A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of

AFRICASpecial Studies,

1989-1991

Supplement

UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA

A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of

AFRICASpecial Studies,

1989-1991

Supplement

Project CoordinatorPaul Kesaris

Guide compiled byBlair D. Hydrlck

UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICAAn Imprint of CIS

4520 East-West Highway • Bethesda, MD 20814-3389

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Africa [microform]: special studies, 1989-1991 : supplement.microfilm reels. - (The Special studies series)Accompanied by printed reel guide, compiled by Blair D. Hydrick.Includes index.ISBN 1-55655-428-1 (microfilm)1. Africa-Politics and govemment-1960- 2. Africa-

Economicconditions~1960- . 3. Africa-Social conditions-1960-I. Hydrick, Blair D. II. University Publications of America (Firm)III. Series: Special studies series[DT30.5]960.3'28--dc20 93-12112

CIP

Copyright" 1993 by University Publications of America.All rights reserved.

ISBN 1-55655-428-1.

TABLE OF CONTENTSEditorial Note v

Acronyms/lnitialisms vii

Reel Index

Reels 1-4Africa (General) 1

ReelSAfrica (General) cont 18Angola 19Burundi 20Cameroon 21

Reel 6Chad 21Ethiopia 22Kenya 24Liberia 26

Reel?Madagascar 27Malawi 28Mali 29Namibia 30Niger 31

Reel 8Nigeria 32Rhodesia 33Rwanda 33Senegal 34

Reel9Somalia 36South Africa 37

Reel 10Sudan 40Swaziland 40Tanzania 41Zaire 43Zambia 44Zimbabwe 45

Subject Index 47

EDITORIAL NOTEThe executive branch of the U.S. government requires a massive amount of

information to make policy decisions. The many departments, agencies, andcommissions of the government devote much of their energies to gathering andanalyzing information. However, even the resources of the U.S. government arenot adequate to gather all the information that is needed; therefore, the govern-ment contracts universities, colleges, corporations, think tanks, and individualsto provide data and analyses. Because the great majority of these studies aredifficult to find and obtain, University Publications of America (UFA) publishessome of the most important ones in its Special Studies series. The Africa, 1989-1991 Supplement collection consists of studies on Africa that became availableduring the period 1989-1991.

ACRONYMS/INITIALISMS

The following acronyms and initialisms are used frequently in this guide andare listed here for the convenience of the researcher.

AID Agency for International Development

FY Fiscal Year

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GOSPLAN Soviet State Planning Commission

NEPRP Niger Economic Policy Reform Program

NFE Non-Formal Education

NMC National Milling Corporation (Tanzania)

PVO Private Voluntary Organization

USAID U.S. Agency for International Development

USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

REEL INDEXReeMFrame

Africa (General)1987

0001 An Assessment of A.I.D. (Agency for International Development)Activities to Promote Agricultural and Rural Development In Sub-Saharan Africa.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Bruce F. Johnson,etal.April1987.2Wpp.AID's assistance to sub-Saharan Africa for agricultural and rural developmentis assessed. Overall conclusions are that the impact of AID assistance in sub-Saharan Africa has been severely limited by distinctive conditions in theregion (the physical extensiveness and harshness of the countries, theabsence of infrastructure, the rise of central planning after independence);Africa's low priority in AID's scheme of things; the absence of a clear politicalconstituency for long-term foreign assistance, which has left AID vulnerableto faddish policy shifts and pressures from special interest groups; and thelack of an agency-level consensus on the critical elements of agriculturaldevelopment strategy with a persistent overoptimism concerning technologytransfer.

0211 Ending Hunger In Africa: The Role for U.S. Food Aid.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Raymond F. Hopkins.June 12, 1987. 39pp.Prospects for achieving the goal of President Reagan's 1987 Initiative to EndHunger in Africa by the year 2000 are examined. After reviewing the Africanfood situation, the report offers two types of suggestions. First, levels andforms of food aid should be related to host government food policy reformsand improved food markets, while remaining flexible enough to meet newsituations. Second, certain concrete practices are proposed for utilizing thenew Coordinating Committee for Sub-Saharan Africa and the new multiyear,highly concessional commitments being contemplated. Except where local ornational governments make substantial humanitarian contributions of theirown, future food aid should not be provided for direct feeding of the poor;

Frame

rather, mechanisms should be institutionalized for food trade and distributionwithin Africa plus reward policies that both are efficient and target the mostneedy.

0250 Tha Potential for Privatizing Telecommunications Systems In Africa:The Cases of Cameroon, Cote D'lvolre, Kenya and Senegal.Center for Privatization, Washington, D.C. Alfred Hotvedt, Peter A. Thomas,and Sinan A. Akisik. September 1987. 104pp.Poor telecommunications systems in many African countries continue to bea major impedimentto attracting private sector business and investment. Thepremise of the report is that these problems could be remedied by privatizingthe telecommunications sector. The paper analyzes the current systems offour countries: Cameroon, the Ivory Coast, Kenya, and Senegal. For eachnation, the survey team considered the legal and regulatory environmentsurrounding telecommunications, the distribution and composition of currentsystems, and institutional and/or legal impediments to privatization. Alsoconsidered are U.S. interests in and capabilities of providing, maintaining,and investing in African telecommunications. From this survey, atelecommunications privatization checklist was developed to aid in preliminaryassessments of privatization prospects.

19880354 Contract Farming In Africa. Volume I. Comparative Analysis, 1988.

Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts and the Institute for DevelopmentAnthropology, Binghamton, New York. Michael Watts, era/. 1988. 233pp.Contract farming (CF), a scheme in which smallholders contract withtransnational agribusiness firms to grow specif ic crops, has gained widespreadsupport and recognition in recent years. Based on case studies in seven sub-Saharan countries (The Gambia, Nigeria, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Senegal,Kenya, and Malawi), the document assesses the nature and extent of CF inAfrica and the influence of development assistance in its promotion, andmakes recommendations addressing CF's strengths and weaknesses. VolumeOne includes discussions of CF's legal, historical, and global dimensions; itsgrowth and sustainability; the effects of CFon land, labor, and farmer income;and the economic and regional multipliers associated with CF.

0587 Contract Farming In Africa. Volume II. Comparative Analysis, 1988.Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts and the Institute for DevelopmentAnthropology, Binghamton, New York. Michael Watts, et al. 1988. 407pp.Contract farming is described above. Volume Two contains case studies:private horticultural schemes in Kenya and Senegal; joint government/privateoil-palm projects in Ghana and the Ivory Coast; private poultry schemes inSenegal; and a state-managed rice scheme in The Gambia.

Frame

Reel 2Africa cont.

1988cont.0001 Minerals Yearbook, 1988. The Mineral Industries of Central Africa.

International Review.Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C. Thomas P. Dolley, etal. 1988. 22pp.The 1988 international review of the mineral industries of Central Africaincludes the countries of Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic,Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Sao Tome e Principe,and Zaire. Mineral deposits and production of mineral commodities arediscussed.

0023 Minerals Yearbook: The Mineral Industries of Southern Africa. 1988International Review.Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C. George A. Morgan, etal. 1988. 40pp.Topics discussed for each country may include government policies andprograms, production and trade, and commodity reviews (metals, industrialminerals, and mineral fuels).

0063 Is There Hope for the Horn of Africa: Reflections on the Political andEconomic Impasses.RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California. Paul B. Henze. June 1988.30pp.This note is the extended and updated version of a paper that was presentedat a conference on "Crisis in the Horn of Africa: Causes and Prospects", at theWoodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Smithsonian Institution,Washington, D.C., June 1987. The study, which draws on the author's visitto Ethiopia in March 1987, reviews the destabilizing effects on the Horn ofAfrica of increasing Soviet activism; famine in Ethiopia, Sudan, and Eritrea;and Somalian irredentism. The author believes that to alleviate the economicand political deterioration of the region, Western governments must join insetting up an international peace and mediation commission that would worktoward (1) the acceptance by the countries involved of de facto borders andarbitration of disputes; (2) the persuasion of foreign powers to cease supportof separatism and dissidence; (3) a moratorium on arms shipments to theregion; (4) the creation of an international group to monitor compliance withthe peace process and human rights standards; (5) adherence by all donorsto common criteriaforthe provision of emergency relief and development aid;and (6) increased regional economic development aid.

Frame

0093 American and Soviet Security Assistance In Sub-Saharan Africa: AnEffectiveness Appraisal.U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.Michael L Smith. June 3, 1988. 175pp.Using enhancement of global and regional objectives, procurement of militarybase rights, and benefits to the recipient state as effectiveness criteria, thisthesis concludes that the security assistance program of the Soviet Union hasbeen more effective in Sub-Saharan Africa than its American counterpart.After comparing the general character of American and Soviet securityassistance efforts throughout the world, this analysis then identifies the globalaspirations of each superpower. These findings provide the foundation forapplying the effectiveness criteria. The states of Sub-Saharan Africa are thengrouped into three regions. The ensuing region-by-region examination yieldsconclusive regional assessments, as well as the overall effectiveness appraisalfor American and Soviet security assistance programs in Sub-Saharan Africanoted above.

0268 Effects of Defense and Security on Capital Formation In Africa: AnEmpirical Investigation.FtAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California. Daniel F. Kohler. September1988. 62pp.This note is an attempt to quantify the economic effects of the military'sprimary function, that of providing security. Specifically, it seeks to determinewhether the positive effects of increased investment on security outweigh theresource costs in forgone investment of defense. An econometric model isconstructed and applied to data from twenty-seven Sub-Saharan Africancountries from 1971 through 1981. The results clearly support the hypothesisthat a well-equipped and well-trained army can induce additional investmentpresumably through its security enhancing effects. We find that countries thatare threatened and thus suffer from a low level of security have reduced grossfixed capital formation. However, countries that devote more resources todefense have higher gross fixed capital formation, presumably because theincreased defense expenditures also increase security. The same is not true,however, for the size of the armed forces. Large armies, especially when theyare accompanied by low defense expenditures, have a negative effect ongross fixed capital formation. One can infer that large armies are not securityenhancing and may indeed reduce security.

Frame

0330 Enhancing Agriculture In Africa: A Role for U.S. Development Assistance.Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, D.C. September 1988.336pp.The Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) has gathered information onagricultural production throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, and looked closely atspecific, promising technologies such as agroforestry, small-scale irrigation,soil and water management, and the improved use of animals. As a result, itseems clear that low-resource agriculture has a sizable potential to contributeto increased African food security. Also, it is clear that low-resource agriculturemust be enhanced in orderto reach its full potential. The report identifies waysthat U.S. development assistance can aid the process.

19890666 OECD (Organization for Economic Co-Operatlon and Development)

Trade with Sub-Saharan Africa: A Reference Aid.Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, D.C. January 1989. 191pp.The publication is one of a series of reference aids that provides the mostrecent detailed commodity statistics of OECD trade with different regions ofthe world. In the reference aid, data are provided on total OECD trade withSub-Saharan Africa, trade of the five largest OECD countries with the region,and U.S. trade with several key Sub-Saharan African countries.

0857 Cotton In Africa: An Analysis of Differences In Performance.International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Washington, D.C.Uma Lele, Nicolas Van de Walle, and Mathurin Gbetibouo. 1989. 39pp.Since the early 1970s, cotton production in francophone Africa has beensuperior to that of anglophone countries. The paper examines differences inthe output performance of six countries—francophone Cameroon and Senegaland anglophone Nigeria, Kenya, Tanzania, and Malawi. Dynamic productionin Cameroon and Senegal is attributed largely to the Compagnie Francaisepourle Developpementdes Fibres Textiles (CFDT). The CFDT approach hasprovided adequate financing for the cotton sector, ensuring timely paymentsto farmers. In the anglophone countries, faulty mechanisms and proceduresfor paying producer prices and ensuring input supplies have seriouslyundermined sector performance. The central conclusion of the paper is that,while differences in macroeconomic and sectoral pricing policies appear tohave been critical, institutional factors have been fundamental in explainingthe sustained growth of cotton production in francophone countries.

Frame

0896 Sub-Saharan Africa Conference on Market Towns and Rural Growth:Economic and Social Linkages. January 8-13,1989.Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. 1989.212pp.Market development in Africa has been relatively stagnant over the last fewdecades compared with experiences in Asia and Latin America. Theseconference proceedings present eight papers on ways of stimulating ruralgrowth through market town development. Two papers review and critiquethe current thinking on market towns, their role in building rural-urbanlinkages, and their relationship to rural economic development. One paperfocuses on Senegal's new agricultural policy and its impact on market townsand agricultural growth, while another highlights efforts in Cote d'lvoire todecentralize management capabilities. Three papers concern the impact onmarket town growth of gender issues, investments in infrastructure, and therole of microenterprises, respectively. A final paper describes a researchframeworkused to identify opportunities for expanding rural-urban exchange.Conclusions are then provided from working groups on the following topics:market towns and rural policy development, the integration of rural issues inurban policymaking, the need for strengthening local governments andprivate sector organizations, and investment strategies for market towns. Asynthesis of country action plans developed during the conference is alsoprovided.

ReelSAfrica (General) cont.

1989 cont.0001 Sustainable Institutions for African Agricultural Development.

International Service (or National Agricultural Research, The Hague,Netherlands. Carl K. Etcher. February 1989. 44pp.The paper presents some thoughts on the development of sustainableinstitutions for African agricultural development. The focus is on strengtheningthe three core institutions—research, training, and extension—that form theinstitutional base of African agriculture. Primary attention is devoted tostrengthening national agricultural research systems (NARS), and secondaryattention to training and extension. A sustainable NARS is defined as one inwhich domestic political support is mobilized to provide adequate domestic

Frame

financing of all core salaries and operating expenses of the national agriculturalresearch system. The performance and sustainability of agricultural institutionsis examined over two thirty-year periods: the colonial period from 1930 to1959 and post-independence from 1960 to 1988. This historical assessmentraises some longer-term issues. Finally, some of the implications are exploredfor various interested groups.

0045 Tenure Policy and Natural Resource Management In Sahellan WestAfrica.Wisconsin University, Madison, Wisconsin. Steven W. Lawry. February1989. 28pp.The paper considers some key aspects of current tenure policies for theirimpacts upon resource management in the Sahel. It also identifies someopportunities for promoting tenure changes conducive to better managementof natural resources. The paper concentrates on three sets of tenure issues.In many cases, state assumption of administrative rights to common propertyresources has reduced the ability of local communities to manage localpastures, forests, and fisheries. Ambivalent state attitudes toward customarytenures and a lack of clarity over farmer rights to farmland and trees haveaffected farmer incentives for investing in desirable soil and agriculturalmanagement practices.

0073 Implementing the Defense Structure of the Economic Community ofWest African States Creating a West African Frontier Force.Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. S. E. Omeruah. March1989. 77pp.The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Defense Pacthas existed on paper for more than half a decade now. This paper seeks toanalyze ways of implementing this agreement. It also looks at the defensepact, the external and internal threats, the inherent problems of the protocolagreement, the military capabilities of member states, and the need for sucha force in the subregion. The paper then recommends a force structure andstrategy that suits the organization and completely narrows the conclusion toa practicable Air and Maritime Task Force that can easily be the precursor ofthe West African Frontier Force (WAFF). For most of the ECOWAS countries,poverty is a common phenomenon; therefore, security will be ensured withthe WAFF in place, which in turn should create a favorable climate for tradeand growth of commercial ventures. It will no doubt release some money tiedto the defense sector into the other developmental areas, thus injecting somecapital into the economy. A West African Frontier Force is therefore desirablefor ECOWAS.

Frame

0150 Small Scale Manufacturing Growth In Africa: Initial Evidence.Harvard Institute for Internatbnal Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts.CartLiedholm and Joan Parker. March 1989. 47pp.Studies of the dynamics of small manufacturing firms can suggest policychanges to support growth in manufacturing and employment. The paperbrings together the relevant literature from such studies, with particularemphasis on evidence from Africa Section I summarizes macro-level studies,which focus on changes in business demographics captured by aggregatedata across time periods. The studies indicate a gradual shift towardsomewhat larger firms, based in larger cities, and producing modern products.Section II provides insight into this transformation by reviewing micro-levelstudies: the birth and closure of individual firms and dynamic activities withinfirms, such as innovation, reinvestment, and expansion patterns. Datasuggest that closure rates are highest for micro-enterprises, which make upthe majority of new firms. Moreover, relatively few African micro-enterprisesachieve expansion. Rather, the majority of small and medium firms originateas larger firms. The effects of policy on small firm dynamics are examined inSection III. More studies are needed to ascertain exactly how these policiesinfluence the evolution of efficient firms.

0197 The Horn of Africa Conflict.U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. Abdullah! AhmedJama. March 9, 1989. 28pp.Among the most far-reaching consequences of colonialism in Africa has beenthe partition of the continent into political units whose borders were determinedon the basis of European interests. Where ethnic groups were divided by anartificial border, there is pressure for territorial revisions and the achieving ofunity within the borders of one state. Such pressures are at the root of thepolitical problems of the Horn of Africa. The Ethiopian denial of the OgadenSomalis' rights for self-determination set the stage for inevitable conflict,involving not merely the local Africans but outside governments and even thesuperpowers. The local conflict on the Horn permitted the application ofSoviet power and militated against a commensurate Western response; thusthe Russian intervention reversed the outcome of the conflict in favor ofEthiopia militarily at the present time. This paper describes the struggle of theSomalis for their freedom and complete independence from colonialism ingeneral and from the Ogaden Somalis in particular, who are trying to achievewhat their brothers achieved already with their help.

Frame

0225 A Security Assistance Example: The U.S. Air Force and the AfricanCoastal Security Program.Army-Air Force Center for Low Intensity Conflict, Langley Air Force Base,Virginia. Daniel J. Bohlin. April 1989. 43pp.The author was an air attache in western Sub-Sahara Africa, which affordedhim a unique opportunity to view the regional security assistance actions ofworld powers such as the United States, Soviet Union, and France. All threenations provide some military assistance to the armed forces in the region.Meanwhile several nations, aware of their security needs, are seeking moreU.S. assistance. In 1985, as a response to their initial needs, the UnitedStates introduced the African Coastal Security (ACS) program. The ACSprogram has the potential to markedly enhance relations between the UnitedStates and these countries by enabling military organizations in the region toassist in the protection of an extremely valuable marine resource—fish.

0268 Southern Africa Development Coordinating Conference and Its SecurityImplications.U. S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. Louis M. Fisher andRobert J. Lilley, Jr. April 3, 1989. 55pp.Political independence for the nine black states in Southern Africa came invarious forms. For countries like Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Tanzania,and Zambia, the transition was fairly peaceful. In contrast, for Angola,Mozambique and Zimbabwe, independence came through fierce bitter warsof liberation. Despite these different paths to nationhood, all nine states facea new challenge—nation building. The challenge now is one of consolidatingpolitical independence through the provision of goods and services for theircitizens. In pursuit of these goals the nine states gathered together in LusakaApril 1980 to form the Southern African Development Coordination Conference(SADCC). The biggest challenge for this new grouping has been South Africaand its economic ties to the nine states. Various actions by South Africatoward its neighbors have clearly demonstrated the vulnerability of thesenations as a result of these ties. The SADCC grouping has had to scale higherwalls in the face of destabilization efforts by their giant neighbor. The successof the group's efforts holds the key to the strengthening of their politicalindependence, improving welfare for citizens, and promoting peace within theregion. It is for this purpose that the SADCC member countries haveincreased their resolve to ensure achievement of their objectives in the faceof great adversity.

Frame

0323 Export Performance In Africa.U.S. Economic Research Service, Washington, D.C. Shahla Shapouri andStacey Rosen. May 1989. 37pp.As the scarcity of foreign exchange continues, Africa's export sector mustplay the key role in generating investment income for Africa's financialrecovery. The average annual increase in real export earnings for thecountries included in the study was less than 1 percent from 1980 to 1986.Along with slow growth, the instability of export earnings has a destabilizingeffect on import capacity and economic growth. The coefficients of variationof export earnings averaged about 26 percent; the index of export shortfallsaveraged about 10 percent. Commodity diversification was found to be asignificant factor in improving export earnings growth and reducing exportinstability. Given the slow movement toward diversification, the performanceof primary commodities, especially prices, and improved government incentiveswill remain the key factors in Africa's export and economic recovery.

0360 Superpowers Influence In the Horn of Africa.U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. Benjamin M.Nganda. May 19, 1989. 75pp.This paper attempts to combine the historical, social, and political variablesthat make up the regional system that is the Horn of Africa. This work presentsan evaluation and analysis illuminating events and external intrusions thatcontribute to the situation as it generally exists today. The region is viewedfrom four perspectives: internal aspects, regional linkages, strategic aspect,and a historical interpretation. These four are integrated to form an influentialconsideration and conclusions are derived regarding the region and thepotential areas of conflict or cooperation during the next ten to fifteen yearsor so.

0435 Consumption Stability and the Potential Role of Food Aid In Africa.U.S. Economic Research Service, Washington, D.C. Stacey Rosen. June1989. 18pp.Africa's high consumption variation has resulted in severe food shortagesand famine during drought years. This was caused by low and variable foodproduction unsupplemented by commercial and food aid imports. Results ofan estimate model in the report suggest that weather is the primary determinantof production variation. The capacity to import, defined as the sum of net creditflow plus export earnings, is the variable that best determines levels of foodimports. Using the model results, additional food aid needs were projected for1990 and 1995 under three scenarios: trends, good weather, and bad

Frame

weather. The range of these needs varied widely, depending on a country'sdegree of responsiveness to changes in weather. Under the bad weatherscenario, all but one country studied are projected to have additional food aidneeds in 1990, with food aid contributing almost 25 percent to targetconsumption.

0453 Agricultural Markets and Economic Development In Africa.Ithaca International Ltd., Ithaca, New York. Garry N. Christensen and JohnH. Eriksen. June 1989. 56pp.Efficient agricultural markets are generally acknowledged to be a necessary,if not sufficient, condition for economic growth in most African countries. Onthe other hand, most observers believe that most agricultural markets havefunctioned poorly over the last three decades. In the report, the authorspresent an analysis of the major constraints on existing agricultural marketsin Africa and how effective market reform programs should be designed andimplemented. The authors identify those conditions affecting marketperformance that they feel are amenable to reform and attempt to defineappropriate roles for the public and private sectors in the reform process. Thestrategy they propose fordesigning and implementing market reform processesstresses the need to inform and be informed by local decision makers andmarket agents. Market reforms, in their opinion, can only be effected andmaintained where local policymakers and market participants play an activeand continuous role in formulation and implementation and are convinced ofthe reforms' merit.

0509 Health Financing In Africa: Tracking the AID (Agency for InternationalDevelopment) Experience of the Child Survival Emphasis Countries.John Snow, Inc., Arlington, Virginia. Kodjo Evlo. June 1989. 67pp.In the 1980s, AID shifted its health strategy for Africa from broad-scaledprimary health care systems to child survival activities aimed at increasingimmunization and oral rehydration therapy coverages in the countries thatparticipate in the program. Eight Sub-Saharan African countries—Kenya,Malawi, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, and Zaire—were designatedby AID as emphasis countries in which the child survival activities will be mostintensified. The effect and impact of economic difficulties on the healthconditions in each child survival emphasis (CSE) country needs to beevaluated. The study presents a database on health services, financing, andfamily planning in the African CSE countries. The database provides informationon the organization and financing of health and family planning services. Itcan be used for evaluation of health and family planning policies in each ofthe eight countries.

Frame

0576 Sahel Development Program: 1986-1988 Report to Congress.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. June 1989.115pp.The report evaluates the Sahel Development Program's (SDP) independentactivities as well as its collaboration with the Permanent Interstate Committeefor Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS) and the Club du Sahel. Chapter Iexamines the SDP during the period 1986-1988, highlighting funding trends,the focus on policy reform to stimulate agricultural and economic growth, andthe development of plans to improve natural resource management plusreduce population growth and infant mortality. Chapter II provides a long-termretrospective on the ecological and socioeconomic factors that led to thecreation of CILSS, the Club, and the SDP. In Chapter III, the results of SDP'sefforts during the past ten years are assessed. Specifically, the chaptercovers accomplishments in the areas of agriculture, livestock, ecology/forestry, health, human resources, and infrastructure. Chapter IV analyzesthe events and strategies that will guide assistance efforts in the Sahelthrough the 1990s, concluding with sector and country plans for the AIDactivities.

0691 Technology and Agricultural Productivity In the Sahel.Economic Research Service, Washington, D.C. Thomas S. Jayne, John C.Day, and Harold E. Dregne. October 1989. 31pp.Increased agricultural productivity in the Sahel will require widespreaddiffusion of improved soil and water management practices that stimulategrowth in a sustainable way. Techniques such as tied-ridges, animal traction,and fertilization can improve productivity but may not be viable unless usedtogether. Improved soil and water management is required to produce a morefertile agronomic environment receptive to new high-yielding crop varietiesneeded to greatly expand productivity. However, environmental conditions,farmers' resources, the inability to make complementary investments thatwould make such practices profitable, marketing channels, and institutional/policy arrangements constrain adoption of these techniques. Adoption ratescan improve if new farming practices enhance soil and water conditions atmodest cost, reduce the risk of food and capital loss during poor weatheryears, and relieve seasonal labor constraints. However, tandem improvementsare necessary in input and product markets, rural institutions, and policies tostimulate adoption by creating opportunities and incentives at the farm level.

Frame

19900722 Dynamics of Small-Scale Industry In Africa and the Role of Policy.

Development Alternatives, Inc., Washington, D.C. Carl LJedholm. January1990. 52pp.The study emphasizes firm dynamics (firm creation, evolution, anddisappearance), small manufacturing enterprises in Africa, and the way thesedynamics vary by country, stage of firm development, industrial sector, andpolicy environment. Static studies are reviewed to provide a context for theexamination of dynamic issues. The report then summarizes macro-levelevidence of firm dynamics in Africa and updates the material covered inprevious studies. Macro-level demographics are disaggregated in an attemptto shed additional light on the evolutionary (and (Revolutionary) process ofindividual firms. The final section examines the effects of policy on small-firmdynamics. Macro-level findings indicate that small African firms are evolving,with ashift toward somewhat largerfirmsthat are based in larger localities andproducing more modern products. Micro studies on the other hand indicatethat the vast majority of new African firms are microenterprises, relatively fewof which have been able to expand to the level of small or medium-sized firms.Policy and regulatory constraints seem to be more significant the larger thefirm is at the time of its growth.

0774 Evolution of Military Strategy In African States.U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. Kadate Lekumu.February 28, 1990. 35pp.African armies have reached a watershed in their transition from the internalsecurity-oriented forces of their colonial origins, to national armed forces withserious defense responsibilities. African forces are growing in size,sophistication, and combat capability that is important in African context.Their capability for waging war is improving, and they will have a significantimpact on the frequency, scope, and character of African conflicts of thefuture. African armies are becoming more externally oriented, and regionalmilitary powers are developing.

0809 Social Dimensions of Entrepreneurshlp In Africa.Institute for Development Anthropology, Binghamton, New York. W. PennHandworker. April 1990. 127pp.The report analyzes the activities that initiate change in production ordistribution in the private, commercial sector of contemporary Africaneconomics. Many outside observers claim that Africans lack the propermentality for entrepreneurship because family values outweigh commercial

Frame

values. The report claims that while African businesspeople do tend tomaintain close ties with relatives and friends, these ties actually facilitateentrepreneurship by providing security in a risky business climate. The mostserious impediment to entrepreneurship is not lack of ability, but governmentcorruption, the legacy of colonial political systems that held nearly completecontrol over access to education, jobs, and income. African governmentsmerely took over the single-channel resource structure created by thecolonial powers, allowing those who control government (almost solely men)also to control access to the resources of the world industrial system. It isrecommended that the power of public sector patrons be reduced by creatingnew sources of patronage in individuals and organizations and by subjectingboth old and new patrons to performance constraints.

Reel 4Africa (Genera!) cont.

1990 cont.0001 Need for Organization of African Unity to Develop a Peacekeeping

Capability.Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. Carl A. Dada. May 1990.57pp.The maintenance of peace in the world has become the central problem andpreoccupation of nation states, international organizations, and regionalbodies. In an increasingly interdependent world, the search for peace hasquite understandably and inevitably become a collective exercise. Since theend of World War II, global efforts aimed at maintenance of peace have beencarried out through the United Nations. But as crisis areas increased all overthe world, regional groups such as the Organization of African Unity (OAU)were required to assume the new role of peacekeeping within their area. Theneed for peacekeeping operations in Africa has increased significantly inrecent years as a result of an increase in intrastate and interstate conflicts.The types of situations that have called for peacekeeping operations includeborder clashes, civil wars, and ethnic conflicts. The purpose of this study isto determine what type of military peacekeeping force can and must bedeveloped within the framework of the OAU. The structure must be feasibleand should assist in preserving and strengthening the organization, enhancethe existing system of peacekeeping, and promote the evolutionary advancetoward a continent of peace and stability.

Frame

0058 Africa: Guide to Business Finance for U.S. Firms.International Trade Association, Washington, D.C. May 1990. 74pp.The guide summarizes financing options for U.S. exporters and investors inAfrica. It consolidates succinct descriptions of the various sources of financeoffered by U.S. government agencies, multilateral bodies, internationalbilateral programs, and African development agencies. A functional (quick)index is provided so that the reader can focus on a particular contemplatedtransaction (such as, consultancy funding, debt finance [investment orexport], equity finance, feasibility study funding, insurance and guarantees[export or investment], project procurements, etc.). The appendix alsoprovides project procurement notice publication information and U.S.Department of Commerce services for the exporter.

0132 Policy Statement of the African Development Bank Concerning UrbanDevelopment, Cdte d'lvolre.PADCO, Inc., Washington, D.C. May 1990. 48pp.The document identifies some of the potentials and problems arising fromAfrica's rapid urban growth and sets forth an appropriate response for theAfrican Development Bank (ADB), located in Cote d'lvoire. A brief overviewof urban development in Africa is followed by an examination of the role ofurbanization in development, the problems caused by this trend, and issuesto be addressed in establishing an urban policy framework. The report thenlooks at the urban operations and experiences of the ADB and otherdevelopment agencies. It focuses on difficulties encountered and the lessonsthat can be applied to future programs. The final section sets out policyguidelines that can be used as a basis for future ADB lending activities andfor stimulating dialogue between the ADB and member countries concerningurban development issues.

0180 Famine Early Warning System Vulnerability Assessment (containsReports on Mauritania, Mall, Burkina, Niger, Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia).Pragma Corporation, Falls Church, Virginia. June 1990. 57pp.The report assesses food security in seven countries in the Sahel region ofAfrica—Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad, Sudan, and Ethiopia—focusing on the socioeconomic factors that affect access to food. While thereport's analysis is country specific, some regional patterns do emerge. (1)Most of those at risk, the overwhelming majority of whom are in Sudan andEthiopia, are not currently receiving substantial food assistance. (2) Armedconflict, not drought, is the primary reason for the vulnerability of over half ofthe at-risk populations. (3) Agriculturalists and agropastoralists, rather thanpastoralists, make up most of the extremely vulnerable groups. (4) Over half

Frame

of the at-risk populations are not. or are only tenuously, under the control ofthe governments of the countries in which they reside. (5) Most at-risk groupshave experienced at least two similar periods of food insecurity in the last fiveyears (particularly following the 1984 and 1987 harvests).

0237 Export Crop Competitiveness: Strategies for Sub-Saharan Africa.Abt Associates, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts. Patricia Kristjanson. etal.July 1990.333pp.The cash crops of Sub-Saharan Africa can be competitive in world marketswith sufficient attention to policy reform and marketing principles. Country-specific strategies must pay attention to international market prospects,national policies, and production and marketing costs. These are findings ofthe African Cash Crop Competitiveness Strategy Study conducted undertheAgricultural Policy Analysis Project II (APAP II). The study examinescompetitiveness of traditional export crops in sub-Saharan Africa throughcase studies of three important cash crops: cotton, coffee, and groundnuts(peanuts). Evidence from six countries—Cameroon, Kenya, The Gambia,Senegal, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe—is used to evaluate factors influencingcompetitiveness. Factors likely to influence the decisions of Africanpolicymakers and the donor agencies seeking to assist them are identifiedand evaluated. An important objective is to draw lessons from the casestudies that can be more broadly applied in evaluating development strategyoptions and priorities for donor assistance.

0570 AID and African Capacity Building.Harvard Institute lor International Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Courtney Nelson, et a/. September 1990. 120pp.There is a startling fragility to economic policymaking and managementsystems in Africa. The report examines a subset of these systems andoutlines a set of action recommendations for useful AID intervention. Majorconclusions are that throughout much of the continent the demand foreconomic analysts is growing faster than the supply, necessitating majorinvestments to improve training in economics and related fields. Althoughcorruption and poor performance on the part of civil service personnel oftenrender sound policies useless, inadequate implementation procedures are amajor problem. Improving government service must be complemented byprivate sector stimulation in generating economicgrowth. Regional institutionsin Africa have a checkered history but can still fruitfully complement oneanother. Resident advisers and visiting consultants will have an important

Frame

role to play for some time to come. These findings suggest two principal typesof interventions: those designed to increase the supply of policy analysts andmanagers and those designed to improve the use of current resources.

0690 Africa Bureau Sector Strategy: A Strategic Framework for PromotingMarketing and Agribusiness Development In Sub-Saharan Africa.Agency tor International Development. Washington, D.C. October 1990.131pp.The USAID has been supporting agricultural development in Africa for almostthirty years. With the exception of AID'S assistance in the creation of theSahelian grain marketing boards in the late 1960s and 1970s, AID'S agriculturalsector activities have been oriented toward increasing agricultural productionby working directly with farmers or by helping to improve national researchand extension systems. Until recently, little assistance was directed towardimproving the marketing of noncereal commodities produced by Africanfarmers. Moreover, what support AID gave to marketing usually went to thepublic sector, with little understanding of the important role private agribusinessoperations play in improving market performance. The severe economiccrisis of the early 1980s caused African governments, AID, and other donorsto re-examine the approach they had taken to development. Severe externaldebt burdens and large domestic fiscal deficits have prompted Africangovernments to initiate major structural adjustment programs supported bythe International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, AID, and other donors.These structural adjustment programs have been designed to streamline andimprove the efficiency of the public sector and to increase private sectorparticipation in economic activity. Recognizing the importance of competitivemarketing systems in promoting efficiency, and the significant role agribusinesshas in improving productivity, the Africa Bureau directed the Office ofTechnical ResourcestodesignaStrategyfor Promoting Agricultural Marketingand Agribusiness Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. The purpose of theagricultural marketing and agribusiness strategic framework is to provideguidance to the agency, the bureau, and the missions in analyzing agriculturalmarketing systems, with the view of designing and implementing interventionsthat will improve market efficiency and promote the role of agribusiness inmarket development.

Frame

19910821 Harvest Assessment of Cereal Production. Famine Early Warning

System (FEWS). Contains Reports on: Mauritania, Mall, Burkina, Niger,Chad, Sudan, and Ethiopia.Pragma Corporation, Falls Church, Virginia. January 1991. 55pp.The 1990 main-season harvests in the Famine Early Warning System(FEWS)-monitored countries were generally similar to or worse than themediocre 1989 main-season harvests. Areas within each country that had theworst harvests last year have generally been hard hit this year as well. Copingmechanisms and reserves have already been drawn down in dealing with thepoor 1989 harvest. Affected people will be hard pressed to compensate againfor extremely poor production. The problems of drought and poor agriculturalproduction are being matched in their impact on food security by civil conflict,indifferent or hostile bcal authorities, and deteriorating economic environments.Nevertheless, where there are current problems, the immediate impacts arebut a pale shadow of what would occur should the next agricultural seasonbe poor. One more poor harvest may elevate these local problems to nationaldisasters.

ReelsAfrica (General) cont.

1991 cont.0001 Congressional Presentation Fiscal Year 1992 (Agency for International

Development).Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. February 1991.446pp.AID'S FY1992 congressional presentation (CP) reflects the administration'sprogram and budget justification for the bilateral foreign assistance program.The document summarizes the budget request and discusses the programsand activities implemented through itscentrally funded programs and throughthe four geographic regions (Africa, Asia, Europe and Near East, and LatinAmerica and the Caribbean).

0447 OECD Trade with Sub-Saharan Africa: A Reference Aid.Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, D.C. March 1991. 188pp.This is a reference aid that provides the most recent detailed commoditystatistics of OECD trade with different regions of the world. Iceland, NewZealand, Portugal, and Turkey are excluded. In the reference aid, data are

Frame

provided on total OECD trade with Sub-Saharan Africa, trade of the fivelargest OECD countries with the region, and U.S. trade with several key Sub-Saharan African countries.

Angola1988

0635 United States Private Voluntary Agency-United States GovernmentAssessment Team to Angola. Final Report.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. October 25, 1988.49pp.A joint U.S. Private Voluntary Organization (PVO)/U.S. government teamvisited Angola in October 1988 to assess that nation's need for emergencyassistance, in particular the feasibility of implementing PVO programs forAngola's displaced population. The team's major findings and recommen-dations were as follows: conditions within Angola are extremely difficult, withthe many years of war and economic stagnation taking a toll on living andhealth standards; Emergency program management structures areinadequate; and there is an urgent need to strengthen staff, better defineroles, and increase resources. The Angolan government would welcome aU.S. PVO presence, but operational constraints are significant. Initialinterventions should include food, water, health, and nutrition, as well as basicagricultural supplies to help the displaced produce their own food. Assistanceis also required in technical sectors, including charter air service, managementinformation systems, and assistance to amputees.

19890684 Who's Winning: Has Foreign Aid Proven Effective In Angola?

Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. Veneble L Hammonds,Jr. May 1989. 45pp.A survey of the various factions fighting in the thirteen-year civil war in Angolaand the numerous sources of assistance provided those factions introduce adiscussion of respective objectives and interests. An analysis of thoseobjectives, the amounts and types of assistance provided, and the influenceof factors external to Angola itself, lead to the conclusion that the UnitedStates is in a stronger position of influence than other powers in spite ofinvesting significantly less in foreign aid. Multiple reasons for this situation areprovided.

Frame

19910729 Law on Foreign Investment, People's Republic of Angola.

Government of the People's Republic of Angola, Luanda, Angola. 1991.50pp.The document contains an English language translation of the new Angolainvestment law enacted in 1989 and the implementing regulations publishedin 1990; these are the most recently available and constitute part of thecountry's economic recovery program to permit a greater role for the privatesector and market pricing.

0779 Angola: Economic Summary.International Trade Administration, Washington, D.C. April 1991. 30pp.The document provides an overview, with the most recently availablestatistics, of the Angolan economy, with emphasis on its subsectors and theoutline and impact of the economic recovery program that is presently beingimplemented to introduce a greater role for the private sector and marketpricing into the economy.

Burundi1991

0809 An Agricultural Expansion Strategy for Burundi.U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. Lucien Rufyiri. April4, 1991. 42pp.The crisis of agricultural development in Sub-Saharan Africa continues toplague many peoples and nations. Even in some countries like Kenya, whichhas been successful by most standards, political impediments to researchand to structural and operational development prevent necessary progress.In Sub-Saharan Africa, the agricultural situation is analyzed as are theproblems feeding the people. This paperdiscusses agricultural food productionin Burundi and recommends ways to increase issues on food strategy withparticular emphasis on what can be done to improve food products. Presentagricultural problems are due to: (1) lack of market accessibility; (2) majortransportation routes need surfacing; (3) a decrease of effectiveness ofregulation in Kenya; (4) the Mpulungu port in Zambia being underequipped;(5) commercial air cargo nonexistent; (6) crop yields are low; (7) surplus islackingfor exportation; and (S)farmers persist intheuseof hand hoe. Burundiagriculture must depend upon increased per hectare yields as land forexpanded crop production becomes increasingly scarce. This greaterdependence on higher yields with improved soil fertility will be the primaryoption for increasing food supplies.

Frame

Cameroon1989

0851 Fertilizer Utilization Practices and Crop Response Research:Recommendations for the Fertilizer Sub-Sector Reform Program ofCameroon.Abt Associates, Inc., Washington, D.C. Nicholas Minot and Jerry J. Johnson.October 1989. 108pp.The report analyzes the reasons behind the unevenness of fertilizer use inCameroon. The West, Littoral, and the three northern provinces representthree-quarters of total fertilizer consumption, and the South and CenterProvinces together account for less than 2 percent. To a large degree, thepatterns reflect the different crops grown in each province. However, even fora given crop, fertilization rates are higher in the provinces of high overallfertilizer consumption. This may be because greater use of fertilizer in aregion helps establish supply lines that, in turn, facilitate fertilizer use amongfarmers who would not otherwise use it. Additional factors affecting fertilizeruse include farmers' purchasing power, cropping patterns, distance to majorroads, population density, and the effectiveness of local supply institutionssuch as cooperatives. The report reviews fertilizer crop response research inCameroon. Recommendations are then presented forfuture research activities,such as the development of a national fertilizer response database, on-farmfertilizerresponse trials, farmer demonstrations, strengthening of governmentalresearch institutions, and soil ecology.

Reel 6Chad

19900001 United States Intervention: The Case of Chad.

Army Student Detachment, Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana. Jeffrey A.Taylor. November 1990. 94pp.Motivation for U.S. intervention with military assistance in the Chadian civilwar is an intriguing question. It is significant because the United States did notmake this intervention until 1981, sixteen years after the civil war began. Thereasons for the intervention do not seem to have much to do with Chad, butother factors did affect U.S. interests in Africa and the Middle East andultimately did involve Chad. This thesis explores motives that may have beenthe reason(s) for U.S. intervention, including (1) Libyan terrorism, destabilization

Frame

policies, and expansionism; (2) Soviet expansionism and influence in theregion; and (3) Chad's potential in mineral and oil reserves. This studycontends that U.S. intervention in the Chadian civil war was due to theperceived Soviet threat that would increase from the Libyan intervention inChad. While the concern in Chad was Colonel Qadhafi's Soviet-equippedLibya, the United States saw Chad as a stepping stone for further Libyanaggression. Libyan aggression in Chad was viewed as Soviet aggression.Qadhafi had to be stopped.

Ethiopia1989

0095 Ethiopia's Economic Prospects for the 1990s.Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, California. PaulB. Henze. February 1989.18pp.This note analyzes the deterioration of key sectors of the Ethiopian economyand projects current trends into the 1990s. It concludes that none of theadverse trends can be reversed in the coming decade without fundamentalpolicy changes by the Marxist-Leninist government of the People's DemocraticRepublic of Ethiopia (PDRE). Sources for the judgments and projectionsinclude PDRE official documents, reports and analyses of Ethiopian andWestern scholars plus U.S. and international organizations, and the author'sown research and observations made during seven visits to Ethiopia since1977, the most recent in March-April 1988. The note is based on a paperpresented at the Tenth International Ethiopian Studies Conference in Parisin August 1988.

0113 Ethiopia: Crisis of a Marxist Economy. Analysis and Text of a SovietReport.Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, California. Paul B. Henze. April 1989.137pp.This report analyzes and reproduces a critique of the Ethiopian economiccrisis written in 1985 by GOSPLAN advisers to the Ethiopian government.Between 1974 and 1984, grain production fell from 172 to 146 kg per capitaper year, exports declined 67 percent, and military spending rose from 49percent to 59 percent of the national budget. In the face of this drasticallydeteriorated economic situation, the GOSPLAN advisers recommended anew economic policy, that is, a temporary return to greater economicfreedom, to ease the transition from capitalism to socialism. The GOSPLANreport ignores the burden that increased military expenditures and continuedmilitary operations place on the economy; moreover, it gives no hint that

Frame

Moscow might increase its economic aid. The Ethiopian leadership, meanwhile,has failed to take advantage of the Soviet recommendations to slow thecollectivization of agriculture. The private sector in trade and industry operatesunder severe restrictions and the threat of further nationalization. More andmore of the economy is slipping underground, out of regime control.

0250 Ethiopian Revolution: Mythology and History.Rand Corporation. SantaMonica, California. PaulB. Henze. July 1989.25pp.Even before the dramatic events of mid-May 1989, it was difficult to envisiona sequence of actions by which the Derg (junta), which transformed itself intothe Workers' Party of Ethiopia (WPE) in 1984 and formalized its rule byestablishing the PORE in 1988, could escape the consequences of chroniceconomic failure and successive military defeats in the north in 1988 and1989. A massive Soviet/Cuban intervention of the kind that rescued PresidentHaile-Mariam Mengistu in 1977-1978 is inconceivable now as is a militaryresolution of the insurgencies in Eritrea, Tigre, and adjacent insurgent-contested regions to the south. Can a leader who has failed in his self-declared highest priority—preservation of the country's territorial integrity—andwho has had to destroy much of his military officer corps to retain his powercontinue to command the authority and respect necessary to retain control ofthe country's destiny? His prospects seem poor. The purpose of this essayis not to speculate on potential outcomes of the continuing crisis, but to lookback over the past fifteen years and review the Ethiopian revolutionaryexperience for its relevance to the country's future prospects.

0275 Eritrean Options and Ethiopia's Future.Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, California. Paul B. Henze. September1989. 38pp.This note analyzes the present critical political/economic/military impasse inEthiopia, with emphasis on Eritrea as the key to the problem. The solution ofthe Ethiopian crisis depends in large measure on resolving Eritrea's relationshipto the Ethiopian state. The restoration of the political and economic health ofEthiopia, the most populous and potentially the richest country in the Horn ofAfrica, would greatly improve the peace and stability of the region. A moreenergetic U.S. and western approach to the deteriorated situation in Ethiopiais urged. Eritrea should be made the centerpiece of a strategy for therestoration of human rights and a flourishing economy in a peaceful Ethiopia.The author bases his judgments on his experience as a student of Horn ofAfrica affairs for more than twenty-five years, as a U.S. government officialand scholar, and on visits to Ethiopia in each of the last three years.

Frame

Kenya1987

0313 Comparison of Dietary Patterns for Kenya and Burkina Faso.International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C. October1987. 65pp.At a time when per capita food availability in Africa is in decline, consumptionhas been shifting from traditional coarse grains such as sorghum, millet, andmaize to nontraditional cereals such as wheat and rice. Demand for thesecereals has outstripped domestic production, and commercial imports and/or food aid have been used to fill the gap. The paper examines foodexpenditure and consumption data from Kenya and Burkina Faso for clues tothe force behind this trend. The Kenya case study is restricted to arepresentative rural sample in South Nyanza, while the Burkina Faso caseinvolves both urban and rural samples. In the rural areas of both countries,traditional coarse grains dominate the food budget, with wheat and riceplaying a very minor dietary role across income groups. In contrast, rice and,to a lesser extent, wheat are very important components in the food budgetof Burkina Faso's urban population. From preliminary analyses, it appearsthat the trend toward increased consumption of wheat and rice is determinedmore by urbanization than by increases in income.

0378 Agricultural Research In the Private Sector In Africa: The Case of Kenya.International Service for National Agricultural Research, The Hague,Netherlands. S. Huntington Hobos, IV and T. Ajibola Taylor. December 1987.26pp.The private sector's role, impact, and prospects in agricultural research (AR)in Kenya are described in the report, which identifies six types of privateentities that conduct AR in Kenya and presents examples of their researchactivities: (1) multinational companies, which have successfully introducednew crops into Kenya; (2) national companies, whose development ofproducts and raw material inputs was forced by changing economic conditions;(3) family enterprises, which have undertaken modest programs, especiallyin fruits and vegetables; (4) the Tea and Coffee Commodity Boards, whichoperate virtually as private entities that have conducted appropriate researchsupported by good extension and excellent financial management.

Frame

19890404 Financing Housing through Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies

In Kenya.Cooperative Housing Foundation, Washington, D.C. February 1989. 64pp.The potential for Kenya's savings and credit cooperative societies (SACCOs)to extend housing credit to informal sector beneficiaries and low-incomewage earners is examined. The present capabilities of the entire cooperativefinancial sector and that of the local authorities vis-a-vis the delivery ofhousing and related services are also assessed, together with their linkagesto other financial institutions within the formal private sector. The growth ofSACCOs in Kenya has been rapid, but membership typically has been tiedto formal sector employment, effectively limiting lending to persons who,though they may live in informal housing, work in the formal employmentstructure. However, Kenya's government policy now encourages theestablishment of SACCOs serving the informal sector, and activities in thearea are expected to expand in the future.

0468 Contrasts In African Development: The Economies of Kenya andEthiopia, 1975-1984.Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, California. Paul B. Henze. April 1989.34pp.This document compares Kenyan and Ethiopian economic developmentduring the crucial decade 1975-1984. Both countries experienced basicchanges in leadership during the period: Ethiopia in 1974 and Kenya in 1978.The military junta (Derg) that seized power in Ethiopia abandoned pro-Western policies with the aim of building a Marxist-Leninist economy andpolitical structure; the new Kenyan leadership remained pro-western. Althoughboth suffered because of petroleum price increases, drought, food shortages,and military threats, Kenya emerged from the decade with good prospects foreconomic growth to accommodate its increasing population. Ethiopia, on theother hand, made no significant economic progress. The situation clearlydemonstrated the superiority of Kenya's mixed economy, which emphasizedprivate initiative and peasant agriculture, over Ethiopia's Marxist-Leninistsystem.

Frame

19900502 National Food Strategy: Kenya's Approach to the Problem of Feeding

the Nation.U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. Humphrey WainainaNjoroga. February 1990. 70pp.What Africa needs in terms of real development is milk powder and foodgrains, not gun powder. There is a dire need for the political and militaryleadership in Africa to focus on agricultural growth and be able to feed herpopulation and stop relying on famine relief, food importation, and aid whilethey continue to amass arsenals of military equipment, thus draining theirmeagre foreign exchange. Kenya's political leadership, having realized theprofound impact of insecurity that is usually caused by poverty and hunger,has refocused her renewed economic growth up to the year 2000 onagriculture and self-sufficiency in food grain. The current population of 23.1million people will be approximately 38.3 million people by the year 2000, andthis trend requires advancement in agriculture production. President HonDaniel T. Arap Moi has set the pace for the renewed growth by stating that themost important "ism'for Kenyans is the Tumbo (stomach) ideology. Applicationof other "isms" when stomachs are empty is irrelevant. This is a simplepolitical message; the country has to produce food to feed her people.

Liberia1989

0572 Liberia Agricultural Marketing Study.Robert R. Nathan Associates, Inc., Washington, D.C. David Hughes, et al.June 1989. 218pp.The study examines marketing channels for selected commodities todeterminethe extent to which government policies that affect the agricultural sectoreither increase, decrease, or stabilize agricultural prices relative to worldprices, and whether these policies, inappropriate technology, or inadequateinfrastructure are retarding the development and growth of cash crop farming.The results are presented to form the basis for a policy dialogue with thegovernment of Liberia and provide the necessary background for determiningappropriate USAID strategy, including project or nonproject interventionsneeded to improve agricultural marketing. The study is presented in threemajor sections on the production and marketing of (1) coffee and cocoa, (2)rice, and (3) fresh produce. Marketing systems for each majorcommodity areexamined, and major constraints on sectoral development are identified.Special attention is given to the roles of the private sector and the governmentand its agencies, in particular, the Liberian Produce Marketing Corporation inthe marketing of the commodities.

Frame

0790 Liberia: Small and Medium Enterprise Assessment.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. October 1989.302pp.The report aims to define the USAID/Liberia's potential role in developing thesmall and medium-sized enterprise (SME) sector, which currently contributesonly 6 percent of GDP and 3 percent to 5 percent of total employment. Anoverview of the SME sector is presented first, revealing possible targetpopulations and subsectors for a USAID program, followed by a more generaldiscussion of the Liberian economy and the status of SMEs. Subsequentchapters discuss the financial sector, constraints to SME development, andthe roles of specific government agencies. According to the report, allbusinesses, even concession ventures, face an adverse business climateand the risk of failure. Specific constraints on SMEs include a shortage ofskilled workers and managers, lack of business training, high levels ofcompetition in many domestic markets, and discrimination against Liberianentrepreneurs. The report concludes with recommendations for programsand projects in the areas of credit; technical assistance, technology transfer,and training; institutional development; export market identification; andpolicy reform.

Reel?Madagascar

19900001 Madagascar Agricultural Sector Assessment.

Devres, Inc., Washington, D.C. Lawrence Dash and Charles Steedman.February 9, 1990. 328pp.The report presents an analysis of the agricultural sector in Madagascar andprovides a series of recommendations regarding the optimal role for theUSAID/Madagascar during 1990-1997. Maintaining soil fertility of cultivatedupland soils is difficult in Madagascar. Large areas of potential and existingcropland are already permanently lost due to the country's unusual form ofgully erosion. Sheet erosion is further decreasing the productivity of mostupland crop soils and threatens rainfed agriculture. In addition, very seriousdamage was done to the agricultural sector by the government's policiesduring 1974-1985, when many enterprises were nationalized, prices andmarketing were controlled, and the currency was overvalued. Agronomicresearch on peanuts, cassava, and other crops was stopped when the Frenchresearch institutes departed in 1974, and even contact with the International

Frame

Rice Research Institute was lost. In the early 1980s, however, reforms weregradually introduced, calling for the decentralization of the economy andprivate sector involvement in agriculture.

Malawi1990

0329 Kataplla Moneylenders and Informal Financial Markets In Malawi.Harvard Institute for International Devetopment, Cambridge, Massachusetts.May 1990. 44pp.After outlining the institutional financial services available to small andmedium enterprises in Malawi, the paper surveys Malawi's informal financialmarkets (IFMs). A detailed report is then presented on the character andoperations of a katapila moneylender in Lilongwe, Malawi, based on anextended interview. Information about the moneylender market is analyzedin terms of themes from the literature on IFMs in developing countries. Oneimportant finding is that the interest charges on katapila loans are not justifiedby the economic costs of doing business. Finally, policy implications forpromoting more efficient finance are addressed.

0373 Malawi Fertilizer Subsidy Reduction Program: The Impact of the AfricanEconomic Policy Reform Program.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Vimal Atukorala, etal. December 1990. 70pp.In 1985, AID initiated a policy reform program with the government of Malawi(GOM) that aimed to reduce fertilizer subsidies and to cut the foreignexchange costs of fertilizer imports by substituting high analysis fertilizer(HAF) for low analysis fertilizer (LAF). In exchange, the GOM would receivecash grants totaling $15 million in three tranches. Although conditions for thefirst two tranches were met (cutting GOM expenditures a modest 0.2 percent),the GOM refused to cut the subsidy to meet the 1987/88 conditionality, andthe program was canceled without the release of the third $5 million tranche.The GOM decision was based on the belief that transportation cost increases,the infusion of Mozambican refugees, and lagging maize production requireda higher subsidy to moderate fertilizer price increases. Currently, the GOM iscommitted to ending the subsidy, mainly because of political conviction thattoo much of its benefits (up to 20 percent) leaks to large estates. On thepositive side, the GOM has incrementally increased the HAF share of fertilizerimports and has passed all cost savings on to smallholder buyers.

Frame

Mali1987

0443 Brief History of the Drought Years In Mall, 1984-1987: Lessons Learned.Agency for International Development. Washington, D.C. Benton Hoskins.May 18, 1987. 32pp.The following is a brief history of the USAID/Mali involvement in Mali droughtsfrom 1984 to 1987, through the activities of the USAID/Mali Drought ReliefOffice (DRO). It focuses on the institutional changes that have taken place atUSAID, among donors and within the government of Mali in dealing with thedrought, and on the lessons learned in those several years. The summaryshould be helpful in planning food assistance for future droughts, both withinMali and elsewhere.

19890475 Mall: Fiscal and Regulatory Reform Impact Assessment Study.

Louis Berger International, Inc., EastOrange, New Jersey. Dat Bui and PierredeRaet. May 31, 1989. 168pp.The report assesses the Mali Economic Policy Reform Program's regulatoryand fiscal reform component. Efforts at regulatory reform have been in threeareas. The new Commercial Code has enabled economic agents to dobusiness in a modern way and abolished the requirement that businesses beofficially approved, resulting in a boom in formal business registrations. Priceceilings and preset profit margins have been removed for all but twenty-sixproducts/services. To complement price liberalization, foreign trade hasbeen liberalized by reducing restrictions on exports and imports. The overallresult of regulatory reform has been to increase economic competition andimprove the business environment. Several initiatives have been undertakenfor fiscal reform, including reducing the rates for major taxes and realigningcustoms duties to increase incentives for local manufacturing. Overall, fiscalachievements, while insufficient, represented a courageous step towardeconomic liberalization. Recommendations are included for both the regulatoryand fiscal areas.

0643 Mall: Women In Private Enterprise.Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Sydney A. Lewis.August 1989. 178pp.The purpose of the study is to uncover a part of the private sector that isfrequently ignored: women-owned enterprises. The study represents the firstphase of USAID/Mali's efforts to collect data on women in the private sector.The geographic focus of the study is Bamako, given the overwhelmingconcentration of private sector activities in the capital city. The team interviewed

Frame

thirty-four women entrepreneurs at varying levels of formality and businesssophistication. A profile of each entrepreneur and her firm is presented inAnnex 1 to the report. The team developed a series of recommendations forUSAID's existing and planned portfolio of private sector activities. The teamfocused on projects and programs that have or could have the greatest impacton private sector development in Bamako. They include the Economic PolicyReform Program, the Human Resources Development Project, and theplanned PVO Co-Financing Project.

19900821 The AID Economic Policy Reform Program In Mall.

Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Michael A Rugh,et a/. March 1990. 24pp.The 1985 Mali Economic Policy Reform Program (EPRP) had two majorobjectives: to enhance the climate for private sector activity by easingregulatory constraints and undertaking fiscal reform and to improve theefficiency in the public sector's delivery of services. The EPRP complementedthe Mali government's remarkable shift from a highly centralized statistregime to a less regulated economy with increased opportunity for the privatesector. The impact of the Mali EPRP, favorable as it has been over the shortterm, must be viewed in a larger context. AID'S interventions were highlyspecific and limited in scope. The interventions were supportive of the overallstructural adjustment effort begun in 1982 and, along with other donoractivities, complement Mali's commitment to redefine the role of thegovernment, liberalize the economy, and sustain broad-based, market-oriented development.

Namibia1990

0845 Namibia: A U.S. Foreign Policy Proposal.U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. Henry E. Hodge.April 2, 1990. 41pp.On November 6, 1989, elections conducted in Namibia portend the futureindependence of Africa's "last colony." The independence of Namibia andrecent events in South Africa place U.S. foreign policy in southern Africa ata crossroads. How the United States responds to the needs of the newNamibian government could have significant implications for U.S. relationshipsin southern Africa. This study reviews Namibia's preparedness forindependence and U.S. interests in Namibia. It recommends a foreign policyfor future United States dealings with Namibia.[See also Reel 10, frame 0665.]

Frame

Niger1989

0886 Niger Market Town Development Study.Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park. North Carolina. PeterL Doan and Blane D. Lewis. 1989. 109pp.Nearly 90 percent of the population in Niger depends on an agriculturaleconomy. Policymakers are paying increasing attention to the role of markettowns in supporting agricultural production and in providing alternativemeans of diversifying rural income. Strong market towns, by stimulating farmand off-farm production and delivering social services, could obviate the needfor residents to seek employment elsewhere. Focusing on two of Niger'sdepartments—Dosso and Maradi—the report describes and analyzes thecurrent and potential role of market towns as growth centers in subregionaland national economic development and examines the primary linkages (thatis, production, consumption, and income linkages) between rural areas andurban centers. The report examines the potential impact of the governmentof Niger's plans to gradually decentralize budgetary authority from thenational level to lower levels of government. Donor projects in the two regionsand their implications for market town development are discussed briefly. Thefinal section proposes a national strategy for the promotion of market towns.

0995 Niger: Monitoring the Effect of Policy Reform.Abt Associates, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts. E. Wesley and F. Peterson.November 1989. 52pp.The report provides a conceptual approach to the design of systems tomonitor the impact of policy reforms and then applies the approach toassessing the impact of two policy reform efforts, the Agriculture SectorDevelopment Grant (ASDG) and the Niger Economic Policy Reform Prog ram(NEPRP). The author identifies a number of issues that must be taken intoconsideration when designing policy reforms. First of all, it is important tospecify the purpose of impact monitoring because different monitoringsystems may be needed for different purposes. Perhaps the most difficultissue is the establishment of causal linkages between specific policy actionsand specific measurable outcomes. Finally, it must be recognized that therewill be trade-offs between the comprehensiveness of a monitoring systemand its cost. As a result, decisions will have to be made on the number ofvariables to monitor, their coverage, and their frequency of collection. Threeperformance dimensions of importance to Niger are described and linked tostructural conditions of the Nigerian economy.

Frame

Reel 8Nigeria

19880001 Three Nigerian Universities and Their Role In Agricultural Development.

Agency for International Development. Washington, D.C. William K. Gamble,etal. March 1988. 75pp.During the 1960s and the 1970s, AID supported three newly establishedNigerian universities via three cooperating U.S. land grant universities—Ahmadu Bello University (Kansas State University), the University of Ife (theUniversity of Wisconsin), and the University of Nigeria at Nsukka (MichiganState University). The study identifies the impact of these projects. Threefactors seem to have determined the universities' impact: (1) the reluctanceof government ministries to transfer research and extension responsibilitiesto the universities; (2) the failure of the universities' promotion and incentivesystems to reward research and outreach by staff; and (3) the decliningfinancial fortunes of the universities resulting from the sharp drop in oil pricesin recent years. Several lessons were learned: (1) Of the three componentsof the U.S. land-grant model, teaching is the easiest to transfer; (2) structuralfactors in many countries inhibit the development of relevant, problem solvingresearch and extension; and (3) it is unrealistic to expect a university to be amajor influence without a suitable incentive and reward system for its staff.

19890076 State-Federal Relations In Nigerian Agriculture.

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Washington, D.C.F. S. Idachaba. 1989. 42pp.After examining the historical antecedents of local-state-federal relations inNigerian agricultural development, the paper presents an analytical normativemodel suggesting guidelines for assigning fiscal responsibilities for agriculturalprograms among tiers of government. It then examines empirical evidenceagainst the background of the analytical model; isolates the critical issues inlocal-state-federal relations in Nigerian agriculture; and makes somerecommendations that may guide local-state-federal relationships in agriculturein the future. The next section presents a brief sketch of historical antecedents,while the following section contains the analytical model of the criteria forassigning responsibilities for agriculture between state and federalgovernments. The paper then examines the empirical evidence, while thefinal section isolates the critical issues in local-state-federal relations inNigerian agriculture. A summary follows.

Frame

Rhodesia1991

0118 Lessons for Contemporary Counterinsurgencles: The RhodeslanExperience.Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, California. Bruce Hoffman, Jennifer M.Taw, and David Arnold. 1991. 106pp.This report examines the counterinsurgency campaign waged by Rhodesiabetween 1965 and 1980. Its purpose is to analyze the lessons learned fromthe Rhodesian conflict and assess the relevance of these lessons both to U.S.low intensity conflict training and doctrine and to the insurgencies occurringat this time in Central America. The research concentrated on the four areascommon to most insurgencies: (1) security force organization and attendantC3 (command, control, and communications) issues; (2)countermeasurestosuppress urban terrorism; (3) rural pacification and security; and (4) intelligencecollection, collation, and dissemination.

Rwanda1989

0224 Employment and Enterprise Policy Analysis Discussion Papers: AReview of Rwanda's Textile Clothing Subsector.Harvard Institute for International Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Steven Haggblade. February 1989. 67pp.The structure and evolution of Rwanda's garment industry are examined, withspecial emphasis on the country's unusually high concentration of usedclothing imports. Consumers allocate slightly over 25 percent of all clothingexpenditure for used garments that are imported in large bales from theUnited States and Europe, refurnished where necessary, and distributed forsale in public market places or re-exported to neighboring countries. It isestimated that more than half of Rwanda's used clothing is re-exported,almost always fraudulently, to Zaire, Uganda, Burundi, and Tanzania.According to the study, used clothing generates maximum income per unit ofsales, supplies consumers at the lowest cost, benefits the poorest consumersmost directly, and generates nearly as much employment as small-scaletailoring. It includes policy recommendations to improve performance of thegarment industry and used clothing distributors.

Frame

Senegal1989

0291 Coarso Grain Processing In Senegal: Issues, Constraints, and Policyand Program Options.Abt Associates, Inc., Washington, D.C. John S. Holtzman. May 1989. 75pp.The paper describes the use of improved (mechanized) coarse grainprocessing in Senegal. It discusses various types of processing equipmentin a widespread and experimental use and identifies what donor, localresearch, and nongovernmental organizations are doing in the area of grainprocessing. The report also examines prices and import and tax policies thataffect the competitiveness of coarse grains vis-a-vis rice. Finally, an actionplan of policy dialogue to remove duties and value-added taxes on importsand sales of processing equipment, promotion of private sector grainprocessing and repair/maintenance services, and selective applied researchis proposed for USAID and the government of Senegal.

0366 Horticultural Marketing and Export In Senegal: Constraints,Opportunities, and Policy Issues.Abt Associates, Inc., Washington, D.C. John S. Holtzman, Charles J.D.Stathacos, and Thomas Wittenberg. December 1989. 155pp.The report provides an overview of Senegal's horticultural production,marketing, and exports and identifies constraints to expansion, notably thelack of supportive policies and incentive schemes. It describes trends inexports to Western European markets in terms of specific crops and countriesand summarizes the opinions of European importers regarding Senegalesehorticultural products. The report then assesses the potential for expandingexports to alternative markets, including West Africa and the United States.Final sections explore the possibility of developing joint ventures to promoteSenegalese horticultural exports, identify information gaps, and presentrecommendations for a horticultural subsector action plan.

19900521 Land Tenure Reform In Senegal: An Economic Study from the Peanut

Basin.University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. EliseH. Golan. January 1990.123pp.Despite the 1964 Law of National Domain requiring official registration ofprivate land, only about 2 percent of Senegalese land is titled. In the country'sagricultural heart, the Peanut Basin, the vast majority of farmers hold landunder varying forms of customary law. The report focuses on two villages inthe Basin to assess Senegal's various tenure arrangements and their impacton land management practices and socioeconomic structures. In Section I,

Frame

the study setting and local farming systems are described, followed by anoutline of the research methodology. Section II discusses efforts by thecolonial government to impose a system of individualized land registration. Itthen examines the characteristics and current land management practices offarmers with registered land in the sample villages. Section III explains theLaw of National Domain and examines the relationship between tenuresecurity and land management in the sample villages. It is found that farmersin one village have relatively less tenure security than those in the other.Section IV describes the influence of tenure security on the socioeconomicstructures of the samples, while conclusions and policy implications arepresented in Section V.

0644 Agricultural Development and Policy In Senegal: Annotated Bibliographyof Recent Studies, 1983-89.Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. Eric W. Crawford, JamesBingen, and Malcolm Verse/, January 15, 1990. 261pp.The bibliography contains 356 annotations of reports, articles, and books ofrelevance to agricultural development and policy in Senegal. Indexed by title,keyword, and relevance to USAID program planning, the biography coversmaterials in French and English, but all annotations are in English. Preparedas Phase I of the Senegal Agricultural Sector Analysis, the annotationssummarize the objectives, time period, methodology, and findings/recommendations of each study.

0905 Summary Assessment of the Education Sector In Senegal. A Report toUSAID/Senegal.Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida. DavidKinsey, etal. September28, 1990. 111pp.The report analyzes the most serious problems affecting the educationalsystem in Senegal. Formal primary education is seen as increasingly irrelevant,since it is theoretical rather than practical and prepares students for abaccalaureate degree rather than for productive work in their communities.The system is also beset by a lack of human and material resources.Nonformal education (NFE) is receiving increasing interest as a means ofmeeting basic educational and development needs, though it too is constrainedby conceptual and implementation problems. Its future success will dependlargely on the existence of charismatic and dedicated leaders and on thecourage to risk replicating successful small-scale programs on a larger scale.Low levels of schooling and literacy for women and girls inhibit the effectivenessof development efforts on a wide front. Government, donor, and privateorganization experience indicates numerous ways of improving femaleeducation, but these have not been developed into a systematic strategy. Afinal section summarizes strategy options for USAID/Senegal.

Frame

Reel 9Somalia

19870001 Somalia: An Assessment of SWDO (Somalia Women's Democratic

Organization) and of the Social and Economic Status of Women In theLower Shebelle.Robert R. Nathan Associates, Inc., Washington, D.C. Virginia H. Delancey,Deborah E. Lindsay, and Anita Spring. June 25, 1987. 213pp.The Somali Women's Democratic Organization (SWDO) asked USAID/Somalia to provide a team to initiate a project directed at improving itsmanagement capabilities and improving social and economic conditions ofrural women in the Lower Shabelle Region of Somalia. A three-person teamspent three weeks in Somalia assessing the organization of SWDO, itscurrent activities in Lower Shabelle, and the economic activities of rural andurban women. The research suggests that it is feasible and highly desirableto provide technical assistance to SWDO as a mechanism for impacting onand assisting Somali women to improve their economic well-being. Equallyimportant is todevise and target strategies to include women inthe mainstreamof development activities (development projects concerned with infrastructure,agriculture, health, and water management).

19880214 Somalia Land Policies and Tenure Impacts: The Case of the Lower

Shabelle.University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Michael Roth. September1988. 40pp.Somali land tenure is in a state of transition in which state leasehold tenureis usurping the rights of land governance from traditional authorities. Thepaper describes and evaluates the impacts of government land policies andmacro-economic forces on tenure security and agrarian structure. It firstanalyzes the institutional and economic forces that are increasing demand forland in Somalia's riverine areas: rampant price inflation, foreign developmentassistance, foreign nontariff barriers to Somali livestock exports, and increasingcrop prices. It then evaluates policies promoting the corporatization ofagriculture in the 1970s and land