1

A Dynasty

The Quennells of Chiddingfold…

…and the Quynelds in Lancaster, Yorkshire, Hertfordshire, Hampshire,

Kent and Surrey

2

Preface

This is a living document and will change as and when more resources become available. Some resources that have been available till now have been sketchy at best and often contradictory. Some assumptions have been made based on possibilities and others have been best guesses based on circumstantial evidence. Where evidence has been contradictory additional clues as to the accuracy of each has been taken into account and a judgement made on the facts that best fit the peripheral evidence. For instance the family links between the Crandleys and the Quennells, who their children were and the property they owned or occupied, have been based on a combination of facts drawn from the most detailed evidence available such as the will of Roger Cranley (Crandley) of Field Hall, Compton, and the Victorian records of the county of Surrey maintained by British History Online. Other connections have been made based on historical context such as the movements of people as a consequence of the tumultuous events of their time; William Quyneld in Yorkshire and his possible connection to the campaigns of Edward I against the Scots, and the move of John Quyneld’s family from Hertfordshire to the South Coast as a consequence of his reneging on a commission to fight in the English campaigns against the French during the Hundred Years War, his fall from favour with the Crown and as a result the potential disbursement, by the Crown, of his properties in Hertfordshire. Where possible the short biographical sketches of the people associated with the family members have been fleshed out, along with the main events that took place during their lives to give a better perspective on the possible role of the family in influencing those events and how they may have been affected. As for the historical lineage of the family they had quite a presence in Yorkshire, particularly around the Hull area, in Sheffield and York and it is possible that with a shift in focus of the Crown away from York to London and the south coast during the Hundred Years War that the family’s fortunes and their own seat followed suit, firstly to Hertfordshire and from there to Southampton, Kent and Middlesex, and finally to Surrey. The reader should try to place the events referred to in this document not only in a historical but also political and geographical context. As with regional focus of political power and geographical influence, landholdings ranged far and wide. When Surrey is mentioned it should be borne in mind that in pre modern times the county’s borders ran all the way to the southern end of London Bridge and along the Thames nearly to Deptford and into present day Hamsphire. Politically speaking, during the English Civil War, loyalty was divided along Northern/Western (Royalist) and Southern/Eastern (Parliamentarian) lines with the Parliamentarian vanguard of support being predominantly made up of the middle classes, merchants, the navy and the puritans, and the Royalist vanguard amongst the Anglican Church, the Catholics, the nobility and the peasants. This is primarily an investigation into what might be loosely termed a dynastic family ranging from about 1260 to 1891. For more detail on the social conditions in the Surrey area readers should refer to Greta Turner’s ‘Shottermill: its Farms, Families and Mills. Part 1 – Early Times to the 1700s’, and for an in depth elaboration on cooking and rural life to Dianne Purkiss’s ‘The English Civil War: A Peoples’ History’.

Conventions:

Given the difficulty in working out precise dates of birth and death where the latter is unclear the latest age of the father for the birth of the youngest child has been assumed to be about 50.

For the sake of narrative, as far as it goes, from John Quyneld (the elder?) about 1340 – 1390/91, onwards the parents of the following descendants are left indented. The names of offspring whose family line is not generally followed are centred

A bulleted timeline has been included though where events occurred in and around Surrey and may have had an influence on or been influenced by the family have been included in the narrative. A fair variety of name variants were found and used in the course of this research: Quenyld, Quyneld, Qwyneld, Qwenyld, Queynnild, Quynel, Quenild, Quinild, Quineld, Quinnell, Quinell, Qwinnell, Quenhill, Quenhilt, Quennell, Quennel, Qieniiill, Quynild

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Introduction

Why the Quennells as a subject? As an amateur genealogist this particular branch of the family, though not related by blood, has proved one of the most interesting. Led by the unfolding clues the trail has taken many twists and turns and when facts have connected they have opened a window on the past that provides a fascinating view into a different world. It’s a combination of the ordinary things, such as the inventories contained in wills, as well as the potential involvement that members of the Quenell family have had in influencing some of the momentous times in English history that make the stories of their lives and the family’s history so appealing. For those descendants of the Quennells who may happen on this document it is hoped that both the personal histories and the overview of the history of the family that this document contains will help to provide a sense of their continuity with the past. This journey started in December 2007 standing at the War Grave of my Great Grandfather and though it hasn’t ended it has taken me to places I would never have otherwise been and revealed facts that I would never have otherwise known. Most surprising has been the discovery of connections between ancestors who at the time were unrelated; the founder of Meaux Abbey for instance, William De Forz, an ancestor of the author’s mother’s paternal line, the Fores, and Richard Quyneld, a monk at the same Abbey, pensioned off by Henry VIII at the Dissolution of the Monasteries. This is the fascination and the pull of genealogy.

A special thanks to Ian Thacker, Chairman of Chiddingfold archive.

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Chiddingfold

Chiddingfold is located in the Weald in the Waverley District of Surrey, England Chiddingfold, “Chadynge's fold" (Anglo-Saxon: meaning – enclosure for animals) became famous for its glass-making during the reign of Elizabeth I; there were no fewer than eleven glass works on the green. Chiddingfold glass was used in some of the finest buildings in the land, including St Stephen's Chapel, Westminster, and St George's Chapel, Windsor.1 However, the industry went into decline in 1615 when the prohibition of the use of wood fuel was issued2, and was overtaken by the iron works industry, founded in Chiddingfold in about 1575 when Lord Montagu(e) established an iron forge at South Imbhams. Eventually some of the property was bought by the Quennells who, whilst remaining involved in the agricultural industry, were successful enough to have developed and established ironwork forges in Surrey at Chiddingfold, Shottersmill and Frensham. In the 1300s there used to be an annual fair held over the Nativity of St. Mary on the 7-9 September and a Tuesday Market but these are no longer held. Chiddingfold was part of the manor holdings of Godalming The village can be reached via Haslemere on the main South West Trains service between London Waterloo and the Isle of Wight with connecting bus services between Haslemere and Chiddingfold. Accommodation can be found in period buildings that provide accommodation at the Crown Inn (whose owner in 1651 was Peter Quennell), Petworth Road, Chiddingfold and at the Lythe Hill Hotel (built and occupied by the Quennell family in 1480), on the Petworth Road between Halsemere and Chiddingfold.

Lythe Hill Farm

Chiddingfold and its neighbourhood abound in ancient farm-houses and cottages, prominent among which may be mentioned Lythe Hill Farm, on the right of the road leading from Haslemere to Anstead Brook, with halftimber work of two periods, the richer and later being a gabled wing with square and circle patterns in the timber framing, probably c. 1580; but the main body of the house is at least half a century earlier. The wing is panelled, and has a good mantelpiece of c. 1700. It was owned by the Quenell (pronounced ‘Chennel’), Quenel, or Quyneld family who held land in Hertfordshire, Hampshire, Middlesex, Kent and Surrey, finally settling down in Chiddingfold in 1480.3 Quenell is old French name and means ‘dweller by the little oak’4 though another source asserts that it derives from the Old English pre 7th Century female personal name 'Cwenhild', in Middle English 'Quenilla' and 'Quenilde'. The name is composed of the elements 'cwen', meaning 'woman', and 'hild', meaning 'battle' or 'war'.5. It is likely that the family originally came from France with William the Conqueror to settle in England

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1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiddingfold 2 http://july.fixedreference.org/en/20040724/wikipedia/Sussex 3 Malden H E, A Victorian County History: A History of the County of Surrey Volume 3, Parishes, Chiddingfold. pub 1911. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=42922 4 Mybaby-name.com 5 Surnamedb.com 6 http://www.jvsn.co.uk/history.htm

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The Quynelds of Lancaster, Yorkshire, Hampshire, Hertfordshire, Kent,

Middlesex and Surrey

Lancaster, probably about 12607

Universis Christi fidelibus hoc scriptum visuris vel audituris Thomas de Coupmanwra salutem. Noveritis me pro salute animee me et animarum predecessorum et successorum meorum concessisse dedisse, et hoc presenti scripto meo confirmasse Deo et ecclesie beate marie de Lancastr[e], Priori et monachis ibidem Deo servientibus, tres acras terre et dimidiam in villa de Skerton quas habui de Quenild filio Roberti Scathon in puram et perpetuam elemosinam. Tenendas et habendas dictas tres acras terre et dimidiam cum omnibus suis pertinenciis dictis Priori et monachis et eorum successoribus adeo libere et quiete sicut aliqua elemosina liberius dari potest et concedi. Et ego Thomas predictus dictam terram cum pertinenciis et heredes mei dictis Priori et monachis et eorum successoribus contra omnes mortales warantizabimus et defendemus imperpetuum. In cujus rei testimonium presenti scripto sigillum meum apposui. Hiis testibus Domino Benedicto Gernet, Domino Willelmo de Heton, Alano de Catherton, Johanne Gernet, Johanne de Oxclyve, et aliis To all the faithful of Christ who shall see or hear this writing, Thomas of Capernwray8 greeting. Know ye that I, for the welfare of my soul and of the souls of my predecessors and successors, have granted, given, and by this my present writing have confirmed, to God and the church of the Blessed Mary of Lancaster, to the Prior and monks there serving God, three acres and a half of the Church of Lancaster land in the village of Skerton9, which I had of Quenild, son of Robert of Skerton, in pure and perpetual alms. To hold and to have the said three acres and a half of land, with all their appurtenances, to the said Prior and monks and their successors, as freely and quietly as any alms can be freely given and granted. And I, the aforesaid Thomas and my heirs, will warrant and defend the said land with the appurtenances to the said Prior and monks and their successors against all men for ever. In testimony whereof I have set my seal to this present writing. These being witnesses Sir Benedict Gernet10, Sir William of Heaton11, Alan of Catherton12, John Gernet, John of Oxcliffe13, and others

Heaton. Vert three garbs or14

� 1264 Battle of Lewes. Simon De Monfort and rebel barons defeat Henry III and establish the first directly elected Parliament

� 1265 Battle of Evesham. De Monfort is defeated by the future Edward I and killed � 1272 Henry III dies. Edward I becomes king

7 Materials for the History of the Church of Lancaster Part II. The Chartulary of the Priory of Lancaster. Chapter III. 40. Land in Skerton. Pp.268-269 in Volume 31 New Series: Remains Historical and Literary connected with the Palatine Counties of Lancaster and Chester. Printed for the Chesham Society, Manchester. Ed. Roper W O. 1894 8 Coupmanwray. Hamlet of Over Kellet in Lancashire. Thomas was lord of the manor of Over Kellet 1236-1296 9 Schertune in the Domesday Book, lit. Scar Town. Known as Skereton in 1292. On the banks of the River Lune Lancaster parish, Lancashire 10 Of Bluet. An interesting fact since Philip Bluet and his wife Katherine were granted possession of John Quyneld’s manor of Cottered in 1387/88 to be enacted at John’s death 11 Of Heaton with Oxcliffe, Lancaster 12 Of Ellel, Lancashire 13 Of Heaton with Oxcliffe, Lancaster. John of Oxcliffe and Sir William Heaton were neighbours in 1283 14 'Townships: Heaton with Oxcliffe', A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 8 (1914), pp. 69-72. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk

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Yorkshire 1296-1338

Jordan Quenild

Jordan Quenild was listed as a debtor along with William, the son of Alan de Knapton15. Hugh Grime of Rufforth16 issued the writ which was heard in York on the 29th September 1296 at which the Cancellario, or Chancellor17, found in favour of the plaintiff, a Master Robert (de la Ford) who is recorded as Magistro18 Once again Jordan Quenild, alongside two others, Hugh Boye19 and Jordan de Braham of Rufforth, were named in a writ of debt considered at York on the 12th June 1297 for a debt of 40 shillings, owed to Ralph de Whitewell of Yorkshire20 which was endorsed ‘Ebor’ (York)21

� 1290 King Edward I expels all Jews from England. Queen Eleanor dies � 1295 King Edward I calls the Model Parliament

William Quyneld

At Lanercost Priory22 in Cumbria, during Edward I’s residency there for the duration of his last campaign in 1306/7, a pardon was issued by the King on the 26th January 1307 to Richard, son of Thomas Thurstan a ‘mercer’23, of Estrington24 for the death, at his hands, of William Quyneld25. The pardon was again issued by Edward II to Richard for William’s death ‘and for other felonies’ on the 26th October 1310 ‘on account of his good service in Scotland and for his abjuration of the realm on that account’26. It is possible that William Quyneld had sided with the Scots against the Crown and both Edward I and II showed favour to Richard Thurstan as a result.

� C. 1300 Glass windows and chimneys are becoming common among people who are well off but below the nobility such as rich merchants. (Most people have a hole in the roof to let out smoke)

� 1307 Edward I dies at Burgh Marsh, Solway Moss whilst campaigning against the Scots and Edward II becomes king

� 1314 The battle of Bannockburn. The Scots utterly defeat the English � 1315-1316 Famine stalks the land

It would seem that Richard Thurstan’s father Thomas was something of a bully since in 1323 a petition was made against him to Edward II, in the week of Pentecost in the

15 At a hearing in 1292 William (who was subject to a number of writs for unpaid debts) laid claim to a charter given to him by the husband of Amery de Eccleston but which he was unable to produce as evidence since it had been destroyed in a fire which had also destroyed his house and goods. 'Townships: Eccleston', A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 3 (1907), pp. 362-367. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk 16 Rughford, a parish some 5 miles to the west of York in Ainsty Wapentake sometimes included with East or West Riding 17 probably Thomas of Corbridge 18 Magistro - a Master of a Guild. C 241/31 National Archives, UK 19 Of Rufforth, Ainsty Wapentake, West Riding, Yorkshire (see fn. 16) 20 Ralph is listed in ‘The History and Antiquities of the County Palatine, of Durham’, By William Hutchinson, page 36, as a bastard and who’s will ordered his property in Hartlepool to be sold to pay for a Chaplain to pray for his soul in the Chapel of St. Helen, Hart Warren (medieval Hert), on the outskirts of Hartlepool (County Durham). However, when he died Bishop Beaumont seized the property and kept it is an escheat (a reversion of property and land to the lord of the manor so it is not left in limbo) though this was reversed by a ruling by Bishop Bury on 3rd April 1336. In 1845 the area was excavated and a large stone coffin containing a skeleton (Ralph perhaps?) was found but no attempt was made to conserve the remains. 21 C 241/56 National Archives, UK 22 Lanercost Priory, in the north of Cumbria close to the Scottish border, was attacked a number if times by William Wallace and was where Edward I spent the last months of his life directing a campaign against Robert the Bruce, where he caught and hanged three of the Bruce's four brothers. The seriously ill but stubborn 68 year old King still refused to admit defeat and on horseback on 26th June attempted to cross the estuary on his way to Scotland to crush the rebellion lead by Robert the Bruce. He finally had to be carried in a litter and reached Kirkandrews-on-Eden on 2nd July. he struggled on for three days until he arrived at Burgh by Sands, where on 7th July 1307 he died at Burgh Marsh, Solway Moss 23 A merchant 24 now Eastrington in the East Riding of Yorkshire 25 Patent Rolls. Edward I, Volume 4, Membrane 40, pg 439. 26 January 1307 26 Patent Rolls. Edward II, Volume 1, Membrane 6d, pg. 295/298. 26 October 1310

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sixteenth year of the King's reign, by a John de Touthorp, a clerk, who requested remedy for actions by Thomas de Estrington and John de Esshton, both of York, that they ‘came to Clifton and took 101 sheep of the petitioner and drove them to York and then to

Knavesmire27 where they detained them, and ate some, and the petitioner could not

have delivery until he made a fine and ransom, and he could still not have delivery until

he released all manner of actions that he had against them’. He was advised sue a writ of trespass28 though it was doubtful this would have succeeded as it would seem that both William and Thomas were in the favour of the Crown as between 1328 and 1330 under Edward III they were both made freemen of York29

� 1324-1384 Life of John Wycliffe the religious reformer � 1327 Edward II dies. Edward II becomes king � 1337 The Hundred Years War between England and France begins

Richard Quyneld

Richard Quyneld is listed as one of the Cistercian monks who received a pension from Henry VIII on 11 December 153930 on the dissolution of Meaux Abbey31, Beverley, Yorkshire, not far from Hull

Meaux Abbey Earthworks and Wharram Percy Medieval village, site of the Abbey’s Sacred Well

� 1536-1540 Henry VIII closes the monasteries and confiscates their property � 1537 Jane Seymour dies � 1539 Ague, cholera and dystentry

William Quenild

Matilda, the wife of William son of Hugh de Garthorp32, swore an oath to the Edward III on the Tuesday after the Annunciation, in the presence of a Richard de Ty33 and William Trussel34, the King’s escheator for the south of Trent that she would not marry without the king's licence. In return she was made a present by Edward III of a dower on the 21st April 1338, the custody her husband’s lands which formed a third part of a property in Wyverton35, with an income of 8 pennies a year, 21½ acres of land and a third part of a half of an acre of land with the adjacent headrigs36 and property and land in Berneston37, worth 7 shillings and 2½ pennies annually, and 4 acres of meadow in both towns, worth

27 Knaresmire, aka Strays of York, a collective name for four areas of open land of 800 acres in York 28 SC 8/327 E 787-E 866 UK National Archives, in French 29 'Admissions to the Freedom of York: 1-25 Edward III (1327-52)', Register of the Freemen of the City of York: Vol. 1: 1272-1558 (1897), pp. 23-45. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk 30 'Letters and Papers: December 1539, 11-15', Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 14 Part 2: August-December 1539 (1895), pp. 243-255. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk 31 Eastrington (see William Quyneld page 4) is not far from Hull and Meaux Abbey, a Cistercian Abbey founded in 1151 by William le Gros, Lord of Holderness, near Beverley in the East Riding of Yorkshire, who’s daughter Hawise married William de Forz who inherited the title Count of Aumale 32 Garthorpe/Fockerby. Not far from Hull on the Lincolnshire/Yorkshire border 33 Owner of property let to the Knights Templar and Hospitalier in South Witham, Lincolnshire 34 of Billesley in Warwickshire. Created Lord of Bergues in Flanders 18 October 1331. See http://www.britannia.com/bios/gents/wtrussell.html 35 In Nottinghamshire, south west of Hull to the east of Nottingham 36 Sawmills 37 Barmston or Burmeston: the manor of Beneston, or Berneston as the name is written in records subsequent to the Domesday Book is situated on the Hull road, near the sea coast, six miles south of Bridlington Quay and was in the Wapentake of Holderness (North Division) and was part of the estates of the De Forz, Counts of Aumale, Earls of Holderness. Ancestors of the author through the maternal line

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4 shillings and annual rents of 4 shillings, 10 pennies and a farthing from the meadows. Also annual rents of 17 pennies and 3 farthings from Margery Kynt38, of 12 pennies from William Quenild, and of 2 shillings and four pence ha’penny from Richard Knollen.39

� 1340 The English win the naval battle of Sluys against the French. Geoffrey Chaucer is born

� 1346 The battle of Crecy. English longbow men crush the French army � 1348 The Black Death comes to England. Perhaps a third of the population died

over the next year � 1356 The battle of Poitiers. Once again the England crush the French � 1373 Plague

Robert and Roger Quenild of Hallum

Date 17 Jul 1343. Between Beatrix daughter of Robert del Appilyherd of Hallum40, of the one part, and Richard son of Adam Wye of Sheffield, and Mary his wife, of the other part; of all lands, tenements etc. which the grantor had after her father's death, in Hallum. Witnesses: John Parker of Sheffield, William Lambert of the same, Thomas de Capella, Robert de Maples, Robert Quenild of Hallum, John Machun of the same, Roger son of Robert Quenild, and others. Seal: missing, on tag41

Sheffield – Quenyld, Queynnild and Quenild

Johan Quenyld, Magot and her daughter Johanna, Johannes Queynnild, his wife Matilda, and William Quenild and his wife of Strafforth wapentake42, Sheffield parish in Yorkshire, were documented in the Yorkshire Poll Tax in 137943

� 1381 Plague in the north of England. The Peasants Revolt led by Wat Tyler. Peasants in Essex and Kent rose up and marched on London capturing the Tower and killing the Archbishop of Canterbury and the King’s Treasurer. The King, Richard II, managed to persuade them to disperse by making promises, none of which he kept

� 1382 Winchester College is founded by William of Wickham

Hampshire 1310/1320

William Quenyld

In 1310 in Andover Robert Cappell is recorded as a witness to certain transgressions between William of Shamwell and William Quenyld44 and in 1320 William petitioned a senior Guild Official for compensation for the killing of a bull45

� 1314 The battle of Bannockburn. The Scots utterly defeat the English � 1315-1316 Famine stalks the land

38 Probably of Torinton (Torrington), Lincolnshire 39 'Close Rolls, Edward III: April 1338', Calendar of Close Rolls, Edward III: volume 4: 1337-1339 (1900), pp. 398-407. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk 40 South Yorkshire 41 West Yorkshire Archive Service in Bradford (Ref SpSt/4/11/53/1) 42 A political unit similar to a "Hundred" in Anglo-Saxon England, The Wapentake is a collection of local parishes. The term is used in former Danelaw region of England and derives from words meaning "show your weapon". The idea was that all in favor of a resolution would raise their sword, axe, etc. to show agreement. Sheffield parish. Strafforth was the southernmost wapentake in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England 43 Johan Quenyld. Magot Quenyld' & Johanna filia (daughter) ejus (his). Johannes Queynnild' & Matilda uxor (wife) ejus (his). Willelmus Quenild' & uxor (wife). Subsidiary Patent Roll, Poll tax, Sheffield, 1379 http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/Misc/SubsidyRolls/WRY/Sheffield.html 44 Essoniatus (Excuses) Willielmus atte (of) Schamele (Shamwell) uesus (versus) Willielmum Quenyld de (of) placito (the pleasure of) transgressionis per (according to) Robertum Cappellanum. Gross C PhD, The Gild Merchant: A Contribution to British Municipal History, Vol. II. Pub. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1890. pp 303 45 Will. Quenyld vadiat (petition) Senescallis (of the official. "Seneschal" from the Old French and was introduced by the Normans) Emendas (finance) pro (for) eo quod (because) mactauit (to slay, or kill) unum (one) taurum (bull). Gross C PhD, The Gild Merchant: A Contribution to British Municipal History, Vol. II. Pub. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1890. pp 315

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Hertfordshire

John Quyneld (the elder?) about 1340 – 1390/91

� 1340 The English win the naval battle of Sluys against the French. Geoffrey Chaucer is born

� 1346 The battle of Crecy. English longbow men crush the French army � 1348 The Black Death comes to England. Perhaps a third of the population died

over the next year � 1356 The battle of Poitiers. Once again the England crush the French

John Quyneld (sic Quenyld) born around 1340, was an MP in 1377, 1378 and 1380, and held land in 1373 in the manor of Ware in Hertfordshire. He may have been the father of John Quyneld the younger, also born in Hertfordshire and potentially the father of Peter Quyneld, as was shown by a monument formerly at Haslemere46. It would seem that he had a brother called William who is mentioned in 1374 alongside Luke Vynter who, in 1363, is also listed as a Justice of the Peace alongside John. The family seat at the time was in Hertfordshire, and he also had property investments in Middlesex, Surrey, Southampton. His wife, Emma (Quynild), of Thorley, listed as a widow, made a grant on Morrow of Holy Trinity, 14 Richard II (22 May 1391 – so John had passed away by that time) to John Babelake of the same and Christina his wife of a garden called Morisgardyn abutting on Botilleris croft and Ballyscroft’47

In the lead up to the appearance of John Quyneld of Hertfordshire in the records the Ordinance and Statute of labourers was enacted in 1349/1351 in response to a labour shortage and introduced by Sir John Halles, who resided in a mansion called 'le brick house' within the cemetery of the priory of St. Mary Spital48 in London, then known as the New Hospital of St Mary without Bishopgate, one of the biggest hospitals in medieval England.

About a third of the population of Europe had been killed by the Black Death, resulting in a dramatic decrease in the supply of labour which resulted in a sharp increase in competition for workers who, with increased bargaining power, could command higher wages which in turn led to inflation throughout the economy. The elite classes resented this shift in economic power and Edward, in an attempt to control the cost of labour and increasing inflation, issued the Ordinance of Labourers in 1349, reinforced by Parliament with the Ordinance with the Statute of Labourers in 1351 which set a maximum wage for labourers to match that of wage levels before the Black Death, levels which had been low as a result of the economic depression in England as a result of the Hundred Years War and even lower during the period of the Black Death. The Statute demanded that healthy men and women should work, imposing strict penalties for idlers but this was poorly enforced and unsuccessful and exacerbated the situation for those who were unable to work for whatever reason, resulting in laws enacted later to address issues of poverty.

The Statute was very unpopular with those who wanted higher wages and improvements in their quality of life and the simmering resentment of the peasantry contributed to unrest and the subsequent Peasants' Revolt of 1381. As is shown in the records John Quyneld was involved in a number of commissions from 1360 onwards relating not only to the Hundred Years War but also in maintaining the peace in England in the face of outbreaks of protest and increasing unrest as a result of the Statute, and would result in changes in his location and shifting fortunes and favour with the Crown until a John Quyneld, possibly the younger, is recorded in Hampshire, Kent, Middlesex, and Surrey where the family finally settled in Chiddingfold. During John’s lifetime he would have served the interest of two Kings and their shifting fortunes; Edward III 1327-1377 and Richard II 1377-1399. Potentially there are two John Quyneld’s involved, the elder and

46 'Parishes: Chiddingfold', A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 3 (1911), pp. 10-16. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/ 47 DE/Z120/44803 Nationol Archive. UK 48 Spitalfields, London. Now the property of the Carpenters’ Company

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the younger. From the records the age range that is possible for John Quyneld the elder is from about 1340, which would make John roughly 20/21 years old at the time, the age which in Medieval Europe would mark his coming of age at about the time of his first commission in 1360. Since we know John died in 1390/91 his son John would have been a servant of Henry IV 1399-1413, and Henry V 1413-1422; the last mention of John Quyneld in the Rolls Patent is in 1413. For it to be possible for the fathering of the sequence of generations between John Quyneld (the elder?) and Peter Quennell the potential dates would have to look something like this…

John Quyneld the elder 1340-1390/91 (death date established – Emma Quynild, widow in 1391) John Quyneld the younger 1390- Peter Quyneld 1440- Peter Quennell 1485-1558 (death date established – bequest for

upkeep of bells in 1558) Based on this premise if would be relatively safe, and quite compelling in fact, to say that John Quyneld the elder, mentioned in the following records, held the manor of Cottered in Hertfordshire in 1387 which was transferred to Philip Bluet and his wife Katherine on John’s death. John Quyneld the elder also held property in Crassalton49 in Surrey in 1383 so it may be reasonably safe to assume that if John Quyneld the elder died in Hertfordshire in 1390/91 that John Quyneld the younger at the age of about 33, hailing from Hertfordshire, moved his family to their holdings from Middlesex, where evidence shows he held property in 1413, to Surrey some time after Cottered reverted to the Bluets, confirming the wording on the monument previously at Haslemere. And so to the records… Between 1361, around about the time of his coming of age, and 1365 John Quyneld was commissioned to keep the peace no less than four times, twice in 1361 alone. No doubt this was in response to the simmering undercurrent of resentment resulting in sporadic outbursts of violence on the part of the peasants in response to the Ordinance and Statute of labourers which would result in the Peasants’ Revolt in 1381, events that would eventually place John Quyneld’s future and his life on a knife edge, and precipitate a fall from the favour of the Crown and a downturn in his fortunes. During the last year of the phase of the Hundred Years War called the Edwardian War 1337-1360, and under Edward III, John Quyneld seems to have held substantial rank and to have been held in high enough esteem that he was entrusted, along with some of the most prominent figures of the day with the serious responsibility or arraying men to arms and at Westminster on 28 March 1360, under Edward III, a Commission was issued50 which reads… To Hugh Chastilon51, Sherriff of Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire. and his fellows, arrayers52 of men at arms and archers in the county of Buckingham, reciting that because it is the king's will that twenty men at arms, to wit the said Hugh, (Sir) Henry (de) Chalfhunt53, Lord of Frinstead54 in Kent, Geoffre de Lucy55, Of Cublington56, John son of John Giffard57, Edmund de Hampden58, Edmund Waleys59, Martin Chaunceux60, John

49 John Quenyld of Crassiilton, co. Surrey on 1st Mat 1383 Carshalton 50 Patent Rolls, Edward III, Volume 11, Membrane 22, pg 413/4. 28 March 1360 51 As master of the cross-bows in France, in 1369, along with count Guy de St. Pol, besieged and took the town of Abbeville, and the whole country of Ponthieu. The records of the Exchequer of Edward III state that in 1370 a ransom of 10,000 marks was paid to Sir Nicholas Levigne (of the Parish of All Hallows the Great in Thames Street) for the freedom of Hugh, his prisoner taken in war 52 Who was an officer who had a commission of array, to put soldiers of a country in a condition for military service 53 Chalfont/Chalshunt, who bore for his arms, three bends ermine, ward to the castle of Dover 54 small village in the parish of Wormshill and in the Maidstone District of Kent 55 Sir Geoffrey de Lucy 1324-1400, U.S. President's 15-Great Grandfather, HRH Charles's 19-Great Grandfather, PM Churchill's 17-Great Grandfather, Lady Diana's 18-Great Grandfather, HRH Albert II's 20-Great Grandfather, Gen. Pierpont Hamilton's 18-Great Grandfather 56 Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire 57 Of Chillington Hall, South Staffordshire whose father was an MP under Edward II. http://www.chillingtonhall.co.uk/

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de Coueley(e)61, William Wyot62, John de Thame63, Thomas Frisel64, Richard Hampden65, John Baret66, John de Wermeston67, John de Amondesham68, John Reynam69, John de Nowers70, and three other men at arms, twenty armed men and eighty archers of the strongest and bravest of the county be selected in the county and go in ships upon the sea for the defence of the realm, he commands that on sight of these presents these said men be arrayed and duly furnished with arms, armour, bows and arrows and brought to Sandwich71, and that if need be they be compelled to this by incarceration of their bodies and taking of their lands and goods into the king's hand, so that they be there by Tuesday in Easter week to enter the ships ordained to take them to go on the king's service at the accustomed wages of war. In the meantime the commissioners are to send men to Sandwich to provide victuals for the men ready to be shipped on their arrival. It is the king's will also that when they reach the sea their horses shall be sent back to their own parts. He has commanded the collectors of the tenth and fifteenth granted by the commonalty of the realm for the expenses of the men going on the said service to pay them their wages, to wit to every knight 2 shillings to an esquire I2 pennies to an armed man 6 pennies and to an archer 4 pennies a day, for one month from the time of at which they left the said county. Furthermore he gives the commissioners power to arrest and imprison contrariants or rebels and take their lands and goods into his hand, and hereby gives command to the sheriff, men at arms and archers, mayors, bailiffs, ministers and others of the said county to be attending, answering, counselling and aiding to them in the premises. By the guardian & C. The like to the following arraying men at arms be in the counties named and bringing them to Sandwich at the same day: Hugh de Blount72, knight, and the arrayers in the county of Essex, twenty, men at arms, to wit the said Hugh, John de Seintclier73, Thomas de Clopton74, Henry Moyne75, William Gennyn76, John de Boys77, Lionel de Bradenham78,

58Of Great Hampden, Buckinghamshire, England. John de Hampden, the son of Reginald, held the manor in 1346, and was a knight of the shire in two Parliaments of Edward III in 1351–2, and again in 1363. There is a tradition that Edward III. and the Black Prince once paid a visit to Hampden, and that while the Prince and his host were amusing themselves with games of chivalry, a quarrel arose and the prince received a blow in the face, which greatly enraged his royal father, who instantly left the house with his son; and afterwards seized some valuable manors belonging to De Hampden as a punishment for his want of manners and loyalty. The following lines are said to refer to this incident:- "Tring, Wing, and Ivanhoe Hampden did forego For striking of a blow, And glad he did escape so." http://www.mspong.org/picturesque/great_hampden.html Edmund was sheriff of the two counties, Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire, five times during the reigns of Richard II, Henry IV, and Henry V 59 Son of Lord William Le Waleys of Aston Cantlow. Warwickshire? 60 Of Okhide Manor, Horton, Buckinghamshire 61 Of Berkeley Castle, Berkeley, Gloucestershire. The place where Edward II was murdered 21 September 1327 62 Possibly the brother of John Wyatt and brother in law of John of Gaunt’s wife, Catherine Swinford 63 Of Buckinghamshire. Nominated to the Council of the Guildhall of London for Aldersgate in 1347. Possibly a Knight Hospitalier 64 Occupied Bradenham Manor, Desborough, Buckinghamshire between 1350-1360 65 Probably a kinsman of Edmund de Hampden 66 Of Barnwell, Chesterton, Cambridge 67 Of Urmston Old Hall, Urmston then Wermeston 68 Of Amondesham/Agmondesham/Amersham, Buckinghamshire, near Abbots Langley, Hertfordshire 69 Of Buckinghamshire, now Raynham and part of Luton 70 of Gothirst, Buckinghamshire 71 an important major port in Kent 72 Knight of Essex and High Sherriff of Hertfordshire in 1361, Owned land adjacent to St. Mildred the Virgin in Poultry, City of London 73 John Saint Clair, knight, of Aldham St Cleres, Igtham (Eyghtham), Kent, 74 (Croyon-Cum) Clopton Deserted Medieval Village (Cambridgeshire) is situated to the west of Croydon village, and can be reached by following the footpath at the western end of Croydon High Street. The Medieval village of Clopton is mentioned in the Domesday Book, and is known from documentary sources to have had a market in the 13th century. The village seems to have gone into decline during the later middle ages, and was finally deserted during the early 16th century when the land was purchased by John Fisher. By enclosing the common strip fields into large pasture fields, the villagers were stripped of their livelihood and ejected from the countryside. All that remains today are the earthwork traces of the village layout. The earthworks are difficult to interpret as the village was terraced into the hillside. However earthwork survey and excavation have greatly increased our understanding, and demonstrated the presence of a central church, two moated sites and a probable mill. The roughly rectangular moat has been identified as that of Clopton Bury, the manor of Clopton, and a series of channels link the moat with the mill site in the south-east of the village.

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William de Dale79, Robert de Rokele80, Roger Monkoye and ten others, twenty armed men and sixty archers, (Sir) Hugh FitzSymond81, and his fellows, arrayers in the county of Hertford, twenty armed men, to wit the said Hugh, John de Chilterne82, John Quenyld83, Hamo de Ware84 It is likely that the assembled company accompanied Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick to France during Edward III’s last campaign there between 1359 and 1360. Thomas Qwyneld, probably a younger brother of John who may have been killed in the lead up to the Treaty of Brétigny, signed at Brétigny, a village near Chartres, which marked the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War. The circumstances of his death are unknown but that Henry Hewen of Westefeld was involved who was under the command of the Earl of Warwick, and that the subsequent pardons (see below) were issued as a result. At Westminster on the 28th of May 1360 Edward III issued a ‘Pardon, for good service to the king done in his last voyage in France in the company of his son the earl of Richmond to… …and the like to…’85 which on the 16th of July 1360 at Westminster included ‘Henry Hewen of Westefeld86, in the company of Thomas de Bello Campo87, earl of Warwick, marshal of England, for the death of Thomas Qwyneld’88

Effigies of Thomas de Beauchamp and Katherine Mortimer his wife, Earl and Countess of Warwick.

Effigies located in centre of quire, St. Mary's church in the city of Warwick89 The following year at Westminster on 21 March 1361 John Quenyld, along with a number of high ranking officials, was again given a commission, this time of the peace under Edward III’s Great Seal90, which also included a warrant to raise militias as the need arose to John de la Lee91, William de Notton92, John Lodewyk93, Richard de Bydeford94, Thomas de Eston95, John de Whitewell96 in the county of Hertford

75 Of Willingham, Cambridgeshire? 76 Of Guildford, Surrey? 77 Patron of the Augustinian Priory of Tiptree, Essex. The only remaining part of the priory is a rubble wall extending E of the present house built in the 16th century 78 Knight and Lord of the Manor of Langenhoe, Essex 79 Sheriff of Hampshire and Constable of Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight in 1345 80 Of Hertfordshire 81 Knight and Lord of the Manor of Merston, Kent, and Caxton, Cambridgeshire 82 Of Chilthorne Vagg, near Yeovil in Somerset 83 MP in 1377,1378 and 1380 84 Of Meldebourn and Ware in Hertfordshire who also occupied property in Cambridge. The name Hamo means house or home and was introduced from Germany during the Norman Conquest 85 Patent Rolls. Edward III. Volume 11, Membrane 5, pg. 381. 28 May 1360 86 Hambury, now Hanbury, Hertfordshire or could be Sussex 87 Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick. Founder Knight of the Order of the Garter. His father Guy captured and imprisoned Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall, and Edward II’s lover, at Warwick Castle 88 Patent Rolls. Edward III. Volume 11, Membrane 3, pg. 394. 16 July 1360 89 Image taken in April 2004 by descendant of both. GNU Free Documentation License 90 Patent Rolls. Edward III. Volume 12, Membrane 33d, pg. 64. 21 March 1361 91 Knight and Royal Steward of Edward III’s household, of Albury, Hertfordshire. Seized the manor of Chamberlains in Cambridgeshire and sold it back to Corpus Christi College in 1361 for 700 marks. In 1368 tried by Sir Robert Thorpe 92 Knight, of Notton in Yorkshire and the King’s serjeant and justice of the King’s bench. He was the King’s lieutenant in 1361 when he was sent to Ireland 93 Of Wormlee (Wormley) of Brokysburn (Broxbourne), and Ludwick in Hertfordshire on the route from London to Ware; 23 miles. Justice of the peace for Hertfordshire. His father, William, went on pilgrimage with Hugh Fitzsimmons to Santiago de Compostella in 1332

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The same year, on the 21st of October 1361, Pelham, Thursday after St Luke, 35, Edward III, John Quynled, along with Robert de Geddyng97, Thomas Logat, William Schanke and William Rokesburgh98 were witnesses to the granting of the title and deeds of Landbeach to Sir John de la Lee, the Royal Steward, in the presence of Sir Thomas de Knesworthe99 and Adam de Wyvelyngham100, knight, in return for his support to Thomas Grey of Hertfordshire101 Later that year at Westminster on the 15th December 1361, John Quenyld was reaffirmed in his role as a one of the commissioners of the peace for Hertfordshire102 alongside Guy de Boys103, John de Chilterne, Thomas de Eston, and John de Whitewell104 Once again, on the 3rd of May 1365 we find John Quyneld in distinguished company when at Westminster, probably once again in response to simmering resentment and unrest on the part of the peasantry as a result of Edward III’s Statute of Labourers, he was confirmed as a Commissioner of the Peace, pursuant to the statutes of Winchester, Northampton and Westminster, alongside John, Duke of Lancaster105, John atte Lee106, Edward Fitz Symond, John Foxcote107, John Strete108, and Luke Vynter109 of oyer and terminer110, touching felonies, trespasses, forestalleries and regrateries, abuses of measures and weights and delinquencies against the statutes and ordinances of

labourers111 in the county of Hertford112, intended to put and keep the peasants in their place. On December the 10th 1366 John Quynild received from the King at Westminster a ‘Commission of oyer and terminer’ along with ‘John Knyvet113, Robert de Thorpe114, William de Wychyngham115, Richard de Leycestre116, on complaint by Walter de Mauny117 that William Lost, John Merseye118, chaplain, Aylwin Parker of Campes119, William Parke of Walden, Thomas Tannere of Walden, Richard Somer, Robert Sweyn, John Chalk and others, broke (into) his park at Chestreford120, co Essex, hunted therein and carried away deer121

94 Coroner of Hitchin, Hertfordshire 95 Of Ormesby, York 96 Of Skeyton, Runhal, Norfolk 97 Knight, of Northampton 98 Previous owner of Mark Lane, now in the ownership of the Drapers' Company of Throgmorton Avenue, London EC2N 2DQ 99 Kneesworth now Bassingborn-Cum-Kneesworth Cambridgeshire 100 A village now known as Willingham. Cambridgshire 101 Deeds relating to Landbeach, Cambridgeshire. CCCC09/35/55 http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk 102 Patent Rolls. Edward III, Volume 12, Membrane 32, pg. 66. 15 December 1361 103 Lord of the manor of Munden or Great Furnivall, Hertfordshire in 1361 104Of Watford and Caysho. See CP 25/1/89/90, number 539 at http://www.medievalgenealogy.org.uk/fines/abstracts/CP_25_1_89_90.shtml and http://aalt.law.uh.edu/CP25(1)/CP25(1)Herts89/IMG_0074.htm 105 John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, third son surviving son of Edward III, Called Gaunt because he was born in Ghent in Belgium; Gaunt was the old English name for Ghent 106 Probably John de la Lee 107 a major fish merchant 108 Mayor of Dover in 1378 109 who Testified at the petition of a John West about the Manor of Ayot St. Lawrence, Hertfordshire in 1370 110 Oyer and terminer - a term used in England in commissions directed to judges of assize about to hold court, directing them to hear and determine cases brought before them, 111 post 1348 Black Death institution of Edward III’s Statute of Labourers in 1351, hugely unpopular with the peasants of England 112 Edward III, Volume 13, Membrane 22, pg. 144. 3 May 1365 113 Sir John Knyvet, Chief Justice of the King’s Bench 1365-1372. On the 30th June 1372 appointed Chancellor. Built and occupied Knyvet’s Place, now Southwick Hall, near Oundle, Peterborough and open to the public 114 In 1356 Chief Justice of the Common Pleas and in 1371 Chancellor 115 Witchingham, Norfolk 116 Clerk of the Court 117 Baron of Mauny, Lord of Wexford, Sheriff of Mentieth and Custodian of Harlech and Knight of the Garter. One of Edward III’s military commanders. Founder of Charterhouse 118 Chaplain of St. Mary Le Strand, was where Somerset House now stands 119 Campes, probably in France 120 Chesterford, a village in the Uttlesford district of Essex 121 Patent Rolls. Edward III, Volume 13, Membrane 6d, pg. 370. 1366, December 10th

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Three years later, one month from St Michael, 42 Edward III on the 27th of October 1368122 at Westminster a plea of covenant submitted in the county of Hertfordshire was heard. The plaintiff was John Quynild123 and related to 1 messuage, 40 acres of land, 6 acres of meadow, 2 acres of pasture, 9 pence of rent and a rent of 1 clove in Thoreleye124 and Sabrychesworth125, and was against Roger Bunne126 and Joan, his wife, deforciants, having obstructed John’s access to his estate

127

The agreement reads: Roger and Joan have acknowledged the tenements to be the right of John, and have remised and quitclaimed them from themselves and the heirs of Joan

to him and his heirs for ever. Warranty: Warranty. For this: John has given them 100 marks of silver

There is the connection between John Quenild and Emma holding property in Thorley which is mentioned above and which is reinforced by a record dated 49 Edward III, 10th August 1375, when John is a witness to a grant of land in Thorley and Sawbridgeworth128

In 1373 plague once again struck England. Then, on the 12th of January 1374 a licence was granted for the alienation129 in mortmain130 for John Quyneld and Walter Lepere to transfer two properties and 2 acres of land in Eggeswere and Ildestre131 and for John Chishull132, William Stoteville133, and John Harpesfeld to transfer a toft134, 116 acres of land, 5 acres of meadow and 6 acres of wood in Acton valued of 32 shillings annually, the value determined in a survey undertaken by Nicholas Heryng135, escheator136 in the county of Middlesex, which were given to the Priory and Convent of St. Bartholomew's, Smethefeld137, at an estimated value of 40 shillings annually, as part of the King’s grant

122 CP 25/1/89/92, number 589. 123 Quenild 124 Thorley, Hertfordshire 125 Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire 126 Bunn 127 CP 25/1/89/92, number 589. © Crown copyright. National Archives, London, England 128 DE/Z120/44802 National Archive, UK 129 The regulation of the 'alienation' or transfer of feudal lands without a licence from the Government. Henry III issued an ordnance prohibiting the tenants in chief of feudal lands from alienating those lands without a proper licence from the state. The penalty for not going through the licensing system was forfeiture of the lands concerned 130 Mortmain is a legal term, derived from medieval French, literally meaning dead hand and refers to the sterilisation of ownership of property by vesting it perpetually in the form of a religious office 131 Edgware and Elstree 132 Chaplain of the Priory of Thomas of Watford 133 Vicar of the church of St. Sepulchre without Neugate (Newgate), London 134 Homestead 135 Seneschal and Supervisor of the King’s castles and manors in Kent 136 In feudal England, escheat referred to the situation where the tenant of a fief died without an heir or committed a felony. The fief reverted to the King's ownership for one year and one day, by right of primer seisin, after which it reverted to the original lord who had granted it. From the time of Henry III, the monarchy took particular interest in escheat as a source of revenue. From the 12th century onward, the Crown appointed escheators to manage escheats and report to the Exchequer, with one escheator per county established by the middle of the 14th century. Upon learning the death of a tenant, the escheator would hold an "inquisition" to learn if the king had any rights to the land. If there was any doubt, the escheator would seize the land and refer the case to Westminster where it would be settled, ensuring that not one day's revenue would be lost. This would be a source of concern with land owners when there were delays from Westminster 137 a large area, about 3 acres in extent, much of it marshy, full of water and mud, lying to the north-west of the City of London, adjoining the Church and Hospital of St. Bartholomew on the west, at the northern end of Giltspur Street, in Farringdon Ward Without, and extending to the Bars of Smithfield. Formerly used as a large Cattle Market. Harben Dictionary

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to the Priory and Convent to enable them to raise £20 yearly in lands and rent138. In the fourteenth century the Prior was Thomas de Watford'139

As a result of disturbances and uprisings that occurred between the post 1348 Black Death institution of Edward III’s Ordinance and Statute of Labourers in 1351, hugely unpopular with the peasants of England, and the Peasants’ Revolt in 1381, on the 26th July 1374 at Westminster, Commissions were given by the King and Council140 to, amongst others, John Boterwyk141, David de Westminster. Berdevill, Henry Traynel, John de Salesbury and John Bysouth, serjeants-at-mace, and on 29th July 1374 to John Filyol142, Luke Vynter, William Quenyld to arrest a large group of men (given that Luke Vynter is also mentioned it is likely that William is quite possibly John’s younger brother, since John by the principle of primogeniture143 John would have had to have been the eldest to inherit the family’s property) … Robert Cavendyssh, John Hidigham, Thomas Branton, John Wespray, Simon Bereford, John Morewell, Richard Norhampton, John Peyk, Richard Ivy, Walter Guldeford, Bobert Spelyng, John Halys, William Michel, John Hamstede, John Faucon, John Waryn, Thomas Fakenam, Bobert Anton, John Grandon, William Bysude, William Ledys, Gilbert Forester, Thomas Pope, John Brokelee, John Walche, John Stalbrigge, John Orby, John West, John Kent, Benedict Wade, William Barton, John Woleward, Nicholas Kembere, William Catisby, Bobert Aston, Robert Nely, Simon Bucell, Henry Biriount, John Lane, Walter Wynchestre, Nicholas Nettilham, John Sharp, John Wolwirton, John Brandon, John Someri, John Lilie, Nicholas Neubolt, Roger Lucas, Simon Vinur, Richard Fitekyn, Richard Poche, John Topclif, John Stirbourne, William Walys, Richard Couke, Robert Duram, Thomas Strode, John Stekis, John Frend, Stephen Goldfynch, William Ocle, John atte Parke, John Salusbiri, Richard Shirbourne, William Witby, William Schambir, Walter West, John Wodestoke, Walter Lucas, William Alret, John Fulbourne, John Sutfold, Richard Dancastre, John Honcler, John Clifford, Richard Baker, John Soutyng, Thomas Harnme, John Grenehell, Richard Sutton, Hugh Cursun, Thomas Langeton, William Martlesham, John Wytbred, John Ermyn, John Helmele, Henry Juwet, John Kitteson, John Catour, Robert Hare, John Bynle, Martin Zonge, William Gillot, John Dobbys, Richard Little, John Lile, Richard Frere, Roger Kendale, John Freman, Robert Bladys, Robert Hedon, Reynold Man, Richard Bakere, William Cook, John atte Wode, John Causere, William Berkyng, Henry Cok, Thomas Croft, John Cristemasse, Richard Gerard, John Dodele, John Elene, John Herewell, John Dod, Ivo Serle, John Spencer, Richard Fuller, Robert Sewet, John Goudwyn, Thomas Fischere, John Froisel, Nicholas Cruce, Alexander Stephan, William Haunsel, John Cook, Thomas Skynnere, Thomas Prince, Simon Bakere, Hugh Toky, William Walter, William Leverik, John Poddyng, John Smyth, John Tredegold, John Brice, William Raulyn, 'page,' John Passelewe, John Bylet, John Coggere, Edmund Vynceiit, Thomas Sneyth, Simon Hasse, Richard Thomme, John Sharp, Stephen Beneyt, John Belde, John Walyngton, John Barker, William Somer, William Bussh, John Hert, Benedict Neweland, Ellis Rekeman, William Flemyng, John Lambyn, William Catour, 'page,' Thomas Shippernan, 'page,' Thomas Staleworthyn, John Do, John Thomme, Thomas Salman, Robert Hood, Ralph Smyth, Geoffrey Perers, John Cheseman, 'page,' John More, John Berne, John Bode, John Bondys, Roger Zongwyne, Thomas Rolf, John Gaskwyn, Alan Coggare, John Stemhache, Robert Bam, Nicholas Taillour, William Hudde, John Mois, Thomas Adam, Richard Pirye, 'archer,' Nicholas Dole, John Symond, 'archer,' John Furmyton, John Herdyng, John Jacmyn, ' archer,' Philip Yle, ' archer,' John Kencot, Philip Sampton, ' archer,' John Frere, Richard Byx, Henry Norkyn, John Reynold, ' archer,' John Edwyne, Ralph Denys, William Shepherd, John Sellay, John Pipere, William Sneyere, William Moys, ' archer,' John Wytle, ' archer,' Richard Souter, ' archer,' Thomas Bor, John Andreu, John Lenne, Thomas Surl, John Knetthere, Gilbert Hesne, John Cherryngherst, Nicholas Boydyn, John Boydyn, Thomas Page, Laurence Justice, John Zonge, Walter Zonge, Henry Tybbe, John Grene, John North, John Cornyssh, John Gallewere, Andrew

138 Patent Rolls. Edward III, Volume1, Membrane 5, pg. 380. 12 January 1374 139 The records of St. Bartholomew's priory [and] St. Bartholomew the Great, West Smithfield: volume 1 (1921), pp. 168-177 140 Patent Rolls. Edward III, Volume 15, Membrane 6d, pg. 489-491. 26 July 1374 – 29 July 1374 141 Sheriff of Middlesex 142 Sheriff of Essex and Hertford 143 common law right of the firstborn son to inherit the entire estate

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Yasterlyng, Andrew Smert, John Person, Gilbert Trumplour, John Spriner, Thomas Alwyk, John Yol, Thomas Yol, John Wyther, John Malle, Thomas Brokman, John Colyn, John Sende, Simon Londyn, Robert Soleys, John Prison, John Arnold, William Huglot, William Spisour, Alexander Cook, John Aleyn, Thomas Elys, John Ecchere, John Short, John Corey, John Chelf, John Crippe, 'page,' John Soylard, 'page,' Thomas Iryssh, Andrew Mersey, Pernelt Laurence, Thomas Meynard, John de Baylle, Peter Gerard and William Richard, ' page,' and to bring them to London and deliver them to the sheriffs for safe keeping in Neugate gaol until further order for their delivery Two years later Southampton is mentioned as a residence of John Quyneld when a writ issued against him on the 10th August 1375, by the executors, Matilda Hervyle, Thomas Potesgrave, and John Clayditch, as part of the probate proceedings of the will of Matilda’s husband Walter Hervyle, citizen and pewterer of London, now deceased, through the office of Nicholas Brembre, Mayor of London, on the matter of a debt of £40. The writ was heard on the 2nd of February 1376144 by William Walworth145 and Helmyng Leget, Clerk, and endorsed in London: Coram Justice de Banco in quindena Pasche146, though no record seemed available to show the eventual outcome Then, on the 18th October 1375, John Quyneld (of Kent) was involved in a debtors hearing alongside a Richard Carbonell (of Oxted [Tandridge Hundred] and Tatsfield Surrey) for the sum of 20 marks owed to Thomas Wilford, a citizen and fishmonger of London. It would seem that either John paid his dues or could have had his investments tied up in Richard Carbonell’s properties. Richard was not at the hearing and, according to the then Sherriff of Surrey, John Seyncler147 he was not in his (the Sherriff’s) bailiwick148. Either way, Richard’s lands and property was made over to Thomas Wilford149. Its also quite possible that the connection here alongside that of his connection with Robert De Gedyng, a major fish merchant, in 1361 indicates an investment by John in fish mongering, a trade which he would become known for in Southampton and, given the period when 75% of the population ate fish not only as a choice but as a religious duty, must have been quite lucrative. John was a busy man as ten days later, on 12 February 1376 at Westminster, commissions were issued to Edmund Fauconer150, Simon Kegworth, John Quyneld, William Brok and John Welde, escheator in the county of Hertford, to find by inquisition in the counties of Hertford and Essex what lands, knights' fees and advowsons151 of churches Simon son of Imbert and Henry Merk152, held of the king in chief, in demesneas153 well as in service, on the days on which they died, and what they held of others, at what time they died, who are their next heirs and who have held the lands since their death and taken the issues, and by what title154The next few years, at least until 1376/78, looked like they may have been relatively uneventful for John Quyneld though he was involved in a number of writs arising from property disputes and rulings. One week from Holy Trinity, 50 Edward III, on the 15th of June 1376 at Westminster, Geoffrey Hunden, John Quyneld155, John Basset of Chishull156 and John Basset of Walkern, querents157, had a plea of covenant158 entered by John Heydon159, which was submitted in Hertfordshire and were granted the tenements of 2 messuages160, 4 tofts,

144 C 241/173 National Archive 145 Mayor of London In 1381 killed Wat Tyler leader of the Peasants’ Revolt army which marched on London. Previously worked for a time for Geoffrey Chaucer at the Customs House in London 146 Coram Justice de Banco qundena Pasche – Brought to the attention of the Justice of the Bench on the quindene of Easter, the Monday on which the Easter law term usually began 147 Sinclair 148 The term applied to a territory in which the sheriff's functions were exercised under a Crown grant 149 C131/23 National Archives, UK 150 Of Heston and Isleworth 151 the right to nominate a person to hold a church office in a parish 152 Of the medieval moated manor of Marks, Dagenham, Essex 153 land kept in the lord's possession, not leased out but, under the feudal system, worked by villeins (peasants) to supply the lord's household 154 Edward III, Volume 6, Membrane 37d, pg. 315. 12 February 1376 155 Quineld 156 Chishall in Essex 157 Plaintiffs 158 A plea for the enforcement of leases 159 Haydon 160 Properties

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140 acres of land, 8 acres of meadow, 2 acres of pasture and 4 pounds of rent in Asshewell161, Hynxstworth162 and Redreth163 replacing John Basset and John Basset164, and William Rokesburgh165 and Pernel, his wife, deforciants166

167

The agreement reads: William and Pernel have granted to Geoffrey, John, John and John and have rendered whatsoever they had in them for the life of Pernel to them in the

same court, to hold to Geoffrey, John, John and John and the heirs of John Basset of

Chishull', of the chief lords for the life of Pernel. For this: Geoffrey, John, John and John

have given them 100 marks of silver168

On the 6th of October the same year, 1376, 50 Edward III, Margery Draper granted to John Quenild, for the term of her life, land lying in Codrech169 in Spedeleye, in Hertfordshire170. The following year Richard II was enthroned in 1377 at the age of 10 and John of Gaunt became regent in all but name. The first poll tax was levied the same year

John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and Aquitaine

In 1378 preparations were probably being made in the lead up to the beginning of the Caroline War phase (1379-1389) of the Hundred Years War. John Quyneld, then in Kent, was commissioned into the service of Richard II but didn’t turn up when John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster left England on his embassy to meet the Dukes of Anjou and Berry at Bruges in 1375 to sue for peace. For this misdemeanour, on the 8th of August 1378, a revocation of the protection was issued at Westminster171, with clause volumus172, granted to John Quenyld, going over sea (as was believed) on the king's service in the

161 Ashwell 162 Hinxworth 163 Ruddery, in Guilden Morden, Cambridgeshire 164 Probably elder and younger; father and son 165 Roxburgh 166 One who keeps out of possession the rightful owner of an estate 167 CP 25/1/90/95, number 674 © Crown copyright. National Archives, London, England 168 Feet of Fines: CP 25/1/90/95 http://www.medievalgenealogy.org.uk 169 Cottered 170 D. 997 'Deeds: D.901 - D.1000', A Descriptive Catalogue of Ancient Deeds: Volume 3 (1900), pp. 511-523. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk 171 Richard II, Volume 1, Membrane 37, pg.268. 8 August 1378 172 Judicial protection, which granted immunity from most suits at law guaranteeing the safety of possessions and servants

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company of John, duke of Lancaster, as Thomas de Cobeham, sheriff of Kent, certifies that he is skulking173 in his (the sheriff’s) bailiwick From this point on there is a change in regional focus and fortunes for John Quyneld, possibly to escape the plague, away from his holdings in Hertfordshire to the south of England, in particular to Hampshire, Kent and Surrey. It would seem that he became a fishmonger in Southampton probably as an investment whilst stationed in on the south coast between the Crown’s overseas campaigns and expeditions that he never turned up for. This reluctance to attend to his two overseas commissions as well as an allegation of obtaining money by deception had seemingly given cause for suspicion of his loyalty to the Crown as well as his integrity. This was exacerbated by the uprising in June 1381 when 10,000 men, forming the vanguard of the Peasants Revolt, marched on London. They destroyed the Savoy Palace and some of the rebels found their way to the wine cellars, "where they dranke so much of sweet wines that they were not able to come out in time, but were shut in with wood and stones that mured up the door, where they were heard crying and calling seven days after, but none came to help them out till they were dead."174 John Quyneld, referred to in one record as having been expected at Westminster as an insurgent, was likely suspected of involvement in the Peasants’ Revolt of 1381, when on the 13th June, residents in Hertfordshire joined the uprising in the south-east, which continued even after the death of Wat Tyler at Smithfield175 On the issue of obtaining money by deception a Commission was issued on 20th October 1380 and reviewed on the 10th February 1381176 to John de Monte Acuto177, Sir Bernard Brocas178, Walter Haywode179, Michael Skillyng180, and William Ryngebourne181, to enquire into the truth of a petition (which eventually succeeded) of Hugh Craan182, of Winchester, alleging that, whereas on Tuesday after St. Benedict, 2 Richard II, he acquired to himself and Isabel his wife, for life, the manor of Oterbourn183, co. Southampton, from Richard Wyncestre184, for a certain sum of money, the said Richard and Agnes his wife, Richard Uttokcestre185, parson of the church of Lymynge, co, Kent, John Quenyld of Edenbrugge186, Thomas Stanton, of Oxford, clerk, executor of the will of William Underhull, Nicholas Langestoke187, late mayor of Southampton, Thomas (de) Kyngton188, clerk, for receiving recognizances of debts in the same town, schemed to dispossess him and his wife of the same, and forged a recognisance of the statute of merchants for 550 pounds, dated 22 February, 26 Edward III., payable on a day now past to the said William Underhull and John Payn, clerk, and caused it to be sealed under the names of John de Wyncestre, knight, and the said Richard his brother, and in the presence of the said mayor and clerk to be enrolled in the books for the purpose, and a

173 Evading his obligation 174 http://www.londononline.co.uk/history/tudor/3/ 175 Le soulèvement des travaileurs d'Angleterre en 1381: études et documents publiés avec un introd. historique par Ch. Petit-Dutaillis (1898). The rising of the workers of England in 1381: studies and documents published with an historical introduction by CH. Small-Dutaillis (1898). Pp. 340 176 Richard II, Volume 1, Membrane 10d, pg. 577. 20 October 1380 and Richard II, Volume 1, Membrane 13d, pg. 630. 10 February 1381 177 Aka Montague. Knighted in France during the Hundred Years War. Earl of Salisbury and supporter of Richard II. One of the wealthiest men in England at the time with substantial landholdings. Aristocratic poet and possibly the author of the early ballads of Robin Hood. Convicted of treason for raising troops to challenge the ascent of the Duke of Lancaster who later became Henry IV. He was beheaded by a mob in Wales 7th Jan 1399/1400 after his failed plot to kill Henry IV at the jousts. His head was placed on London Bridge and his body was buried at Cirencester Abbey then later moved to Bisham Priory, Berkshire 178 of Clewer near Windsor, Berkshire. Friend and companion to the Black Prince, eldest son of Edward III who had died 4 years earlier than this entry. Bernard was Edward III’s Master of the Horse and Master of the Buckhounds. Captain of Callais under Richard II and the Queens Chamberlain. MP for Hampshire in 10 parliaments and Wiltshire on the 11th time of re-election. His son would also be executed alongside John De Monte Acuto in Cirencester (see above). Familial brass monuments extant in churches in Sherbourne St John and Bramley in Hampshire. Sir Bernard is buried in Westminster Abbey 179 Of Stratfeld and Lord of the Manor of Sulham, Berkshire. Hampshire County Sherriff and guardian of the manor of Compton Monceux 180 Sherriff of Winchester in 1357 and Justice of the Peace in 1380 181 Of Barton Stacey and Liss, both in Hampshire 182 Or Crane. Sometime holder of the manor of Hedgecourt, Felbridge, on the Surrey-Sussex border 183 Otterbourne, district of Chilcombe, Hampshire 184 Winchester 185 Uttoxeter, Staffordshire 186 Eatonbridge aka Stangrave, Kent 187 and Steward of Southampton and owner of two vaults in English Street 188 who In 1404 became rector of St. Andrews Church, Burton Overy, Leicester

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certificate to be delivered in Chancery for obtaining execution in respect of the manor and other hinds189 belonging at that date to the said John and Richard Wyncestre.

In 1381 there was plague in the north of England and the Peasants Revolt, led by Wat Tyler from Kent, took place in June. Peasants in Essex and Kent rose up and marched on London capturing the Tower and destroying John of Gaunt’s Savoy Palace. on June 14th, after the King promised to give them all they wanted asking them to return home, some did but one group did not and killed the Archbishop of Canterbury and the King’s Treasurer, beheading them at Tower Hill. On June 15th the King, Richard II, met the rebels at Smithfield, where the Lord Mayor killed Wat Tyler. Richard managed to persuade the rebels to disperse by making promises, none of which he kept. The poll tax was withdrawn but nothing had really changed as they came under the control of the Lord Mayor. However, given the shortage of labour over the next 100 years the peasants, the only labour force available to the landowners to reap the harvests, were able to demand higher wages

The situation at the time was exacerbated by the Caroline War phase (1379-1389) of the Hundred Years War which was ongoing at this juncture and an expedition was undertaken in 1381 when Edmund, Earl of Cambridge190, sailed to Portugal, then at war with Castile, and was joyfully received at Lisbon by King Ferdinand.

Edmund, Earl of Cambridge,

John Quyneld didn’t do himself any favours at the time since, on the 13th October 1381, and for a second time, a revocation of protection with clause volumus, for one year, was granted at Westminster191, retrospective to the 3rd of October to John Quenyild, fishmonger of, or lately staying in, Edenbrigge, co. Kent, alias of the county of Southampton, as going beyond seas on the king's service in the company of Edmund, earl of Cambridge, on testimony that he is not on the king's service, but stays in England on his own affairs.

� 1382 Winchester College is founded by William of Wickham

Two years later it would seem that to some degree John Quyneld, in Hampshire at the time, was back on his feet as one week from St Hilary, 6 Richard II, on 20 January 1383 and again two weeks from Easter in the same year on 5 April 1383 a plea of covenant was issued in Hampshire between the plaintiffs Richard Auditour192, the parson of the church of Lemyngge193 (in Yorkshire; providing evidence of a connection between John Quyneld and Yorkshire), John Lauynton194 the elder and John Quenyld195, esquire,

189 Middle English hine, household servants 190 Of Kings Langley, Hertfordshire. Fourth of the five sons of Edward III. 1361 created Earl of Cambridge and on 6 August 1385 created Duke of York 191 Richard II, Volume 2, Membrane 19, pg. 46/7. 18 October 1381 192 Auditor 193 Leeming (in Yorkshire) 194 Lavington 195 Quenild

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querents, and Richard de Wynchestre196 and Agnes, his wife, deforciants regarding the property of the manors of Suburton197 and Leyneston198 and the advowson of the church of Leyneston.

199 The agreement reads: Richard de Wynchestre and Agnes have acknowledged the manors and advowson to be the right of Richard Auditour, and have rendered the advowson to

the same Richard, John and John in the same court, to hold to Richard Auditour, John

and John and the heirs of Richard, of the chief lords for ever. And besides Richard de

Wynchestre and Agnes granted for themselves and the heirs of Richard that the manor of

Suburton' - which Geoffrey Roucle200 and Henry Jordan held for a term of 12 years - and

also that the manor of Leyneston' - which Hugh, the prior of St Swithin, Wynton', held for

a term of 13 years - of the inheritance of Richard de Wynchestre on the day the

agreement was made, and which after the terms ought to revert to Richard de

Wynchestre and Agnes and the heirs of Richard - after the terms shall remain to Richard

Auditour, John and John and the heirs of Richard, to hold together with the advowson of

the chief lords for ever. Warranty; For this: Richard Auditour, John and John have given

them 200 pounds sterling201 Two months later, at Westminster, on the 1st of May 1383202 a request for the pardon of John Quenhill of Surrey, alias Quenyld of Edenbrigg (still a fishmonger), co. Kent, alias Quenyld of Crassalton, co. Surrey was made at the supplication of Richard de Burde, knight, for all treasons, felonies and trespasses committed by him, notwithstanding he was excepted in Parliament as a principal insurgent; a reference perhaps as a result of a suspicion that he may have participated in the Peasants’ Revolt in 1381. It is recorded on the same day that, although he was excluded from any amnesty at the Parliament of Westminster, Richard II probably wanting to put the Peasants’ Revolt behind him thanked John Quenhill, of Surrey, (also called John Quenyld d' Edenbridge, of Kent, or John Quenyld de Carshalton, of Surrey)203. Though he had in fact been pardoned on 15th of May 1385, for of outlawries in the counties of Southampton and Middlesex and for not appearing in the King's Bench to answer Hugh Crane and John Glemes for respectively touching trespasses or to pay the king a ransom in each case, he surrendered to the Marshalsea prison…

196 Winchester 197 Soberton 198 Lainston (in Sparsholt), Winchester 199 CP 25/1/207/28, number 33 © Crown copyright. National Archives, London, England 200 Rockley 201 CP 25/1/207/28, number 33 UK National Archives 202 Richard II, Volume 2, Membrane 12, pg 269. 1 May 1383. 203 1383, 1st mai, Westminster. — Le roi accorde sa grâce à John Quenhill, du Surrey, (appelé aussi John Quenyld d'Edenbridge, du Kent, ou John Quenyld de Carshalton, du Surrey,) bien qu'il ait été exclu de toute amnistie au parlement de Westminster. Pat. 6 Ric. II, part. 3, m. 12. CH. Small-Dutaillis (1898). Ibid Pp. 227. Note 92

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The old Marshalsea. The building on the right with the five tall windows was the courthouse

…as certified by Robert Tresilian, chief justice204 who was appointed chief justice of the King’s bench in 1381 and tried and hanged rebels of the Peasants’ Revolt the same year. John’s imprisonment was probably pending a review of his case though he then escaped and was being pursued as a fugitive. Eventually John, and the letters, were delivered coram rege (into the presence of the King himself) and his Bench of Justice and returned sine die (permanently) and was pardoned at Easter on the 22nd of April 1386205 In 1388 Robert Tresilian was tried for treason by the Lords Appellant206, opponents of Richard II, and executed on Tyburn Hill.

The execution of Robert Tresilian

However, with the Caroline War phase (1379-1389) of the Hundred Years War being fought at the time, on the 2 November 1387, a revocation of protection with clause volumus for one year, was granted at Westminster207 to John Quenhild alias Quenyld, sometime of Edenbrigge, co. Kent, as going to Calais on the king's service in the company of (Sir) William de Bello Campo, captain of Calais208 (William De Beauchamp,

204 Richard II, Volume 3, Membrane 15, pg. 141. 15 May 1385 205 15 May 1386. John Quenyld, poissonnier, en fuite et mis hors la loi, s'est présenté au terme de Pâques en 1386 et a obtenu ensuite, le 15 mai, des lettres de pardon. Coram rege, East. 9 Richard. II, m. 2. CH. Small-Dutaillis (1898). Ibid Pp. 227. Note 93 and 18 May 1386. John Quyneld (sic), demeurant à Edenbridge, poursuivi par les shériffs de comté en comté sur l’ordre du roi, et mis hors la loi, a comparu au Banc du roi à Westminster le 18 mai 1386 et s’est constitué prisonnier. Il apporte des lettres de pardon du 15 mai 1386 et est renvoyé sine die. Coram rege. East. 9 Ric. II, Pt. 3. M 2d. CH. Small-Dutaillis (1898).pp. 227. Note 94 206 John of Gaunt's son, Henry of Bolingbroke (Earl of Derby and later Duke of Hereford;) Richard Fitzalan, 11th Earl of Arundel; Thomas (de) Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick; and Thomas Mowbray (Earl of Nottingham, and later Duke of Norfolk.) 207 Richard II, Volume 3, Membrane 12, pg. 364. 2 November 1387 208 William Beauchamp, Knight, made 1st Baron, Lord of Bergavenny, Monmouthshire, England, in 1392, and third son of Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick. His grandfather Guy, who was with Edward I when he died, would most likely have been at the hearing at Lanercost in 1307 when the first of two pardons was issued to Richard of Estrington for the death of William Quenyld. Guy was responsible for the kidnap at Deddington and the subsequent trial and execution of Piers Gaveston, Edward II’s lover. William Beauchamp is buried at Black Friars, Hereford, Herefordshire, England. The will of William Le Beauchamp, Lord of Bergavenny, dated 25 April 1408, reads… My body to be buried in the Church of Friars Preachers at Hereford, next and beneath the tomb of John of Hastings, Earl of Pembroke. I will that five tapers be hung about my body as soon as may be after my decease, and that twenty four poor men be clothed in black, and that each of them carry a torch, receiving two

22

one of the Lords Appellant responsible for Robert Tresilian’s execution), because he is not preparing to go. John Quyneld wasn’t doing himself any favours as on the day after All Souls, 11 Richard II, the 3rd of November 1387 and again one week from Holy Trinity in the same year, the 31st May 1388209 a plea of covenant issued by Andrew de Burys210, son and heir of Andrew de Burys of the county of Suffolk, querent, and Philip Bluet211 and Katherine, his wife, and John Radeswell212 and Margaret, his wife, deforciants, and originating in Hertfordshire was heard at Westminster

Bures. Ermine a chief indented sable with two lions or therein213

The plea was entered regarding the manor of Coderede214, which John Qwenyld215 of the county of Hertford holds for life (a fact not mentioned at all in 'Parishes: Cottered', A History of the County of Hertford: volume 3 (1912), pp. 226-232216)

Cottered: The Lordship from the Northwest and the ground plan217

The agreement reads: Philip and Katherine and John Radeswell' and Margaret have acknowledged the manor to be the right of Andrew, and have granted for themselves and

the heirs of Katherine that the manor…

pence a piece for that service. To the place of my burial twenty marks or more, as my executors shall think fit; for the charges of my funeral one hundred pounds; I desire that ten thousand masses be said for my soul in all possible haste after my death by the most honest priest that can be found; and that four good priests be found for ten years to sing for my soul and for the soul of my Lord Sir John Hastings, Earl of Pembroke, and for all the souls to whom I owe obligation; to the poor tenants within my Lordship one hundred pounds; to Joan, my wife, a pair of basons covered and over gilt, having the arms of Warwick and Arundel impaled thereon; to Richard, my son, my best sword and harness for the justs of the peace, which belonged to war; to Joan and Elizabeth, my daughters, one thousand marks each for their marriage. And I constitute Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury; Thomas Earl of Arundel; and Joan, my wife, my executors. From the Testamenta Vetusta by Nicholas Harris Nicolas, 209 CP 25/1/90/99, number 97 UK National Archives 210 Bures 211 Bluett 212 Radswell 213 'Parishes: Cottered', A History of the County of Hertford: volume 3 (1912), pp. 226-232. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk 214 Cottered, Hertfordhsire 215 Quenild 216 Op cit: 'Parishes: Cottered' http://www.british-history.ac.uk 217 Op cit: 'Parishes: Cottered' http://www.british-history.ac.uk

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218

…which John Qwenyld' held for life of the inheritance of Katherine on the day the

agreement was made, and which after the decease of John Qwenyld' ought to revert to

Philip and Katherine and John Radeswell' and Margaret and the heirs of Katherine - after

the decease of John Qwenyld shall remain to Andrew and his heirs, to hold of the chief

lords for ever. For this: Andrew has given them 100 marks of silver. It is likely that this was heard in John Quyneld’s absence and, given John Quyneld’s record, would have been looked on positively by the Crown, who in effect disinherited John Quyneld’s family from the estate and probably resulted in the removal of the family to Surrey on John’s death. In 1086 the manor of Cottered was held by Bishop Walkelin of Winchester. The chancel, nave, with south porch and west tower, of the church of St. John the Baptist in Cottered, built in about 1350, would have been a building familiar to those involved in the hearing.

St John the Baptist, Cottered, Herts219

� 1388 The Scots defeat the English at the battle of Otterburn

The last record found which possibly relates to this John deals with a debt, to John Quyneld and trespass on his land. On the 9th November 1389 at Westminster in the reign of Richard II220… …Pardons of outlawry to the following - John Costidell, parson of Hevere, co. Kent, for not appearing to answer John Quenyld touching a debt of 80 pounds We know from the records of his wife’s grant of land in Thorley in 1391 that John had passed away by then so it is highly likely that later records refer to John the younger, the son. Perhaps it was just as well that, given the downturn in his fortunes and loss of favour, John kept his head down during his later years

218 CP 25/1/90/99, number 97 © Crown copyright. National Archives, London, England 219 © under common license, John Salmon 220 Richard II, Volume 4, Membrane 41-40, pg. 63/66. 9 November 1389

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Chiddingfold, Surrey

John Quyneld (the younger?) about 1390- ?

When John Quyneld (the elder?) died around 1390/91 his manor at Cottered would have then passed to the Bluets by order of the King, Richard II. Until his coming of age John (the younger?) may have been cared for by his mother, Emma, though if she was still based in Thorley he may have been cared for by a wet nurse. John Quyneld the younger, probably by then in his early twenties, is mentioned on the 11th February 1413 as being of Middlesex.

� 1391 Plague in the north of England almost as bad as that of 1348-1349 � 1400 Geoffrey Chaucer dies. He was the first great writer in the English language � 1405 Plague � 1407 Plague

On the 11th February 1413 at Westminster in the reign of Henry IV221… …Pardons of outlawry to the following - Richard Hylles ' sometyme dwelling in Missenden222,' for not appearing before the king to answer John Quenyld touching a trespass. Middlesex Given the decimation of the population as a result of the Black Death and subsequent death from starvation of the population as a result of pestilence many properties were left unattended and derelict. John may have taken advantage of the situation by investing in the family property in the south adding to that inherited from his father, in Middlesex upon which the trespass occurred but most notably in Surrey where his father had a foothold (in Carshalton) in 1383, requisitioning the building of Lythe Hill Farm and occupying it in around 1480. It may have been that an empty property already existed at the site as a result of the plague and starvation and that John had a new property built on the site.

� 1415 The battle of Agincourt. Once again the English win a great victory � 1420 Plague � 1427 Influenza � 1439 Pestilence

Peter Quyneld about 1440 – ?

The family had moved to and settled in Chiddingfold by around 1480 when Lythe Hill Farm was built. Peter had two sons, Peter (abt 1480-1559) and another, possibly Richard Quyneld, a Cistercian monk at Meaux Abbey, who was granted a pension by Henry VIII on 11 December 1539 during the dissolution of the monasteries223 Richard may have had a daughter, Elynor, cousin to Thomas Quenell 1500-1571 and mentioned in his will

� 1453 The Hundred Years War ends. England loses all its territory in France except for Calais

� 1461 The battle of Towton � 1464 Plague

Between 1455 and1485 England suffered a series of civil wars known as the Wars of the Roses between the Houses of Lancaster and York. Margaret Beaufort, the mother of Henry Tudor sometimes resided at Woking. In November 1470 Henry Tudor (the future Henry VII) and his mother were reunited for a while at the Beaufort residence in Woking and, after parting on November 12, Henry left to rejoin his uncle. The next time he would see his mother would be after the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 when he had become

221 Henry IV, Volume 4, Membrane 27.25, pg. 437/444. 11 February 1413 222 Buckinghamshire 223 'Letters and Papers: December 1539, 11-15', Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 14 Part 2: August-December 1539 (1895), pp. 243-255.

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King. On the 14th of May 1471, London was unsuccessfully attacked at Bishopsgate, Aldgate and London Bridge, from the Surrey (a Lancastrian stronghold) when Thomas Neville assaulted each gate in succession and was repulsed at every one

� 1471 The battle of Tewkesbury and plague � 1472 Plague � 1476 Caxton introduces the printing press into England and plague

� 1478 Plague � 1479 Plague

Peter Quenell (abt. 1485-1558) m Alice unknown

Peter Quenell (abt 1485-1558), the eldest son of Peter Quyneld, was born at Lythe Hill Farm about 1485, the year that Lythe Hill Farm was built, and inherited the property from his father. Peter married Alice and they had seven children; Elizabeth, Cathryn, Thomas (1500-1571), John (1507-), Richard (1510-), Robert (1540-1612), and Peter (1553?- though, as this would have meant that Peter the elder would have been 68 years old at the time of Peter the younger’s birth an earlier date of birth may be more likely, unless of course he was a virile elderly man!)

� 1483-1485 Reign of Richard III � 1485 Plague and the English sweat. Henry VII wins the battle of Bosworth.

Richard III is killed and Henry becomes the first Tudor king � 1487 Plague � 1494-1496 Syphilis

In 1497 a momentous event occurred in Surrey, one that the family may have very well been witness to, when as a result of the raising of war taxes by Henry VII, reneging on previous rights granted by Edward III to tin miners in Cornwall, there was a popular uprising by the Cornish. By Tuesday 13th June Surrey had been overrun by 15,000 Cornish rebels who arrived at Guildford heading for London. There was a general cry of 'Every man to harness! To harness !' An English force of 8,000 led by Giles, Lord Daubeney, Henry VII's chief general and Lord Chamberlain, took up position upon Hounslow Heath and were cheered by the arrival of food and wine dispatched by the Lord Mayor of London. The Crown decided to take the offensive and test the strength and resolve of the Cornish forces as Lord Daubeney sent out a force of 500 mounted spearmen and they clashed with the Cornish at 'Gill Down' outside Guildford on Wednesday 14th June 1497. The Cornish army left Guildford and marched north east through Banstead and right across Wallington and Brixton Hundreds as far as Blackheath in Kent where they pitched their final camp, looking down from the hill onto the Thames and City of London. Somehow An Gof, the leader of the Cornish, held his army together, but faced with overwhelming odds, some deserted and by morning only there only some 9-10,000 Cornish stalwarts left in arms who were eventually defeated on 17th June 1497 at the Battle of Deptford

Crossing the Tamar the Cornish Rebellion by Donal Macleod

� 1497 John Cabot sails to North America

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� 1499-1500 Severe plague � 1508 English sweat � 1509 Henry VII dies. Henry VIII becomes king. Henry VIII marries Catherine of

Aragon. Great outbreak of plague � 1510 Ague

In 1511 The Mary Rose was launched. It is possible that with the family’s connections in Southampton, were it is thought the Mary Rose was built, that they would have been in some way involved, if not directly perhaps indirectly providing supplies and provisions to the dockyards and navy.

The Mary Rose off Southsea Castle, Mark R Myers RMSA 15/10/82 (Author’s Collection)

� 1513 The English win the battle of Flodden against the Scots. Great outbreak of plague

� 1517 Plague and English sweat � 1528 English sweat � 1531 Great outbreak of plague � 1533 Henry divorces Catherine of Aragon. He marries Anne Boleyn � 1534 Henry VIII makes himself head of the Church of England � 1535 Great outbreak of plague � 1536 The Pilgrimage of Grace - an uprising in York against the break with Rome

and the Dissolution of the monasteries. Anne Boleyn is beheaded. Henry marries Jane Seymour

Between 1536 and 1540 Henry VIII closed the monasteries and confiscated their property. This included Chertsey and Waverley Abbeys in Surrey, both major landholders, which were dismantled and their bricks used to build Oatlands Palace at Weybridge (from Chertsey) for Henry VIII and Loseley House for Sir William More, one of Elizabeth the First’s advisors (from Waverley).

� 1537 Jane Seymour dies � 1539 Ague, cholera and dystentry � 1540 Henry marries Anne of Cleves but quickly divorces the 'great Flanders mare'

Henry marries Kathryn Howard. Outbreak of dysentery, cholera and spotted fever � 1542 The battle of Solway Moss. The English defeat the Scots. Kathryn Howard is

beheaded � 1543 Henry marries Catherine Parr. Great outbreak of plague

In 1545 an irate elderly gentleman, Walter Venables, who owned Lake House and other property in the parish of Chiddingfold but resided at Barstead in Sussex, sent a petition to the Court of Augmentation and Revenues of Henry VIII, that in April of that year Peter Quennell, John Osbourne, Thomas Borowe, Henry Woodier the younger, and Jamys Wood most of whom were men of some standing in the Parish, though described by Walter as ‘men of evill Disposition and light persons’ broke up the head of the great pond (the pond on the village green) and in doing so had taken away and destroyed most shamefully and lewdfully a great store of bream and other fish which were in the village pond, which had

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been intended for the great pleasure and profit of the King’s Majestie, and fish from Mr. Venables adjoining dike, fish valued at £3 and dike at 20/0224

� 1545 The Mary Rose sinks � 1547 Henry VIII dies. Edward VI becomes king. The Duke of Somerset is made

Lord Protector. Great outbreak of plague � 1549 An Act of Uniformity imposes a Book of Common Prayer. The Duke of

Northumberland becomes Lord Protector � 1551 last ever outbreak of the English sweat � 1552 The Duke of Somerset is executed

Most of the family would have witnessed Edward VI’s progress when in July 1552, accompanied by a substantial retinue, of court officials and men at arms numbering some 4,000 horse, camped on the village green.

Edward VI

Edward stayed at Chiddingfold’s Crown Inn (still extant) on his way to a State visit to Shillinglee, not far from Chiddingfold and the home of the ‘Master of Game’, Henry, Earl of Arundel.

Henry, Earl of Arundel – portrait and signature

Around about the 24 July, not long after the progress passed through Chiddingfold, the retinue was substantially reduced to 150 as they had ‘begun to eat up the country’ and on 25 July they arrived at Cowdray, the house of Sir Anthony Browne. Edward recorded in a letter to his close childhood friend, Barnaby Fitzpatrick, that ‘we were marvellously, yea, excessively banqueted’225

Crown Inn, Chiddingfold

224 Chiddingfold archive 225 Skidmore C, Edward VI The Lost King of England, 2007, Pub. Orion, London

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� 1553 Edward VI dies. Mary becomes queen. � 1554 Lady Jane Grey is beheaded

Between 1555 and1558 Queen Mary persecuted Protestants and nearly 300 people were burned to death for 'heresy'. London was held for three days and pillaged during a rising of the southern counties under Mary.

� 1557 Cholera, dysentery, ague and spotted fever � 1558 Queen Mary (also known as 'Bloody Mary') dies. Elizabeth I becomes queen.

Cholera, dysentery, ague and spotted fever � C. 1560 to C. 1640 'The Great Rebuilding'. Stone and brick replace most wooden

houses. Chimneys and glass windows become common � 1563 Plague � 1568 Plague

The date of his death is established by a 1558 bequest of three shillings and four pence from Peter Quennell, husbandman of Lythe Hill, for the upkeep of the bells of Chiddingfold Church226

When Peter died he was interred in the Quennell’s burial place at St. Mary’s Church, Chiddingfold “against the east end of the Chancell within the Churchyard“. Of Peter and Alice’s children…

John b 1507

Nothing is known about him though he is mentioned in his brother Thomas’s will

Elizabeth m John Brodefolde, son Richard Brodefolde

Elizabeth Quenell married John Brodefolde whose son Richard would act as guardian of the inheritance of Peter Quenell (1553?-) from his brother Thomas

Cathryn m Richard Hardonne, sons Thomas Hardonne and John Hardonne

Cathryn Quenell married her cousin Richard Haredonne, who would later transcribe his cousin Thomas Quenell’s Last Will and Testament on 3rd April 1571. They had two sons, Thomas and John

Richard b 1510 m unknown

Richard Quenell moved to Chithurst, as attested by a Deed of Partition dated 4 April 1598 and issued in West Sussex between two Yeoman, Peter Bettesworth of Elsted and John Bettesworth of Chithurst of the Manor of Chithurst which reads … a messuage or tenement with barns, orchard, gardens, lands &c. in the tenure of Richard Quenell in right of his wife and lands called Lobsters in the tenure of Ayling holden by copy of court roll of the said manor of Chithurst227

Peter b 1553? – abt 1591

On 10 October 1584 Peter, a husbandman, purchased property from Giles Hull of Hambledon, a gentleman, and his wife Mary (with consent of Sir William More and son George) which included a barn, garden etc called 'Sollers', alias Soleste (later sold by Peter’s nephew and great nephew, both called Peter on the 2nd September 1663), on north side of Chiddingfold Street (bounds given); also 35 acres called 'Whytlands', bounded by highway from Chiddingfold to Haselbridge on the east, the brook running from Haslemere to Dunsfold on the south and west and a lane leading from the highway to Chownings on the north - all of which Giles inherited from his father John Hall for a

226 Chiddingfold archive 227 Add Mss 37,938 National Archives

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consideration of £90228. Peter also had a Covenant agreed with Sir William More of Loseley and George More on the 24 Sep 1588 that the Mores will not make any claim to a property called Sollers or Soleste and 35 acres at Whytlande in Chiddingfold which Peter had purchased from Giles Hull of Hambledon) by reason of a civil contract recognised in law on Giles Hull's lands.229 Peter probably purchased the land rights from the inheritance made to him by his brother Thomas. Peter’s inheritance had been kept and maintained by his cousin Richard Hardedonne between the date of his brother Thomas’s death in 1571 and 1577 when Peter reached the age of twenty four. Peter’s will was proved on 7th September 1591 Thomas Quenell 1500-1571 m Agnes Irelond

As the eldest son, and in line with the principle of primogeniture, Thomas inherited Lythe Hill Farm and, as mentioned in his will purchased Anstrood and Anstrood (now Anstead) Fields along with a barn, which had belonged to a Mr. Denham, from a John Covert of Hascombe, and purchased a plot of land adjoining a water-course, called Rovis (now Imbhams pond) from a the same John Covert and purchased the other half of the property in 1568 from John More, grandson of Sir Christopher More’s sister Florence Scarlett, a widow. This water course had previously been the supply for Viscount Montague of Cowdray’s forge furnace which had been located on leasehold land at the south corner of Imbhams Farm at a rent of six shillings eight pennies a year. It is likely that this is the same Thomas who, in 1536, leased Hammer Farm (see Appendix 2) and Shottovermill for 20 shillings (see Appendix 4). Thomas Quenell farmed the tithes of the “parsonage of Hasilmore (present day Haslemere)," and was acquainted with its curate at the time, one Richard Crampe. His mother church was Winchester to which he bequeathed two pennies. His family had no risen from humble beginnings but had gone through a resurgence in fortunes and he was classified as a yeoman; not quite a gentleman but certainly someone who’s family had done well for themselves and were more privileged than many others; labourers, servants, itinerant workers and the like. He had four servants to whom he left legacies in his will dated 1571 (the year when Sir Francis Drake was raiding the Spanish West Indies as an English Corsair)…

Robert Page: one cow to be delivered to him within one month next after my death and six pounds thirteen shillings and four pennies to be paid to him within one year next after my death

William Wodier: one heifer bullock of the age of three years such as one as my supervisors will appoint to be delivered within one month next after my death

William Allyn: three ewe tegge (A sheep in its second year or before its first shearing) to be delivered to him within two months next after my death

Agnys Todman: one heifer bullock of two years old to be delivered within seven years next after my death

In his will he describes in detail Lythe Hall Farm which he left to his wife, ‘a parlour in the west side of my house at Lyethehill which adjoins the hall there, the chamber over the same pier (Abutment of masonry which projects from the fireplace with recesses either side of it), the garret (A room on the top floor of a house, typically under a pitched roof; an attic) above the same chamber, the loft over the hall and the kitchen loft with free ingress, egress and regress Room and foyer in the said hall at all times and also half the kitchen, and wood or fuel, to dress meat and drink, bake and brew, and to do all other necessaries mete and convenient in the same kitchen at all times and half the new coop now standing in the said kitchen with free ingress, egress and regress into the same kitchen at all times and also all my old stable which adjoins to the west side of my house, the west end of my barn to have hay or straw in, and half the rest of my barn, and also the upper gates for (her) cattle… garden which adjoins the east side of my said house and all my orchard which adjoins to the said garden on the south side of my said house

228 G105/6/1 Exploring Surrey’s Past 229 Item ref: LM/348/198 Surrey History Centre

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from the new pale that adjoins the said garden on the eastside unto the home field on the west side and extends from the said house on the north side unto the little mead on the south side’ and three best beds with bolsters, pillows and pillow cases belonging to them, two bedstead, sheets, three pairs of canvas sheets, blankets, three best coverlets & one Quilt, pewter vessels, his father’s five pewter platters, two pewter dishes and one basin, his candlesticks, best brass pots, kettles, a kettle which was bound with iron by Hewghe the Smithy, a posnet (A little pot) of brass bells, a Skyllet (A small pot with a long handle) of brass, and a Caldron, wooden vessels, a vate (From the Middle Dutch for cases) and kyfe (Or keeve : a large tub or vessel used in brewing), bacon flytches (Side of bacon) at the beam, Lard and grease, flytches of dried beef, two best table clothes, two best towels, table napkins, one dozen spoons, three best stone cups, a best chest and coffers and one belonging to his wife. The kitchen at the time was a focus of hard work, particularly at harvest time as produce would need to be prepared for the coming year. Though Thomas left the property to his brother Robert, in keeping with the practices of the time he ensured that his wife was taken care of, at least for the remainder of her life.

He also owned the lease on lands called Padbrooke, Harwells the Leecrofte and Harwels meade (field). His livestock is listed as one cow, , two ewes, one cow, one heifer bullock of the age of three years, three ewe tegge, one heifer bullock of two years old, one ewe of two years old, seven ewes and wethers(a castrated ram) shipe (a productive, non-combinative suffix forming abstract nouns from other nouns – friendship(e). In this instance probably implies ward ship or care) in keeping with one Mr. Lussher of Hyndehed230 in the Parish of Thurseley, six best keene(Noun for cows), one cow named Lustye, four heifers whereof one black with a white star in the forehead, one Red with a white back, one other Red with a chinned (With a narrow strip of white on the face) face and one brown with a white face, six best oxen with yokes and chains meet for them my new wollen wheles (Wool wheels – for spinning yarn. The main use for sheep in the area was for wool and their skin for parchment, though one wonders if a family of their status also ate mutton as a by product), a young bay Amblynge (Gentile, a superior, better-bred animal, an easy-gaited, gentle and pleasant-mannered horse) mare, a black Amblynge mare with a white star in the forehead two stears now going in Anstroode the one having a brended (Brindled or streaked) face and the other being a yellow stear with white face, one brown heifer going with the said two stars in persaid ground of Anstroode and one other heifer of cooler Red with a star in the forehead, twelve best ewes and twelve Lambs, five hogs of one sort being about two years old at Michaelmas last (29th September), two Red hogs going among my wild hogs and half my wheat and Rye that I have now growing on the ground and also half my oats that I have now growing on the ground (except all the oats now growing in the two Snow fields), one acre of grass in the Hearnelonde231, my poultry whatsoever, all the Rye, Rye straw and all the oat straw for the threshing of the oats in Haslemere, one hundred of the best oaks of which one oak is already felled that are standing, growing & being in and upon the manor of South Imbham, barren cow (of five) except two

According to his wishes he was buried at St. Mary’s Church, Chiddingfold next to his father “against the east end of the Chancell within the Churchyard“ though nothing remains to mark the spot. The service would have been conducted by the then Chaplain of St. Mary’s Church, Chiddingfold, John Evans

232

St. Mary’s Church, Chiddingfold. J Hassell 1822

230 Hindhead 231 Or Hernland/Sternland, Shere, near Guildford in Surrey 232 Surrey Archaeological Society Flickr photo collection

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� 1570 The Pope excommunicates Queen Elizabeth and the Liitle Ice Age begins. Lasting to 1600, when the Thames froze solid, the crops failed and a large part of the population starved

Robert 1540-1612 m Elizabeth Hall233

When Thomas died in 1571 without issue, he willed Lythe Hill Farm to his brother, Robert Quenell (1540-1612) who added a wing to the east end of the house. Robert also became owner of the Imbhams iron furnace in Chiddingfold (the works probably reached into Haslemere) purchasing more of South Imbhams in 1574 from Thomas Hull. Robert had a fine levied against him in 1576 by Florence Scarlett who inherited South Imbhams from her brother, Sir Christopher More. Robert’s brother Peter was pardoned by Anthony Browne, Viscount Montague of Cowdray, probably in early 1575, for a misdemeanour, alluded to in correspondence between the Viscount and William More in a letter dated 1st April 1575. Viscount Montagu employed Guy Fawkes as a servant and his daughter in law, Mary Dormer, who married his son Anthony (who predeceased his father), was a cousin to Robert Catesby, one of those involved in the Gunpowder Plot.

Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu(e)

The letter, from the Viscount, expresses his concerns about an ‘outrageous band of hunters’ in Whitley Park and, his own, Cowdray Park, which included the ‘chief’ Robert Quenell. He states that since they ‘are his own men, and thus he is reluctant to proceed alone. He has three or four of the offenders, and has sent for another, Yalden (possibly Edmund Yalden who purchased Field Place in Compton from Elizabeth Quennell and her son Peter in 1651), late servant to Mr Hill [?Hull] of Hambledon. The men 'deny all things peremptorily'.’234. Perhaps the ‘outrageous band’ felt that as their political sympathies were shared with those of the Viscount that this also applied to the sharing of the animals on his land, if they had in fact realised they were on his land. Common land was in those days in effect not common with common land rights often assigned to landed gentry and the rights were jealously guarded. Perhaps there was a local shortage of food, though this seems unlikely. This incident deserves further investigation to see what, if any, issues might have caused their trespass. It could just be that Robert was in some way trying to assert a sense of his own perceived gentrification, masculinity and local power and influence by the act of hunting. This incident though, and others like it, may have influenced the proposal of an act, passed through Parliament in 1604, against unlawful Hunting and Taking of Deer or Conies235

Cowdray Castle

233 Fn 89. Inq. p.m. Wards and Liveries, 15 Eliz. bdle. 100, no. 30. in 'Parishes: Compton', A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 3 (1911), pp. 16-24. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/ 234 6729/8/54 Exploring Surrey’s Past 235 'House of Lords Journal Volume 2: 15 May 1604', Journal of the House of Lords: volume 2: 1578-1614 (1802), pp. 299-300. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk

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It might be worthwhile to note at this point that though the fortunes of the Quennells, traditionally Roylist, and the Yaldens seem to be linked throughout a substantial period of the Quennell family’s history in Surrey, the Yaldens were Parliamentarians and there seems to be a tension in their dealings which for a large part revolve around the buying and selling of property; each seeming to want to outdo the other. It would seem that the issue was resolved and Robert is involved, some years later as one of the Trustees on the 20th of August 1601 granting a gift of a messuage with barns, stables and orchards in Chedingefold in the tenure of John Osborne, snr, and all his lands in the parishes of Chedingefolde and Whitley [Witley], apart from a cottage with eight acres of land in Chedingefolde in the tenure of John Lawborne and an annuity of 10 shillings out of land now of Stephen Peito in the parish of Witley as a settlement upon the marriage of John Osborne, jnr, son of John Osborne, snr, to Johan Gould, daughter of William Gould of Dunfolde [Dunsfold], Surrey, yoman. The Trustees were John Osborne, senior, and Roberte Quennell, both of Chedingefolde, Surrey, and both yoman, and William Billinghurst of High Billinghurst in the parish of Shalford, Surrey, yoman. Dated 43 Elizabeth I [1601]236 Robert died in 1612. His wife was Elizabeth Hall, heiress of George Hall of Field Place237, Compton, In 1490 Field Place, a small manor-house, belonged to Anne Saint Leger (descendant of Edward III and granddaughter of Richard Plantagenet). The whole manor descended to Peter Quenell (1580-1650), son of Elizabeth (nee Hall) and Robert238. It was here the Quenells came to live. Robert and Elizabeth (nee Hall) had two sons, Robert (abt 1585-1643) and Peter (1580-1650) both born in Chiddingfold. Peter (1580-1650) married Elizabeth Crandley and their son Peter (1603-1666), who married Elizabeth Grey, sold it to William Yalden in 1651 with the agreement of his mother.

Field Place, Compton239

� 1573 The architect Inigo Jones is born � 1576 The first theatre opens in London � 1577-1580 Francis Drake sails around the world � 1580-1582 Cholera, hot ague and spotted fever � 1585 Plague in Chesterfield in Nov � 1587 Mary Queen of Scots is beheaded. Plague in Chesterfield in May 1588

During the fears of invasions from Spain, levies, local able bodied men committed to defence, were held in readiness in Surrey to protect London until, in 1558, the Spanish Armada was defeated. The fleet was commanded by Admiral Lord Howard of Effingham whose residence was at Haling and sent constant updates in despatches to the Queen at Nonsuch Palace at Cuddington near Epsom. He is buried at St Mary Magdalene's Church, Reigate. The coming of the great Armada was flashed forth by signal-fires from Surrey's hill-tops;

“And eastward straight from wild Blackheath the warlike errand went,

And roused in many an ancient hall the gallant squires of Kent.

Southward from Surrey's pleasant hills flew those bright couriers forth;

High on bleak Hampstead's swarthy moor they started for the north;

And on, and on, without a pause, untired they bounded still:

All night from tower to tower they sprang, they sprang from hill to hill."

236 http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/A2A/records.aspx?cat=503-pw&cid=-1&Gsm=2008-06-18#-1 237 ‘Parishes: Compton', A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 3 (1911), pp. 16-24. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx. 238 'Parishes: Compton', A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 3 (1911), pp. 16-24. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk 239 Google Earth

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On the second outbreak of the Spaniards, after the great invasion, Rowland Whyte reported that, “Our fleet goes to sea; Sir Walter Raleigh took leave at Court of all the ladies and his friends; he was brought to see the singularities of the gardens, which pleased him infinitely." 240

� 1596 Francis Drake dies. Cholera and spotted fever � 1597 spotted fever and famine fever � 1600 The East India Company is founded � 1601 The Poor Law is passed. People are made to pay a rate to support the poor

Cricket became established in Surrey during the 17th century and the earliest village matches took place before the English Civil War. It is believed that the earliest Surrey county teams were formed in the aftermath of the Restoration in 1660. Generally churchyards were used as playing grounds.

Robert (1585-1643) married a Dorothy

Magdalen Hall (now Hertford College)

241

Robert (abt 1585-) matriculated from Magdalen Hall on 26 November 1602 aged 17. The principal at Magdalen Hall at the time was a Puritan called John Wilkinson. Robert’s contemporary alumni at Magdalen Hall were Samuel Daniel, English poet and historian (Magdalen Hall 1579-1603) and Thomas Hobbes, Political philosopher and author of Leviathan (Magdalen Hall 1603-1608, Sir James Hussey, his master)

Thomas Hobbes

Whilst Robert was at Magdalen Hall the Queen, Elizabeth I, died on the 24th March 1603 at Richmond and James VI of Scotland was proclaimed King James I of England

Queen Elizabeth the First’s funeral cortège

240 Clinch, G. Bygone Surrey, London. Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent and co. 241From James Beverell's "Les Delices de la Grande Bretagne" published by Pieter van der Aa, Leiden

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James VI of Scotland and I of England and his ‘favourites’; George Villiers (left) and Robert Carr (right)

Then on the 15th of May 1604, when Robert was 19, it is recorded under the Bishop of Oxford's Privilege that, ‘Upon Complaint this Day made by the Lord Bishop of Oxford, That one Robert Quinell, his Lordship's ordinary Servant, hath been lately arrested, and committed to the Prison of The White Lyon (an inn converted to a profit making jail and an appointed jail for Surrey) in Southwarke (on the east side of the old road leading south from London Bridge, then called Long Southwark and now known as Borough High Street), upon a Capias ut legatum (a writ for the arrest of an outlaw), contrary to the Honour and Privilege of the said High Court; it is Ordered, That a Writ of Habeas corpus shall be awarded, for the removing of the said Prisoner out of Prison, and for the bringing of him, by the Sheriffs of Surrey (whose Prisoner now he is), before the Lords, in the Upper House, on Saturday next, the 19th of this Instant May, by Nine in the Morning242. That this is Robert attending Magdalen Hall is highly likely since it’s the Bishop of Oxford, whose see is the location of Magdalen Hall and College, who has taken his privilege in getting Robert out of prison. Perhaps as a member of a Royalist family Robert may have gone to London to celebrate the season and had fallen foul of the law or possibly as a result of protesting an end to the ban on Roman Catholic affiliation and worship in Ireland that would have been a proposal and would come about as a result of the Somerset House Conferences which took place between the 20th of May and the 16th of July 1604 to establish peace between England and Spain; eighteen conference sessions were held at Somerset House, and the treaty was signed on the 16th of August.

Somerset House Conference 1604, oil on canvas, unknown artist243

242 'House of Lords Journal Volume 2: 15 May 1604', Journal of the House of Lords: volume 2: 1578-1614 (1802), pp. 299-300. 243 (Juan De Velasco Frias; Juan De Tassis, Count of Villa Mediana; Alessandro Robida; Charles De Ligne, Count of Aremberg; Jean Richardot; Louis Vereyken; Thomas Sackville, Earl of Dorset; Charles Howard, Earl of

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Whatever the outcome Robert returned to his studies and was duly elected a Demy at Magdalen College in July 1605 (elections for Fellowships and Demyships were always held in this month) shortly after the future Charles I was elected Duke of York. He took his BA on 24 January 1607 and his MA on 9 November 1609; at the time Bas and MAs were taken verbally as debate and discourse. During his time there, the one time when he actually appears in his own right was when on 5 October 1610, he and four other Demies were punished for missing morning prayers by being “deprived of their commons” for a day. That means that they lost the free meals to which they were entitled under their scholarships. This was a common punishment at the time. Poor students would also wait on fellows to pay for their education and commoner students were divided into two classes; rich fellow commoner and lesser commoner. Robert remained in his post until 1612. The Vice-President’s Register for 10 February 1612 reports that Master “Quennill” [sic] was deprived of his post “because he had spent time away from College beyond the days permitted by statute, although he was not hindered by illness”. Quite what he was doing away from Magdalen is not stated, but it seems that he had been staying away long enough to arouse official wrath.244. It may be possible that Robert Quennill had been spending time in London lobbying for a student and Fellow, John Elton, to be elected a demy at Magdalen College as two letters are recorded having been sent by the Court of James I’s to the Master and Fellows of Magdalen College on the matter, one on the 18th of January 1612 and the second on the 31st. On the same day, the 31st of January a Commission of appeal was decided on to investigate and rule on a controversy over debt between two privileged persons of the University of Oxford, John Preston and Henry Marman, which the University authorities had failed to decide245. If Robert had been involved in any of these issues it may have been perceived by the authorities at Magdalen College that he had exceeded his responsibilities, attempted to anticipate a decision on the matters at hand, and as a result undermined the authorities at Oxford who, aggrieved, may have used his absence as an excuse to relieve him of his post. Conjecture yes, but certainly a possibility, though Dr. Robin Darwall-Smith, the Archivist at Magdalen College Oxford, comments that when a monarch dropped heavy hints to Magdalen (and other Colleges) about electing a favoured candidate to a scholarship or Fellowship, there was often a very big fish hovering in the background. A mere Demy might not have had much leverage.

Magdalen College

246

� 1602 Plague � 1603 In March Queen Elizabeth dies. James I becomes king. Plague � 1605 The gunpowder plot, a Catholic conspiracy to blow up parliament, is

discovered. � 1607 Jamestown, the first successful British colony in North America, is founded � 1610 Smallpox and plague � 1611 The King James Bible is published. Plague � 1612 Epidemic ague and spotted fever � 1613 Smallpox, epidemic ague and spotted fever � 1614 Smallpox � 1616 Epidemic ague � 1621-1622 Smallpox

Nottingham, Henry Howard, Earl of Northampton; Charles Blount, Earl of Devonshire and Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury) 244 Courtesy of Robin Darwall-Smith, Archivist, Magdalen College Oxford. The original is in Latin, this is Robin’s translation. 245 'James 1 - volume 68: January 1612', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: James I, 1611-18 (1858), pp. 109-117. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk 246 Project Gutenberg - Open License

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� 1623 Great fever, spotted fever and hot ague � 1624 Great fever, spotted fever and hot ague � 1625 James I dies. Charles I becomes king. Great fever, spotted fever, hot ague,

great plague, malignant fever and the end of harvest ague � 1626-1627 Plague and malignant fever � 1628 William Harvey publishes his discovery of the circulation of the blood. The

Petition of Right is presented to the king by parliament. George Villiers, the Duke of Buckingham and favourite of James I is assassinated in Portsmouth. Smallpox, measles, plague and malignant fever

� 1629-1640 The Eleven Years Tyranny. Charles I rules without parliament. � 1632 Christopher Wren is born. Moderate smallpox

Some years later, in May 1649, Oliver Cromwell would dine and play bowls at Magdalen, shortly after dealing with Leveller uprisings at nearby Burford and Northampton.

At the time Oliver Cromwell and the other Parliamentarian leaders had to decide how to run the country. Many radicals put forward their views, and it was in this atmosphere that the Levellers and the Diggers came to life. Their main opponent was Henry Ireton, a gentleman and landowner who, not surprisingly proposed that only those who owned property and land should be able to elect Parliamentary representatives, since they, and only they, had a vested interest in England and therefore were the true English citizens able to elect MPs; anyone without land or property was, as a consequence, completely disempowered from the elective process, something for which many felt they had fought and died for. Most ‘grandees’, as they were known, were quite connect with maintaining their status quo as landed gentry, even if they had fought as Parliamentarians, their main focus being the establishment of the Protestant faith and the retention and investment of power with Parliament, somewhat ironically, as duly elected representatives

The Levellers agitated for a democratic society, with power distributed among the poor or common people of England. The common people, they pointed out, had both won the war and paid for it with their taxes. Furthermore, they pointed to the desperate state of a great deal of the population. The agricultural economy of the country had been unable to deal with a century and a half of population growth. Poverty, hunger and homelessness were rife. They first appeared in Surrey in April 1649 and went about pulling down park palings and levelling hedges, especially those on Crown lands. In 1649 the matter came to a head when some regiments of the Roundhead army mutinied in support of the Levellers. They were ruthlessly put down at Burford and Northampton and ceased to be an important political force.

At this time that Gerrard Winstanley and the Diggers appeared on the scene, proclaiming themselves the 'True Levellers' and putting forward an even more radical platform. Gerrard Winstanley, a radical thinker and leader of the "Digger" movement, proposed the free use of common land by "the common people of England". In 1649, led by Gerrard Winstanley, they set up a commune on St. George’s Hill in Weybridge. They believed that everyone should be equal and were against the private ownership of property.

They believed that everyone should live in equality and that both property and the organised church were evil. They were confident that God's spirit and the goodness of the earth would provide for those who lived in accordance with their views. Led by Gerrard Winstanley and William Everard the Diggers came to St. George’s Hill on 1 April 1649. They built simple huts to house themselves and attempted to grow beans, parsnips and barley in the extremely poor soil. They also spread their revolutionary views around the local area, alarming the local landowners and clergy. At this time the hill was common land, giving local people certain rights over it, including the right to pasture cows. Many appear to have felt these rights were threatened by the presence of the Diggers’ camp.

The actions of local inhabitants soon dashed their hopes and showed itself in a number of violent raids on the camp. Many of the Diggers were beaten, their crops were burned and their huts destroyed. The army was called to the hill on several occasions. The army commander himself, General Fairfax, visited the hill. He took a sympathetic view but

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failed to protect the settlement from attack when, in July 1649 local landowners took the Diggers to court at Kingston, and won an action for trespass. The Diggers could not pay the fine and so their cattle and some goods were confiscated. By August the Diggers were forced to leave St. George’s Hill and moved to Little Heath, Cobham. Once again they were continuously harassed and by Easter 1650 the settlement was dispersed. “that we may … lay the Foundation of making the Earth a Common Treasury for All, both Rich and Poor” Gerrard Winstanley, The True Levellers Standard Advanced247

On 21-22 Feb 1632 Robert, who was living in Dunsfold at the time, had a deposition made against him which alleged that he had killed some stray sheep and had kept a gold chain he had found while ploughing248. Perhaps this was a case of a Royalist killing sheep belonging to a Parliamentarian. This sort of event would have provided propaganda for the sort of news articles that appeared in the Parliamentarian newspaper Mercurius Civicus.

Field Place, Dunsfold The residence of Robert Quenell

Probably named after his brother’s place of residence Field Hall in Compton

At Ashtead Rectory, on the 23rd of Sept 1643 an Ordinance for sequestring the Rectory of Ashtead was issued, in the County of Surrey. The post had become void by the death of Mr. Quennell, the late Incumbent, who had been sequestered on the 20th September 1643 but had died 4 days earlier on the 16th249. On the north wall of the chancel of the Church of St. Giles, Ashtead, Surrey is a brass plate to Dorothy wife of Robert Quennell, 'Pastor of this church,' 1640250

St. Giles Church, Ashtead, Surrey

Peter 1580-1650 m Alice Crandley 1567-1599 in 1598 then Elizabeth Crandley –

1631 in 1599, both cousins

Signature of Peter Quyneld about 1640251

247 http://www.elmbridgemuseum.org.uk/ 248 LM/1057/1 National Archives 249 'House of Commons Journal Volume 3: 23 September 1643', Journal of the House of Commons: volume 3: 1643-1644 (1802), pp. 252-254. 250 Surrey Archaeological Collections, Volume XXV in "List of Monumental Brasses in Surrey" compiled by Mill Stephenson has on page 49 an inscription found in Ashtead Church to Dorothy wife of Robert Quinell pastor 1640, aged 54 251 http://www.jvsn.co.uk/history.htm

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Solars and Nether Beckhams was inherited by Alan Bycknold’s widow Agnes who passed it to her second husband, Roger Cranley (Crandley) when she died in 1569. Roger was the grandfather of the children Roger, Robert and John of Peter Quennell and his daughter Elizabeth. Elizabeth’s second husband was John Hode to whom Roger left the residue of his estate on his death in 1594/95. One of his bequests, itemised in his will proved in May 1594, was... …an Joined bestedell yt standethe in the lofte over the parlour and two pewter platters marked with the mark of an horseshoe’252. Peter (1580-1650), ‘a gentleman’, married his cousin Alice Crandley (1567-1599) in 1598 and subsequently, after Alice’s death in 1599 her sister, his other cousin, Elizabeth Crandley (- 1631) in 1599 by whom he had four sons, Roger, Robert, John and Peter (1603- ) and a daughter Elizabeth (-1640). Bargain and sale 1) Peter Quennell of Chiddingfold (could have been the elder or younger), gent 2) Thomas Remnant of Compton, his wife Susan and his youngest son Richard. Cottage with garden etc and 1 acre in Compton (position described) to Thomas and Susan for life, then to Richard and his heirs for £25 down and peppercorn rent. 1 Nov 1613253 Peter had the manor of Ashurst and Fridinghurst conveyed from John Middleton of Horsham and Thomas Burdett of Abinger to himself and Thomas Payne of Pitfold and in 1623 and the same year he was made a gentleman of coat armour at the Heralds' Visitation254. Its interesting that this is the same coat of arms used by Peter Quinil, Bishop of Exeter and which appear in a stained glass window at Exeter Cathedral. There may be a connection between the Quennells of Chiddingfold and the west country since the rectory and church of Cleve, Somerset was a property that belonged to Elizabeth Quennell (nee Grey). However, this may have belonged to her though her father Reverend Edmund Grey

Azure a cross argent between two roses or in the chief and two fleur-de-lis argent in the foot The picture on the right is of Bishop Peter Quinil’s arms in Exeter Cathedral

In 1619 Peter Quennell presented for an ecclesiastical post at the Church of St. Giles, Ashtead in Surrey and again in 1647255 following his brother Robert’s presentation in 1643 prevented by his (Robert’s) death (see above) Peter’s name occurs amongst the chief landowners in Surrey in 1625, who subscribed to the loan levied by the King in 1625, his own share being 10 pounds. That he was not yet a knight may have resulted in him being fined by Charles I for not having become one by the time of Charles’s coronation in 1625; a way for Charles to raise funds which seems to have been tolerated as a Royal prerogative. Peter, along with everyone else, would have been subject to the King’s tax called Ship Money, levied to supposedly pay for ships to defend England in times of war. Since parliament had been dismissed by Charles this was

252 Chiddingfold archive 253 LM/349/96 National Archives 254 Malden H E, A Victorian County History: A History of the County of Surrey Volume 3, Parishes, Chiddingfold. pub 1911. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=42922 255 the right of presentation to a vacant ecclesiastical benefice, so called because the patron defends or advocates the claims of the person whom he presents

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done without the legally required consent of Parliament, and was one of the issues underlying the disquiet that eventually led to the English Civil War In 1627 Peter acquired the other part of Imbhams from John Covert’s sons John and Anthony. He is recorded as supplying 'gunns and shott' for Charles I on credit when the Civil War was breaking out. He would have had to be careful given that George Mynne, an iron master and politician, of the manor of Horton, near Epsom in Surrey had been exposed by Elizabeth Alkin (aka Parliament Jones or Joan) for hiding shot, wire and gun powder in support of Charles I. On a number of occasions, in the lead up to the Civil War, Parliamentarian saltpetre inspectors tried to gain access to George’s pigeon coop where they obviously suspected gunpowder was buried. George turned them away on the 4th of November 1632 with the excuse that the pigeons were in breeding season and could not be disturbed. They returned again the 4th March 1633 and were once again turned back by George’s servants armed with pitchforks and bills (a thick, heavy knife with a hooked end, useful for chopping off small branches of trees or cutting apart entangled vines or roots). He was visited again on the 30th May 1633 and this time the inspectors were turned back with the excuse that George held a writ which freed him of any due to allow the inspectors on to his land and property. Eventually the Lords issued a summons to George on the 15th June 1633 and he was heavily fined for supplying six thousand pounds worth of iron to Charles I and his Royalist forces prior to the declaration of hostilities and with 400 tonnes of iron when war broke out, and for arranging for £40,000 worth of iron and wire to be hidden in caches around the country256 Dated the 10th of March 1629, 4 Charles I, a vellum indenture records the sale of a tenement and lands in Bramshott, Sussex (now Hampshire), between Peter Qwynnell of Lythe Hill (the elder?) in the parish of Chiddingfold, Surrey, gent, and Robert Palmer of Lippuck257, Hants, yeoman. The sale relates to lands called Bowhunt, 100 acres arable land in Bramshott and the manor of Rogate in Sussex. Also mentioned are an Elizabethan deed between Right Honourable Earl Arundell and the Right Honourable John Lumley Knight Lord Lumley and Lady Jane his wife, daughter of the said Earl. It is handwritten in English on vellum. Notes indicate is very good clean indenture, 66 by 60 cm with a large 3.5 cm diameter wax seal with a rampant lion impression258. This connection with Hampshire, and the family’s fishing trade in Southampton, is interesting in light of the later muster by Captain Peter Quennell of a band of Royalists in support of Charles I.

� 1633 William Laud becomes Archbishop of Canterbury � 1634 Smallpox � 1638 Epidemic ague, hot ague and spotted fever � 1639 Epidemic ague and hot ague � 1641 MP's draw up a list of grievances called the Grand Remonstrance. Smallpox

in London and plague � 1642 Civil war between king and parliament begins. They fight the indecisive

battle of Edgehill. Isaac Newton is born � 1643 War typhus, spotted fever and epidemics of hot ague � 1644 Parliament wins the battle of Marston Moor. Plague, spotted fever and

epidemics of hot ague � 1645 Parliament wins the battle of Naseby. William Laud is executed. Plague

In 1644/45 during the decline of the Royalist’s cause during the First Civil War there was a brief raid of Goring's horse in Surrey, which advanced through Hampshire and occupied Farnham, and then in 1646 the war ended

� 1646 Charles I surrenders to the Scots and the first civil war comes to an end. Plague

� 1647 Plague � 1648 Charles I starts another civil war. The Scots intervene on his behalf.

However the battle of Preston ends hopes of restoring Charles I to power. Pride's Purge. Thomas Pride removes some Presbyterian MPs from parliament. Plague

256 http://www.epsomandewellhistoryexplorer.org.uk/MynneG.html 257

Liphook 258 Qwynnell, Palmer. Sold on e bay

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In 1648 the second civil war began. In Surrey a Royalist campaign was attempted in a conflict at Kingston on July 7, remembered only for the death of the young and gallant Lord Francis Villiers, but collapsed almost as soon as began. Its leaders, the duke of Buckingham and the earl of Holland, escaped to St Albans and St Neots, where Holland was taken prisoner and Buckingham escaped overseas. Towards the end of the war there was also a brief skirmish at Leigh

� 1649 King Charles I is beheaded. Plague and smallpox in London � 1650 Plague

Peter Quennell died in 1650 and was buried on 7th May 1650 at Haslemere, Surrey where there is a Latin memorial inscription to him

In 1651 a Scottish army invaded England in an attempt to put Charles II on the throne. The Scots were defeated at Worcester and Charles II escaped from England passing through Petworth just south of Chiddingfold. Thomas Hobbes published his work Leviathan. There were epidemics of spotted fever and epidemics of hot ague

Alms House at Petworth259

� 1652 Inigo Jones dies. Smallpox in London � 1652-1654 The first Anglo-Dutch war � 1653 Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England � 1655 Smallpox in London � 1655-1657 Rule of the Major-Generals

Robert Quennell -1659

By 1651, a year after his father’s death Robert Quennell had become the owner of the Crown Inn260. Robert had a daughter Jane and a son also called Robert. His son succeeded him as owner of the Crown Inn in 1659 when his father died. Robert Quennell the younger died in 1682 and a charge for non-payment of taxes was levied against his estate by the Crown. How this is resolved is not clear but it seems from what appears below that his property then passed to his recently (1674) widowed sister, Jane Younge

Elizabeth -1640 married John Bromham who predeceased her

They lived at Wintershull, Dunsfold, Surrey and had three children, Ann, Joan and John. John had two daughters, Joan and Margaret. John senior set up a new rail, the upkeep of middle post of which was the responsibility of both John senior and Arnold Quenell, for the Church of St. Mary’s and All Saints in Dunsfold. It would be surprising to find out whether these were subsequently vandalised by the Puritans since they were perceived as part of Archbishop William Laud’s Arminian Reforms261, John senior’s mother was

259 Project Gutenberg – Open Licence 260 Chiddingfold archive 261 placing a greater emphasis on the traditional liturgy, sacramental elements and ceremony that, at the time were associated with Catholicism and a part of which called for the installation of church rails. This approach was considered part of a slippery slope towards popery. Arminianism is a rejection of the Calvinist doctrine of predestination, a belief in attaining the kingdom of heaven through good works and faith, whereas the Calvinists believed fervently in predestination

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known as Old Widow Bromham and lived at a property called New Inne in Dunsfold and was buried at St. Mary’s 12 December 1663 aged 91262

263

Church of St. Mary’s and All Saints in Dunsfold

Daughter Joan married a Mr. Medgick and daughter Ann married a Mr. Stoner. Elizabeth’s Will reads…Testatrix: Elizabeth Quennell of Dunsfold, widow, Date of Will: 27 Jan 1639/40 [nuncupative]. To my son John Bromham a bed and bedstead and a cauldron (which was his father's); to my granddaughter Margaret Bromham daughter of John a cupboard; to my granddaughter Joan Bromham daughter of John two pairs of sheets; to my daughters Joan Medgick and Ann Stoner both of Kirdford, Sussex. Witnesses: John Shipsea, rector; Arnold Quennell (X) (nephew?). Proved: 12 Apr 1640 to Joan Medgick, daughter and principal legatee264 John senior’s mother, referred to as Old Widow Bromham lived in a property called New Inne. She was buried aged 91 on 12 December 1663265

Peter 1603-1666 married Elizabeth Grey daughter of Rev. Edmund Grey and

sister of Joan Grey

‘Captaine’ Peter (1603-5 May 1666), married Elizabeth Grey in 1628 and they had four sons, Arnold (- Jan 1682), Peter (-after 1685), Robert (-1719) and Thomas (-after 1688)

Peter and Elizabeth’s son Peter, born in 1603 enrolled as an undergraduate at Magdalen Hall (now Hertford College), Oxford in 1621 and studied there at the same time as Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, a moderate Royalist during, and historian of, the English Civil War, who fled to Jersey with Charles (II), Prince of Wales in 1646 (Magdalen College 1622-1626). In the 1620s Magdalen Hall enjoyed an immense and not altogether explicable popularity. With over three hundred resident members, it was larger than any college, and accommodation was hard to find, so much so that the Principal, John Wilkinson, had inaugurated an ambitious building programme to which he himself contributed £3,000. John Oliver, fellow and later President, in writing to Hyde's father alluded to the throng in the Hall, but reassured him that his son occupied 'a chamber warm and convenient to study in, and, among so great a company as we are, at a reasonable price'.266

Edward Hyde in 1626

262 Dunsfold and its Rectors, Surrey Archaeological Collections Vol 32 pg 10 263 Presented by the Rev. Erskine Wm. Holland. T. Allom. Engraved for Brayley's History of Surrey. J.H. Kernot. Dorking. Published by & for Mrs. R.B. Ede 264 Archdeaconry Court of Surrey DW/PA/7/13 f.123v; DW/PA/5/1640/120 265 Dunsfold and its Rectors, Surrey Archaeological Collections Vol 32 pg 10 266 Hertford College Alumni http://alumniweb.hertford.ox.ac.uk

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The curriculum would have comprised rhetoric, logics and metaphysics and been studied in the mornings after chapel with the afternoon being left for recreation followed by supper and vespers. Peter served a commission in the king's army, and for his loyalty and that of his father, " Peter Quinnall, Esq. '' it was intended at the Restoration for him to be raised from the Yeomanry to the Gentry as one of the thirty-two persons in Surrey selected as Knights of the Order of the Royal Oak. However, for political reasons it was never instituted. His estate was valued at a wealthy £600 a year and he married Elizabeth daughter of the Reverend Edmund Grey and went to live a Field Place. When Charles I raised his standard in 1642 Captaine Peter raised a Royalist company of 74 men, but it was soon disarmed. There is a record of their surrender, ‘A note what arms every man hath laid down out of Captain Queanel's band', detailing the arms handed in by each soldier (see Appendix 15)267. It is likely that Captain Quennell was responding to the Commission of Array issued by the Marquess of Hertford, under a warrant from Charles I, on the 2nd of August, to muster all men between 15-60. Though it was forbidden by Parliament for Militias ‘to attend the King’s Commission of Array’ Captain Quennell would have rallied his band at around about the time that war was declared, the King raised his standard at Nottingham on the 22nd August and that Colonel Goerge Goring, Governor of Southampton, had declared for the King and was under siege by Parlaimentarians. Given Peter the elder’s connections with land and holdings in Hampshire it is possible that Captain Quennell’s band, numbering seventy four, is that referred to in connection with a disturbance on the 11th of August 1642 when, probably riding in support of Goring, a mile out of Southampton, at Hounsdown, between sixty and seventy cavaliers attacked a party, led by the High Sherriff of Hampshire, who were raising a Parliamentarian militia. In the mêlée, which lasted an hour, fifteen of the Royalists were killed, nine mortally wounded with five killed on the Parliamentarians side268. The deaths and mortal wounds referred to on the Royalist side could of course allude to casualties amongst the one hundred or so locals who fought in support of and alongside the Cavaliers. The Cavaliers were quickly captured, disarmed and placed ‘in safekeeping’. They would have been considered, in acting contrary to the instruction not to obey the Commission of Array, as ‘disturbers of the peace’. Though the list does not indicate if any of the party were killed or later died, in keeping with any investigation the names of all those involved and their arms would have been taken regardless. Further investigation might reveal if any of those involved disappear from the records at about this time. What does become apparent researching the people named in the list and their places of residence, of the Godalming and Godley One Hundreds, is the inter relationships that existed between the various members of the band, either through family, business, and possibly patronage which deserve further investigation. Suffice to say that, with the footnotes provided in the appendix, an attempt has been made to expand on what initially seems ‘just’ an abstract list of names in order in some way to bring back to life those listed as living breathing people and not just abstracts in type. Once they had been disarmed the Southern Association of the Parliamentarian Army and Militias would have easily been able to contain any pockets of Royalist sympathisers in Surrey so it would have been likely that, after they had been disarmed, they would have been fined, bound over to keep the peace and returned to their homes. Thomas Kelsey, originally a London tradesman, was appointed Major-General for Surrey and Kent during the Rule of the Major-Generals. Kelsey became a severe persecutor of Royalists in his region and attempted to purge them from office wherever possible. Royalists were expected to obtain the local Major-General's permission before they could travel away from home and their movements were carefully monitored. Any further ‘disturbance of the peace’ would have been a somewhat risky undertaking since not far away, near Haslemere is Black Down House, built in 1607, which was used by Oliver Cromwell as his

267 [HMC p.677b; published in Surrey Musters, part III, pp.331-333] 6729/4/174 Aug 1642. Surrey History Centre 268 Godwin, G N. Ch. VI Events in Portsmouth, Skirmishes near Southampton and in the Isle of Wight, in ‘The civil war in Hampshire (1642-45) and the story of Basing House’. Southampton : H. M. Gilbert and son ; London, J. and E. Bumpus, ltd. Pp38.

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headquarters during the Civil War269. Cromwell’s soldiers were also stationed at Chiddingfold but were so rowdy they had to be removed by petition270 At this point it is worth mentioning that though during the English Civil War, loyalty was generally divided along Northern/Western (Royalist) and Southern/Eastern Parliamentarian) lines with the Parliamentarian vanguard of support being predominantly made up of the middle classes, merchants, the navy and the puritans, and the Royalist vanguard amongst the Anglican church, the Catholics, the nobility and the peasants, it was not clear cut with pockets of support ranging across the entire country. Surrey was generally Parliamentarian headed by prominent leaders Richard Onslow and Sir Poynings More. There were also powder mills at Chilworth and cannon foundries in the Weald. Both sides would hold sway over the same areas at different times, Farnham Castle and Kingston changed hands several times during the course of the War and three of the line of forts which defended London were in the Surrey. Burnt Stub Mansion, a Royalist stronghold, in Chessington was raised to the ground by Oliver Cromwell when Surrey trained militias were ordered to defend Kingston against the Royalists 1655 introduction of the Decimation Tax of 10% on the income of Royalists though by this time Lythe Hill Farm had already been sold On 16th March 1657 a quitclaim was made between Peter (using the name variant Quynnell), at the time classified in the court register as a gentleman, and Richard Remnant of Compton, a brick maker, on property and land called Wattillham in Compton271.

� 1657 Great epidemics of ague, influenza and hot ague � 1658 Oliver Cromwell dies. His son Richard takes over. Great epidemics of ague,

influenza and hot ague, catarrhal influenza and spotted fever

Oliver Cromwell’s head

� 1659 Richard Cromwell resigns. His fall from power is so swift he becomes known as 'Tumbledown Dick'. Great epidemics of ague, influenza and hot ague, catarrhal influenza and spotted fever and smallpox

� 1660 Charles II becomes king. Official founding year of the Royal Society

A year after the restoration, in 1661 Peter, his fortunes renewed for his loyalty to Charles I during the English Civil War, was made a Commissioner to oversee the collection of money from Surrey granted to the King in an Act established on behalf of Charles II the same year which reads...

‘granting unto the Kings Majestie twelve hundred and threescore thousand pounds to bee assessed and levied by an assessment of threescore and ten thousand pounds by the moneth for eighteene moneths

269 http://www.haslemere.com/vic/outandabout.htm 270 Chiddingfold archive 271 Item ref: LM/351/20 Surrey History Centre

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Reasons for the present Grant.

£1,260,000. granted in the Manner following, but not to be drawn into Example.

We your Majesties most dutifull and loyall subjects the Commons assembled in Parliament taking notice of the present and important occasions for your Majesties supply and of your Majesties abundant grace and bounty to your people in the late Act of free and generall pardon indempnity and oblivion and withall considering that the great and heavy taxations which your people have lately undergone were cheifely if not onely for the paying off those publique debts to the Army and Navy which were contracted in ill times and most of them for ill purposes under the late tyranicall and usurping powers insomuch that wee are nowe to provide for all those necessities your Majestie hath beene reduced to by the new setling [of] your Majesties household without any setled revenue by the putting forth of severall Fleets and Navies to sea although your Majestie found the stores neere exhausted by the provisions for the Garrison of Dunkirke and the establishment att Tangiers and alsoe att Jamaica three great additions of honour att present and wee hope of plenty hereafter by securing our trade and commerce besides the charges of those guards to your royall person which the implacable spirits of some men have for some time made necessary and that noblest expence of all in bringing home your Royall Consort (whom Almighty God preserve and blesse to the joy and comfort of your Majestie and to the happines of all future generations) Nevertheles that your Majestie may see wee are no way discouraged by the charge or difficulty of the present occasions and that your enemies may see and knowe our readines to assist your Majestie with the utmost hazards both of our lives and estates Wee your said Commons doe hereby freely and cheerefully give and grant unto your Most Excellent Majestie the sum of twelve hundred and threescore thousand pounds to be raised and levied in manner following And although wee cannot but knowe that the ancient and usuall parliamentary course of raising moneyes for the aid and supply of your Majesties extraordinary occasions is and hath beene by way of subsidies which wee desire may bee observed in future times And that the course hereby taken may not bee drawne into example for the time to come and considering that the way of subsidies hath for many yeares last past been disused and that the regulac[i]on of that method in raising moneys would require more time and occasion more delay then your Majesties pressing and urgent affaires can well permit Wee therefore your Majesties faithfull and obedient subjects the Commons assembled in Parliament beseech your Majestie that it may be enacted [And be it enacted] by the Kings Most excellent Majestie by and with the consent and advice of the Lords Spirituall and Temporall and of the Commons in this present Parliament assembled That the su[m]me of threescore and ten thousand pounds by the month for eighteene moneths begining from the five and twentieth day of December One thousand six hundred sixty one shall bee assessed taxed collected levied and payed by six quarterly payments in the severall Counties Cities Burroughs Townes &places within England and Wales and the Towne of Berwicke upon Tweed according to the severall rules and proporc[i]ons and in such manner as is hereafter expressed (that is to say) for every moneth of the said [eighteen] moneths Upon

The County of Surrey the sum of One thousand five hundred threescore and five pounds five shillings and six pence And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid that all and every the persons hereafter named shall be Commissioners of and for the severall and respective Counties Cityes Boroughs Townes and Places hereafter named that is to say… … Peter Quennel senior Esq[uire]272 During the English Civil Way as many as 12,000 Royalists, Catholics and insurgents from England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales had been sent, by the Parliamentarians, to work in the sugar cane plantations in the Caribbean. It may be that they were repatriated after the Restoration, though this would require further investigation.

272 Statutes of the Realm: volume 5: 1628-80 (1819), pp. 325-348. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk

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On 2 Sep 1663 a feoffment with livery of seisin273, was granted between Peter Quynell esq the elder of Compton and his son and heir Peter, to William Sadler of Chiddingfold, a blacksmith, for Sollars, Chiddingfold, which had been purchased by the elder Peter’s Uncle Peter on 10 October 1584, for a consideration of £57.274 The elder Peter died on the 5th of May 1666, and was buried at Compton Church, Compton, Surrey, England 7 May 1666 in the north part of Compton Church (Pilgrim’s Progress – 1678. Compton was one of the villages that the pilgrims travelled through on their way to Canterbury) under the uppermost arch in the wall there. In the vault probably of the Halls of Field Place, whose heir he was. During his lifetime he had borrowed heavily, a habit which was to come back to haunt his son Peter. There is an inscription in the church to Elizabeth Quynell (nee Grey)275

Compton Church, Compton, Surrey

Just a year later a Grant, dated 30 Apr 1667, was made by his widow Elizabeth to 1) Sir William More 2) Edmund Yalden, rector of Compton, and his successors. All trees planted or to be planted by Yalden within 50 yards of hedges and ditches of the Barn Field, Gascoynes and Bushy Parkes in Compton and land of Elizabeth Quennell, widow. Lops and tops, from Middle English loppe, small branches and twigs, to be distributed to poor at discretion of rector, churchwardens and overseers of the poor. 276

Peter (- after 1685)

The younger Peter (- after 1685) with his mother Elizabeth Quynell (nee Grey)’s agreement sold South Imbhams, and perhaps had already also sold Lythe Hill, in 1651 to Thomas Newton and William Yalden to pay off his father’s debts. Yet there was still some contention between Peter Quynell (Quennell) and Thomas Newton in 1680 as is shown by a legal suit over the mortgage of Imbhams [iron forge] and Lythill [Lythe Hill Farm, Chiddingfold], which was settled by private arbitration by Messrs Killingworth, Wight and Child and may have been written in the hand of James Gresham277, the MP for Haslemere in 1661 and 1679, grandson of Sir Thomas More, Constable of Farnham Castle and Uncle of Sir William More. In 1653 when the Parliamentarians won the English Civil War they destroyed the forge at Imbhams and ruined the family who had to leave their ancestral home at Lythe Hill, now a hotel. In 1673, after the Restoration, this Peter was also known as Captain Quynnell, a title by which he was still being referred to after 1695. He had two daughters; Elizabeth

273 Livery of seisin was the dominant method of transferring land in England until 1536, and it continued to be legal until 1925. The term livery of seisin means simply "transfer of possession": livery means "delivery" and is from the Old French livrer, and seisin means "possession" and is from the Old French saisir or seisir. The concept behind livery of seisin, therefore, was the symbolic transfer of the possession of land. The entire ceremony of transfer was called feoffment with livery of seisin, with feoffment meaning "a gift," specifically a gift of a freehold interest in a parcel of land. The transferor was the feoffor, the transferee was the feoffee, and the land interest was the fief 274 G105/6/5 Surrey History Centre 275 Surrey Archaeological Collections, Volumes XII in "Compton Church" by J Lewis Andre, pages 1-19 has an inscription to Elizabeth Quynell 276 LM/351/46 http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/A2A/records.aspx?cat=176-lm_2&cid=-1&Gsm=2008-06-18#-1 277 LM/1298 Surrey History Centre

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and Joan, and one son, Simon Quenell (-1744) who married Susannah. Elizabeth married Robert Beare and Joan married John Waight.

30 Jan 1673 letter from James Gresham, Haslemere, to his nephew Sir William More, Lord of Godalming, whose residence was at Loseley Park near Guildford. ...Title Letter from James Gresham, Haslemere, to Sir William More, Loseley. He responds to a letter from More and refers to a coroner's inquest, possibly regarding a murder and a claim on the felon’s goods (or the victim’s stolen property) made by Sir William, about which Gresham's 'cousin', Wight, has 'consulted with some very ignorant lawyers'. Gresham advises More that he may have a 'melius inquirement to avoid the first inquest,' and should get a copy of the inquest from either Mr Child of Guildford or the coroner in London. He also refers to another matter retrospectively concerning a previous 'discourse between Captain Quenell and Mr Wimbolt'. Mr Wimbolt and his brother, Child, believe that More 'may by a melius inquirement get Payne to be found compos mentis'. Gresham offers to find a deed of purchase by Sir George and Robert More for a 'charge of £16 at the Rolls' if Mr Smith denies he has it278

Peter died after 1685 leaving two sons Simon (-1744 see below) who moved to Chertsey and became an Inn Keeper, and possibly a Peter Quenell, Esq., who, in 1693/94, owned a house at the City of London, Farringdon Ward Without, St Dunstan Precinct, Street side279

As a result of the sale of their land and property in and around Chiddingfold the focus for the family seems to have moved to Guildford though they retained their interest in faming as is indicated by their profession; butchers.

31 Aug 1685. Warrant in the usual form for renewing the Charter of Guldeford in Surrey Amongst others Peter Quennell, Simon Quennell, both Burgess of Guildford, as Serjeants-at-Mace280 were both probably Peter’s sons

Simon, the son of Peter (- after 1685), an Inn Keeper in Chertsey married a Susannah. Simon died about June 1744. His Will proved 9 June 1744281 states…I do hereby give and bequeath unto my dear wife Susannah all my Personal Estate whatsoever and I do appoint her Executrix of this my Will I do also give and devise to my said Wife and the Heirs of her Body all my freehold Estates in the County of Surry or elsewhere and also my right Title Interest Remainders or Reversions which I have or may claim of in or to all or any of the Lands and Premises devised to me after the death of my Mother by the Will of my father Peter Quennell In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and Seal this fifteenth day of February and in the seventh Year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord the King 1743 Simon Quennell

Henry Wapshot Junr Nicklas Wooten William Horne Junior

Robert (-1719)

In a will proved on the 22nd September 1661 Peter and Robert, named as brothers, were left land in Harting, West Sussex, by a kinsman (cousin?) John Hargrave282. Robert made a feoffment of some of his bequest on the 7th February 1707 to an Anthony Palmer283. Robert, who’s will dated the 18th of July 1719, possibly died somewhere around the middle of 1719 (the probate of his will was proved some years later on the 29th April 1785 at Chichester and was the subject of some wrangling as attested by a letter dated

278 LM/COR/6/39 Exploring Surrey’s Past 279 'Four Shillings In The Pound Aid 1693-1694: City of London, Farringdon Ward Without, St Dunstan Precinct, Street side', Four Shillings In The Pound Aid 1693/4: The City of London, the City of Westminster, and Metropolitan Middlesex (1992). 280 'James II volume 1: August 1685', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: James II, 1685 (1960), pp. 290-317. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk 281 Prob11/734 http://www.willtranscriptions.co.uk/surnames/p-q-r/quennell_simon_q10.htm 282 SAS-K/73 National Archive, UK 283 SAS-K/227, West Sussex Record Office

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12 November 1767, in which it would seem the ownership of property relating to his will was contested by his niece Rachel Hambledon284) and includes property in Harting285. One of the witnesses was an Edmund Yaden (Yalden?), a possible connection with the Yalden family mentioned in previous connections with the Quenells. Robert was still alive, and recorded as a gentleman of Guildford, in 1665 as attested by a deed relating to property in East Harting, dated the 18th of July 1665286.

Thomas (-after 1688)

On 26 May 1656 Thomas Quynell of Chiddingfold, a gentleman, sold a Mortgage (with covenant to levy a fine) on White Lands (13 enclosures containing 50 acres) in Chiddingfold to Richard Watts Esq. of Guildford for £150287 On 19 Jan 1658 Thomas Quynell288 and Richard Watts assigned a lease to William Sadler of Chiddingfold, a blacksmith, on Whitelands, Chiddingfold for a consideration of £150 paid to Watts and £100 to Quynell289 On 18 Jan 1660 William Sadler paid £150 in addition to previous payment290

� 1661 Robert Boyle publishes his great work The Sceptical Chemist. Brain fever and nervous stock predominantly affecting children, fevers, small pox and spotted fever

� 1662 The Royal Society (a Scientific organisation) is given its charter by Charles II who marries a Portuguese princess, Catherine of Braganza. The Act of Uniformity is passed. Fevers and spotted fever

� 1663 The first turnpike road is opened. (Turnpike roads were owned by turnpike trusts that maintained them. You had to pay to use them

� 1663-1664 Fevers and spotted fever � 1665 Last great plague in London. This is the last outbreak of bubonic plague in

England � 1666 Last plague and the great fire of London. Most of the city is destroyed but it

is soon rebuilt � 1665-1667 The second Anglo-Dutch war � 1667 John Milton publishes Paradise Lost. Smallpox � 1668 Smallpox � 1666-1670 Hudson’s Bay Company is formed � 1669 Cholera nostrus, smallpox, infantile diarrhoea, summer of cholera � 1670 Measles, smallpox, summers of cholera � 1671-1672 Smallpox and griping in the guts � 1672-1674 The 3rd Anglo-Dutch war � 1673 The Test Act is passed. Catholics and Protestant dissenters are prevented

from holding public office. Comatose fever � 1674 Comatose fever, measles spring and summer, smallpox autumn and winter � 1675 Comatose fever, influenza and griping in the guts � 1676 Comatose fever and griping in the guts � 1678 Titus Oates claims he has discovered a 'Popish plot' against Charles II. (The

whole thing is a hoax). Hot ague epidemic and influenza � 1679 The Act of Habeas Corpus. Imprisonment without trial is outlawed. Hot ague

epidemic

On 24 Apr 1680 Elizabeth and John Layfield, a clerk of Chiddingfold, sold the rectory and church of Cleve, Somerset, Cowpers and Coxgarden, Balefield, piece of land (11 acres), and 60 acres called 'Harrolds', Chiddingfold, previously mortgaged to Elizabeth Quynell for £500 to Richard Coldham esq and Edmund Yelden (Yalden?), a clerk, both of

284 SAS-K/728, West Sussex Record Office 285 SAS-K/336, West Sussex Records Office 286 SAS-K/86, West Sussex Records Office 287 G105/6/2 Surrey History Centre 288 No records found for Thomas and brother Arnold Quynell may have been cousins of the younger Peter, or possibly even his brothers. Both were butchers. Arnold’s will is dated 21 Jul 1718 and in it kinsmen Arnold and John Quinell are mentioned 289 G105/6/3 Surrey History Centre 290 G105/6/4 Surrey History Centre

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Compton, and Richard Symes of Guildford, a gentleman. A subsequent memorandum of 22 Oct 1688 - term of years now vested in Charles Layfield of Farnham, clerk, who hereby assigns it to Thomas Newton, esq, in trust for Thomas Hutches of Guildford who has bought the freehold of the Chiddingfold property from John Layfield.291

� 1680 Hot ague epidemic � 1681 Hot ague epidemic and smallpox

On 5/6 October 1683 Thomas Quynell appeared as a witness to the issue of a lease and release by William Winson of Plaistow in Kirdford, yeoman, as a marriage settlement, and William Putticke of Plaistow, a butcher, of a property and 20 acres called Phillips, near Plaistow Green in Kirdford, adjoining Plaistow Green on north west, and lands of Thomas Jackman called Quynell House (Plaistow, Kirdford) on the south east and also garden and field called Rickman Garden and Rickman Field, containing 4 acres in Plaistow. With covenant to levy a fine to John Woods, William Winsom, and Robert Lusher of Chiddingfold, Surrey, mercer (textile merchant) for £230 to Putticke, £170 to Winson292

On 9 and 10 October 1688 Thomas Hutches, alias Hutchest, of Guildford, a yeoman, sold Cowpers and Coxgarden, Balefield and Spookes alias Swanland in Chiddingfold to Peter’s brother Thomas and nephew Arnold Quennell the younger (-1718, son of Arnold -1680), both of Chiddingfold and both butchers, for a consideration of £362293 buying back the land that had once belonged to Thomas’s mother Elizabeth. Then, in all likelihood to raise further finance, they sold the mortgage on Cowpers and Coxgarden property to Johane Yalden of North Chapel, Sussex, a widow, on the 22 October 1688 for the sum of £150294

Arnold (- Jan 1682)

Arnold, a butcher, had one daughter, Mary, and three sons Arnold, Robert and John, who lived on a property called Boxalls. They still owned Cowpers and Coxgarden which would continue to be passed down through the family, seemingly in perpetuity.

In 1641 Arnold was a Witness and Overseer to the Will of Thomas of Dunsfold, Husbandman. Proved: 9 Jun 1641295

The Will of Arnold Quennell (the elder), yeoman, ‘ancient and weak’, was proved on 21 January 1681/2 for a fee of £101 and 10shillings at the Commissary Court of Surrey, the Will of Arnold Quennell of Dunsfold, and dated 14 February 1679/80. He was to be buried in the churchyard and bequeathed to the poor ten shillings. The remainder of his will states that…

To Bridewell, Foster and Higglett (probably servants or farm hands) four shillings each; I have settled my land by conveyance to my three sons; to my son Arnold ten shillings; to my son Robert Quennell twenty pounds above the sixty pounds he has already had, the cupboard in the hall, twelve pewter dishes, the bed and bedstead I lie on with bolsters, blankets and its trappings and two pairs of good sheets; to my daughter Mary Quennell ten pounds over and above the hundred pounds she has had already; to my godson and grandson John Meersh ten pounds and to my son John Quennell’s daughters Mary Quennell and Joan Quennell ten pounds each at age twenty one; to my daughter Mary a joined cupboard in the parlour, twelve pewter dishes, second best bed, pillows, bolsters, blankets and its trappings and a bedstead in the chamber where my sons lie, a flaxen tablecloth, a pair of holland sheets, two pairs of very good tire flaxen sheets and the second chest in the house; to my son Robert a joined chest at the foot of the bed in the parlour to my godchildren one shilling each; to my son John Quennell a little close of land at Hazel Bridge (Pickhurst Road. The Quenells were shown as still living at Hazelbridge

291 G105/5/2 Surrey History Centre 292 Add Mss 53,645-53,646 dated 26 March 1662, Add Mss 53,647-53,652 dated 21/22 April 1680, and Add Mss 53,653-53,658 National Archive 293 G105/5/4 Surrey History Centre 294 G105/5/5/ Surrey History Centre 295 DW/PA/7/13 ff.188r-v; DW/PA/5/1641/131B

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House, with kinsfolk living at Rodgate in the 1841 Census of Chiddingfold. See Appendices 6 & 7), Chiddingfold and residue, Executor Overseers: my friends John Holney of Dunsfold; George Entiknappe of Chiddingfold, yeoman. Witnesses: John Ifold; Arnold Fullett; William Dowlter296

� 1683 The Ashmolean Museum in Oxford opens its doors � 1684 Severe bowel complaints � 1685 Charles II dies. James II (a Roman Catholic) becomes king. The Duke of

Monmouth (Charles II's illegitimate son) leads an unsuccessful rebellion in Southwest England. Typhus and smallpox

� 1686 'Hanging' Judge Jeffery’s sentences many of the rebels to death. Typhus � 1687 Isaac Newton publishes his great work Principia Mathematica. He lays the

foundations of modern physics. � 1688 The 'Glorious, Bloodless Revolution'. James II flees abroad and William and

Mary become the new monarchs. Influenza and infantile diarrhoea � 1689 The Bill of Rights is passed. Infantile diarrhoea � 1693-1699 Seven ill years � 1694 Mary dies of smallpox aged 32. The Bank of England is founded. Fever

epidemic in London � 1698 Thomas Savery invents the first steam engine � 1701 The Act of Settlement is passed. Jethro Tull invents the seed drill � 1702 William dies. Anne becomes queen � 1703 Scarlet fever in London � 1704 The Duke of Marlborough defeats the French at the Battle of Blenheim. The

British capture Gibraltar � 1705-1706 Measles � 1706 The Duke of Marlborough defeats the French army at Ramillies � 1707 The Act of Union joins England and Scotland � 1708 The Duke of Marlborough defeats the army of Louis XIV at Oudenarde � 1709 Abraham Darby uses coke instead of charcoal to smelt iron. The Duke of

Marlborough wins the battle of Malplaquet against the French. London fever and influenza

� 1710 London fever and smallpox � 1712 Newcomen makes steam engines for pumping water out of mines. Influenza � 1714 Queen Anne dies. George I becomes king. Fever epidemic in London and

smallpox � 1715 The first Jacobite uprising. The Highlanders rise but the uprising ends in an

indecisive battle near Stirling. Convulsions � 1718 Typhus and measles

Mary married a Mr. Meersh and had a son, John Meersh

Robert Quennell (1670-1747)

Robert Quennell, was church warden of Chiddingfold 1700-1704297. He had fifteen children, the first five by a marriage in 1687 to Elizabeth Woodhatch and the remainder by his marriage in 1709 to Jane Penycod298. Their descendants lived at Hazel Bridge House in 1841. Most of this family left for Canada in 1850

John Quennell

John had two daughters, Joan and Mary and as mentioned in brother Arnold’s will was bequeathed a farm called ‘Lower Tugley’

296 DW/PC/7/1 Q36; DW/PC/5/1682/47 http://www.willtranscriptions.co.uk/surnames/p-q- r/quennell_arnold_q8.htm 297 Courtesy of Sir Edward Fennessy, Surrey 298 Courtesy of Sir Edward Fennessy, Surrey

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Arnold (-1718)

Arnold’s will mentions both kinsmen Arnold and John Quinell. Probate of will, dated 21 Jul 1718, of Arnold Quennell (the younger) of Chiddingfold, butcher. House and lands called 'Swan Land', the Ballfield and Coxgarden to kinsman Arnold Quinell (son) after wife's death. Farm called 'Lower Tugley' to kinsman John Quinell (brother). Several legacies. William Osmen of Chiddingfold, chirurgeon299 one of the overseers of the will on paper and sealed. Lodged 24 Dec 1718300

� 1719 Daniel Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe. Measles, smallpox and typhus � 1720 The South Sea Bubble (stocks in the South Sea Company suddenly fall in

price and many people lose huge sums of money.) � 1721 Robert Walpole becomes the king's main minister. People call him the Prime

Minister. (Originally it was a term of abuse) � 1722 General smallpox epidemic � 1723 The great architect Christopher Wren dies. General smallpox epidemic, fever

and griping � 1725 Smallpox in London � 1726 Relapsing fever, typhus, convulsions and griping � 1727 George I dies. George II becomes king. Isaac Newton dies. � 1727-1729 Great febrile epidemic in London, relapsing fever and some typhus,

fatal anginas, cholera, epidemic agues and ‘influenzas’, fever, convulsions and griping, dysentery (amongst others), smallpox in London

� 1731 Smallpox in London � 1733 John Kay invents the flying shuttle. Measles followed an influenza epidemic

in same year, scarlet fever, influenza � 1734 Scarlet fever, convulsions, ‘milatary fever’ (eruption of red and purple and

white vesicles), smallpox in London � 1735 The Prime Minister moves into 10 Downing Street. ‘Milatary fever’ (eruption

of red and purple and white vesicles) � 1736 ‘Milatary fever’ (eruption of red and purple and white vesicles), smallpox in

London � 1737 Influenza, smallpox in London � 1739 The highwayman Dick Turpin is hanged. John Wesley founds the Methodists.

Typhus � 1740 Typhus and smallpox � 1741 Smallpox, great epidemic of fever, great typhus epidemic, fever in Sheffield � 1742 Prime Minister Robert Walpole resigns. Smallpox, great epidemic of fever,

great typhus epidemic � 1743 Dysentery followed influenza

Arnold (1700-1785)

On 20-21 Jun 1743 Arnold Quennell of Frensham, a butcher, and devisee of late A Quennell of Chiddingfold, sold the lease and release with bond for Ballfield in Chiddingfold to Thomas Martin of Enton, Godalming, a yeoman, for £56301

On 22-23 Jun 1744 Arnold Quennell of Chiddingfold, a butcher, ex of Frensham, sold the property divided into two called 'Cowpers' and 'Coxgarden' and 11 acres called 'Spookes' or Swanland in Chiddingfold to Thomas Martin of Enton, a yeoman, for £500302

Thomas Martin, as plaintiff lodged a complaint, in 1744 on the indenture of a fine, against Arnold Quennell and Thomas Dudman and wife Joan, deforciants (having illegally

299 Middle English cirurgien, from Old French, from Latin chirurgia, surgery. A surgeon 300 G105/5/6 Surrey History Centre 301 G105/5/7 Surrey History Centre 302 G105/5/8 Surrey History Centre

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kept out) Thomas Martin as the rightful owner of the estate of a property and two gardens, 2 orchards, 30 acres, etc in Thursley, Chiddingfold303

� 1745 The second Jacobite uprising. The Jacobites invade England and reach as far as Derby but then turn back. Ulcerous sore throat - Sheffield

� 1746 The Jacobites are crushed at the battle of Culloden. Smallpox in London � 1749 Smallpox in London � 1751-1752 Smallpox � 1754 Smallpox in London � 1755 Measles � 1756 The Seven Years War against France begins. Putrid fever � 1757 Fever in Sheffield Oct/Nov, smallpox in London � 1758 Dysentery � 1759 General Wolfe captures Quebec but is killed. His victory ensures Canada will

be a British colony not a French one � 1759-1760 Dysentery, Yorkshire epidemic (‘Military’), "anomalous malignant

measles" � 1761 The Bridgwater canal opens. Dysentery � 1762 Dysentery and influenza � 1763 The Seven Years War ends � 1767 Influenza � 1769 James Watt patents an improved steam engine � 1771 Richard Arkwright introduces a loom powered by a water mill � 1772 Smallpox � 1773 The Stock Exchange is founded. London high febrile mortality, smallpox in

Warrington � 1774 Smallpox in Chester � 1775 Jane Austen is born. Influenza � 1777-1778 Scarletina anginosa � 1779 The world's first iron bridge is built in Shropshire. Samuel Crompton invents

the spinning mule � 1780 Dysentery, epidemic agues � C. 1780 The Industrial Revolution begins to transform Britain

303 G105/5/9 Surrey History Centre

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Appendices:

Appendix 1: Linchmere Priory

1500s – 1600s Quenells listed in manor rolls as tenants of Viscount Montagu304

Appendix 2: Hammer Farm, Manor of Pophole, Frensham, Surrey305

Belonged to the Quennels from 1536.

Roger Quenell, owner 1673, value 30 and a few sheep (£4 worth in 1623306), a few acres of rye and oats and five stalls of bees. Grandson James inherited the property and land at a value of £71 though with more sheep.

1654 – James admitted to Pophole for £8, paid £5 with a promissory to pay the balance later

1670 – Raised £84 on farm

1671 – Raised £105 on farm

1675 – Mortgaged farm for £30

James Quennells’ Will (Wife was referred to as Widdow Quennell in 1682307)

£20 a piece to his two daughters at the age of 24 or when they are married. 20 shillings and the farm to his son Thomas

Thomas Quennell died 1741 and farm passed out of the ownership of the Quenells

Appendix 3: Pophole Ironworks, Tythe Dispute, 1598

Roger Quenell, witness to the deposition. Statement that the ironworks had been in place for about twenty years308

Appendix 4: Shottover Mill

Leased to Thomas Quennell in 1536 for 20 shillings Ministers Account of 1536 to the Crown309

304 Turner G A, Shottermill, Its farms, Families and Mills: Part 1 Early Times to the 1700s, pg 60. pub. John Owen Smith. 2004 305 Turner G A, Ibid, pg 77 306 Turner G A, Ibid pg 44 307 Turner G A, Ibid, pg 76 308 Turner G A, Ibid pg 133 309 Turner G A, Ibid pg 100

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Appendix 5: Places in Surrey and Sussex associated with the Quenells

Chiddingfold

Lythe (Leeth) Hill Farm – Petworth Road towards Chiddingfold Crown Inn, Chiddingfold St. Mary’s Church, Chiddingfold - “against the east end of the Chancell within the Churchyard“. Burial place of the Quenells 'Sollers', alias Soleste, on north side of Chiddingfold Street Chownings House and lands Spookes alias Swanland Ballfield 35 acres called 'Whytlande' (White Lands), bounded by highway from Chiddingfold to Hasellbridge (Hazelbridge) on the east, the brook running from Haslemere to Dunsfold on the south and west and a lane leading from the highway to Chownings on the north Hazelbridge House (Pickurst Road), with kinsfolk living at Rodgate and Prestwick Anstrood and Anstrood (now Anstead) Fields along with a barn Rovis (now Imbhams pond) Padbrooke, Harwells the Leecrofte and Harwels meade (field) Chaplain of St. Mary’s; John Evans 1571 Hyndehed in the Parish of Thurseley Hearnelonde Whitley Park Cowpers and Coxgarden, Balefield, piece of land (11 acres), and 60 acres called 'Harrolds' Hazel Bridge Farm called 'Lower Tugley' Thursley, property and two gardens, 2 orchards, 30 acres Ashtead St. Giles Church Compton

Field Place Wattillham Compton Church, Compton, Surrey – burial Peter Quenell 1666. Under the uppermost arch in the wall there. In the vault probably of the Halls of Field Place, whose heir he was Barn Field, Gascoynes and Bushy Parkes Dunsfold

Field Place Arnold Quenell buried in the churchyard Boxalls House Haslemere

“parsonage of Hasilmore (present day Haslemere)," and was acquainted with its curate at the time, one Richard Crampe Peter Quenell, St. Bartholomews Church?, May 1650 Whitely (Witley) Park Manor of Ashurst and Fridinghurst

Chithurst Manor of Chithurst – Lobsters, tenure of Ayling Chertsey Inn Keeper Simon Quenell

Kirdford

Plaistow Quynell House Sussex Bramshott. Midhurst, Cowdray Park and Castle

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Appendix 6: Chiddingfold, Hazel Bridge House (1841 Census) Edward b 1811 m Sarah b 1811 Edward b 1831 Walter b 1834 James b 1837, 1891 Census Widower, Labourer, 166 Oldfield Road, Hampton, Middlesex, George b 1840. 1891 General Labourer. Lodger, 128 Cricket Green Chiddingfold …and William b 1844 All of the family except James and George moved to Canada in 1850

Appendix 7: Chiddingfold, Rodgate (1841 Census)

Edward b 1791 m Sarah b 1791

Gea (male) b 1821

Sarah b 1826

Appendix 8: Plantagenet Roll of Royal Blood

Rev William Quennell, Rector of Shenfield, Essex

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Appendix 9: Guildford Quennells

Richard Quennell (clothworker), and wife Margaret both alive on 20 Jul 1620 Peter Quennell the Elder (butcher), father of James Quenell married Mary and predeceased her before 8 Aug 1735. Building called 'The Leaden Porch' the site of the present 124 Guildford High Street. The garden, or yard, of the house, apparently extended as far as the South Town Ditch, now Castle Street. Mary sold the mortgage to 53 The Hugh Street, Guildford on 8/9 Aug 1735 and bought it back on 4 Sep 1740 ↓ James Quennell (Holy Trinity, butcher) married and predeceased Anne Quennell (nee Hammond, alive 6 Jun 1696, deceased by 25 May 1733) – of Guildford, then St. Martin in the Fields. Lived at the westermost tenement of the two houses and with barn stable slaughterhouse etc near the top of the High Street on the north side James joint owner of property in Chiddingfold; slaughterhouse and cornlofts etc ↓ Henry Quennell of Guildford, gent, cousin and heir at law of James Simon Quennell ↓ Son Peter Quennell the younger, gent (butcher), executor of the last will and testament of Simon 7 Feb 1696. 53 The High Street, Guildford and 3 properties, tanyards, malthouse, gardens etc in Shalford, 15 Apr 1726 - 16 Apr 1726. Also part owner of tenement in Holy Trinity with curtilage, garden, etc 1 Feb 1664. By 1725 in association with the Holy Trinity property John Quennell 10 Aug 1676. This Peter becomes Peter Quenell the elder and possibly with a brother called Henry, gent (butcher), both alive in 23 Dec 1696, and son now called Peter Quenell the younger (butcher) possibly born after that date.. Peter the younger in 1725 may then have gone on to have a son called William who owns part of the property at 4,5 & 6 Trinity Churchyard sold it on 1-2 May 1789. Peter the younger, joint Trustee of Gilberts 1a, 0.5a at West Shelf upon the Head of Stamford, 1a in the common field, all land in East Clandon. 10 May 1718 Elizabeth Quennell mentioned and alive 23 Dec 1749. (Inheritor of 'The Leaden Porch') Sarah Quennell died 2 Feb 1852 (daughter and inheritor of 'The Leaden Porch')

Appendix 10: Frensham Quennells Arnold Quennell, of Guildford then Halsemere. 'Wheelwrights', The Street, Thursley. 1 Dec 1741 to 28-29 Mar 1749 when his mortgage was repaid.

Appendix 11: Dunsfold Quennells John Quennell. Property called Grove alias Groveland and 4 acres. To about 1712. Also Quennell alias Quynell - deeds to Field and Field Place Farm, Dunsfold. 1608-1766

Appendix 12: Hascombe Quennells Richard Quennell, blacksmith. Property bounded by Alfold, Guldford and Dunsfold Roads. 23 Jun 1625

Appendix 13: Alfold Quenells Thomas, yeoman. Probate of will 18 Nov 1635.

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Appendix 14: The Will of Thomas Quenell

The following is a transcript of the Will of Thomas Quenell which is in the possession of Mr. J. E. Sitwell, of Killinghurst (Haslemere, Surrey, England). And is a good specimen of the last will and testament of a substantial Surrey yeoman of the sixteenth century. The original is written in a tolerably legible hand, the writer being, as the document states, Richard Haredonne, a cousin of Thomas Quenell. Amongst the long list of items contained in the will are some of considerable importance to local history; the acquisition by the Quenells of the manor of South Imbhams, for instance; also of several small holdings, survivals of ancient divisions of land, which marked the gradual development of the English farm into its present state. Other items throw a light on the plan of the house and on the farm stock with details such as descriptions of horses and cattle and even the name of the cow, "Lusty". There are also many words and expressions which are of interest. And though nothing is said about an iron furnace, it is significant that Thomas Quenell had purchased a plot from a Mr. Covert adjoining land, with a water-course, called Rovis. From its position this is evidently what is now Imbhams pond, which formerly supplied the furnace of the forge which Viscount Montagu of Cowdray had started on leasehold land at the south corner of Imbhams Farm. Thomas Quenell farmed the tithes310 of the “parsonage of Hasilmore (present day Haslemere)," who’s curate, Richard Crampe, is mentioned in the Will. Thomas Quenell, was the eldest of the five sons of Peter Quenell, of Lythe Hill, who died in 1558-9. The family settled in Chiddingfold in 1480, when the head of the family was another Peter Queynold or Quenell. The name is not common and it is fair to conjecture that the family at Lythe Hill (not the residence of the late Mr. J. Stewart Hodgson but the farm of that name), with its picturesque home- stead on the right of the road leading from Haslemere to Anstead Brook, originally came from Hertfordshire, and was perhaps directly descended from John Quyneld, who in 1373 held land in the Manor of Ware, where his ancestors had been settled for several generations. The burial place of the family at Chiddingfold was “against the east end of the Chancell within the Churchyard “though unfortunately nothing remains to mark the exact spot. Here Thomas Quenell, who had married Alice Irelond (Ireland), member of another good yeoman family in the neighbourhood, was buried near his father. Thomas’s brother, Robert, who succeeded him at Lythe Hill, did much to consolidate the property and also added a wing to the east end of the house. He became an ironmaster, working the furnace at Imbhams in succession to Lord Montagu. In 1612 he was buried at Chiddingfold. His wife was Elizabeth, daughter of George Hall of Compton. Their eldest son, Peter, and their grandson of the same name, were perhaps the most noteworthy members of this family. The former by marriage with Alice, daughter of Emery Cranley (Crandley) of Wisborow, Sussex, and granddaughter and heir of Thomas Hall of Field Place, Compton, eventually inherited the estate. It was this Peter Quenell who raised the family from its yeoman status in about 1624 with a grant of arms, namely, azure, a cross argent between two roses or in the chief and two fleurs-de-lis argent in the foot. His name occurs amongst the chief landowners in Surrey, who subscribed to the loan levied by the King in 1625, his own share being ten pounds. Later on he and his son shared in the troubles of the Civil War. The Quenells appear to have been staunch Royalists, and as long as they were permitted to do so, “made Gunns and shott for supply of his Majesties stores" at Imbhams furnace. After a married life of just over fifty years the elder Peter died in 1649-50, and was buried at Haslemere, where in the Church there is a stone to his memory with a Latin inscription311. His son received his education at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, and afterwards held a commission in the Royalist Army, though in the same month as the King set up his standard at Nottingham "Captaine Quenel with his band “was compelled by the Round-

310 The right to receive tithes was granted to the English churches by King Ethelwulf in 855. Tithes were given legal force by the Statute of Westminster of 1285 311 Possibly St Bartholomew's Parish Church Haslemere which since 1180 has stood above the town on Church Hill from an unconsecrated chapel on the Piperham Estate to its dedication in 1363 as a church serving the hamlet of Haslemere, within the Parish of Chiddingfold.

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heads, who appear to have been a strong party in the neighbourhood, to lay down his arms. For his loyalty and that of his father, " Peter Quinnall, Esq. '' was at the Restoration one of the thirty-two persons in Surrey selected as Knights of the Royal Oak, an Order, how- ever, which for political reasons was never instituted. The value of his estate is given at the time as six hundred pounds a year, a very good income in those days. On his marriage with Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. Edmund Grey, he went to live at Field Place where he died. He was buried "in the north part of Compton Church312 under the uppermost arch in the wall there" on May 7th, 1666, in the vault probably of the Halls of Field Place, whose heir he was. Peter Quenell, elder son of the above, was the last of the family at Lythe Hill. When and to whom he sold the estate I have not been able to discover, nor do I know what became of him beyond this, that in 1695 he is found spoken of as Captain Quynnell. For many generations representatives of collateral branches of the family continued to reside in the parish of Chiddingfold; some were small holders of land, others were tradesmen, but by far the greater number filled very lowly positions. The last male representative was George Quennell, a stone-breaker, who having carried on his vocation till upwards of eighty years of age, was compelled to retire a few months ago to the workhouse infirmary. It will thus be seen that the family was represented in Chiddingfold with varying fortunes for upwards of four centuries, a reason why this brief notice should appear by way of preface at the head of the Will of one of its members. The Will In the name of God Amen the third day of April AD 1571 and in the thirteenth year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lady Elizabeth by the grace of God Queen of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith. I Thomas Quenell of Chiddingfold in the County of Surrey being sick in body but of good mind and perfect remembrance (God be praised) do make and ordain this my last will and testament in manner and form following first I give and bequeath my soul into the hands of Almighty God my maker and his son Jesu Christe my redeemer through whose death & passion I trust to be saved and to have a glorious and Joyful resurrection among the number of his elect, & I will my body to be buried in the churchyard of Chiddingfold near unto the place where my father Peter Quennell was buried Item - I give to the Mother Church of Winchester two pennies Item - I give to ward of the Deacons of the body of my said parish church of Chiddingfold six shillings eight pennies Item - I give to the poor men’s box of my parish church of Chiddingfold aforesaid three shillings and four pennies Item - I give towards the Deacons of the parish church of Haslemere twenty pennies Item - I give to the poor people of Haslemere aforesaid, twenty shillings, to be distributed among them by John Brodefolde my brother-in-law, my cousin Richard Haredonne and my executer within one month next after my death Item - I will that there be given to the poor people of my said parish of Chiddingfold in bread, drink and money the sum of forty shillings to be distributed by my executor at the time of my burial Item - I give & bequeath to Agnys my wife during the time of her natural life my parlour in the west side of my house at Lyethehill which adjoins the hall there, the chamber over the same pier, the garret above the same chamber, the loft over the hall and the kitchen loft with free ingress, egress and regress Room and foyer in the said hall at all times and also half the kitchen, and wood or fuel, to dress meat and drink, bake and brew, and to do all other necessaries mete and convenient in the same kitchen at all times and half

312 Possibly St. Nicholas Church, Compton

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the new coop now standing in the said kitchen with free ingress, egress and regress into the same kitchen at all times and also all my old stable which adjoins to the west side of my house, the west end of my barn to have hay or straw in, and half the rest of my barn, and also the upper gates for her cattle. Item - I give to the said Agnys my wife all my garden which adjoins the east side of my said house and all my orchard which adjoins to the said garden on the south side of my said house from the new pale that adjoins the said garden on the eastside unto the home field on the west side and extends from the said house on the north side unto the little mead on the south side To have and to hold all the said garden and orchard unto the said Agnys and her assignees enduring the time of her natural life. And after the death of the said Agnys, my wife, I will that all the said pier313, chambers, lofts, garret314 hall kitchen, Coop, stable, barn, gates and garden and orchard aforesaid shall remain wholly unto Robert Quennell my brother and to the heirs of his body lawfully begotten for ever Item - I give and bequeath unto the said Agnys my wife during the time of her natural life (without destruction and waste) all my lands called Anstrood and Anstrood fields with all and singular rents, profits and commodities of the same with one barn thereon which some-time was the land of one Mr. Denham as by evidences thereof made unto me from one Mr. Covert may appear. Also I give and bequeath unto the said Agnys my wife all that my one piece of land called Rovis315 with all and singular the appurtenances. And also one close of ground with the watercourse which I bought of the said Mr. Covert adjoining to the said land called Rovis enduring the time of her natural life without stype316 and waste by yielding and paying therefore yearly enduring her said natural life unto the said Robert Quennell his heirs or assignees six shillings eight pennies of good and lawful money of England at two feasts and terms in the year most visual by even portions. And if of fortune the said Annual Rent of six shillings and eight pennies or any part thereof to be behind and not paid by the space of sixteen days after any of the feasts in which it ought to be paid The same being lawfully asked or demanded of the said Agnys or her assignees. That then it shall be lawful to and for the said Robert his heirs & assignees into the said lands called Rovis and the said close thereunto adjoining (which I bought of Mr. Covert as aforesaid) to enter and distrain317; and the distress so taken lawfully to bear, lead, drive, and carry away, impeach and impound And the same to withhold & detain until the said Annual Rent of six shillings and eight pennies & any part thereof be unto the said Robert his heirs and assignees fully satisfied contented and paid, And after the death of the said Agnys my wife I will that all the said Land called Anstroode & Anstroode fields with all and singular Rents, profits and commodities of the same & barn The said lands called Rovis with all and singular the appurtenance and the said close of land with the watercourse which I bought of the said Mr. Covert shall also Remain wholly unto the said Robert Quennell, my brother, and to the heirs of his body lawfully begotten for ever Item - I give & bequeath unto the said Agnys my wife during her said natural life (without stype and waste) all those my lands called Padbrooke with all and singular the appurtenance which I hold of the said Mr. Covert of Hascombe. Also I will that the said Agnys my wife shall have hold occupy and enjoyed during the time of her natural life without destruction and waste all my moytie318 part and equal portion of the manor of South Imbham with all the appurtenance and commodities thereunto belonging together with all Rents, service, issues, fines, amercyaments319 ward heryote prerequisite of courts and court baron to the said moytie part and equally belonging or in any wise appertaining. And that in as large and ample man and form in every thing and condition as she the said Agnys is joined purchaser with me in the same. And after the death of the said Agnys my wife I will that the said lands called Padbrooke with all and singular

313 Abutment of masonry which projects from the fireplace with recesses either side of it 314 A room on the top floor of a house, typically under a pitched roof; an attic. 315 Not Rovis or Rovehurst near Ramsnest Common, but 40 acres of land on that portion of Imbhams farm which is in the parish of Chiddingfold. 316 Destruction 317 to seize and hold (property) to compel payment or reparation, as of debts 318 Half 319 Exceeds the value of

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the appurtenance320 and all my moytie part and purparty of South Imbham with all the appurtenance and commodities to her unto belonging together with all rents, services, issues, ward, heryote, escheat321, prerequisite of courts and court baron to the said moytie part and purparty belonging or in anywise appertaining shall also remain wholly unto the said Robert Quennell, my brother and to the heirs of his body lawfully begotten for ever And if it shall fortune the said Agnys my wife to marry at any time during her natural life then I will that my said wife shall let (the said pier, chambers, lofts, orchard and garden aforesaid, The said lands called Anstroode, The Lands called Rovis which the said close of land and watercourse that I brought of Mr. Coverte together with all the said Lands called Padbrooke and also the said moytie part and purparty of the manor of South Imbham with all and singular the appurtenance, commodities, rents, services, issues, fines, amercyaments, wards, heryote escheat prerequisites of courts and court baron to the same belonging) to fermes322 unto the said Robert Quennell my brother & his heirs or assignees for so much Annual or yearly rent unto the said Agnys or her assignees to be paid enduring the natural life of her the said Agnys as shall be thought meet by my overseers and two other friends of my said wife whom she will chose Item - I give & bequeath unto Peter Quennell my brother all those my lands in Chiddinfold called Harwells the Leecrofte and Harwels meade323 To have and to hold all the said lands called Harwells, the Leecrofte and Harwels meade unto the said Peter Quennell his heirs and assignees for ever more except and always reserved unto my said brother Robert Quennell and to his heirs for ever two reasonable loads of indifferent hay out of the said meade called Harwels Meade to be yearly perceived324, mowed, made and carried by the said Robert Quennell or his heirs within seven nights after the feast of St. John the Baptist for evermore So that he bears and pays all men of Rents and service issuing out of all the same premises for ever and thereof acquit, exonerate and say harmless the said Peter Quennell his heirs and assignees for evermore Item - I give and bequeath unto the said Robert Quennell my brother and to the heirs of his body lawfully begotten for ever all that my meswage325 called Lyeth Hill in Chiddingfold aforesaid with all and singular lands tenements services rents reversions and heredytaments326 with all and singular the appurtenances thereunto belonging And also all other my lands tenements meadows pastures feedings reversions & commons with all and singular the appurtenances together with all rents, services, issues, fines, amercyaments, prerequisites of courts and court baron whatsoever I have within the County of Surrey The Right Title and estate of the said Agnys my wife of and in the premises unto her given & bequeathed in this my last will and testament for term of her natural life always forprised327 and excepted and also except and always reserved unto the said Peter Quennell my brother the said lands called Harwels the Leecrofte and Harwels meade to him and to his heirs for evermore except the said two loads of hay before excepted unto my said brother Robert Quennell and his heirs under the condition aforesaid onto of the said meadow called Harwels meade And if it fortune the said Robert Quennell my brother to die without heirs of his body lawfully begotten Then I will that all the said meswage called Lythe Hill with all and singular lands, tenements, services, rents reversions and heredytaments with all and singular the appurtenants there unto belonging and all other my lands, tenements, meadows, pastures, feedings, reversions and commons with all and singular the appurtenance together with all rents, services, issue, fines, amercyaments, prerequisites of courts and court baron whatsoever I have within the said County of Surrey shall remain wholly unto my brother John Quennell (except before excepted) and to the heirs of his body lawfully begotten for ever And for default of such issue of his body lawfully begotten I will that all my said Lands, tenements, rents, reversions and heredytaments with all and singular the appurtenance before specified in my said last will and testament (except before excepted unto the said Agnys my wife) shall remain wholly unto the Rights heirs of me the said Thomas Queunell and their heirs for evermore

320 A right, privilege, or improvement belonging to and passing with a principal property 321 A common law doctrine that operates to ensure that property is not left in limbo and ownerless 322 Collected duties to owed to the Crown 323 Meadow 324 Received 325 Place or tenement 326 Any kind of property that can be inherited 327 Excluded

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Item - I give and bequeath unto my said brother John Quennell ten pounds (of the current money of England) and one cow to be paid & delivered to him or his assignees within three years next after my death Item - I will that Richard Hardonne, my cousin shall be guardian and have the custody of my said brother Peter Quenell and also have the tenure, occupation and Receive the Rent of all his lands tenements & heredytaments whatsoever until the said Peter shall accomplish his full age of twenty and four years and then at that age of twenty four to render any accompte328 thereof unto him Item - I give and bequeath unto Catharyn Quennell my sister six pounds thirteen shillings and four pence to be paid and delivered to her within three years after my death Item - I give and bequeath to Elynor Quennell, my cousin, two ewes to be delivered to her within one year next after my death And six pounds thirteen shillings and four pennies to be paid to her at the day of her marriage And I will that she continue until the time of her marriage in service with Agnys my wife Item - I give to Robert Page my servant one cow to be delivered to him within one month next after my death and six pounds thirteen shillings and four pennies to be paid to him within one year next after my death Item - I give to William Wodier, my servant ,one heifer bullock of the age of three years such as one as my supervisors will appoint to be delivered within one month next after my death Item - I give to William Allyn, my servant, three ewe tegge329 to be delivered to him within two months next after my death Item - I give to Agnys Todman my servant one heifer bullock of two years old to be delivered within seven years next after my death Item - I give to John Ireland my wives brother one ewe of two years old to be delivered to him within one month after my death Item - I give to Thomas Brodefolde and John Brodefolde my Sister Brodefold’s children seven ewes and wethers330 shipe331 which are in keeping with one Mr. Lussher of Hyndehed in the Parish of Thurseley for ten years And also I will that the said Thomas and John shall also have my obligation thereof made and the keeping of the said shipe all the term of years composed in the said obligation Item - I give to every one of my godchildren twelve shillings that will require to have the same Item - I give and bequeath to Elizabeth Brodefolde, my Sister (if she fortune to Survive and over live John Brodefolde her husband) one Annual pension of twenty shillings by the year to begin and be paid from and after the death of her said husband during her natural life by my executor his executors or assignees at two feasts and terms in the year most visual by even portions Item - I give and bequeath to the said Agnys my wife Six of my best keene332 (except one cow named Lustye) four heifers whereof one black with a white star in the forehead, one Red with a white back, one other Red with a chynned333 face and one brown with a white face Also I give to the said Agnys, my wife, six of my best oxen with yokes and

328 Refers to a deposit, down payment, or instalment 329 A sheep in its second year or before its first shearing 330 A castrated ram 331 A productive, non-combinative suffix forming abstract nouns from other nouns – friendship(e). In this instance probably implies ward ship or care 332 Noun for cows 333 With a narrow strip of white on the face

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chains meet for them my new wollen wheles334 my young bay Amblynge335 mare, my black Amblynge mare with a white star in the forehead two stears now going in Anstroode the one having a brended336 face and the other being a vellow stear with white face, one brown heifer going with the said two stars in persaid ground of Anstroode and one other heifer of cooler Red with a star in the forehead Item - I give to the said Agnys my wife twelve of my best ewes and twelve Lambs, my five hogs of one sort being about two years old at Michaelmas last, two Red hogs going among my wild hogs and half my wheat and Rye that I have now growing on the ground and also half my oats that I have now growing on the ground (except all the oats now growing in the two Snow fields) Item - I give to the said Agnys my wife one acre of grass in the Hearnelonde which I bought of one William Wakeforde for this one year To be mown made and carried away within a fortnight after midsummer next (if the said Wakeforde have no cattle going therein this spring time but if his cattle eat it this spring Then the said Agnys to cause the same to be made mown & carried at some seasonable time after midsummer as the said Wakeforde and she can agree therefore), and my said wife to pay him in money twelve pennies at the carrying away of the said hay which I owe him Also I give to the said Agnys my wife all my poultry whatsoever, my three best beds with bolsters, pillows and pillow cases belonging to them, my best bedstead (except one) all my sheets (except three pairs of canvas sheets) all my best blankets (except one pair), my three best coverlets & one Quilt, all my pewter vessels, (except five pewter platters, two pewter dishes and one basin which were my father’s), my best and my least two candlesticks, my best brass pots, my best and my least two kettles, and my kettle which was bound with iron by Hewghe the Smithy, my posnet337 of brass bells, my least Skyllet338 of brass, and the occupation of my Caldron as often as she shall have need, so long time as she shall be dwelling at Lythe Hill aforesaid and also half of all my of my wooden vessels to be equally divided (except my best vate339 and my best kyfe340) Item - I give to the said Agnys my wife half my bacon at the beam (except the two greatest flytches341 and the two least flytches), half my Lard and grease, two of the best flytches of dried beef, two of my best table clothes, two of my best towels, half of all my table napkins, one dozen of my best spoons, my three best stone cups, my best chest which I now have to my self, and all the residue of my coffers (except the best of them) which coffer is now in the tenure of my said wife and also Six pounds in money which remains in the hands of one William Bonyngefolde of Darkinge Item - I give and bequeath unto the said Agnys my wife and my brother Brodefolde all that my moytie or half of all the tithes, commodities, profits, emoluments, offerings, and advantage of the personage of Hasilmore which I have in form of one Richard Crampe342, person there, until Michaelmas next after the date hereof, to be equally divided between them And I will that they shall pay the said person his wage according to the purpose of a bill made thereof by the said person unto me so that my said brother Brodefolde will at his own costs thresh all the Rye to them before given, and suffer my said wife to have all the Rye straw to her own use, and also that my said brother Robert Quennell may have all the oat straw for the threshing of the oats Item - I give and bequeath to my said brother Robert Quennell one hundred of the best oaks of which one oak is already felled that are standing, growing & being in and upon the manor of South Imbham which oaks I bought of one Robert Coop & of Henry Brodefolde, as may appear by Indentures thereof made

334 Wool wheels – for spinning yarn 335 Gentile, a superior, better-bred animal, an easy-gaited, gentle and pleasant-mannered horse 336 Brindled or streaked 337 A little pot 338 A small pot with a long handle 339 From the Middle Dutch for cases 340 Or keeve : a large tub or vessel used in brewing 341 Side of bacon 342 Curate of Halsemere

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Item - I give and bequeath to Anne Wodyer vidue343 my best barren cow (of five) except two to be delivered to her within one month next after my death. The Residue of all my goods, chattels and chattels moveable’s and immovable’s not given nor bequeathed in this my last will and testament my debts and legacies being performed and paid and my funeral ended in such manner and form as is before specified I give and bequeath unto Robert Quennell my said brother whom I make my sole whole and full executor of this my last will and testament And I ordain, constitute and appoint Richard Haredonne, my cousin, and George Wakeforde of Gretham, my supervisors of this my last will and testament to see this my last will performed and kept by my said executors according to the true meaning thereof And I give unto the said Richard Haredonne for his pains in and absolute the execution of the premises twenty eight shillings and eight pennies and to the said George for his travail and pains in and absolute the same twenty shillings. And thus I make an end of this my last will and testament In witnesses whereof I the said Thomas Quennell unto the same have subscribed my mark with mine own hand and also have put my Seale the day and year above written In the Presence of John Brodefolde, Walter Gace, Robert Philippe, Robert Page and Richard Haredonne the writer hereof. Part of a seal attached bearing the effigy of St. Andrew. Proved in the Court of the Archdeaconry of Surrey, 22 August 1571. Original Middle English version transcribed by Rev. T S COOPER, M.A., F.S.A, Surrey Archaeological Collections, 1900. Pub. Surrey Archaeological Society Notes:

• Though the general content of the text transcribed by Rev. Cooper remains the English syntax in use in 1900 has also been updated in parts to provide a clearer understanding of the text

• Additional footnotes to the text have been added where Rev. Cooper did not provide explanations of some Middle English terms

343 Widow?

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Appendix 15: Transcription of - A note what arms every man hath laid downe out of Captaine Queanels band. August 1642344

Godalmin345 Corsletts/346 Joshua Taught whole armes George Taught whole armes John Perryer no armes John French whole armes Robert Chandler no armes Henry Chitty347 no armes Nathaniel Wepham348 whole armes Thomas Woods no armes Musquetteeres/349 John Chittye350 no armes William Smith whole armes except sworde and headpoote351 Henry Denyer352 whole armes except a headpoote John Hooke whole armes Laurence Keene whole arms except a headpoote Thomas Michanell353 whole armes Francomb354 1 Common Corslet/ Henry Bowler355 whole armes Musqetteers/ 1 Common Musquetteer John Plonker whole armes John Page whole armes except sword and headpoote Binscomb356 Richard Hammond whole armes except a sword Robert Champion whole armes except a headpoote Catshall357 1 Common Corslet Andrew Weylie358 whole armes except a sword Eshinge359 2 Common Corslets Thomas Farming whole armes except a sword Joshua Keene360 whole armes Richard Browne whole armes except a headpoote Hambledon361 Musqetteers/

344 6729/4/174 Losely Collection. Historical Correspondence. August 1642. Surrey History Centre 345 Godalming, Surrey 346 Corselets: Armour worn by pikemen; breast and back plate and usually armed with a pike or bill (hooked chopping blade with several pointed projections mounted on a staff) 347 Alias Bocher. Anna, his wife 348 Hills Garden, Godalming 349 Musketeers: Didn’t usually wear armour. If they were mounted on horse back, as some of these men undoubtedly were, they would be classed as dragoons 350 Aka Chittie, Blacksmith 351 Head pot: Pot helmet 352 Of Thursley, Godalming. Husbandman 353 Michenall, Michener. Born 10 March 1610 in Ash 354 Farncombe, near Losley Park, Surrey 355 Clothier 356 Near Compton, Surrey 357 Catteshill/Catteshall near Godalming 358 Weylie 359 Eashing, parish of Godalming, Surrey 360 Carpenter 361 Village near Godalming, Surrey

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John Jackman whole armes except a sword John Thawyer whole armes except sword and headpoote Jeremy Coale whole armes Compton 1 Common Corslet Richard Snellinge362 whole armes except sword and headpoote Shackleford363 2 common Musqets Default/ Musquets William Billinghurst364 whole armes Hartmore365 George Chitty366 whole armes except a sword Artington367 John Maybank whole armes except a headpoote Robert Palmer368 whole armes except a sword Musquet John Peto369 whole armes except a headpoote Tewsly370 Musquet Martin Passingham whole armes except sword and headpoote Laborne371 Common Musquet Thomas Callingham372 whole armes Thomas Nickland whole armes except sword and headpoote Thomas Corson whole armes except a sword Pepperharrow373 Common Corslet John Lucas whole armes except a sword Puttenham374 John Hart whole armes Richard Bicknoll375 whole armes except sword and headpoote Hugh Moth376 whole armes except sword and headpoote Richard Tice377 whole armes except a headpoote Richard Bicknoll jun. whole armes Worplesdon Corslets/ John Underwood whole armes Thomas Coxe whole armes

362 Blacksmith 363 Godalming One Hundred 364 Of Mitchen/Michen Hall, Shackleford. Married to Emma 365 Hurtmore/Hertmere, Godalming 366 Husbandman and butcher 367 Aka Ertington. Now a part of Guildford on the river Wey where there used to be a mill 368 Of Littleton, Artington. Husbandman. Possibly the owner of the King’s Arms in Haslemere in 1636 369 Peyto(e) 370 One of the nine ancient tithings of Godalming 371 One of the nine ancient tithings of Godalming 372 land at Beales Grove, Balhams Hatch, the Hangers, Artington 373 Peper Harrow, Surrey. Old English Pipers Hearg meaning Pagan Temple. Privately owned village with restricted access 374 Godalming One Hundred 375 Bignell? 376 Tailor 377 Yeoman. Rodsell Farm, Hardinges, closes called Red Wheatefurlonge and Hascombes Close, all in Puttenham

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Thomas Hendy whole armes except a sword Robert Kinge whole armes Musquetts/ Robert Kinge whole armes except a sword Thomas Curtis whole armes William Crabbe whole armes except sword and headpoote Richard Baker378 whole armes except a sword Henry Lowland whole armes except a headpoote Thomas Lowland whole armes except a sword William Banister whole armes Wanburrow/379 Corslet Osdwall Stanton whole armes except a sword Ash Henry Faggatter380 whole armes except a headpoote Thomas Choft whole armes John Remnant381 whole armes except a headpoote Richard Heather382 whole armes Musquet Thomas Remnant383 whole armes except a sword Purbright384 Corslets/ Richard Wood whole armes John Faggatter whole armes except a headpoote Musquetts/ William Collings whole armes except a sword George Lee385 whole armes except a sword Frimly386 Musquets/ Bartholomew King whole armes Robert Watts387 whole armes except sword and headpoote Corsletts/ Robert Knight whole armes except sword and headpoote John Hall whole armes except sword and headpoote John Coxwhole whole armes except a headpoote Windlesham and Bagshot388 Coursletts/ John Atfield whole armes except a sword Thomas Chuter whole armes except a sword John Atfield whole armes Musquetts/ Thomas Webb whole armes except a headpoote John Salter whole armes except a sword Thomas Hart389 whole armes except a sword and headpoote

378 Yeoman 379 Wanborough 380 Wife Wilsifer Page married 30 January 1653, children with dates of baptism: Ambrose (M) 30 Oct 1664, Charity (F) 10 Nov 1656, Amy (F) 6 Dec 1672, Henry (M) 19 Sep 1658, James (M) 6 Mar 1666, Jane (F) 10 Nov 1654 381 Richard Remnant, a brickmaker, of Compton, Surrey is mentioned in connection with Peter Quynell junior, gentleman of Compton. John, son of Thomas of Normandy, Ash 382 Property called Mitcheners, Wells Lane opposite the Anchor 383 Thomas Remnant of Normandy, Ash. Father of John Remnant of Normandy, Ash (see above) 384 Pirbright 385 Yeoman 386 Frimley. Saxon Fremma's Lea, which means "Fremma's clearing" 387 Yeoman 388

Bagshot Lodge was designed by Inigo Jones for Charles I and it was here in 1635 that he signed the warrant creating the Royal Mail

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Authors note:

Dates of birth and death are notoriously difficult to pin down and their accuracy deteriorates as research progresses further into the past. The sequence of generations is correct and is verified by research sources though some adjustment to the dates of birth and death have been made based on such things as legal documents, court hearings, undergraduate admissions, marriage dates, child bearing age, etc., etc.

In the Monument Room at Guildford is the Quennell family tree. In Surrey Archaeological Collections, Volume X there is a Quennell pedigree in the article "The Visitation of Surrey made approximately 1623 by Samuell Thomson et al" edited by Joseph Jackson Howard.

Additional References:

The Patent Rolls (Calendarium Rotulorum Patentium, Rotuli litterarum patentium) are primary sources for English history, a record of the King of England's correspondence, starting in 1202. The record the letters patent, or royal letters issued unsealed, and were started under the Chancellorship of Hubert Walter. This was during the reign of King John of England, and the patent roll was started in order to keep track of letters that had been issued by the government. Instead of keeping the records in a register or book form, they were written on sheets which were stitched together into long rolls to form a roll for each year. Saul, Nigel A Companion to Medieval England 1066–1485 Stroud: Tempus 2000 ISBN 0-7524-2969-8 p. 116

List of famines and pestilences in England to 1894. http://www.fraser-courtman.co.uk

A Timeline of English History. http://www.localhistories.org/timeline.html

389 Gentleman

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Author’s relationship with the Quennells

Trevor Skingle 1957 ↓ Victor Skingle 1928-1995 ↓ Violet Jales 1907-1991 ↓ Uncle Henry William Jales 1876-1957 ↓ Mother in Law Eliza Jane Ellis 1856-1906 ↓ Mother in Law Ellen Melville 1822-1907 ↓ Brother William Melville 1828-1905 ↓ Wife Eliza Dodson 1833-1914 ↓ Mother Eliza Crandley 1809-1866 ↓ Father James Crandley 1722-1838 ↓ Father Thomas Crandley 1736- ↓ Father Thomas Crandley 1713-1763 ↓ Father Thomas Crandley 1685-1742 ↓ Father Thomas Crandley 1664-1710 ↓ Father John Crandley 1635-1695 ↓ Father Thomas Crandley 1597- ↓ Brother Emery Crandley 1596- married Unknown Hall, sister of Elizabeth Hall wife of Robert Quenell 1540-1612 and father of Peter Quennell 1580-1650 ↓ Alyce Crandley 1567-1599 married Peter Quennell 1580-1650 in 1598 And then her sister Elizabeth Crandley -1631 married the same in 1602 Some Quennells settled in Ireland390, possibly a John Hilyard Quennell in the 19th century391

390 Miss Eileen Quinnell, Kerry, Ireland 391 Courtesy of Sir Edward Fennessy, Surrey

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Area Map (Google Maps)

Compton