d The ]rocej%#S PetrarXS.

t. Qrif iBm Forwminw P{ert; 21XZ .. ..

, Part ofthe ixner Table oFthe Scull

F«g. 4. reprefents the Seat of the Brain entarg'd} that the Orifices for the Blood VeS- fels and Nerves may be the more obvious.

a.4. ; he inner Table deprivid of tI!le [urrounding Cef0xles

b. b. The arterior Sinxs c. c. The os Ethawtdes, with ltS

EminencesXSAci; anal Fototmitw fUr tbe Xervg O f;4iarS.

d. The craJta G8t.

" . .

e.e, 1 Sle anterlor tmxnences. f. r. The Orifice for the Nersg

Oprices g.gs The Hole callWd the Enr-

men Ldsei xm) though W r} tt h pars ne lra« Xto y If ;r- tiCi opSt ba lmici ot fir R Kras c h of the sth and the oth Pail

h h. Thc 2d Braneh of the - th

Pair.



( t6t ) int. Tlle third Branch of the j The OtXrtXm corered with

5.h Pair the MEmbrane. t t T3ze Hete for tlle Xrtatsa

dsf <atris. ,r x.<. reprefents the ProbsJ6z 1. 1. 5s he tIole fxr the Carotid cuttranfverny. Aty. *v, The two Cavities of the m. m. The Hole of the Nertgs Prob&fft(Se

v?ZF torafs b. The Sfpsm which divides n. a The Hole f)r ttie JuguI tlle Cavttles

Veinv c.c Tle tendlnous InterEedion o. 1 1le He.Ie for theSpinal Mar- which runs from before to

row behxnAl, p p Part oftine two Coadyle. dwd Tht tendinous InterfeEtion

. Tlle £xcerna1 Hole for the whictl turlS froul thc Right to .5pinal Marrow. the Left.

^* r . T,'le two mxddle Foft, e. c e. e. The Inlertion of the 4 3. S. -i he Prscc;ts PetrofS. lMtuScles into thc rendixous 1X1 t. t. Tlle pofeziar Eof> or Sftat terKedionXwhereby theFibres

of tile CerabeAlm. of the one aScend, and the e. The Seat of tl:ze Gfadxla otherdefcend obliquely.

P;ttatarsv. fia. I7. repreSents rlle diSedEed Pre60fsi.

[it,, X S repreRerlts the Vtergs. 4. The External part of the Car- 4. R. Prt 05 the Lfgamertx iatxl tilagc which furrounds the

f>teri, | Cavity of the Probzrcz, as it b. Part of the qir cut off. | arifes from tlle Hole in thc c. Slre begfnning of tbe Body fore-part of ti1e Scull,

of-thetergs,, 6!t, ThatPairoftaluSclesczll'd d. I)ivtded into ttwo Portions, theLeatoresprabofdss7raisM

with an IntcrRice in tile mid- from above the forefaid Car, dle. tilages, erith tbeir inner Sur

¢ ¢. Seareral Fnlinences repre- face turn'cl up tba£ the Di- fenting the External part of taricatiorls firom the Blood fo many ell**/es. Vefl^els in them may-a3t£ear

f: f. Tlle csraeJ @'tkti, ¢ C The -OriSces of the Veins ,* A soofe l9sembrane wrapt upfs difpers?d in tileSe \Tukles.

t]at tlne CJstriJ below may d.d+The Orifices of tlle Arteries appear. e e. Their *veral Branchings.

f*^* i te OttJr*Xt$?; dcprit7)d of tllP , The deScent ffreight along a t)8ck loofe Ntenlbran: which * bove the Cavity of the Pr* Plu2uAtes above 1t. bofcz.



t b Its middle part diRinOuiffied by feveral Furrows and Ridges

c. Its lower parts wllich is hol Iow, and whereinto both the Blood Yeffie s that Serve for its Nouril}<nlent, and a Branch of the Nerve call'd vwxiAlrs Inferior proceedingfromthe sth Paar, entcrs.

A. Ileprefents a Portion of the Cxicxla} wh"teinis Qlevvnits inner Surface, and uial thick- neSs s at its lvargin at the leR hand alld lower part are f¢veZ ral white lines which I take to be the Lineaments of fo many Blood VelEels; the Py- ramids, from whence the Hairs proceed, with the feve ral Eav« or DeprelEons.

B. Reprefents -one of the Scabs adhering to the C#tiCl{{6. where they are thickePr.

( l63 ) .,g . The oblique deftent of the Fibres of the f reAtores of the

Z r e

trorfic&S. s The tendinous InterKedion

running down the middle of the ProJooJffi6,

s i The Orifices of the Cavities ofthe pro&G0(z.

Fxg. 18. repreSentstheExtremiv ty Qf the ProboJ<cg cut off.

. A Protuberance ariling lern the forevpart of the Extremiw ty of the ProbofGi, and is exr tended into a C;avity in the back part b. whereby the A- nimal catches hold of any thing.

zigt 9 reprefents one ot the Ru- § dinzents ofthe Teeth, which was taken out of the great Hole in the inner Ede of the lower JawX as reprefented &. P. 8 ) but much enlarg'd sn the propOr£ion.

, lts upper partX whlch is hard Colida and white



( 64)

TA B u L A IV

gleprtrewS. tbe Vertebrx of S A<eslP Dott pepJrate and c*

yOXS2X*OhiT1El2OmsiDRtaf Scapula, the bxct-BJftt + thc tore aA>hiW FeeC>J#4r4te Boses f tDe (^. pllS ud

alnfiSg :¢rWse Rhtt +.tf5 Livern rd 0s I-! soLdes.

re t. Reprefents tile fbre alid backtpart of all tlle faen

- Krtebr+ of the Neck. A ^firIt@tebraoftheNeck

W£h it! upper par£ ih Profile} to ffiew the Fletes fbr the Are terta firtebralw.

. * Two ProtuberaacesX which reach on ea£h filde to the Scull

b b. Two Catities^bretbortned which receive theCondyla of the Scull.

¢*s. The two Holes whereby the rs nrtsbrdls pro-

Xceeds from rtieSul{> and perw fOrateS thiS hrtebr4.

A A TWO HQICS through whCh ;he Artery pafl:es out Wom this Yit+^ebr.

{. a) A zsrea betwixt the tWQ fora;d Holes, where the Ar- ttIy is lotigsd. |

^, I. I 1e rorcZpart of the firk Vatewb; 4 tMlewn > Sarge.

* a he Hole fbr thc Splual N5ar- row *

b. lrt hc tH^;le for recesving the t ooth of the following Ver- * tGbr4. i

t Cf G Two Cavities for receiving the C.foadylts vf the Scull.

d d. lwo-Holes fO the Cervical v Artery.

F ; ej The upper part- ofthe Vartebr. f. Its Iower part. g.g. tT he tranverle ProceSes

wrhofe Pr-otuberarlces at the Extremitics are repreFenteds A. .{$

B. s. The back part of the firll GertJrw Jhe wn at large.

a. The Hole for tJle Spxnal l\far- tow,

. b. The Hole for the Tooth ot the following Drrebr.

c c. The Casries which receive t the bodit of the following lser-

tcl?r.

d. The lower part of the Y;rte

brvt e. a. the Holes for the Cervical

| Artery. f:f. The two tranfverle 8<oceS-

fes A. 2 The fore part ofthe- con.d

rr s X {rtear . The forked Extremities of the PIotuberariceawhich ari*s inltead of thc Prore;- Spknos J,:, 6* A



t"' :'D'' n L \'Vs'\ s

\\ld'il

1

r aLn

al-*X X a \ -X

a

-

A

c

tlX l

f I f I

:

iS

Ci ctcnizs '.P$rtcf.l.X^ (it'll: (

A

e

B8



s

jy ll

lt'll: ( Sa 1Ss et cwlf

Gw

I

1 w



( Ads )

b. A S«n betwixt them Bl -the back-paX t; aAi tae reA c. s te Elole foI tnc Sp.;al Itt<r tf t!lv I;,aftl L<ttivrs flacsw¢> row. as iSsJllor.N*s o d X he Tooth tlch is t(c*^\rd '6so X,, &c Tt Hnle fb: tI<; SpiY hy the firR <m;¢te6,*X. na1 Marromr

{fe. Tlle two convex SurEaces b. b Rc. Tlleil convex Bodless which a1e £*ecftivvd into ele svI.tch ate rectisted br t1ac hind Cavitics of the firR^}-er-- contave S'5ffidCCS of t63C tet-4* loW il?g

f. Thetwo Ho'es fbr the c.c.&c. Tlze-trconcaveBe(iiost Cerntical Artery. whtch receive the conv¢s Surt g,g. Two tranlver<e ProceSes faces of tizA former.

b. The lowfer part of the Merb d. d. Sc. 'sle HvIs?S for tt resor. Cers-xcat Artery.

;X3. z wi he backpart of the fame > c. e. Nc. The obltgue p?\8(t;ig

gette?ra. Ifif &c Tlle traxi.verfE procefo a. f he Protuberances of the IUs

ptOff$S SpiSv0MX. f . g. aC. The Sp|nal ProceSes, br The SlatWs betwst rhem en- t which in the firepart of 3,

Sarg'donthetide | , icrcely appear, but in c. The HoNe for the spinaI Btar- | theit back- part appQr a lit_ roz7. Z rle, in S arile to 1 i Incl d. z he Point of the Tooth ap; 6ind in 6 to g Inches.

pearing fiom thectherJide. !Xv.h ln 6 7, are Protuberant e. e The f:lules for the Cervical V ces, wlaich rtln back to gllarcI

Artery. the Cervical Ar terv as it pa r fi TheconcaveEeflyoftileMer- fes from between ahe oodres

tebr, W h3>h rtcti>X5eS the conw of tlte .rerte&rx, aId quitS tle vex Surface of the following, Perforation sn their tranizerr: fi erte6rkgX Pr;-ccIScs

g. . The trdrr?>erfe ProvefJus. o z. Two >¢irazS s in tile 1uack h. h. The two ublique Procetest part of the feventh [!@ errelget

which receisre the obiique which w*'n the like Su-tat<s Proceffies of the SIIo-ingM in t1ze foltowtag make lip a Yenebr. j Cavityv whetwes^zto the G:/J-

g t+i¢;z-S OS t2G 5£rR v%I1)$ 8rc 1str XoteX That the fire fbilowingi cesvnd

..! *rtebrw are reprefele(-s rvy i A B 3 , 5,6 ; wherevq A. repreSents the bre-pXt



(si66 )

F4#4TU;#e 2. RepreSentS the ScaX 1. A thick fpongy Epiphtfs9 fMld. ' which (at the upper edge oF

-M. Whn 4cfta or t1Xe Scdpula, rlae SsaPttls) was Separated w^swl^<; cby ir is articulatcd wtth by boi-ing. t11z >iAghc9;rtSZ Kt. She Angle at the back-partt

&¢ i7s ThW two Prott>13<rances on of the Scapxia, eat1a fde of its tvead.

rtt Ttac Ncck of th 62p$f? Fig?ere 3. RepreSents the lower v A <; ;?;zJ betvteetnithe Procelrds 0 fore-part of theSevenZero

CortCcgv#rs and the Nesk of tebr of the Neck. [he (''Cfi5P;ti4s a. b s. &c The Iower or -fore

, TIlC PrOC{fiSS C&rcaides ofthe part of the bodies of all the Sc gSzZ. Vertebr.

v'; The FrscesSl7irspzs h. he The tranfverfe ProceSesX g. Tlle ,istsemity of the Prc- wkichrlln c)bliquely forward.

cef7xs S,!srofHs i. i. The tranfnrerEe ProceSes of h 1\ Protuberance running for- the 6th TrertebraX running both

ward from tlle ProceJs Spz- before and !zehind to guard rS the Jrterid Certc/Mx ¢ T1le fes epart of the upper edS,e t. A Sinxs in the lSody of the

Qf the SfgpWl4 Seventh Fertebr4, for receitJZ ina part of-the fir: Ribo



( %e) }k8rxte +. reprefents the tare-part or te °fieJ Zg;,;8a4.

,A. The Pelv«4 in Circumference B. The Os Sacr>m. C. The upper pars of the Os PsWis. B C. Retweexl the Os Sacrum and thets PBbis. D. E. Froln the Right to tlle LE of the Pe,'JU.

C. F. From the upper to the lower part of the 0s Ilixm. G. H. Betwixt the two outward Extremities of tl.e o$

lfinonivat.

ED. Et. From the Os S4CrEm al30ve to the foreEaid "3int. From H. to K. L. The Circumference of the Sterdbxlum. E. H Breadth of the Os lZitsm X, M.: Circumference of the Neck of the lZiwm, N. N. Breadth of the Os PB6M. O. O.- The length of the Forameg Ovwh for the rF

culr Marpxpialis. P. P. Its Breadth. Q Q; ItS CircumEerence. R. R. The readth of the OJIrX P#JG before. S. T. TIle length of the OsSSacrum, from whence it ls

join'd vvith the lirertebrx Lxm60rxm, to where Stis joira'd with the Tail.

Fecc, r>^n;.

6

-

4 .

.

r I

2

I

Yg. y. repreSents the backrpart of the Otfa Innomi^t*

A. The Pelzv. B. Elhe back part of the 00

Px6z at their Articulation, whern there is large Cavity.

C.C. The oval Hole for the XXculas BJrixptdliw fore- ihortned.

D. The Cavity for the Sceta- b3{!.Zjm.

E.E. The Margin of the Os llium, whicll feparated by boiling.

F. The backwpart of the ogx Innomivra^, {llwingthcir Spi- nal and oblique ProceSes.

Fi. 6. repreSents tlle back partof the F()re Foot.

v. a. The Bones of tte CarpHs. H be S0 The Bones of the Metsar--

p3es. '

c. c. The 0)fx SeJ*awoidevX wherc- of there are two upoa thc lower Extremity cf each Bone of the MeFaCarptW;f.

Xd. d The BQAeS of the Toes. .

.



-

XT The upper Su£ce of the §9 faff dlBs,, * :. 1 ht upper Surface of the 0 | >N¢uicBlXrg mucb enlargrd ia

proportion to the reLE. * tts tower Surface.

+* y 6. tt he uypj?er SurEace of sthR ObMR CareCarnsi.

Sx 7. t2m,rtfentS the backXpg

o . w w s.

ct he tsrlt toot d. sAle jv;s.

b Part of tile rdt4;t#S. c cX Bones of the Tgr.fis. vlk d ¢,Cs of t f;e ZAXrr#, t e. Bons of LhW 1*o¢s

W. 8. repfeEnts tlfe Bones of t. I^ wprelints the concate ti1t 6'ar,Xs :eparately. 0 lide of the Liver.

. lthe upiUwar Surice of t5e y 4$ The n84 PGrt4, External Bone of the firRJb* Theh7Z; CS* R3nkof[heC;vP.rX I

; e midtllt <:)llCO. jF;'g, Itw teprefents the Os Byt 3 ! Tht ttird f30nc of the firE; vides.

Aunl. . The foreRpartt 5.6¢ T{zeup<?er Surface of the &* lohetaack-pare

three BQneS Of [hCIECVndfiS*TheC4;iIAX0SCHr#W - Rank. le* e. TI}e lateral MG Hysiate

;g. The Bones of ahg Eak of . g. repreSents blle 130nes Qf the Os SynidXe;* tIle Trpxs feparatel+r, > +

L O S @ O AN' *

Prlnt-ed fo1 P. Oeet¢! at the S f JZgovr and Ut ]Xalw at t-ltFe

P^wces tr,nst in St.PXts Cllurth-yard > and X, Brvma as ths B,>Z.\&t>,-w;; w;thotut J{w3Jr.

( t68)



a continuation of the osteographia elephantina: or, a description of the bones of an elephant, which...

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