a history of psychology
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A History OF psychology. Where have we been?. Where have we been?. Yesterday we learned: Three Main interests of Psychologists. Where have we been?. Yesterday we learned: Three Main interests of Psychologists Research Consult Teach. Where have we been?. Yesterday we learned: - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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A HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
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Where have we been?
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Where have we been? Yesterday we learned: Three Main interests of Psychologists
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Where have we been? Yesterday we learned: Three Main interests of Psychologists
Research Consult Teach
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Where have we been? Yesterday we learned: Three Main interests of Psychologists
Research Consult Teach
Specific duties of the following Psychologists
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Where have we been? Yesterday we learned: Three Main interests of Psychologists
Research Consult Teach
Specific duties of the following Psychologists Clinical Psychologists Counseling Psychologists School Psychologists Educational Psychologists Developmental Psychologists Personality Psychologists Social Psychologists Experimental Psychologists Other Specialist Psychologists
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Where are we now?
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Where are we now? Today you will learn:
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Where are we now? Today you will learn:
A history of psychology
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Where are we now? Today you will learn:
A history of psychology Schools of Psychology
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Where are we now? Today you will learn:
A history of psychology Schools of Psychology
Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt
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Where are we now? Today you will learn:
A history of psychology Schools of Psychology
Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James
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Where are we now? Today you will learn:
A history of psychology Schools of Psychology
Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner
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Where are we now? Today you will learn:
A history of psychology Schools of Psychology
Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner Gestalt- Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang
Kohler
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Where are we now? Today you will learn:
A history of psychology Schools of Psychology
Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner Gestalt- Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang
Kohler Psychoanalysis- Sigmund Freud
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A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)
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A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)
2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”
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A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)
2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”
Socrates advocated introspection
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A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)
2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”
Socrates advocated introspection Introspection- examining our thoughts and
feelings
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A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)
2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”
Socrates advocated introspection Introspection- examining our thoughts and
feelings Aristotle was Plato’s student. Said
human behavior is scientific like movement of the stars
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A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)
2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”
Socrates advocated introspection Introspection- examining our thoughts and
feelings Aristotle was Plato’s student. Said human
behavior is scientific like movement of the stars Claimed we are motivated to seek pleasure and
avoid pain
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A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)
2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”
Socrates advocated introspection Introspection- examining our thoughts and feelings
Aristotle was Plato’s student. Said human behavior is scientific like movement of the stars Claimed we are motivated to seek pleasure and
avoid pain Ancient Greeks believed the gods punished
people for wrongdoing by causing them confusion and madness
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A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.) 2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded
his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself” Socrates advocated introspection
Introspection- examining our thoughts and feelings Aristotle was Plato’s student. Said human behavior is
scientific like movement of the stars Claimed we are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid
pain Ancient Greeks believed the gods punished people for
wrongdoing by causing them confusion and madness Hippocrates was a physician at this time
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A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.) 2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded
his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself” Socrates advocated introspection
Introspection- examining our thoughts and feelings Aristotle was Plato’s student. Said human behavior is
scientific like movement of the stars Claimed we are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain
Ancient Greeks believed the gods punished people for wrongdoing by causing them confusion and madness
Hippocrates was a physician at this time Said confusion and madness are from abnormalities in the
brain
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A History of Psychology: Middle Ages (1000 to 1300 A.D.)
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A History of Psychology: Middle Ages (1000 to 1300 A.D.)
During the Middle Ages, Europeans believed agitation and confusion were signs of possession by demons
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A History of Psychology: Middle Ages (1000 to 1300 A.D.)
During the Middle Ages, Europeans believed agitation and confusion were signs of possession by demons
Tests were used to determine whether a person was possessed
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A History of Psychology: Middle Ages (1000 to 1300 A.D.)
During the Middle Ages, Europeans believed agitation and confusion were signs of possession by demons
Tests were used to determine whether a person was possessed
Water-Float Test: Impure, you float and were killed; Pure, you sunk and drowned
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A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800
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A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800
The 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s witnessed a movement away from belief in demons and possession
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A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800
The 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s witnessed a movement away from belief in demons and possession Scientific and Intellectual advances were
being made
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A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800
The 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s witnessed a movement away from belief in demons and possession Scientific and Intellectual advances were
being made A scientific approach led to the birth of
modern psychology in the 1800s
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A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800
The 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s witnessed a movement away from belief in demons and possession Scientific and Intellectual advances were
being made A scientific approach led to the birth of
modern psychology in the 1800s Psychologists argued that human behavior
and mental processes should be supported by evidence
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A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800
The 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s witnessed a movement away from belief in demons and possession Scientific and Intellectual advances were being
made A scientific approach led to the birth of modern
psychology in the 1800s Psychologists argued that human behavior and
mental processes should be supported by evidence 1879 marked the beginning of psychology as a
laboratory science
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Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism
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Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of
Structuralism
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Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of
Structuralism Structuralists- used introspection to
discover the basic elements of conscious experience
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Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of
Structuralism Structuralists- used introspection to
discover the basic elements of conscious experience
2 elements of conscious experience combined to allow the human mind to function
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Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of
Structuralism Structuralists- used introspection to
discover the basic elements of conscious experience
2 elements of conscious experience combined to allow the human mind to function Objective Sensations- assumed to accurately
reflect the outside world. Ex. Sight and Taste
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Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of
Structuralism Structuralists- used introspection to discover
the basic elements of conscious experience 2 elements of conscious experience combined
to allow the human mind to function Objective Sensations- assumed to accurately
reflect the outside world. Ex. Sight and Taste Subjective Feelings- include emotional responses
and mental images
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Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of Structuralism Structuralists- used introspection to discover the basic
elements of conscious experience 2 elements of conscious experience combined to allow
the human mind to function Objective Sensations- assumed to accurately reflect the
outside world. Ex. Sight and Taste Subjective Feelings- include emotional responses and mental
images For example, a person can experience a piece of pizza
objectively by observing its shape, color, texture, and taste. They can also experience the pizza subjectively by remembering how good it feels to bite into it
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William James and Functionalism
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William James and Functionalism William James founded the school of
Functionalism
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William James and Functionalism William James founded the school of
Functionalism Thought that experience is a fluid and
continuous “stream of consciousness”
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William James and Functionalism William James founded the school of
Functionalism Thought that experience is a fluid and
continuous “stream of consciousness” Focused relationship between experience
and behavior- Led to publishing first Psychology textbook
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William James and Functionalism William James founded the school of
Functionalism Thought that experience is a fluid and
continuous “stream of consciousness” Focused relationship between experience
and behavior- Led to publishing first Psychology textbook
Functionalists- concerned with how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment
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Functionalism vs. Structuralism
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Functionalism vs. Structuralism Structuralism relies on introspection
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Functionalism vs. Structuralism Structuralism relies on introspection
Functionalism included behavioral observation in laboratory as well as introspection
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Functionalism vs. Structuralism Structuralism relies on introspection
Functionalism included behavioral observation in laboratory as well as introspection
Structuralists asked “What are the elements (structures) of psychological processes?”
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Functionalism vs. Structuralism Structuralism relies on introspection
Functionalism included behavioral observation in laboratory as well as introspection
Structuralists asked “What are the elements (structures) of psychological processes?” Functionalists asked “What are the
purposes (functions) of behavior and mental processes?”
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Functionalism Continued
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Functionalism Continued Functionalists proposed that adaptive
behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful
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Functionalism Continued Functionalists proposed that adaptive
behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful Adaptive (successful) actions are repeated
and eventually become habits
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Functionalism Continued Functionalists proposed that adaptive
behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful Adaptive (successful) actions are repeated
and eventually become habits Through repetition and success of habits,
these actions become automatic
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Functionalism Continued Functionalists proposed that adaptive
behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful Adaptive (successful) actions are repeated
and eventually become habits Through repetition and success of habits,
these actions become automatic Why is this advantageous?
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Functionalism Continued Functionalists proposed that adaptive
behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful Adaptive (successful) actions are repeated
and eventually become habits Through repetition and success of habits,
these actions become automatic Why is this advantageous?
Instead of focusing on mechanics, we can focus on what we are doing
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John B. Watson and Behaviorism
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John B. Watson and Behaviorism John B. Watson founded the school of
Behaviorism
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John B. Watson and Behaviorism John B. Watson founded the school of
Behaviorism Behaviorism- psychology is limited to
observable, measurable events
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John B. Watson and Behaviorism John B. Watson founded the school of
Behaviorism Behaviorism- psychology is limited to
observable, measurable events Did not agree with Functionalists
because he saw consciousness as a private matter that could only be known by an individual
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B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement
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B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement B.F. Skinner founded the School of
Reinforcement
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B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement B.F. Skinner founded the School of
Reinforcement This school added to the behaviorist
tradition by introducing the concept of reinforcement
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B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement B.F. Skinner founded the School of
Reinforcement This school added to the behaviorist
tradition by introducing the concept of reinforcement
Reinforcement- When an animal is rewarded for performing an action or behavior, it is more likely to perform that action or behavior again in the future
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B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement B.F. Skinner founded the School of
Reinforcement This school added to the behaviorist
tradition by introducing the concept of reinforcement
Reinforcement- When an animal is rewarded for performing an action or behavior, it is more likely to perform that action or behavior again in the future
Skinner claimed reinforcement works for people too. What do you think?
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Gestalt School
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Gestalt School Founded by Max Wertheimer, Kurt
Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler
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Gestalt School Founded by Max Wertheimer, Kurt
Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler “Gestalt” means shape or part
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Gestalt School Founded by Max Wertheimer, Kurt
Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler “Gestalt” means shape or part Gestalt- context influences people’s
interpretations of information. Perceptions are more than the sums of their parts. Rather they are wholes that give shape or meaning to the parts
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Gestalt vs. All
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Gestalt vs. All Rejects structuralist idea that experience
can be broken down into individual parts or elements
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Gestalt vs. All Rejects structuralist idea that experience
can be broken down into individual parts or elements Why?
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Gestalt vs. All Rejects structuralist idea that experience
can be broken down into individual parts or elements Why?
Reject behaviorist notion that psychologists should only concentrate on observable behavior
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Gestalt vs. All Rejects structuralist idea that experience
can be broken down into individual parts or elements Why?
Reject behaviorist notion that psychologists should only concentrate on observable behavior
Also reject behaviorist view of mechanical learning because they believe learning is active and purposeful
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Gestalt vs. All Rejects structuralist idea that experience can
be broken down into individual parts or elements Why?
Reject behaviorist notion that psychologists should only concentrate on observable behavior
Also reject behaviorist view of mechanical learning because they believe learning is active and purposeful Found that learning, especially problem solving, is
accomplished by insight not mechanical repetition
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Gestalt vs. All Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be
broken down into individual parts or elements Why?
Reject behaviorist notion that psychologists should only concentrate on observable behavior
Also reject behaviorist view of mechanical learning because they believe learning is active and purposeful Found that learning, especially problem solving, is
accomplished by insight not mechanical repetition Insight- reorganization of perceptions that enables an
individual to solve a problem
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Gestalt vs. All Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken
down into individual parts or elements Why?
Reject behaviorist notion that psychologists should only concentrate on observable behavior
Also reject behaviorist view of mechanical learning because they believe learning is active and purposeful Found that learning, especially problem solving, is
accomplished by insight not mechanical repetition Insight- reorganization of perceptions that enables an
individual to solve a problem Insight is the sudden appearance of Gestalt, or form, that
enables the individual to see the solution
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Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis
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Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud founded the school of
Psychoanalysis
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Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud founded the school of
Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis- emphasizes the
importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior
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Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud founded the school of
Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis- emphasizes the
importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior Freud believed that unconscious processes,
especially sexual and aggressive urges are more important than conscious experiences in governing peoples behavior and feelings
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Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud founded the school of
Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis- emphasizes the importance of
unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior Freud believed that unconscious processes,
especially sexual and aggressive urges are more important than conscious experiences in governing peoples behavior and feelings
Thought that most of the mind is filled with unconscious conflicting urges, impulses and wishes
![Page 84: A History OF psychology](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062410/56815c46550346895dca45ad/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud founded the school of Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis- emphasizes the importance of
unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior Freud believed that unconscious processes, especially
sexual and aggressive urges are more important than conscious experiences in governing peoples behavior and feelings
Thought that most of the mind is filled with unconscious conflicting urges, impulses and wishes
People’s behaviors are aimed at satisfying these impulses, even if they are inappropriate
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Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud founded the school of Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis- emphasizes the importance of
unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior Freud believed that unconscious processes, especially sexual
and aggressive urges are more important than conscious experiences in governing peoples behavior and feelings
Thought that most of the mind is filled with unconscious conflicting urges, impulses and wishes
People’s behaviors are aimed at satisfying these impulses, even if they are inappropriate
But, people want to see themselves as decent, so they fool themselves about the real motives of their behavior
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What you learned today
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What you learned today A history of psychology
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What you learned today A history of psychology Schools of Psychology
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What you learned today A history of psychology Schools of Psychology
Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt
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What you learned today A history of psychology Schools of Psychology
Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James
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What you learned today A history of psychology Schools of Psychology
Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner
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What you learned today A history of psychology Schools of Psychology
Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner Gestalt- Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang
Kohler
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What you learned today A history of psychology Schools of Psychology
Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner Gestalt- Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang
Kohler Psychoanalysis- Sigmund Freud
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Where are we going? Tomorrow we will discuss the
Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology