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Illegal Animal FightingA Law Enforcement Primer for the Investigation of Cockfighting and Dogfighting

Promoting the protection of all animals

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Revised 2004. ©The Humane Society of the United States.All rights reserved. Printed on recycled paper.

llegal Animal ightingA Law Enforcement Primer for the Investigation of Cockfighting and Dogfighting

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Special thanks to the following HSUS staff members who contributed to this manual:

Sandy Christiansen, Frantz Dantzler, Ken Johnson, Randy Lockwood, Ph.D., Marc Paulhus, and Eric Sakach.

Contents

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 5Animal Fighting Events: Hotbeds for Gambling, Other Illegal Activities ............................. 6Enforcement of Animal Fighting Laws ........................................................................................ 8Factors Tending to Negate “Accidental” Presence .................................................................. 8

Dogfighting ....................................................................................................................................... 9Who Participates in Dogfighting? ................................................................................................ 9Profile of a Dogfighter ................................................................................................................ 10The American Pit Bull Terrier.................................................................................................... 10Behavior of Fighting Dogs .......................................................................................................... 12Schooling, Training, and Conditioning of Dogs ...................................................................... 13Vitamins, Drugs, and Veterinary Supplies Used in Dogfighting .......................................... 15The Fight ........................................................................................................................................ 16Investigation Techniques ............................................................................................................. 18Dealing with Street Fighting ...................................................................................................... 20Confiscation, Identification, and Ultimate Disposition of Fighting Dogs ......................... 21Search Warrant ............................................................................................................................ 23How to Interpret Fight Reports .............................................................................................. 24Glossary of Dogfighting Terms.................................................................................................. 26

Cockfighting .................................................................................................................................. 28Who Participates in Cockfighting?........................................................................................... 29The Gamecock ............................................................................................................................. 30Training, Conditioning, and Fight Preparation ........................................................................ 31Vitamins, Drugs, and Veterinary Supplies Used in Cockfighting ........................................ 32The Fight ........................................................................................................................................ 33Investigative Techniques .............................................................................................................. 35Search Warrant ............................................................................................................................ 36Glossary of Cockfighting Terms................................................................................................ 37

Appendix I: Pit Rules ................................................................................................................... 43Appendix II: Dogfighting and Cockfighting Publications ...................................................... 45Appendix III: Advertisement from Sporting Dog Journal ....................................................... 46Appendix IV: Dog Impoundment Chart ................................................................................. 47Appendix V: The HSUS Regional Offices ................................................................................ 48Notes .............................................................................................................................................. 49Animal Fighting Materials and Order Form ........................................................................... 50

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5The Humane Society of the United States

Introduction

The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) is unalterably opposed to blood sports suchas dogfighting and cockfighting. The HSUS maintains these are brutal animal contests resultingin suffering, torture, harassment, and death for animals forced to participate. Such sports amountto torture for fun and are degrading and unfit for civilized society.

This publication is intended to serve as an authoritative source of information on illegalanimal fighting activities for use by law enforcement personnel. Although the material may appeargeneral in nature to those familiar with these activities, it is necessary to present it in this mannerbecause the terminology, methods of training, and rules of actual combat may vary accordingto geographic location and preferences of those involved.

Caveat: This information in this publication is presented for educational purposes onlyand is not intended to provide legal advice. The information and procedures herein are subjectto agency policy and review by your prosecutor or other legal advisor before implementation.

The investigation of illegal animal fighting activities by local law enforcement, animal control, andhumane agencies is frequently difficult, frustrating, and unsuccessful. The lack of success is mostoften due to circumstances beyond the control of the investigating agency. Because of the special-ized nature of the criminal activity, participants are often scattered over a wide area involvingmultiple jurisdictions. The broad distribution of participants may present certain difficulties unlessthe investigation effort is tightly coordinated among a number of law enforcement agencies.

In addition, the time period between staged fights is often uneventful, which creates problemsfor investigators. It can become difficult to justify the investigation because little or no activityis observed to confirm active involvement in criminal activity. The additional time allowsparticipants to scrutinize newcomers and to identify investigators, since many are in positionsthat make them somewhat visible to the public. The more organized fighters (the big-moneyparticipants) may attempt to bribe officers for information, conduct countersurveillance on lawenforcement facilities, maintain dossiers on identified law enforcement agents, and use privateinvestigative techniques or information from sympathetic individuals to expose informants orwarn of planned enforcement actions. Therefore, it is especially important to understand howfight participants view law enforcement personnel and their investigative procedures.

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6 The Final Round

Animal Fighting Events:Hotbeds for Gambling,Other Illegal ActivitiesDogfighting and cockfighting generate many millions of dollars inpresumably unreported income every year. Illegal gambling accountsfor a large percentage of this money. Underground animal fightingpublications have tended to play down the gambling aspect and label

it a humane society ploy. However, evidence of heavy gambling frequently turns up duringenforcement actions. Examples include $500,000 discovered by law enforcement agents at thescene of a dogfighting convention in Arkansas and more than $90,000 seized by state policeduring a raid on a large cockfighting derby in Oregon.

In dogfighting, a formal agreement is frequently signed by the owners of the dogs to bematched, often several months in advance of the fight date. The agreement usually specifies suchthings as the names of the dogs to be matched, their sex and weight, the date of the match, therules to be used, and the amount of money wagered or posted as a forfeit. The amount of moneybet on a contract match can range from several hundred to several thousand dollars. The size ofa bet may climb dramatically when the dogs are champions, or when the owners of the dogs areprominent figures. The second and most visible form of gambling at a dogfight involves informalside bets among individual spectators. Side betting may involve odds and often continuesthroughout the match.

Investigators should be aware that there are variations in the structure of gambling atcockfights depending on the type of fight (derbies, tournaments, mains, hacks, etc.) and localpreferences. Generally, there are three ways in which money changes hands at a cockfightingderby, which is the most popular type of organized cockfighting event in the U.S. today. In aderby, a number of cockers (cockfighters) pay a predetermined entry fee to enter a pre-set numberof cocks, usually from four to 12. Depending upon the rules, the cocks are usually matchedwithin two to three ounces of each other and are fought round-robin. The cocker whose fowlwin the most fights in a derby wins the purse, which consists of all the entry fees of all the derbyparticipants. This can easily amount to a considerable sum of money, since there may be morethan 30 cockers entered in a derby, each paying from several hundred to more than $1,000 inentry fees and options for each day’s events (options are additional set fees offered to entrantsat some pits). In the event of a tie, the purse is split among the winners. Sometimes the purseis divided among the first-place and second-place winners.

The second and most visible form of gambling at cockfights is the side bets, which are madein the same manner as those at a dogfight. Side bets frequently involve odds and betting willcontinue throughout much of the actual fight with the odds shifting as it becomes apparentthat one of the cocks is injured or dying. The two opposing owners of the cocks in a matchwill sometimes agree to a side bet on their own birds as well.

A third form of gambling at some cockfights involves a type of lottery based on a numberarbitrarily given to each cockfighter when the entry fee is paid. The numbers are then auctionedoff to the highest bidders and the money goes into a separate pot before the start of the first fight.The buyer of the number assigned to the cockfighter who wins the derby wins the lottery. Othertypes of raffles may also be held in which winners receive cash, cockfighting paraphernalia, guns,or gamefowl as prizes.

Dogfighting andcockfighting generatemany millions ofdollars in presumablyunreported incomeevery year.

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Aside from the gambling, the sponsor or promoter derives income from admission fees.Spectators may be charged from $10 to more than $100 each depending on the number of fightsscheduled and the quality of the combatants. Admittance to many cockfighting arenas requires apaid membership with a particular game club or a current membership with a state or nationalgamefowl breeders association. Investigations have revealed that some gamefowl associations receivea portion of all monies collected at the gate to illegal cockfights. Still to be answered is whethersuch illegal activities are the primary source of income for any of these associations. A promoterof cockfights and dogfights frequently also profits from concession sales, including alcoholicbeverages, and the establishment of housebetting odds.

Some enthusiasts publish underground magazines that are sold by yearly subscription (seeAppendix II). The publications report fight results from around the country, news about relevantlegislation and enforcement actions. They also carry advertising for fighting animals and relatedparaphernalia. Various publications require that prospective subscribers be recommended by acurrent subscriber. The amount of money generated through such publications is difficult toestimate since circulation and publishing costs are unknown. All are sent to subscribers throughthe U.S. Postal Service. Other individuals profit from the sale of related paraphernalia such as:

❑ Special collars and harnesses for dogs and tie cords for gamefowl❑ Vitamins, drugs, and veterinary supplies (syringes, needles, suture kits, etc.)❑ Training equipment (treadmills, sparring muffs, weight scales, etc.)❑ Transport cages and crates❑ Cockfighting implements (gaffs, slashers, mounting blocks, etc.)❑ Pit supplies (breaking sticks for dogs, match sheets, combat rule books, etc.)❑ Training and conditioning programs (keeps)❑ Clothing articles (T-shirts, caps, etc.)

Another way those involved in animal fighting ventures make money is by selling animalsand breeding services. For example, stud fees can go as high as $1,500; puppies bring from $150to more than $1,500; gamefowl can range in price from $75 to more than $300 for a single battlecock, and from $150 to more than $1,000 for brood trios; and fertilized eggs can cost between$25 and $65. Prices may vary greatly depending upon breeding, performance, and geographicalarea. Most advertising of paraphernalia and animals by individuals is accomplished through theunderground publications.

In addition to illegal gambling, other crimes are frequently associated with dogfighting andcockfighting. The presence of illicit drugs and weapons at animal fighting contests is also common.According to a U.S. Attorney and several drug enforcement agents, major drug networks involvingmarijuana and methamphetamine trafficking have been tied directly to animal fighting in severalstates. Raids on dogfighting and cockfighting operations have resulted in the seizure of large-scalemarijuana operations and clandestine labs. During a raid on a cockfight in the California county ofSan Luis Obispo in 1992, law enforcement agents seized thousands of rounds of ammunition alongwith 27 guns and assault weapons. A recent raid on a dogfighting operation in South Carolinaresulted in the seizure of pipe bombs and bomb-making materials. Violence associated with theseactivities also appears to be on the increase. Examples include the gang rape of a young woman ata cockfight in Texas and more than 12 homicides in different parts of the country since 1987.

8 The Final Round

Suggested “On the Scene”Questions

Why are you here?

How did you get here?

How were you going to leave?

Who did you come with?

What did you see?

How long before you were detaineddid you see it?

Enforcement of Animal Fighting LawsDue to the often large group of suspects that may be present at illegal animal fighting exhibitionsand the specialized nature of these criminal activities, there are a number of common problemsassociated with enforcement of animal fighting laws. These include having sufficient law enforce-ment personnel on the scene to detain and arrest all suspects while ensuring officer safety, andpreserving (and later presenting) evidence establishing a given suspect’s specific intent to engagein the criminal activity as a principal, or to be “present as a spectator at such fighting ... for thepurpose of watching such fighting.” People v. Superior Court (Elder), 201 Cal.App.3d 1061, 1064;see also id. at 1073, 1074.

With these concerns in mind, law enforcement agents should consider the followingrecommendations:

1. Arrest only those persons whose proximity to and conduct at the locationleave no reasonable doubt as to the reason for their presence there.

2. Photograph each arrestee (wearing a number) with the arresting officer.

3. Have the officer’s report reflect, with respect to each arrestee, what he or shewas doing when first observed, and where in relation to the fight scene it wasbeing done.

4. Videotape the scene and those present immediately before arrests commenceif possible. This evidence can be invaluable.

5. Question persons on the scene. Of course, caution must be taken whenquestioning such persons without first providing Miranda warnings. Ifthe interrogations progress beyond “general on-the-scene questioning,”or circumstances indicate that there was an “ ‘actual arrest or restraint onfreedom’ of the degree associated with formal arrest,” statements made byquestioned persons may not be admissible in court. See Miranda v. Arizona,384 U.S. 436, 477 (1966) and California v. Beheler, 463 U.S. 1121, 1125(1983).

Factors Tending to Negate“Accidental” Presence

❑ Remoteness of location❑ Care (if any) used to screen attendees❑ Proximity of person to exhibition❑ Duration of presence❑ Relationship of given suspect to others who are present

For details on state animal fighting laws, visit www.animalfighting.org.


Dogfighting

Who Participates in Dogfighting?The Promoter. This individual makes all the arrangements necessary to conduct a match, show,or convention. He typically owns or controls the fight location. He is responsible for arrangingcontracts, selecting the referees, supplying or constructing the pit or arena, and supplying weigh-ing scales, washtubs, and other needed equipment. He sets and collects the admission fees for thespectators as part of his income. The promoter also controls any vendors, food and liquor sales,and any house gambling either completely or through a percentage fee arrangement. Promoterswill monitor police scanners and are responsible for arranging pit-site security. This can be asextensive as hiring armed guards to monitor the perimeter of the property, or as casual as payinga neighbor to blow a car horn or call by phone if anyone suspicious approaches the fight area.

Handlers. These are the individuals responsible for handling the animals during the fight. If notthe actual owner, he or she is usually paid a percentage of the bet if the animal wins. Only thefight referee and the handlers of the two dogs are permitted in the pit itself during a match.

Referee. This is the individual who officiates in the pit during a match, and who is well-versedin the various rules under which the fight is to take place. If the match is between animals ofhigh fighting quality or a convention is being held to attract national participants, the referee issomeone whose name is established within dogfighting circles. The referee’s travel expenses, meals,lodging, and fight fee are the responsibility of the promoter. This fee can vary greatly, but $200to more than $500 per day would not be unusual for a major fight or for a convention, dependingon the number of matches scheduled.

Spectators. The individuals who attend animal fights are motivated in different ways. It may beto gamble, encourage a friend’s or relative’s entry, accompany a spouse, enter an animal, or justbe entertained. Spectators, as well as promoters, handlers, referees, and fighters, can be of any age,sex, race, financial status, or occupation. Many states have significantly lower criminal penaltiesfor spectators than for the other participants.

10 The Final Round

Profile of a DogfighterDogfighters generally fall into one of three categories:

Serious (Professional). These individuals take great pride in breeding, training, and fighting their owndogs. They operate on a national—sometimes international—level and are often featured in under-ground publications on a regular basis. They are generally well-informed about humane organizations,police investigation techniques, and local enforcement personnel. The fights they participate in areusually high-stakes matches featuring experienced fighting dogs with established bloodlines.

Hobbyists. This group is composed of individuals who live within a reasonable distance of eachother and are familiar with everyone involved. Individuals who fall within this group tend to puta greater emphasis on the gambling involved in dogfighting than the continuance of “game”bloodlines through selective breeding. They will often purchase dogs of average ability throughclassified ads and, with little or no conditioning, enter them in a match. While some of theseindividuals see themselves as serious, or on the verge of becoming serious, their objective is toregain the purchase price as quickly as possible through bets and winning matches. They oftenuse the same fight location repeatedly.

Street Fighters. In problem-plagued urban areas, the pit bull has replaced the junkyard dog,the Doberman pinscher and German shepherd as the “macho” dog of choice. Ownership of pitbulls and pit bull crosses has increased especially among juveniles and gang members in innercity settings. The dogs are frequently stolen or obtained from local impoundment facilitiesthat lack strong adoption policies. Impromptu matches are frequently initiated in public parks,playgrounds, and back alleys as a means of increasing image within a neighborhood. This is aparticularly difficult group to apprehend since the amateur participants can readily disperse iflaw enforcement officers appear on the scene.

Note: Increasingly, individuals classed under the serious and hobbyist categories are using sites onthe Internet to communicate with other dogfighters for the purpose of buying and selling fightingdogs and to set up matches. Experienced investigators have been able to infiltrate sites and buildstrong cases leading to successful prosecutions.

The American Pit Bull TerrierThe term “pit bull” is commonly used to describe several similar breeds of dogs, including thoseregistered as American pit bull terriers with the United Kennel Club (UKC) and the AmericanDog Breeders Association (ADBA). The term is sometimes applied to the American Staffordshireterrier, recognized by the American Kennel Club (AKC), as well as unregistered dogs and mixturesof these and other breeds, including the Staffordshire bull terrier (AKC), bull terrier (AKC),and bulldog (AKC). Another registry calling itself the Animal Research Foundation (ARF) alsoregisters the American pit bull terrier, but has renamed its version the American bulldog.Dogfighters often refer to the breed simply as bulldog.

In the United States, fighting dogs are almost exclusively American pit bull terriers registeredunder the UKC or ADBA. A number of other breeds have traditionally been used for fighting inEurope, South America, and Asia, including the Neapolitan mastiff, the Akita and the tosa fromJapan, the Argentinean dogo, France’s dogue de Bordeaux, the Chinese shar-pei, and others.Indications are that an increasing number of dogfighters in the U.S. are exporting Americanpit bull terriers to Canada, Mexico, Great Britain, Europe, Australia, and the Far East.

Historically, the American Staffordshire terrier and the American pit bull terrier trace their ancestryto the bulldogs of the 19th century. These large (80–100 pounds) and somewhat slow animals were


Left: One exampleof a pit bull terrierRight: Profile ofa pit bull terrier

commonly used for bullbaiting in England and, to a lesser extent, in the U.S. In this activity, a bull wastethered on a long lead, his horns covered with wax or pitch. The bull was then prodded with sticks bythe spectators until enraged. Then, two or three dogs were released to attack the bull, usually seizinghim by the nose, tail, ear, or any other unprotected spot. Prizes were awarded to dogs who showed thegreatest gameness or enthusiasm, endurance, and tenacity in their attacks.

After bullbaiting was outlawed in England in 1835, organized dogfights became popular,particularly in the Staffordshire coal mining areas. These fights were often conducted in hastilyprepared pits dug near the mines. As dogfighting became more popular, there was greater selectionfor smaller and faster dogs. The English bulldog was mixed with a variety of other breeds, includ-ing the fox terrier. The result was given such names as the bull-and-terrier dog, pit dog, and pitbull terrier. A smaller version was produced by crossing the bulldog with a small native terriersimilar to today’s Manchester terrier to produce the Staffordshire bull terrier.

Similar but somewhat larger dogs began to show up in the U.S. about the time of the CivilWar. Here they were known as the pit dog, pit bull terrier, American bull terrier, and Yankeeterrier. Another breed occasionally represented in the lineage of American fighting dogs is thebullmastiff. Unlike the other breeds mentioned, which were selected for aggressiveness to otherdogs, the bullmastiff of 19th century England was bred primarily to attack human poachers onlarge estates. Later, these animals were used in competition against men in which the dog wasmuzzled and the man was armed with a club.

The UKC was organized in 1898 specifically to register pit bull terriers, which were notrecognized by the AKC (founded in 1884). This registry also sought to standardize the rules bywhich dogs were fought. The AKC did not recognize the breed until 1935 and chose to call thedog by a different name—the Staffordshire terrier. A UKC-registered dog, Pete from the OurGang comedies, also received AKC registration as a Staffordshire terrier. The acceptance of thebreed by the AKC required the existence of stud books going back several generations. Since theonly organization with good stud registries for this breed at the time was the UKC, and since thepurpose of the UKC was the registration and regulation of fighting dogs, virtually all dogs eligiblefor registration as AKC Staffordshire terriers were either fighting dogs or direct descendants offighting stock.

In 1972, recognizing the differences between American and English Staffordshire terrierbloodlines, the AKC renamed the registered version of the breed the American Staffordshireterrier. Today, there are many animals who could acquire multiple AKC, UKC, or ADBAregistration as American Staffordshire terriers or American pit bull terriers.

Another AKC breed commonly classed with pit bulls is the bull terrier. This is a medium-

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12 The Final Round

sized dog (50–60 pounds) with a very elongated oval head. The breed originated around 1830from crosses between bulldogs, Old English terriers, and Spanish pointers. White bull terriersare more common, but a colored or brindled variety is also shown. These dogs have undergoneconsiderable selection for good temperament to overcome their early history as pit fighters.

The American bulldogs registered by the ARF since about 1986, especially in Georgia andAlabama, are larger animals (75–125 pounds) who may represent a hybrid of the American pitbull terrier and the bullmastiff.

Since 1935, AKC animals have generally been bred to conform to standards of physicalappearance, whereas the UKC and ADBA have been less concerned with conformation standards.Many UKC and ADBA animals continue to be bred and selected primarily for fighting purposes,although the UKC has had a strong official policy against dogfighting for a number of years.

Behavior of Fighting DogsMore than a century of breeding for bullbaiting and fighting has had a profound effect on thegenetics of these breeds. This effect has, to some extent, been counteracted by a shorter historyof selection for qualities that might make these animals suitable as household companions.The extent to which the temperament previously bred into these breeds has been altered isoften difficult to predict.

The following characteristics of the fighting breeds are relevant to our consideration of theproblems these animals may present.

Aggression Against Dogs and Other Animals. The primaryquality for which fighting dogs have been selected isgameness. A game animal is one who is ready and willingfor combat and unyielding in combat. This is reflectedin certain genetically-based characteristics. One suchcharacteristic is a greatly reduced inhibition to fighting.

Most wild and domestic dogs fight one another only todrive a rival away from some disputed object such as food, amate, or territory. The attack ends when one dog withdrawsor displays signs of submission. The most common tactic usedto win a confrontation is a bluff, which is accomplished bygrowling and staring. Actual attacks are reserved for last-resortconfrontations. In fighting breeds, this inhibition has beenremoved through generations of selective breeding, and theywill fight to the point of complete exhaustion or death withminimal provocation. In this sense, the animals are not “doing

what comes naturally.” This behavior is totally abnormal from an evolutionary standpoint as it requiressuppression of an animal’s instinct for self-preservation. It is strictly the result of human intervention.

Predatory attacks in wild and domestic dogs are usually triggered by the flight of a potentialprey animal. Thus, individuals of many breeds may pursue and attack moving animals and objectssuch as joggers, bicycles, and cars. Because dogs selected for bullbaiting and dogfighting had toshow their gameness against animals who were either restrained or confined, these animals andtheir descendants are more likely to attack targets that do not flee or exhibit other behaviors wemight think of as provocation for attack.

Communication. Dogs, like wolves, are highly social, with a rich repertoire of signals that conveythe mood and intentions of their companions and communicate their own intentions to others.This is one of the reasons why humans and dogs interact so readily, since both species are attuned

A dog’s naturalinstinct to fight onlyuntil an opponentsubmits has beensuppressed throughyears of breeding tocreate dogs who willfight to the death.

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to reading the facial expressions and body language of others. Animals selected for fighting gainan advantage by not revealing their intentions and by not being inhibited by displays ofsubmission in their opponents. These animals offer little or no indication that an attack isimminent. In fights, they often appear to be insensitive to normal “cut-off ” behaviors that signalan end to aggression. For example, rolling over to expose a soft underbelly is usually an effectivedisplay of submission in spats between normal dogs. Fighting pit bulls will continue attackingother dogs offering this signal of submission.

Attack Behaviors. Dogs use many different styles of attack against members of their own andother species. Many breeds have styles of biting that reflect the purposes for which they were bred.For example, guard dogs such as German shepherds tend to restrain their subject by grabbing andholding. The fighting breeds have been selected to inflict maximum damage to their opponents.This is usually accomplished by grabbing, holding, shaking, and tearing.

Aggression Toward People. The fighting dogs of the 19th century generally posed little threat topeople. The animals were disqualified in the pit if they exhibited aggression toward a handler orthe referee. Early in the 20th century, several former fighting breeds such as the bull terrier andEnglish bulldog were specifically selected for good dispositions. As mentioned earlier, some AKC,UKC, and ADBA animals descend from fighting stocks. Breed standards for the AmericanStaffordshire terrier and American pit bull terrier make little or no reference to soundtemperament, although an animal who attacks a person or a dog in the show ring may bedisqualified. Many breeders of show or pet-quality dogs try to produce animals with stabledispositions, and there are many examples of well-behaved dogs of these breeds. However, thereare no uniform standards and there has been a proliferation of less expensive non-registered dogswho have been subject to even less selection for stable temperament.

In view of the lack of uniform standards of temperament, the lack of inhibition to aggression,the strength and tenacity of attacks, and the failure to show warning signs of attack, most animalcontrol officers have come to regard these animals as potentially dangerous unless proven otherwise.

Schooling, Training, and Conditioning of DogsOften referred to as “serious fighters” are those individuals who may owna dozen or more dogs, breed their own pups from stock proven to begame in the pit, fight their dogs on a national level to obtain championdogs, maintain contact with established fighters around the country, andenjoy substantial income from gambling and the sale of fighting animals.The puppies who result from their breeding programs are most oftensubjected to an intensive culling process that involves keeping only thosepuppies who exhibit aggressive behavior. Dogs who survive their first 16to 18 months become prospects and are schooled. During this stage, thetrainer will pit the prospect in a series of short rolls or combats againstother dogs as a means of building confidence and exposing the prospectto a variety of fighting styles. For this reason, the dog is not usuallypitted against an overly rough opponent.

Sometime after schooling is completed, however, the trainer will want to ascertain each prospect’sendurance level, ability to take punishment, and depth of gameness. This is accomplished in what isreferred to as a game test, in which the younger dog is typically pitted against a larger, rougher dog untiltotally exhausted. The prospect is then required to scratch or rush to a fresh dog. A game test may lastas long as an hour, and some variations require the prospect to fight more than one dog in succession.The few prospects who pass the game test go on to become match dogs.

Below is an exampleof a slat mill, a typeof treadmill used tocondition fightingdogs during the keep.

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14 The Final Round

Although the trait of gameness is genetically programmed into the dog, serious organizeddogfighters prepare their dogs intensively for approximately four to six weeks prior to a matchduring a conditioning period called the keep. While there are many different formulas for a keep,all are designed to build strength, endurance, and cardiovascular fitness while, at the same time,bringing the dog’s weight down to the most efficient fighting weight. The keep is often precededby a pre-keep lasting two or more weeks. During the pre-keep, the dog is usually kept on a longerchain or cable run and given daily walks of up to an hour. This period allows the dog to becomefamiliar with voice commands and handling procedures. It is essential that the dog be healthyand free of internal and external parasites.

The actual keep generally involves an escalating program of strenuous physical activity, offset withtotal rest, while the dog is removed to a separate area from all other dogs. The theory is similar to thatused by professional boxers who sequester themselves in an isolated training camp before a fight.

A daily log is maintained during the keep, recording such data as body weight, food and waterintake, administration of drugs and vitamins, and the exercise regimen followed. Since pre-fightcontracts specify the exact fighting weights of the dogs to be matched, the dogs are carefully monitoredto ensure that they finish the keep weighing no more than what was agreed upon in the contract.

The training program often includes extensive exercise on a treadmill, in which a harnesseddog will run in place for up to an hour. The two main types of treadmills are slat mills, in which

the running surface is constructed of wooden slats, and carpet mills,which have running surfaces made of narrow sections of carpet. Investi-gators have also discovered modified electric treadmills (such as the typesold in department and health stores) being used as conditioning devicesfor fighting dogs. Conditioning may also involve the use of a deviceknown as a catmill or jenny, which resembles a miniature horse walker.Harnessed to a spoke projecting from a rotating central shaft, the dogchases a small bait animal such as a cat, rabbit, or chicken who has beencaged or tied to a leading spoke just ahead of the dog. The exercise willcontinue as long as the dog remains interested, and the dog is sometimes

allowed to finish off the bait animal at the close. Sand or cottonseed is sometimes added to therunning area and weights or drags may also be attached to increase resistance and build endur-ance. Some trainers have been known to run their dogs alongside vehicles for miles on rural roadsand others have forced dogs to swim for increasing duration in water tanks, swimming pools, andrivers.

Note: While the use of an animal as bait is not legal, investigators should be aware that the runningpart of the training activity may also be employed to train dogs who compete in weight-pullingcontests, which are legal in most states. However, it should be remembered that entering dogsin legal weight-pull competitions and dogfighting are not mutually exclusive activities.

The springpole is another device commonly used to condition the dog for the pit. Aspringpole involves a hide, inner tube, or other material that is suspended from a heavyspring or sapling pole that the dog can bite and hold onto. This exercise builds not onlythe leg muscles from jumping, but also the jaw muscles from gripping the hide as thetrainer shakes the dog and tries to loosen the hold. Still another piece of equipment usedin many keeps is the flirtpole. This device consists of a pole with a lure attached to it.The trainer runs the lure along the ground so the dog can chase it. Occasionally,the dog is allowed to catch and worry the lure, whatever the lure might be.

Although many dogfighters employ one or more of these methods as part of their keep,it is important to realize that keeps are highly individualized. Some fighters keep detailedrecords of their training and conditioning program while others have a haphazard approach.

Above: Trainers placea live lure on a catmillor jenny just out of adog’s reach to enticea chase.

Below: To build upa dog’s legs and jawmuscles, trainersmay use a springpole.

“Breedthe bestand burythe rest.”

—a dogfighter’s

motto

“Breedthe bestand burythe rest.”

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Vitamins, Drugs, and Veterinary Supplies Used in DogfightingAlthough many of the following vitamins, drugs, and veterinary supplies have legitimate uses,they are commonly found in connection with illegal dogfighting operations:

Vitamins❑ Magnum supplement (source of seven different vitamins and minerals)❑ Provim (stress supplement)❑ Vitamin B-12 (injectable)❑ Liver and iron extract (used with injectable B-12 to increase red blood cell level,

which increases ability of blood to carry more oxygen)❑ Canine red cell (vitamin and iron supplement)❑ Clovite conditioner (vitamin A, D, and B-12 supplement)❑ Stress-Dex (oral electrolyte with vitamins)❑ Vitamin B-15 (acts as catalyst to allow red blood to carry approximately

25 percent more oxygen and decreases lactic acid in muscle)❑ Energy Plus (used as a booster for dogs not reaching a peak performance level)

Drugs❑ Speed (amphetamine pills, capsules, or injectable solution for stimulating a tired dog)❑ Dexamethasone (Azium—an anti-inflammatory agent that reduces swelling,

delays shock, and relieves muscle pain and soreness)❑ Hormones and androgenic steroids (testosterone derivatives used to build

muscle mass and increase aggression. Common brands: Hormones—testosterone,Propionate, Repotest, Probolic Oil; Steroids—Winstrol V, Dinabol, and EquiPoise)

❑ Epinephrine❑ Furosemide (injectable diuretic)❑ Painkillers (Talivin, Dilaudid, codeine)❑ Antibiotics and combiotics (injectable, tablets, and capsules)❑ Nitrofurazone antibiotic gel❑ Prednisone (anti-inflammatory agent)❑ Lactated Ringers (intravenous solution for treatment of hypovolemic shock)❑ Pad-Kote (topical ointment for foot pads)

Veterinary Supplies❑ IV kit, syringes, and needles in various sizes❑ Sutures, suture needles, needle holders, and surgical staplers❑ Forceps, scalpel, and surgical scissors❑ Alcohol prep pads and cotton-tipped applicators❑ Sponges❑ Dressing for wounds❑ Blood hemoglobin test kits

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Investigators should consider utilizingthe services of a licensed veterinarian

who can assist in the identification andapplication of any drugs and veterinary

supplies found in connection withsuspected animal fighting operations.

16 The Final Round

The FightRefer to the definitions on page 26 for the meanings of dogfighting terms used in this sectionand to Appendix I for pit rules.

Staged dogfights can be held whenever and wherever fighters are willing to assemble. As onemight expect, many matches are staged in rural areas on Friday and Saturday nights. Larger meetsor conventions involving several matches are often conducted on or near holidays that includea three-day weekend so participants from outside the area will have sufficient time to travel andout-of-state license plates will be less noticeable in out-of-the-way settings. Pit sites are repeatedlymoved to avoid detection. Outdoor pits hidden in wooded areas are popular in southern climatesand during warmer months in other parts of the country. In regions where the weather is typicallycold or wet, fights are usually held inside barns and sheds.

Dogfights are also staged in suburban and inner-city settings. Since pit bulls are relativelyquiet during combat, it is possible for matches to be held in basements or garages where any noiseheard by neighbors might be interpreted as a loud party. Abandoned buildings, fenced construc-tion sites, and warehouses have also served as fight locations.

Several weeks before a scheduled match is to occur, the participants (dogfighters andspectators) are given directions to meet at one or more locations until contacted by thepromoter. Very few people are entrusted ahead of time with the exact location of the pitsite. The promoter collects the guests and may lead caravans of several cars to one ormore checkpoints where passengers are identified and an observer waits to ensure no one isfollowing. The use of police scanners and cellular phones as part of the security precautionsis common.

Upon arrival at the pit site, the promoter collects admission fees from the spectatorsand may choose several well-known fanciers to act as judges for the Best in Show andGamest Dog awards. Awards such as these are usually only given at conventions featuringseveral matches between notable fighting dogs. Frequently, there is a one- to two-hour delayuntil the start of the first match. This allows participants time to socialize and scrutinizeany newcomers. Promoters and participants take extreme caution to avoid detection by lawenforcement officials. Escape routes are usually identified before the fight and the presence

of one or more armed guards is not unusual.Before the dogs are brought into the pit, they are weighed, and the handlers toss a coin to

decide washing order and corners. The winner may choose to have his dog washed first, or he maychoose a preferred corner of the pit. Handlers wash and examine their opponent’s dog under thesupervision of the referee. The washing is done to remove any poisonous or caustic substance thatmight have been applied to a dog’s coat as a rub (a method of cheating). After washing, the dogs

are returned to their appropriate handlers wrapped in towels or blankets,and are carried to their respective corners to await the referee. Although the configuration and materials may vary, a typicaldogfighting arena measures from 14 to 20 feet square and has woodenwalls measuring from 24 to 36 inches high. The floor is usually coveredwith carpet or canvas to improve traction. Many pits are portable, andsome are made with makeshift items such as hay bales. The dogs arebrought into the pit and faced toward the walls behind diagonal lineson the floor located at opposite ends of the pit. These lines, calledscratch lines, are usually indicated by duct tape or spray paint. Thedistance between the scratch lines will vary according to the rules (fromapproximately 12 feet 6 inches to 14 feet apart). Occasionally, a centerline is also indicated.

Above: Scales forweighing dogs

Below: Washtubsand sponges forbathing dogs

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Upon entering the pit, the referee commands, “Faceyour dogs.” Both handlers should simultaneously turnaround and face their dogs toward the center of thearena. Once the dogs see each other, they usually strainto break free of their handlers. The referee quicklyfollows with the command, “Release your dogs,” or“Let go.” Both handlers release their grips, and, in aninstant, the dogs collide somewhere in the middle of thepit in a frenzied blur of biting. Each dog attempts togain an advantage over the other. They not only seek ahold on their opponent, but also try to prevent the other dog from gaining a similar hold. Frequently, adog has a preferred hold, such as the nose or a leg, and is described accordingly (nosebiter, leg dog, etc.).The handlers stay within their dogs’ field of vision and encourage them by voice, claps, and whistles.They are not permitted to touch the dogs during the match except on the order of the referee to makea handle after a turn has been called or to unfang a dog.

A turn occurs when a dog turns his or her head and shoulders away from an opponentwithout attempting to gain a new hold. The handlers and the referee are all permitted to call aturn, but the referee has the final say. If the referee agrees that a turn was committed, he will orderthe dogs to be handled as soon as both dogs are free of holds (the dogs are not separated with theuse of breaking sticks at this time). Once picked up, both dogs are carried to their respectivecorners where they are faced into the wall and each handler is given a set time limit (usually 25seconds) in which to sponge the blood and saliva from his dog, examine wounds, and check for afanged lip. The sponges are supplied from the same water bucket and are provided to each handlerby the referee. At 25 seconds, the referee calls, “Get ready,” and the dogs are again faced. At 30seconds, the referee calls out, “Let go.” This time, however, only the dog who committed the turnis released. The handler must immediately release his grip and all legpressure to the dog’s body. Depending on which set of rules is beingused, the dog will generally have from 10 to 20 seconds to scratchto its opponent, i.e., leave the corner, cross the pit, and mouth theopposing dog, whereupon the handler of the opposing dog must alsolet go. If the dog fails to complete the scratch, the match is over, andthe win is awarded to the other dog. The fighting will continue untilthe dogs are out of holds and are handled again. It will then be theother dog’s turn to scratch. This procedure of alternating scratcheswill continue until one of the dogs is unable or unwilling to completeits scratch and the contest is decided by the referee.

The only other way the dogs are picked up out of holds is when both dogs are without ahold for a period of 30 seconds by the referee’s watch (time may vary according to different rules).This usually occurs during a long match in which there are no acknowledged turns, but a handlerwants to get the scratching contest underway. Under these circumstances, the bottom dog(determined by the referee) is required to scratch first followed by alternating scratches until onedog loses. If both dogs fail to scratch, the referee shall call it a “no-contest.” If both dogs maketheir initial scratches, the handlers (by mutual agreement) may ask for a draw decision, althoughfighting to a draw is unpopular due to the large sums of money wagered.

Occasionally, during combat, a dog will become fanged, inadvertently piercing his or her ownlip with a canine tooth while attempting to secure a bite hold on an opponent. In these cases, thereferee will instruct the handlers to take hold of their dogs and hold them still so the handler canunfang his dog. If the handler isn’t able to unfang the dog, the referee will separate the dogs withthe use of a breaking stick and unfang the dog with a pencil. The dogs are then set down approx-

A pit usuallymeasures between14 and 20 feet squareand has walls 24to 36 inches high.It can be made ofwood, hay, or othermakeshift materials.

Diagonal scratch linesare drawn in twoopposite corners of thepit. Dogs stay behindthese lines until thereferee orders themto be released.

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18 The Final Round

imately 2 feet apart at the center of the pit and released upon the command of the referee.A handler who senses his dog is about to quit might also pick up the dog, thereby conceding

the match. Many handlers prefer to concede a match, as a dog who quits is labeled a cur and isan embarrassment to the owner. Of course, any dog who jumps out of the pit automatically loses.

An event that consists of a series of matches is called a convention or show. The promoter(s)often ask several trusted attendees at a convention to act as judges. At the conclusion of all thematches, the judges confer and select the one or two dogs who were the most impressive. Awardsor trophies are sometimes given for Best in Show and Gamest of Show. Local trophy companiesare sometimes a good source of information, since trophies are often purchased commercially.

Investigation TechniquesOrganized dogfighting in North America has always been shrouded in secrecy. With felony-levelpenalties in most states as of June 2004 (see www.animalfighting.org), the underground world ofdogfighting has become even more cautious.

It can be difficult and time consuming to begin an investigation into dogfighting activitywithout the help of an informant. This is especially true if the investigator hopes to be invitedto a dogfight. The participants are well aware that what they are doing is illegal and that mediaexposure will jeopardize their ability to conduct such activities within the community. For thesereasons, dogfight participants have:

1. Created a fraternity-type atmosphere;2. Instilled a fear of retaliation to discourage police informants (see advertisement in

Appendix III); and3. Created a double-life image through involvement in legitimate activities or legal dog shows.

Additionally, those involved frequently have a rudimentary understanding of how undercoverlaw enforcement investigations are conducted, and some have been known to conduct counter-surveillance of local law enforcement and animal control facilities during matches. Investigatorswho attempt to infiltrate dogfighting rings without gaining an introduction via a well-placedinformant should expect to be met with extreme suspicion, and be prepared to spend weeks oreven months establishing a credible cover before ever being allowed to attend a match. Savvyparticipants will likely utilize stall tactics to check out the investigator’s claimed employment

or business, and may also try to visit his or her purported residence.However, there has been an increasing number of successful prosecutions in states wherestatutes proscribe owning, possessing, keeping, or training animals with the intentto enter them in any exhibition of fighting, or keeping a place for the fighting or baitingof animals. Investigators have found that dogfighters tend to keep a considerable amountof incriminating evidence on the property where their dogs are confined as well as intheir homes and vehicles. Probable cause for a search warrant is often obtained throughsurveillance to verify possession of staked-out pit bull dogs (some bearing scars consistentwith those found on dogs used for fighting), training or conditioning devices such astreadmills and catmills, and dogfighting pits. In several recent cases, evidence wasvisible from the perimeter of the suspects’ property or from the air.

Regularly checking the classified pet ads in local newspapers is an excellentway of initiating contact with pit bull breeders and fighters. Even if breedersare opposed to dogfighting, they often will have some contact with individualsinterested in purchasing fighting dogs and may be able to provide information.

Underground dogfighting publications such as Sporting Dog Journal, The Pit DogJournal, The American Gamedog Times, The Scratch Line, Face Your Dogs, The Pit Bull

Breaking sticks areused to pry loosea dog’s bite hold.

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Undergrounddogfightingmagazines canbe a wealth ofinformation toinvestigators.


Chronicle, Bits on Pits, Your Friend and Mine, and others have proven to be excellent sources of informa-tion and leads for investigators. While some of these publications are difficult to acquire as they mayrequire a sponsor in order to obtain a subscription, they are often worth the effort, since most containfight reports from around the country and advertisements for puppies from proven stock, dogs opento match, and dogfighting paraphernalia. Although advertisements contain information along withaddresses or phone numbers that can be checked, many fighters use aliases in their fight reports due tothe fear of being caught. A knowledge of these pseudonyms makes it possible to track certain individu-als in the publications. Familiarity with dogs’ names can be helpful, too. While individuals may use analias, a dog’s name often remains the same throughout his or her life. The dog’s name is usually two-part, with the first part identifying the breeder or current owner and the second part being the dog’sname (example: Ironrun’s Spike). An affidavit by an expert witness can help demonstrate the signifi-cance of such evidence and assist investigators in obtaining a search warrant.

Possible sources of information used to build successful cases might include the followingexamples:

❑ Underground dogfighting publications❑ Sites on the Internet or other online services devoted to dogfighting❑ Suppliers of dogfighting equipment or paraphernalia❑ Breeders running classified ads in local newspapers❑ Local humane society or animal control personnel❑ Dog license records❑ Local veterinarians❑ Gamblers or persons arrested or convicted of related offenses❑ Dogfighters or persons arrested or convicted of related offenses❑ Drug dealers or users or persons arrested or convicted of related offenses❑ Participants in weight-pulling contests❑ Neighbors of dogfighters (vicious dog or neglect complaints)❑ Utility service people and mail carriers (vicious dog complaints)❑ Wild hog hunters (pit bulls are sometimes used as catch dogs)

There are many possible violations of the law associated with the crime of dogfighting.Investigators should be encouraged to pursue cases creatively and from several different angles.In addition to state laws specifically addressing dogfighting or animal fighting, investigatorsshould explore the applicability of statutes related to the following:

❑ Animal cruelty (general statutes)❑ The federal Animal Welfare Act (if interstate activity is indicated)❑ Gambling❑ Possession of concealed or stolen weapons or property❑ Manufacture, possession, or distribution of controlled substances❑ Alcohol sales❑ Contributing to the delinquency of a minor❑ Tax laws (unreported income, ill-gotten gains)❑ Racketeering laws

Many dogfighters act as though they are proud of the fact that they are outlaws, and back-ground checks on convicted individuals indicate that a large percentage have extensive priorrecords for a variety of other crimes. It is not unusual for dogfighters to boast among themselvesabout their past arrests or convictions for assault, drug dealing, theft, and other crimes. In fact,police agencies often become aware of illegal animal fighting by accident during the course of

20 The Final Round

seemingly unrelated investigations. Whenever feasible, vice or narcotics investigators shouldinquire about a suspect’s (or informant’s) knowledge of illegal animal fighting. One suchinvestigation began after a narcotics agent observed that a suspect had several tattoos of pitbull dogs, including one depicting dogs in combat.

In recent years, dogfighters have attempted to conceal their participation in dogfightingby claiming they raise the dogs for legal weight-pulling competitions. Past investigations haverevealed that some dogfighters do indeed attend UKC- or ADBA-sanctioned conformation andweight-pulling events, sometimes referred to as point-and-pull shows. Participation in these eventsallows fighters to claim they only raise the dogs for legitimate purposes, and it is a means ofmaking contact with other fighters. Because these events are open to the public, they also providean excellent opportunity for investigators to initiate contact with suspects, identify associates,record vehicle licenses, and photograph participants with battle-scarred dogs. Since many of theseevents are hosted by a local or state pit bull club, some investigators have found it advantageousto become a member in order to meet individuals who are knowledgeable about, and possiblyinvolved in, dogfighting. Whatever the approach, it is important to remember that participationin legal activities such as weight-pulling contests does not rule out involvement in criminal activities.

Finally, because multiple jurisdictions are frequently involved, limited contacts should beestablished with other cooperating agencies (humane societies, animal control, law enforcement,etc.). The multi-jurisdictional task force approach has been enormously successful in various partsof the country. Investigators are invited to contact The HSUS regional office serving their areaor HSUS headquarters for further assistance (see Appendix V).

Dealing with Street FightingLaw enforcement and animal control agencies around the country havereported an escalation in street fighting. As noted earlier, street fighterspresent particular difficulties since they readily disperse if law enforce-ment officers arrive on the scene. Street fighting can have a dramaticimpact on neighborhoods. People who may not feel threatened by thepresence of clandestine drug deals or prostitution in the area may feelseriously threatened by young men with dangerous and often poorlycontrolled dogs on the same street.

Street fighting is often unplanned—rivals may simply encounter oneanother in a public or private location and allow their dogs to fight forthe sake of bragging rights or an impromptu bet. Street fights also occurat common gathering spots, such as school yards, parks, and abandoned

buildings. In some cases, a street fight is one form of encounter between rival gangs. Gang rivalryhas sometimes taken the form of acts of violence against rivals’ dogs, such as the maiming andkilling of dogs in a training yard.

Unlike other forms of dogfighting, street fights may involve breeds other than pit-bull typedogs, including rottweilers, German shepherds, and Doberman pinschers. In some cases, theattraction is not a formal fight between dogs owned by two participants, but rather an attackon a stray or stolen dog or cat.

Street fighting is one highly visible component of neighborhood violence. So effectiveresponse requires a community commitment. Law enforcement agents will rarely encountera street fight in progress unless members of the community report it as soon as it seems to bestarting. People won’t report it if they feel there will be no response. Effective measures againststreet fighting require the coordination of local police, animal care and control agencies, andcommunity groups. Even if street fighters are not caught in the act, residents may be willingand able to identify participants who may be in violation of one or more local ordinances.

Street dogfightinghas been on the risein urban areas.

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Several kinds of state or local laws can be effective in controlling street fighting.

Licensing and Rabies Vaccination Laws. Participants in street fights are unlikely to have licensedtheir animals, although some may have at least obtained rabies vaccinations for them.

Dangerous Dog Laws. Many of these laws provide for a hearing process by which an animal maybe defined as dangerous or potentially dangerous. Often such laws do not allow possession of suchdogs by minors. For more information, see The HSUS publication Guidelines for ControllingVicious or Dangerous Dogs.

Chaining Ordinances. Several communities ban long-term tethering of dogs, a practice com-monly used for fighting dogs, including those used in street fighting.

Laws That Define Dangerous Dogs as “Deadly Weapons” or “Dangerous Instruments.” Severalstates have added such animals to the legal definition of “weapon,” and charges ranging fromassault to murder have successfully been brought against individuals who have used their dogsto threaten, injure, or kill others.

Street fighters are, by definition, irresponsible dog owners. Any effort to increase enforcementof laws that hold owners responsible for the actions of their animals can be effective in controllingthis growing problem.

Confiscation, Identification,and Ultimate Disposition of Fighting DogsUnfortunately, some law enforcement agencies have, in the past, concentratedsolely on the arrest of dogfighters, while completely ignoring the necessity forseizing the dogs. It is important to remember that the dogs in such cases mustbe treated as abused animals who must be removed for their protection andas evidence in a criminal proceeding. The appropriate official with the localhumane society or animal control agency should be given adequate noticeso transportation and housing of seized animals can be coordinated.

Proper identification and documentation of animals seized in connectionwith illegal animal fighting ventures is critical for the chain of custody, and theliability of the sheltering agency responsible for the care of the animals whenthe case goes to trial. Due to the complexities of animal fighting laws, manystates require that seized animals be held until the disposition of the court case.A detailed record of each animal’s condition and distinguishing features as originallyfound is strongly recommended.

If a fight is in progress when the initial entry is made by a law enforcement team, theteam leader should instruct any persons found to be in the arena to separate the dogs and goto opposite corners as soon as it is practical and safe to do so. Because there is a likelihoodthat fleeing suspects will abandon their dogs in the arena, it is recommended that two or moreanimal control officers be assigned to the task of separating and controlling the dogs and thatthey closely follow the entry team.

Once a raid site has been secured by law enforcement personnel, all animals should beexamined by a veterinarian to determine the extent of their injuries. Each animal should becompletely photographed or videotaped to show his or her condition at the scene. Additionalphotographs should be taken as necessary to more clearly show injuries and individual markings.Positive identification of each animal will be made easier if an officer holds an index card plainly

All dogs seizedas evidence ina dogfightingcase should bephotographedand identified.

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22 The Final Round

showing the case number, date, and the evidence number in a corner of the picture area. Colorfilm is recommended for identification purposes. In addition to photographs, it is useful todocument specific markings and injuries or scars on a body diagram (see sample in Appendix IV).The diagram of each animal should contain information indicating breed, sex, color, weight,and other distinguishing features. The file for each animal seized should include photographs,diagrams, medical records, and other pertinent information as it is received. For securitypurposes, it is advisable to prepare a duplicate file for each animal, and to keep the originalsin a safe location outside the animal shelter. Photographic negatives should also be storedin a secure location in case the original prints are lost or destroyed.

If suspects are being held at the scene of a raid while the dogs are being seized, it isimportant to instruct all officers not to ask individuals to identify or claim ownership ofthe animals without first checking with the officer in charge. Under some circumstances,identifying who owns particular animals through questioning without first having admonishedthe individuals of their rights per Miranda would be construed as an incriminating act inviolation of their constitutional rights.

Since fighting dogs are extremely aggressive toward other animals, they must be transportedand housed separately. It is strongly recommended that they be kept in a secure area away frompublic access. Paperwork accompanying such animals should specify the aggressive nature of theanimal, and that the animal is not available for adoption or redemption (pending a court order).Numbered, commercial plastic collars, tags, or similar identification devices should be attachedto each animal.

Severely injured animals should be transported directly to a veterinary clinic for treatment,and a detailed record of all injuries should be obtained from the examining veterinarian. Allanimals received at the sheltering facility should be given a thorough exam by a veterinarian forhealth problems and to determine the extent of any new or old injuries. Carcasses of any deceaseddogs located at the site or of dogs who do not survive should also be examined, photographed,and held as evidence pending trial. For detailed information on the long-term housing offighting dogs, contact The HSUS or visit www.hsus2.org/sheltering/magazine/currentissue/jul_aug97/contents.html.

Once dogs seized in a dogfighting investigation are no longer required to be held as evidence,their disposition comes into question. Unfortunately, once a dog has been bred or trained to fight,he or she will always have the potential of being a vicious animal who can easily maim or killanother dog, cat, or even a human. In addition, most fighting dogs are well-known to dogfighters

Left and below: These photosshow typical injuries to dogs’legs from fighting.

These dogs exhibit face injuries typical in fighting dogs.

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in a community, and there will always be the risk that the dog will be stolen so that he or she canbe fought again. Finally, there is a serious liability involved if a shelter should adopt out an animalwho has such a known vicious propensity. Therefore, it is the recommendation of The HSUS thatany dog who has been specifically bred or conditioned for fighting, or for which there is evidencethat the dog has been used for fighting, should not be placed for adoption by an animal shelter,but humanely euthanized as soon as legally possible.

Search WarrantInvestigations into organized dogfighting may lead in several directions and continue for monthsbefore sufficient information is gathered for an arrest or search warrant. When that time comes,the paragraph that follows can serve as a guide when preparing a search warrant for evidenceof dogfighting.

All American pit bull terriers, fighting dogs, guard dogs, and dogfighting parapher-

nalia, to wit: treadmills, catmills, exercise wheels, hides or other material used as hang-

ing devices to strengthen or condition dogs; collars, leashes, chains, and other devices

used to exercise or restrain fighting dogs; wooden sticks or handles used to pry open

dogs’ jaws; magazines, photographs, film, videotapes, or writings that depict or promote

dogfighting or training or conditioning of dogs for dogfighting; any still cameras or movie

or video cameras used to record dogfighting activity; all portable carrying cases and

pens; antibiotics, drugs, or vitamins used to treat injured dogs or to enhance their

performance; needles and syringes used for the administration of such drugs; suture kits

and other veterinary supplies; weapons, handguns, shotguns, or rifles used to protect

the premises upon which illegal dogfighting occurs; computers and computer diskettes

or other removable media containing information related to dogfighting; registration

papers or other written materials showing ownership of pit bull dogs or other fighting

dogs, including bills of sale, pedigrees, breeding records, and veterinary records; any

dogfighting records, including name and telephone number lists of persons suspected

of being dogfighters; any awards, trophies, plaques, or ribbons promoting or relating to

dogfighting; any constructed enclosures or components of any pits or arenas used for

the purpose of dogfighting or training dogs for fighting; any carpeting or other materials

used on the floor of such pits; weight scales; any washtubs, buckets, pails, and sponges

used to wash dogs; any rules, contracts, or other written agreements concerning the

fighting of dogs.

24 The Final Round

How to Interpret Fight ReportsExcerpts of several fight reports from an underground publication appear on the next page forpurposes of interpreting the results.

Upon reviewing the fight results, you will notice some are separated by a solid line or asterisksrunning across the page. Generally, this indicates that all matches contained between the two linesoccurred at the same location and on the same date. Depending on the quality and number offights, a group of matches could be called a convention. If only one fight is reported between thelines, we preliminarily assume it was the only fight held at that time and location.

The first line of copy indicates the following:

1. Names of the dogs being matched. The name or nickname preceding the dog’s name will bethe name of the breeder or the name of the current owner. The unwritten rule is that the breeder’sname will remain part of the dog’s name even if the dog is sold. However, some new owners willsubstitute their own name so they will be identified with the dog. So while a fight report mightlist one of the dogs as Jones’ Crazy Mary, there is no guarantee that Mr. Jones was present whenthe dog was fought, since Mr. Jones might be nothing more than the breeder. Unless the reportstates otherwise, we must assume the dog was handled by his or her owner. In some cases, dogswill also be owned or sponsored by two or more dogfighters who have formed a partnership.

2. The dogs’ sex and weight. Following the names of the dogs are their sex and weight. Forexample, “F 37” would mean that the dogs were both females weighing in at 37 pounds. A “CW”following “F” for females (FCW) or “M” for males (MCW) would mean that both dogs are beingfought at an unstipulated catch weight, not equal weight. Usually, larger dogs weighing over 52pounds are fought at catch weight.

3. The referee. While it frequently only consists of a pseudonym or initials, the last listing on thefirst line identifies the referee of the match.

After the first line, the information contained in the report generally consists of such infor-mation as the combatants’ bloodlines, past wins, any unusual problems such as a dog over thecontracted weight, and a brief description of the fight.

Each of the descriptive phrases below was gleaned from a different report and is followedby an explanation in parentheses:

Misty’s mouth has her ahead at 15. (The dog called Misty is biting harder or more often for thefirst 15 minutes of the combat.)Booger is picked up at 1:41. (After 1 hour, 41 minutes, the dog called Booger was physicallypicked up and removed from the pit by the handler or owner, who thereby conceded the match.)Panhead turns at 20. (The dog called Panhead committed a foul by turning his head and shoul-ders away from his opponent without attempting to gain a new hold at the 20-minute mark. Afterboth dogs are picked up free of holds and allowed a brief rest, Panhead is released from his cornerand must then scratch to his opponent. The other dog is released when Panhead makes contactand the fight continues.)Two each when Panhead decides to leave at 48. (Both dogs have been required to complete twoscratches each by the 48-minute mark, when Panhead jumps out of the pit and loses the fight.)After two each, the black stops at 38. (After both dogs have successfully completed two scratcheseach, the black dog stops fighting at the 38-minute mark.)

The last line of the report is the name of the winning dog.


Excerpts of Fight Reports

575—Busenbark’s HAZE + Myers’ GISMO M46 HicksGISMO a 2x winner, TONKA BEAR/Loposay’s BULLET breeding, 2 lbs. over the limit. HAZEby CH RATTLER out of Busenbark’s ASIA. GISMO can’t keep up with the fast pace and ispicked up in 18.Winner: Busenbark’s HAZE

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576—A & T Kennels’ VIXEN + Old Badger’s BIG D F47 RonnieVIXEN an ELI/TURTLE BUSTER cross, BIG D from a CRACKER JACK/COWBOY bloodline,VIXEN conditioned by Blue Collar Bill. VIXEN pulls out in front by 30 and at 47 BIG D turnsand don’t complete his scratch at 50.Winner: A & T Kennels’ VIXEN

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577—G & M Kennels’ FANCY + Jim R’s PATCHES F35 Mountain ManFANCY a 1x winner from a BOOMERANG/BLOODY SUNDAY cross. Several scratches at40 PATCHES stops.Winner: G & M Kennels’ FANCY

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578—Gusto’s SPOOK + P.O.W. Kennels’ POLO M? Sir JohnSPOOK conditioned by Sonny, handled by Bobby. POLO handled and conditioned by Darryl.SPOOK turns first and runs his scratch at 50. At 1:27, POLO was picked up on the scratchline before the ten count.Winner: Gusto’s SPOOK [1]

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579—High Tech Kennels’ EVIL + Lionel’s L.L. M41 SenteEVIL from an ELI/Maloney bloodline, sired by Plumber Ron’s OREO, Handled and conditionedby Jim. L.L. from a Sorrells bloodline. EVIL’s mouth has L.L. picked up in 30 and he gives agood courtesy scratch.Winner: High Tech Kennels’ EVIL

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580—Samart’s PETTICOAT + Underdog Kennels’ DAISY F44 PMK RitaPETTICOAT a black by Smart’s CH MALCOLM X, handled and conditioned by Samart.DAISY, a 1x winner, in France. She is sired by KRELIS out of a Mayfield bitch. PETTICOATturns early but it’s an even match with PETTICOAT getting a slight lead by 35. At 46 DAISY ispicked up and runs a falling down courtesy scratch.Winner: Samart’s PETTICOAT [1]

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581—L.G. & Mack’s DUSTY + Dan’s ROC M36 S. LA CombineROC a 1x winner stays even for 40 and is picked up in 1:50.Winner: L.G. & Mack’s DUSTY

26 The Final Round

Glossary of Dogfighting Terms

Agreement A contract for a fight that specifies such things as the names, sexes, and weights of the dogs tobe matched; the rules to be used; the amount of wagers or forfeits; and the names of the principals with awitness’ signature.

American Dog Breeders A registry founded in 1909 exclusively for American pit bull terriers.Association (ADBA)

Bad Signs Indicators that a dog is about to quit a pit contest such as growling, barking, crying out, turning away, andmaking slower scratches.

Bleeder In combat, a term for a ruptured vein or artery that produces substantial bleeding.Box See “pit”.

Breaking Stick A wedge-shaped stick used to break the bite hold of a pit bull in a fight. Usually made of wood.Buckskin A very light fawn coloration. The term “fawn” is rarely used by pit bull enthusiasts.

Bulldog An American pit bull terrier.Bump See “Roll.”

Catch Dog A dog who is used for catching wild boar.Catch Weight Unstipulated matching weights or any pit bull weighing more than 52 pounds.

Catmill (Jenny) A conditioning device consisting of one or more spokes projecting from a rotating central shaft in the ground. Adog is harnessed to one spoke and a lure (small animal) is attached to a leading spoke or other fixture in front ofthe dog so that the dog will run in circles attempting to catch the lure. Weights are frequently attached toancillary spokes or a drag may be added to increase resistance.

Chain Weight A dog’s normal weight in a kennel or on a chain as opposed to his or her match weight. A dog’s match weightis the ideal fighting weight after having gone through a rigorous conditioning program called a keep.

Champion Rank conferred by various pit dog publications on dogs who have won three contract matches if the ownersubmits the necessary documentation.

Contract See “Agreement.”Convention A major show consisting of several matches. Frequently, conventions involve participants from several states

and last for an entire weekend. Extended weekends are favored so that fanciers can travel farther distances.Courtesy Scratch At the conclusion of a match, it is highly desirable for both dogs to continue to show aggression. The losing

dog is released to make a short, no contact scratch. The winner is then allowed to scratch back.Crop-eared Ears that have been cropped short to produce a sharp, tough look. The decision to crop ears or

(Battle Crop) leave them natural is strictly a matter of the owner’s personal preference for the dog’s appearance, and willnot affect the outcome of a match.

Cur 1. Any breed other than the American pit bull terrier. 2. A pit bull who is not deeply game.Cur Out To show a lack of gameness; to quit.Cutters A dog’s incisors or canine teeth.

Dead Game The description given to a dog who never quit trying to kill his or her opponent despite serious,life-threatening injuries.

Dogger A slang term for a dogfighter.Down-dog The dog receiving the most punishment during a match, usually down on the carpet.

Fancier An aficionado of pit bull terriers and dogfighting.Fanged When a dog inadvertently pierces his or her own lip with a canine tooth while attempting a bite hold on an opponent.

Fast-mouthed In combat, a dog who makes numerous bite holds in rapid succession.Flirtpole An exercise device consisting of a pole with a lure attached. The dog chases the lure, which is guided by a

trainer holding the pole.Gambler’s Delight A dog who shows bad signs but is actually game.Game (Gameness) 1. The “sport” of dogfighting. 2. The combined qualities of courage, aggression, and tenacity in the face of

utter exhaustion and possible death.Game Test To ascertain the depth of a dog’s gameness by rolling until completely exhausted, then having the dog prove

gameness by scratching to a fresh dog.Grand Champion Rank that can be conferred on a dog who has won five contract matches without any losses.

Handle The act of handling a dog and lifting him or her away from the opponent.


Handler The person responsible for handling a particular dog during a fight.Jenny See “Catmill.”Keep A rigorous diet and exercise program designed to prepare and condition a dog for a contract match, usually

four to six weeks prior to the fight. Except for exercise periods, a dog in keep is usually isolated from otherdogs and kept quiet. The entire keep is usually preceded by a “pre-keep” lasting about two weeks duringwhich the dog is checked for any medical conditions.

Match A contracted dogfight.Match Dog A dog who is used or intended for use in a contracted match.

Match Weight The fighting weight of a pit dog. One of the main reasons for the keep is to bring a dog down to his or hermost efficient match weight.

Meeting Place One or more designated locations, such as motels and restaurants, where dogfighters and their guests aretold to gather prior to a fight.

Old Family A family of pit dogs who were imported from Ireland in the latter half of the 19th century. Examples ofstrains that were founded upon the Old Family are the Colby, Feely, Lightner, and Corvino bloodlines.

Old Family Reds A part of the Old Family who, when kept pure of all other lines, were either red or white, or red and white in color.Old Family Red Nose A part of the Old Family who, when kept pure, showed a red- or copper-colored nose.

Pick-up Occurs when a handler concedes a match by picking up his dog.Pit 1. Sometimes referred to as the “box,” the pit is the arena where fights are conducted. A typical pit is con-

structed of plywood walls measuring 24 to 36 inches high and approximately 14 to 20 feet square, althoughconcrete, sheets of metal, and bales of hay have been used to construct a pit. The floor of the pit is usuallycovered with carpet or canvas to allow increased traction. Many pits are designed to be disassembled so as tobe portable. 2. To set (dogs, etc.) in a pit to fight. 3. A shortened term for the American pit bull terrier.

Producer of Record This is a list of dogs established and maintained by Your Friend and Mine. A sire and dam are given one (POR) point for each win of their immediate offspring. A male must have 15 points and a female must have

10 points to make the list. Champion offspring will net the sire and dam one extra point. Grand championoffspring will net two extra points for the sire and dam.

Prospect A younger dog who is being schooled but who has not yet been game tested.Register of Merit (ROM) This is a list of dogs established and maintained by the Sporting Dog Journal. Each dog is credited with one

point for each champion produced and one additional point for each one of these champions who goes onto win a grand championship. A male dog must be the sire of at least four champions to get on the list anda female must be the dam of at least three champions.

Roll (Bump) The controlled pitting of dogs as a training exercise. A primary method of weeding out dogs unsuitable for the pit.Rough-mouthed Dog A dog who shakes his or her opponent violently when a bite hold is secured.

Schooling A process consisting of a series of rolls in which a prospect is introduced to fighting and is allowed todevelop his or her own fighting style. Schooling generally begins when the dog is between 12 and 24months of age. The first roll is often very short, lasting 5 to 10 minutes, and is not intended to result inmuch damage. The second roll is usually longer, lasting 10 to 20 minutes, to give the prospect a morestrenuous test, to expose the dog to different fighting styles, and to let the prospect start developing his orher own fighting style. The third roll is often the game test. A dog may be culled at any time throughoutthe schooling process if he or she displays bad signs.

Scratch A method by which a dog must demonstrate gameness in a pit contest. The act of rushing across the pitand taking hold of an opponent within a specified count, which can vary according to the rules of the fight.Scratches are made from behind diagonal lines in opposite corners of the pit. The first scratch is a simulta-neous release; subsequent scratches are alternating.

Scratch Lines Lines drawn diagonally across opposite corners of the pit from behind which the dogs are set down and released.Scratch to Win An agreement made between handlers to end a match. Under such an agreement, the designated dog must

leave his or her corner upon release, cross the pit, and attack the opponent within a set time limit in orderto be declared the winner.

Show A set of matches or a convention.Started When talking about a particular dog, a fighter might say that the dog has “started,” meaning that the

schooling process has begun.Untouched A dog who has not been fought.

28 The Final Round

Cockfighting

Cockfighting has existed for thousands of years and in many parts of the world. It is believed tohave been a popular diversion in ancient times in parts of India, China, Persia, and other Easterncountries. Cockfighting was introduced to Greece about the time of Themistocles (c.524 to 460B.C.), and it spread throughout Asia Minor and Sicily. According to some historical accounts,the ancient Romans feigned to despise this Greek diversion for a lengthy period, but endedup adopting it so enthusiastically that the agricultural writer Columella (first century A.D.)complained that its devotees often spent their whole inheritance betting at the side of a pit. Itis generally agreed that the early Romans were responsible for the first artificial spurs and theintroduction of cockfighting to Britain.

Much later, despite opposition from the Christian clergy, cockfighting became popularin the Low Countries, Italy, Germany, Spain and its colonies, and throughout England, Wales,and Scotland. The most popular methods of staging cockfights included:

1. The Main, in which the matched cocks of two principals fought an odd numberof battles with the majority of victories deciding the winner;

2. The Battle Royal, in which any number of birds would be pitted at the same time andallowed to kill until only one bird remained; and

3. The Welsh Main, in which eight pairs of cocks were fought with the eight victors beingpaired and fought again, then four, and finally the last surviving pair.

While cockfighting was patronized by all classes, only the wealthiest cockfighters could affordto breed their own strains of cocks in large numbers. Cockfighting remained a favorite pastimeof English nobility from the early 16th century until the mid-19th century, when it came under

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increasing criticism because of the cruelty involved. In 1835, animal baiting contests were madeillegal in England with the passage of the Metropolitan Police Act. The law was strengthened andcockfighting was specifically prohibited with the passage of the Cruelty to Animals Act of 1849.

Cockfighting was introduced to American colonies at an early date, but was soon prohibitedin the older states. The first state to outlaw cockfighting was Massachusetts in 1836. Although itis hardly germane and would not constitute a defense, cockfighters frequently make the claim thatGeorge Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Andrew Jackson were avid cockfighters, and thatAbraham Lincoln actually earned the moniker “Honest Abe” by refereeing cockfights. With theexception of Andrew Jackson, who was known (and criticized by his contemporaries) for hisinvolvement in the activity, historians have provided documentation to The HSUS that showssuch stories to be untrue or grossly exaggerated.

At the time of the printing of this manual, cockfighting is illegal in 48 states and the Districtof Columbia, and a felony crime in 31 states (see www.animalfighting.org).

Unfortunately, many people believe that cockfighting exists in the U.S. today only as acultural phenomenon among people of Hispanic or Filipino descent. It is true that cockfightingis practiced with varying degrees of popularity in Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean,South America, the Philippines, and other parts of Southeast Asia; however, the assumption thatsomeone would be automatically predisposed to this activity just because he or she is a memberof a particular ethnic group is prejudicial and erroneous. Although it does exist, cockfightingis generally not recognized as a form of sport by the Latin American countries and it has beenprohibited for years in some countries including Cuba, Paraguay, Costa Rica, and Brazil.

Who Participates in Cockfighting?Promoter. This individual usually owns or controls the fight location and is responsible for allarrangements necessary to conduct the meet. Responsibilities would also include schedulingevents and setting the entry fees; providing the pits and all other pit supplies; selecting the match-makers, timekeepers, and referees; and arranging for security precautions. The promoter sets andcollects admission fees as part of his or her income and may even rent out cockhouses (small shedscontaining a work bench and stalls to house fighting cocks) to cockers (cockfighters) travelingfrom a distance. The promoter also controls any vendors, food and liquor sales, and any housegambling. Frequently, a promoter or group of cockfighters will form a game club that sets a seasonfight schedule and requires a paid membership in order to enter derbies and attend cockfights.

Handlers. Also referred to as pitters, these are the individuals who heel (tie the implements on thelegs of the gamecocks) and handle the birds during a fight. If the handler is not the actual ownerof the bird, he or she is usually paid a percentage of the purse if the bird wins. Only the twohandlers and the referee are permitted in the pit with the birds during a cockfight.

Referees. These are the individuals who officiate in the pit during a cockfight. They are usuallywell-versed in the rules governing the contest, and they are responsible for checking such thingsas the weights of matched cocks and band numbers, and inspecting the implements worn by thebirds. Depending on the size of the event and the number of pits available, there may be morethan one referee. Other principals would include matchmakers, timekeepers, scorekeepers, andsecurity personnel.

Spectators. Individuals who attend cockfights do so for a variety of reasons, although the oppor-tunity to gamble and a penchant for bloodsports as entertainment are key factors. While most

30 The Final Round

cockfight enthusiasts are males, spectators can be of any sex, age, or race. An especially disturbing aspectof cockfighting in the United States today has to do with the frequent presence of young children andadolescents at these brutal and illegal exhibitions. During a recent raid on a large cockfighting derbyin northern California, fleeing spectators left several frightened children behind for law enforcementofficers to deal with. Brought by parents or other relatives and admitted by pit operators, impression-able children receive the message that cruelty and violence for fun is acceptable, and that laws and thosewho enforce them are to be feared. Law enforcement agents should always be prepared to deal with thepossibility of children being present during enforcement actions.

The Gamecock

Most likely, the oldest breeds of chickens are the game or fighting breeds, such as the red junglefowl of India. It is generally agreed that all varieties and strains of domestic chickens are descendedfrom jungle fowl. After humans domesticated these colorful wild fowl, they selected the mostdurable and tenacious birds for breeding purposes. As a result of this intense selection, gamenessand fighting prowess became all important, and the Old English Games came to be. The OldEnglish Games were the most widely distributed of the European games and became popularthroughout the world. Consequently, independent varieties were developed in several countriesincluding the United States and Australia. The Modern English Games were developed throughcrosses of Old English Games with the Malay by exhibition fanciers during the mid-19th century.

While these fowl and other breeds are also bred for show purposes, it should be rememberedthat raising birds for exhibition and raising birds for fighting are not mutually exclusive activities.

A complete description of all the recognized breeds and varieties of gamefowl is not necessaryfor the purposes of this manual. While color and markings are important for exhibition fowl, theirphysical qualities are also desirable in a fighting cock. Generally, a mature gamecock resembles arooster whose comb, wattles, and earlobes have been surgically removed (dubbed). This operationis usually performed using scissors without benefit of anesthesia shortly before the male birdreaches sexual maturity. There are several reasons given for dubbing roosters. Some poultry experts

This diagram showsall of the anatomicalparts of the gamecockcommonly used indescriptions and foundin the book Standardsof Perfection. Therooster’s comb, wattles,and earlobes areusually dubbed(surgically removed)before the onset ofsexual maturity. Thisis done whether thegamecock is intendedfor breeding or showpurposes or for the pit.

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advise that the appendages are prone to injury and infections and that removing the combwill prevent the problems associated with frostbite in colder climates. While exhibitors ofgamefowl and cockfighters both believe that a dubbed gamecock looks significantly truer tobreed, cockfighters know that the absence of these parts will reduce the bird’s overall weightand lessen the opportunity for injury (a comb will bleed profusely when cut and can seriouslyimpair the bird’s sight and fighting ability).

Another alteration cockfighters make to fighting roosters is to saw off the natural spur, leavingonly a one-half-inch stump to serve as an anchor point for attaching the artificial spurs or gaffs.Although most cockfighters do this, others will leave the natural spur intact for matches againstother naked-heel roosters, or those without gaffs.

Training, Conditioning, and Fight PreparationAlthough cockfighters frequently make the claim that gamecocks do notneed to be trained to fight and the birds can be characterized as aggressive andtenacious, the idea that staging a cockfight is nothing more than providing anopportunity for the birds to do what they do naturally is erroneous. In truth,gamefowl are the product of centuries of breeding for the quality of gameness,and serious cockfighters subject their birds to an intensive program of trainingand conditioning called a keep before a scheduled fight.

Most keeps last about two weeks and are preceded by a two-week pre-keepin which the birds to be fought are removed from the yard and placed inseparate coops or stalls near the area where most of the training will take place. During the keep,the fighting cock follows a strict training schedule and is fed special foods and vitamins designedto achieve optimal physical condition and enhanced fighting ability.

Gamecocks are trained and conditioned for fighting through such activities as running,flirting, flying, leg pulls, and sparring.

Running involves a trainer placing the rooster on a level surface such as a padded bench. Thetrainer pushes the rooster from behind with one hand, forcing him to run about the distanceof his arm span. The purpose of this exercise is to build endurance.

In flirting, the bird is held with one hand under the breast and is tossed approximately 2 feetinto the air over a bench. He is caught with the other hand and tossed back and forth betweenboth hands in a rhythm that keeps the bird continuously flapping his wings. Forward flirts areaccomplished by holding the bird with both hands and tossing him in the air with a forwardflipping motion. When cocks are released in a fight, they will charge each other and frequentlymeet in mid-air. This exercise strengthens the wings for the downward motion and is believedto create a sense of controlled balance in the gamecock.

To fly a cock is to hold one bird approximately 5 feet off the ground facing away from anothercock held on the ground. The bird on the ground is then released to fly toward the bird beingheld in the air. Just as the birds are about to come into contact, the first bird is raised higherso that the flying bird misses. The process is repeated several times.

Leg pulls is another term for resistance pulling. The rooster is held by the tail feathers and bellyand moved within reach of a padded counter-type surface. The rooster will reach to grab thecounter while the trainer holds onto the tail feathers to create resistance. The purpose of thisexercise is to build endurance in the leg muscles.

Fighting cocks areoften tied out in ayard as shown here.

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32 The Final Round

Sparring matches are conducted to determine a gamecock’s fighting style and to indicate howa rooster is progressing in his training. To prevent serious injury, sparring muffs (like miniatureboxing gloves) are placed over the rooster’s natural spurs. Sparring matches are consideredto be an essential part of a complete training program for the fighting cock. Hand sparring is avariation in how fighting cocks are sparred and can involve the trainer holding a cull cock or aneffigy as a moving target.

Vitamins, Drugs, and Veterinary Supplies Used in CockfightingIn addition to regimens that build up a bird’s strength and endurance, cockers employ othermeasures to give their birds a winning edge. Many cockers give their roosters injections of digitalis(heart stimulant), vitamin K (to increase blood clotting), the male hormone testosterone, or theirown mixture, often called a secret formula, as part of their keep. While the exact program andduration of individual keeps can vary, virtually all keeps call for sparring matches at prescribedintervals. The list that follows gives commonly used items, but is in no way complete.

Vitamins and Supplements❏ Cock Booster, Rooster Charge, Red Rooster Booster (vitamin and mineral supplements)❏ Amino Plex (amino acid supplement)❏ Testrone Forte, Liquid Lightning (herbal supplements)❏ Vitamin B-12 (injectable or in tablets and drops)❏ Vitamin B-15 (decreases lactic acid in muscles to relieve fatigue and increase stamina)❏ Vitamin K (injectable or in drops to aid blood clotting and reduce hemorrhaging)❏ Blitz Energy Fuel (Contains predigested animal protein, glucose, and anise. Used

during training and in advance of fights.)

Drugs❏ Antibiotics—amoxicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin,

metronidazole, penicillin, tetracycline❏ Blue Magic (for blood clotting)❏ Caffeine (to combat fatigue)❏ Dextrose capsules (for energy)❏ Formulas of Nux Vomica (a homeopathic preparation

of strychnine used as a stimulant)❏ Testosterone capsules (to increase

aggression and muscle mass)❏ Methamphetamines (stimulants)

Veterinary Supplies❏ IV kit, syringes, and needles in various

sizes❏ Sutures, suture needles, and needle

holders❏ Iodine (to treat wounds)❏ Witch hazel (reduces soreness)❏ Stop-Bleed (styptic)

This photo showsmany of the supplies,drugs, and otherparaphernaliaassociated withcockfighting.

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The FightHistorically, cockfights have been conducted in the United States sincethe colonization of North America. Various sites including courthouses,taverns, country stores, and farms have been used. Today, most cock-fights are staged in converted barns or basements, or outdoors in remotelocations to avoid detection by law enforcement. The cockfightingseason usually runs from about Thanksgiving through the Fourth of July,although cocks are fought year-round in some regions with temperateclimates.

The most common type of organized cockfight in the United Statestoday is the derby, in which a number of cockers, usually between 10and 30, enter a pre-set number of roosters, usually from four to 12. The cocks are fought round-robin, and the cocker whose roosters win the most fights is the winner. The derby is of relativelyrecent origin, probably dating from about 1929. It has been suggested that it emerged as thedominant form of cockfighting because it allows an individual with fewer roosters to compete atleast several times a year. In contrast, many older types of fights required each participant to entermany more cocks, which in the past made cocking largely a rich man’s sport. Derbies are set upto match gamecocks equipped with gaffs, long knives, or short knives, but do not permit birdsequipped with different types of weapons to be matched; e.g., cocks equipped with gaffs wouldnot be matched against cocks wearing knives except as a novelty event.

Before the fight, the handler will trim out a rooster, which usually includes shortening of thelong tail feathers (sickle feathers) and wing primaries, and removal of some back, saddle, and ventarea plumage with the intent to reduce some of the bird’s weight and the possibility of overheatingduring a fight.

After arriving at the pit site, each cockfighter keeps his roosters separate to avoid pre-fightexcitement. Some pit operators will assign rooms or rent out cockhouses (if available) for thispurpose. After fighters select their entries, the roosters are weighed (usually recorded on a weightsheet) and banded with a numbered band. On average, fighting cocks weigh between 4 and 6pounds and are matched against a bird of equal weight, with just two to three ounces leeway.Once all roosters are weighed and matched, the fighters pay an entry fee that can range from $100to more than $1,000. All the entry fees go into a common pot making up the purse in a derby.

The pit owner also charges an admission fee for spectators, usually $5 to $25, which is used topay for such expenses as utilities, the referee’s fee (perhaps $100 a day plus expenses at major pits),security precautions, and the costs of pit maintenance and disposal of the dead fowl.

Indoor pit sites usually include at least one main pit and are sometimes equipped withbleachers or chairs. The main pit usually has a diameter of 15 to 20 feet. Pits may be rectangularor circular in design with walls to a height of about 3 feet constructed of such materials as cementblocks, Plexiglas®, plywood, canvas, or bales of hay. Pit floors are usuallydirt or clay and may be raised so that the first row of bleachers does notobstruct the view from other rows. Some pits are portable, making apermanent building unnecessary. Larger established pit sites often haveone main pit and one or more smaller arenas referred to as drag pits.They frequently include such amenities as theater-style seating, airconditioning, restrooms, overhead lighting for night fights, publicaddress systems, concession stands and booths for vendors, parkingfacilities, and cockhouses equipped with work surfaces and holdingstalls.

As their numbers are called, the cockers will be requested to heel thematched roosters for the first fight and report to the pit. Heeling is the

Cockfighting pits canbe between 15 and 20feet in diameter withsides 3 feet high.

Two birds squareoff in a cockfight.

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34 The Final Round

act of attaching the steel gaffs to the roosters’ legs. Since the natural spur is cut off except for ahalf-inch stump, strips of moleskin or tape are placed around the legs above and below the stumpof the natural spur, and then around the stump itself. Steel gaffs, which are constructed with ahole or socket that fits over the stump and serves as an anchor, are put in place. Leather strapsattached to the socket are then wrapped around the leg over the moleskin or tape, and are securedwith waxed string. This heeling procedure may take 15 to 20 minutes, and is done very carefullywith the help of an assistant or holder to ensure the gaffs are firmly attached and protrude at thecorrect angle. In fights where the birds are equipped with long knives (Filipino slashers) or shortknives (Mexican slashers), the implements differ greatly in design from gaffs and are attached onlyto the birds’ left legs with a combination of materials such as tape, leather strips, and waxed string.

1. This drawing showsa rooster’s leg withoutany implementsattached.

2. First, a cockerwraps moleskin ortape above and belowthe stump of the spur,then around thestump itself.

3. The gaff is fittedover the stump andleather straps attachedto the gaff wraparound the leg.

4. Waxed string holdsthe gaffs and straps inplace. This process isrepeated on the otherleg, and the cock isnow heeled and readyfor the fight.

This series of photosshows how a fightingbird is heeled.

During the time it takes to weigh each bird, record the information, and collect entry fees,there are sometimes hack fights in which birds of lesser quality are fought for side bets and wagersbetween the owners.

All fights begin in the main pit. If a fight drags on too long and others are waiting their turn,the cocks may be moved to a secondary or drag pit so that a new match can get underway. Knifefights often have a set time limit of 15 minutes. During a fight, only the referee and the twohandlers are permitted in the pit with the roosters. The referee’s job is to tell the handlers whento fight the roosters, when to handle or pull them apart, and when to rest them. He also keepsthe count and ensures that both handlers abide by the rules. The rules of cockfighting are complexand vary from pit to pit, but most fights follow a basic pattern. After the referee examines theroosters to be fought and inspects the implements attached to their legs, he will declare themeligible, and the match begins with a procedure called billing. In order to provoke the roosters toattack, the handlers cradle the birds in their arms and then swing them within pecking range ofone another. The referee draws two parallel score lines 6 to 8 feet apart in the dirt or clay floorof the pit. The handlers place the roosters at their respective score lines and release them at thereferee’s command, “Pit ’em.” The roosters fight until the referee orders that they be handledin order to begin a count, or until they hang, meaning that one of the rooster’s steel implementshas become stuck in his opponent.

The referee stops the pitting with the command, “Handle,” and the handlers are allowedto disentangle the cocks. After a 20-second rest period the cocks are again pitted. If one of theroosters ceases to attack, whether because of injury, exhaustion, or lack of gameness, the opposing

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handler says, “Count me.” The referee then begins a count of 10 seconds. If the cock does notattack within the 10-second period, the opposing rooster is given the count. Subsequent pittingsare initiated at the “short score” lines, which are usually about 2 feet apart and increase theprobability of attack. If the cock with the count against him attacks by pecking or spurring, evenif it is not directed at the opponent, as in the case of a rooster who has been blinded, the refereecalls, “Broke,” indicating the count has been broken. Unless a rooster tries to escape the pit,which is an automatic loss, a cockfight typically ends in one of three ways:

1. One of the cocks dies,2. One of the handlers concedes the fight, or3. One cock fails to attack (quits) for three successive counts of 10 seconds and one count

of 20 seconds.

This count is a good example of variation in the rules: At some pits, a cock loses after onlythree 10-second counts.

Investigative TechniquesCockfighting has become a nationally organized activity supported by state or local gamefowlassociations. Some of these groups will request references for applicants, and may request a homeaddress and place of employment. Since cockfighters come from all walks of life (insurancesalesmen, laborers, lawyers, politicians, etc.), they can easily verify someone’s background. Localcockfighters are sometimes acquainted with local law enforcement personnel, since cockfightingis often considered a minor crime. In fact, several courts have ruled in cockfighting cases that thestate’s anti-cruelty laws did not apply because chickens do not fit the definition of “animals”under the law.

Possible Sources of Information❏ Gamefowl and cockfighting publications❑ Sites on the Internet or other online services devoted to cockfighting❏ Manufacturers and suppliers of cockfighting equipment or paraphernalia❏ National, state, or local gamefowl associations❏ Poultry shows and exhibits❏ Local humane society and animal control personnel❏ Informants❏ Drug dealers or users or persons arrested or convicted of related offenses❏ Gamblers or persons arrested or convicted of related offenses❏ Surveillance of observed gamefowl operations

Possible Violations of Law❏ Cockfighting-specific offenses❏ State anti-cruelty statutes❏ Gambling❏ Racketeering or operating establishments for gaming purposes❏ Unreported income or tax evasion❏ Conspiracy❏ Narcotics and controlled substances❏ Illegal sales of alcoholic beverages❏ Contributing to the delinquency of a minor

36 The Final Round

Possible Violations of Law, continued❏ Concealed weapons❏ Disorderly conduct❏ Animal Welfare Act or Animal Fighting Venture Prohibition (federal)

Possible Means of Infiltration❏ Cockfighter❏ Gambler❏ Gamefowl breeder❏ Supplier of training equipment or cockfighting paraphernalia❏ Poultry exhibitor❏ Drug dealer or user

Search WarrantWhen preparing a search warrant for evidence of cockfighting, the paragraph that followscan serve as a guide.

All fighting cocks, gamefowl, and cockfighting paraphernalia, to wit: any implements commonly referred

to as gaffs, long heels, short heels, jaggers, bayonets, Texas twisters, socket knives, long knives, short knives,

slashers, postizas, or any other sharp implement designed to be attached in place of the natural spur of a

gamecock or other fighting bird; cockfighting paraphernalia including but not limited to gaff or slasher cases,

gaff or knife gauges, sharpening stones, mounting blocks, leather wraps, scabbards, moleskin, tape, waxed

string, and sparring muffs; tie cords, cages, enclosures, and portable carrying cases used to restrain, contain,

or transport gamefowl; magazines, periodicals, photographs, film, videotapes, or writings that discuss or depict

cockfighting or training or conditioning of gamecocks for fighting; dubbing shears, spur saws; call sheets,

match sheets, score cards, betting slips, training or conditioning records, breeding records, leg or wing bands;

veterinary drugs and supplies; antibiotics or other drugs used to treat injured fighting cocks or to enhance

their performance; needles and syringes used for the administration of such drugs; suture kits and other

veterinary supplies; computers, computer diskettes, or other removable media containing information related

to cockfighting; written materials showing ownership of gamefowl or other fighting birds, including bills of sale,

breeding records, and veterinary records; any cockfighting records including name and telephone number lists

of persons suspected of being cockfighters; trophies, plaques, ribbons, or other awards promoting or relating

to cockfighting; any constructed enclosures or components of any pits or arenas used for the purpose of

cockfighting or training gamecocks for fighting; weight scales or cocker’s scales; any buckets, pails, cans, and

sponges used to wash fowl; cockfighting rule books, fight contracts, or other written agreements concerning

the fighting of birds.


Glossary of Cockfighting Terms

Ace A gamecock who has won at least eight fights.Anchor Knot The last knot that secures the string around a gaff. Anchor knots are usually tied below the

socket in order to give more stability to the leg.Band See “Leg Band.”

Battle Royal The placement of several roosters into the pit at the same time with the last survivor beingdeclared the winner. This is sometimes done at the end of a match using injured cocks or birdsthat the owners intend to cull.

Bill (Billing) When provoking the birds to fight, the handlers will cradle them in their arms so that only theirheads and necks are free. The birds are then brought close together and allowed to peck at eachother. Billing lasts from 10 to 30 seconds and is considered part of the fight.

Bishop A cock that has had his spurs sharpened or filed to give the appearance of being a stag. In match-ing a stag against a cock, 4 ounces in weight is usually given to the stag; i.e., a stag can weigh 4ounces more than the cock. Substituting a bishop for a stag is an attempt to cheat by using a cockand gaining an advantage of four ounces. See “Stag.”

Blinder A handler who tries to place himself between the cocks and the referee in order to avoid a handle.Blinker A cock or stag who is blind in one eye.

Blinker Derby A cockfighting event limited to birds who are blind in one eye.Bloody Heel A term for a cock who cuts very accurately.

Blow 1. A strike or kick by a cock, usually resulting in a gaff piercing the opposing bird. 2. To blow ona bird: A method used to revive an injured cock where the handler blows warm air over the bird’shead and neck in an attempt to stimulate blood flow to the brain.

Botana A wooden block, sometimes wrapped in leather, with a socket designed to fit over the natural spur. (Mounting Block) of a gamecock. Necessary for fixing a Mexican slasher or short knife to the left leg of a rooster.

Brain Blow An injury, usually immediately fatal, caused by a gaff piercing the brain.Break 1. To fly high at an opponent, usually several feet off the ground. 2. To break the count:

See “Count.”Breast 1. The forward end of a rooster’s body. 2. To come to the breast or go to the breast: To move both

cocks to the short score lines. See “Short Score Lines.”Brush Fights Smaller, less organized cockfights involving “lesser quality” fowl and usually held in remote locations.

Bull A stag or cock that shows obvious superiority or strength over his opponent.Bull Stag A gamecock between 15 months and 2 years of age that has not been through a complete molt.

Button Heel The youngest of stags, usually less than one year old, who are just beginning to develop theirnatural spurs.

Call Sheet A tally form used by pit officials to record the band numbers, entry numbers, and weightsof cocks entered in a derby.

Catch Weight When two birds are fought without regard to matching their weights, they are said to be foughtat catch weight. Most shakes are fought at catch weight. See “Shakes.”

Center Score Lines See “Short Score Lines.”Check Weight The exact weight at which a bird is to be fought. Most cocks must weigh between 2 and 3 ounces

of each other in order to be matched. Cocks are weighed immediately before a fight to determinetheir check weight.

Cock A mature gamecock (usually about 2 years of age) who has finished his first molt.Cocker A shortened term for cockfighter or anyone who breeds gamefowl for cockfighting.

38 The Final Round

Cockhouse A building or shed equipped with coops or stalls for keeping cocks. The stalls, which are usuallyin tiers at one side of the room, each measure approximately 2 1/2 feet square and are equippedwith a door. When cocks are to be fought, a cocker keeps them in the cockhouse while preparingthem for battle.

Condition To prepare a bird for fighting by putting him through a rigorous training and feeding schedulecalled a keep for up to 2 weeks before a fight. There are many different methods of conditioninga bird, and some fighters closely guard their conditioning program since they believe it determinesthe outcome of the fight. See “Keep.”

Coop walk See “Walk.”Count The referee’s count, called out when no fighting occurs between two birds. The bird who made

the last aggressive move has the advantage of the count while the other bird is being counted out.Usually, when one bird fails to attack, the handler of the opposing bird can call for a count. Thecomplete count before a bird is declared a winner is three separate counts of 10 and one countof 20, with 15 to 20 seconds given between each count. After each count, the birds are handledand faced, and any aggressive move by the bird being counted out will end the count. After threecounts of 10, the birds will be moved to the short score lines and remain there until the end of thefight. When a cock being counted out fights back, he is said to “break” the count. A cock break-ing the count is entitled to the count himself if the opposing bird does not fight back. Rules mayvary. For example, some fight rules will declare a winner after two counts of 10 and one count of 20.

Country walk See “Walk.”Coupled A coupled cock is one who has received an injury to the spine or certain parts of the breast

and lost control of his legs. Some cocks recover partially in a few minutes, while others giveup quickly. Very few coupled cocks regain complete control of their legs.

Cut To inflict severe wounds with a knife or gaffs; to use a knife or gaffs accurately and effectively.Cutter A gamecock who cuts in a superior manner.

Cutting Test A method of testing the cutting ability of a cock in which the cock to be tested is heeled andpitted against a bird fitted with muffs that a cocker intends to cull.

Derby A large cockfighting event in which a number of cockers pay an entry fee to enter a pre-setnumber of birds (usually from four to 12) of various weights in different fights, and, wherepossible, will not meet the same opponent more than once. The cocker winning the most fightsis the winner and collects the purse, which is made up of all the entry fees. Some derbies havetwo money purses as well as options and other wagering means. Winnings may also be dividedbetween the first- and second-place winners, minus a percentage for the pit operator.

Diamond A method of cheating in which a gaff is filed to a diamond point in order to give it a cutting edge.Dora Dirza An ancient style of cockfighting from India that is currently being introduced to the United

(Taped Spur Boxing) States. In this style of fight, cocks of Asil breeding are pitted against each other in timed boutsafter their spurs have been wrapped with cloth and tape.

Drag and Drag Pit A drag pit is a smaller pit, separate from the main pit, where birds are placed to finish a fightwhen both cocks do not leave the score lines and the referee informs the handlers that time isgoing on. After the proper count to 20, both cocks will be moved to the short score lines in thecenter of the pit. The fight is now called a drag. Also, when one cock is awarded three countsof 10, both cocks will be moved to the short score lines for the last count of 20.

Drop Gaff See “Gaffs.”Draw When neither cock has the count and there is no further fighting for a specified period, the

referee will declare the fight a draw or tie. In a derby, a draw counts as one-half win for each entry.Dry Day (Drying Out) A day in which all water is withheld from a cock in order to dehydrate him in preparation for a

fight. Many cockers believe the dehydration helps to lessen blood loss. The dry day is usually theday before or the day of the fight.


Dubbing (Clipping) The surgical removal of a rooster’s comb, wattles, and earlobes. While exhibitors of gamefowland cockfighters both believe this operation makes the gamecock look truer to breed, cockfightersknow that it reduces the fighting cock’s overall weight and lessens the opportunity for injuryand sight impairment from bleeding during a fight.

Dubbing Shears Scissors used by cockers for dubbing.Dunghill A term used to describe a bird who runs. Also a common reference by cockers to describe

barnyard fowl.Farm walk See “Walk.”

Feeder (Conditioner) A person responsible for maintaining a bird’s weight.Flat A method of cheating in which a gaff is filed to a flat cutting edge at the point.

Flight Pens Larger exercise pens measuring approximately 4 feet wide, 8 to 10 feet long, and 6 to 10 feet high.Flirt A method of conditioning that is intended to strengthen a cock’s wings and help him to develop

balance while in the air. The bird is held with one hand under the breast and is tossed approxi-mately 2 feet into the air over a bench. He is caught with the other hand and tossed back andforth between both hands in a rhythm that keeps the bird continuously flapping his wings.Forward flirts are accomplished by holding the bird with both hands and tossing him in the airwith a forward flipping motion.

Fly Any of several methods of conditioning in which one cock is held approximately 5 feet off theground facing away from another cock held on the ground. The bird on the ground is thenreleased to fly toward the bird being held in the air. Just as the birds are about to come intocontact, the first bird is raised higher so that the flying bird misses. The process is repeatedseveral times.

Gaff Case A carrying case, such as a tackle box, or shaving kit, used for storing gaffs and other items acockfighter will need for a cockfight. A typical gaff case may contain several types of gaffs,moleskin strips, waxed string, scissors, a file and sharpening stone, a suture kit, and a rule book.

Gaffs (Heels) The artificial steel spurs that are placed on gamecocks in place of their natural spurs. Sold in pairs,each gaff consists of the spike or needle-like spur; the socket, or base that slips over the stump ofthe gamecock’s natural spur; the upper and lower flanges at the end of the socket; and a leatherstrap that is sewn to the flanges and designed to wrap around the bird’s leg in order to providephysical support for the gaff. There are many types of gaffs, each named for the way in which thespike protrudes from the socket (regulation, bayonets, drop and full drop, jaggers, skeletons, etc.).Gaffs also come in various lengths, measured from the tip of the point to the top back edge ofthe socket. Gaffs measuring 21/8 inches and shorter are usually referred to as short heels, and gaffsmeasuring 21/4 inches and longer are referred to as long heels. A cocker will choose a particulartype and length of gaff according to how a specific bird fights; e.g., a bird who stays close to theground may do better with a drop heel and a long spike, while a bird who flies off the groundmay perform better with regulation short heels. Before the gaffs are placed on a bird, stripsof moleskin are wrapped around the bird’s legs above and below the natural spur (to act as acushion), and then around the stump of the spur itself. The gaffs are then fitted and the leatherstraps are wrapped around the bird’s legs and secured with waxed string.

Game (Gameness) Term used to describe the quality of courage that permits an animal to continue fighting evenwhen totally exhausted, seriously injured, or dying.

Gamefowl (Old Descendants of jungle fowl, gamefowl is a term given to the game (fighting) breeds and any English Games and of a breed of fowl used for cockfighting.

Modern Games)Gizzard Blow A wound to the bird’s gizzard area sometimes resulting in paralysis.

Graveyard Dead When a bird has collapsed and appears to be unable to continue to fight, but is still alive.

40 The Final Round

Hack (Hacked Cock) A gamecock who will not show fight when presented to another cock. When a bird loses hiscourage or is dominated by another, he is said to be under hack.

Hack Fights A single cockfight, held independently of other fights. The impromptu fighting of extra birdsbrought to the fight location while awaiting the start of the organized matches.

Handle A term used by the referee requiring the handlers to pick up or separate their birds, often after oneor both birds have a gaff hung in the other, or in the pit wall or floor. After each handle the birdsare again faced, and the fight resumes.

Hand Sparring A method of evaluating hitting ability. A cocker holds a cock or stag he intends to cull and usesthe bird as a moving target for the bird being trained, who is fitted with sparring muffs.

Hang When one or both birds has a steel gaff stuck in his body and cannot dislodge it to continue the fight.Heel The act of attaching gaffs or knives to the legs of the birds to be fought.

Heel By Band Number The act of heeling the birds according to the number on the leg band. See “Leg Band.”Heels See “Gaffs.”Hen Female chicken used for breeding.

Keep Refers to a program of intense training and conditioning of gamecocks prior to a match, especiallythe last two weeks before a fight. This period is often preceded by a pre-keep, which lasts abouttwo weeks. A cock who is being conditioned is said to be in keep.

Knife (Slasher) A steel weapon resembling a curved blade. Varieties of slashers include the Filipino slasher or longknife, the Mexican slasher or short knife, and the socket knife. Usually, only one knife is attachedto the left leg of each rooster in a knife fight.

Leg Band A small plastic or metal band placed around a cock’s leg in order to identify him. At a derby orother major fight, a bird will have a band placed on his leg by the pit operator after he has beenweighed. A number on the band will be checked before the fight begins to ensure that anotherbird has not been substituted by a dishonest cocker.

Main A type of cockfight in which two parties agree to show a certain number of cocks and matchall those who weigh within 2 ounces of each other. The winner of the majority of the battleswins the main.

Main Score Lines Parallel lines drawn approximately 6 to 8 feet apart on the floor of the main pit upon whichthe birds are released at the start of a cockfight.

Matchmaker The person responsible for matching birds according to such information as weight and band number.Molt The word molt (or moult) means to cast or shed. When used in reference to fowl, it means the

period when one suit of feathers is shed for another. The process is slow, lasting an average ofabout 4 months from the time the feathers begin to drop until the new feathers have hard quills.It is common for fowl to act lethargic during this period, which lasts from the latter part of Julyto about mid-November. Cockfighting activity also generally subsides during this period.

Mounting Blocks See “Botana.”Muffs (Sparring or Padded muffs designed to be placed over a cock’s or stag’s natural spurs to prevent serious injuries

Breeders Muffs) from occurring during sparring matches.Naked Heel A gamecock who is not equipped with artificial spurs. A term used to describe a cockfight without

the use of gaffs or other artificial spurs.Pinfeathers (Pins) During the molt the quill at the butt of the new feather is called a pin or pinfeather. The term also

applies to a new feather, which is always encased in a soft, bloody jacket.Pit (Arena) 1. The pit is generally an enclosed area in which cockfights are staged. The pit can range from 15

to 20 feet in diameter. In some cases, an enclosure is not necessary. A space on the ground needonly be cleared of rocks and debris so that the boundaries and score lines can be drawn in the dirt.2. To set (cocks, etc.) in a pit to fight.

Pittings The term used to describe the successive starts of a fight due to the referee’s calling a handle.Time between pittings is 20 seconds.


Postiza An artificial spur made of aluminum, plastic, or turtle shell that is attached to the stumps of agamecock’s natural spur with glue and tape. Cockfights using such implements are popular inPuerto Rico, Central and South America, and parts of the United States.

Pullet Term for a young female fowl until she finishes her first molt.Quitter A bird who fails to continue the attack, even if the other bird is dead. A quitter always loses.Rattled A term used to describe a bird who is having trouble breathing due to a punctured lung. A rattled

cock usually emits a gurgling sound due to the blood in the air passageways.Referee Person responsible for enforcing the rules being used, starting the fight, calling handles, keeping

the counts, and declaring a winner.Round Head Specially bred rooster who has no comb or wattles to dub.

Run A conditioning method in which a bird is placed on a bench and pushed along with one hand,then turned around and run in the other direction with the other hand. This exercise is intendedto build stamina.

Runner A bird who attempts to flee the pit to avoid a fight.Score Lines See “Main Score Lines” and “Short Score Lines.”

Shakes (Shakebags) Roosters weighing 6 pounds, 6 ounces and over.Shoot To shoot another cock: To pierce an opposing cock with a gaff. Often shouted as words

of encouragement, such as “Shoot ’em!”Short Heels See “Gaffs.”

Short Score Lines Parallel lines drawn 16 to 24 inches apart in the pit upon which the birds are released after beinghandled.

Show 1. A cockfight, derby, or tournament. 2. A cock who is eager to fight. 3. A cocker’s collectionof cocks, as in, “He brought a good show to the last derby.”

Shuffle A combination of blows struck by a cock.Shuffler A term used to describe a cock with the ability to strike many times very quickly.Slasher See “Knife.”

Slip Leg (Slip Spur, A term used to describe a cock who does not have a full natural spur on which to fasten a gaff. Slip Heel) Special materials must be used to attach a gaff to a slip leg cock.

Spar A brief cockfight between birds heeled with sparring muffs in order to determine fighting styleand evaluate fighting ability or progress during a keep.

Sparring Muffs See “Muffs.”Sparring Stags A method of evaluating a stag’s fighting ability from the age of 6 months to 1 year to determine

which stags will be culled and which stags will be tested for gameness.Spur Saw A small saw used to trim a cock’s natural spurs.

Stag Term for a young male fowl until he finishes his first molt (usually about 18 months of age).Station The height of a bird as determined by the length of his legs. Gamecocks are said to be high,

medium, or low stationed. The station of a cock is a factor in the type of gaff that will bechosen for him.

String Walk See “Walk.”Sun Coop A portable pen that is set on the ground outside the cockhouse for a cock being conditioned

so he is not confined in a stall all of the time.Testing Any of a variety of methods used to determine the gameness of stags between about 10 months to

1 year of age in which the bird to be tested is pitted against other birds a number of times over aperiod of days. Because the tests are intended to be severe and because they are usually conductedwith the combatants wearing heels, it is not unusual for a number of the birds to be killed.

42 The Final Round

Texas Twister A type of gaff that features a twisting spike.Tie-out Cord A cord fastened to a leg of a cock and secured to a stake or pen in a yard. Tie-out cords prevent

cocks from coming into contact with other cocks in a yard while allowing them to scratch freelyand exercise.

Tournament A large cockfighting event in which every entry must meet each other entry one time. In atournament, a cocker may fight as many as 16 different birds, and the elimination process islong and complex. The derby is now much more popular than the tournament in most regions.

Trimming Out The removal of certain feathers prior to a fight; usually includes the shortening of the longtail (sickle) feathers, wing primaries, and removal of some back (saddle) feathers and plumagearound the vent.

Vent Cloaca, the anal area of a rooster.Walk Any of several different methods for keeping and housing a cock. A country walk or farm walk

allows the cock to run free and establish his own territory. This method is often used for youngstags and older birds. A string walk places the birds on individual tie-out cords, each with his ownshelter. Often, more than 100 cocks can be kept in a yard on separate string walks. Birds who arekept in coops or pens are said to have a coop walk or pen walk.

Wheeler A rooster who attempts to tire and disorient his opponent by running in circles.Wry Neck The puncturing of a bird’s neck nerves by a gaff, causing partial to complete paralysis

of the neck muscles.Yard The area in which cocks are kept or housed when not being conditioned for a fight.


Appendix I: Pit RulesCajun Rules, also known as Louisiana Rules, are probably the most popularly used dogfighting rules in the country atthis time. There have been many alterations to this set of rules and options are available to the handlers. The Cajun Rulesshown here are reprinted exactly as they appear in the booklet titled “Combat Rules.”

Note: Spelling and grammatical mistakes are reproduced as in the original.

Cajun Rules1. Size of pit optional; to be square with sides 2 feet high, scratch line 14 feet apart.

2. Referee to be chosen before the dogs are weighed in or washed and referee to conduct the contest according to theserules and his decision to be final.

3. Referee to see the dogs weighed at time agreed on and if either dog is over top weight agreed he loses forfeit money.

4. Parties to toss coin to see who shall wash first, each party to furnish two clean towels and a blanket.

5. If requested to do so the referee shall search the person named to wash the dog and then have him bare his arm to theelbow and wash both dogs in the same warm water and rinse them each in his half of the warm clean water providedfor that purpose.

6. As the dogs are washed clean and dried they shall be turned over to their handlers and at once taken to their corners ofthe pit as designated by the referee, and the referee must search handlers for means of foul play and see that he bares hisarms to the elbow before he receives his dog and must keep his arm bare in such a manner during the contest.

7. The dogs’ owner or his representative shall be allowed at all times to be near his dog and watch to see that no harm isdone him, and each owner shall be allowed to name a man or himself to watch over his opponent’s dog and handler atall times to see he is given no unfair advantage.

8. Either dogs owner, handler or watcher if he sees anything wrong must at once appeal to the referee and get hisdecision. And if any handler, watcher or owner violates any of these rules and thereby favors either dog the dogso favored must at once be declared the loser.

9. The interested parties shall choose a timekeeper at the pit side.

10. The dogs are placed in their corners of the pit, opposite corners, faces turned from each other, and only the dogs andtheir handlers inside the pit. Then the referee shall say “Face your dogs” each handler must always show his dog’s fullhead and shoulders between his legs. The referee says “Let Go”, but the handler must never push or shove their dogs,and handlers shall not leave their corners until the dogs are together.

11. Now when one of the dogs turns his head and shoulders away from his opponent after the fight is on it is a turnwhether they are in holds are free, and the handler must claim the turn and the referee must allow the claim if hebelieves it is a turn or the referee must call the first fair turn he sees whether the handler claims it or not and when thereferee calls a turn he shall say “Handle your dogs when they are free of holds” and each handler must pick up his dog

44 The Final Round

as soon as he can without breaking a hold. Handlers carry their dogs to their respective corners immediately onpicking them up, keeping the dogs face turned away from the center of the pit. The dog that turned first must scratchfirst. In five seconds more the referee shall say “Let Go”, then the dog that made the first turn must be turned looseby his handler and this dog must go across and mouthe the other dog. If when he is turned loose he refuses to startat once or if he stops on the way over, or if he fails to reach his opponent he has lost the fight and the referee mustdeclare his opponent the winner. A handler is allowed to release his dog at any time he sees fit after the dog whoseturn it is to cross has started over. He must turn loose when the dogs touch each other.

12. (a.) If neither dog has made a turn and they cease to fight after 60 seconds of no action, the down dog is to scratchfirst, if he makes his scratch the fight is one and they shall scratch in turns until the contest is decided.(b.) If the down dog fails to scratch the other dog is to scratch to win. If he fails to scratch to win. If he fails to scratchthe contest shall be declared a draw by the referee.(c.) No handler is to handle his dog until ordered by the referee if he does, it shall be declared a foul by the referee,and he is to forfeit the contest to his opponent.(d.) No flash pictures or hitting on pit side shall be allowed unless agreed upon by the two contestants.

13. After the dogs are together this time either handler is to pick up his dog when they are not in holds, if ordered by thereferee. If he catches his dog up free both handlers must handle their dogs at once, take their dogs to their corners andproceed same as the first turn, except this time the dog which went across before is allowed to remain in his cornerwhile his opponent makes his scratch, or goes across, and they alternate or take it in turn about this matter until oneof them is declared the winner under these rules. The referee pays no attention to the turn after the first scratch.

14. If one of the dogs fangs himself, that is if he gets his teeth hung in his own lip, his handler is allowed to unfang him.If the dogs have to be separated for this they are turned loose again both at the same time within two feet of eachother in the center of the pit.

15. No sponging shall be allowed, and no towels or anything else taken into the pit by the handlers except a bottle ofdrink for his dog and a fan to cool him with. The handlers must taste their dogs drink before the referee to showthat it contains no poison.

16. If the handler of either dog is seen to take anything from anyone on the outside of the pit he is to lose the battle.Each party shall have the opportunity to put a man near his opponents corner to watch he handler. Should he seethe handler put anything on his dog he may appear to the referee, and if the referee finds anything on the dog heis to lose the battle.

17. Should either handler leave the pit with his dog before the referee renders his decision he is to lose the battle.

18. The handlers shall be allowed to encourage their dogs by voice or hand-clapping or snapping of their fingers, but mustnot touch their dog or use foul, dirty methods by saving their dogs from hard falls or keeping the other handler awayfrom his dog, or in any other way act unfairly. The referee must decide the battle against the one who does so.

19. Should the police interfere the referee to name the next meeting place.


Appendix II: Dogfighting and CockfightingPublications

Dogfighting

American Gamedog TimesP.O. Box 164Ruffin, NC 27326

The American WarriorP.O. Box 480Olivia, NC 28368

Bits on PitsP.O. Box 945Mt. Washington, KY 40047

Bulldog Review MagazineHC 67, Box 117Bruno, AR 72618

Face Your DogsP.O. Box 815867Dallas, TX 75381-5867

Cockfighting

Ace of the PitsP.O. Box 1644Anthony, NM 88021-1644

Cock ’N BullDrawer 638Granite, OK 73547-0638

El Palenque de OroApartado Postal 16-323Del. Azcapotzal C.P. 02000Mexico, D.F.

The Feathered WarriorRoute 3, Box 204DeQueen, AR 71832-9728

Fighting CockP.O. Box 86Oakwood, GA 30566-0002

The GamecockP.O. Box 158Hartford, AR 72938-0158

Grit and SteelDrawer 280Gaffney, SC 29342

Kulang!935 Poplar Springs RoadOrrtanna, PA 17353-9437

Tradicion Gallos Del MundoAvda. Ejercito del Norte 619(4000) San Miguel de TucumanArgentina

Gamedog DigestP.O. Box 75262Cincinnati, OH 45275

The Pit Bull Chronicle218 Cumerland StreetMastic, NY 11950

The Scratch Line13 Green Hill RoadJohnston, RI 02919

The Sporting Dog JournalP.O. Box 476Jefferson, GA 30549

The Pit Dog Journal57 Johnson StreetSnow Hill, NC 28580

Your Friend and MinePMB-P5975 W. Western WayTucson, AZ 85713

46 The Final Round

Appendix III: Advertisement fromSporting Dog Journal

AMERICAN PIT ENFORCERS

THIS AD WILL RUN ONLY ONE TIME AND I URGE EVERYONE AND HIS BROTHERJOIN TODAY

For many, many years THE AMERICAN PIT BULL TERRIER has representedus. He has guarded us, warmed us, amused us and even died for us.There are people out in the world right now killing and stealingthe great Pit Bull. Most of the people I have talked to have eitherhad a pet stolen or killed at one time or another. Many dogs arestolen and shipped to either Canada or Mexico.

I can’t say to much about this new club that I want you to joinwithout letting out a lot of secrets, but our goal is to get backstolen pets across the country and deal severely with the thieves.

OFFICERS NEEDEDTo work with our enforcers to catch thieves and killers, to recruitnew and trusted members and to help eliminate snitches, etc. Officersshould have matched dogs or plan to in the near future. We need atleast ten (10) officers in each state. If you want to be an officerjust write to us.

MEMBERS NEEDED IMMEDIATELYmembership cost only $1.00 per month, $12.00 per year. Now everyonecan afford that and if we think anything at all of our great breed,we will join today

AMERICAN PIT ENFORCERS are now taking application for Two (2) enforcers.QUALIFICATIONS: Should have martial arts degree of Black Belt or higher.

Should be familiar with all types of firearms.Should be able to examine evidence and draw

conclusions without prejudice.Should be familiar with the different bloodlines,

looks,coloration of the American Pit Bull.Should be able to travel throughout the U.S.,

Canada,Mexico and possibly South America.SALARY NEGOTIABLE PLUS AUTO AND EXPENSES.

1. Take pictures of all your pets in case they are stolen it willmake it easier to identify them. Tattoo your pets if possible.

2. Put locks on your pets to make it harder for thieves.3. Send us pictures of your pets.4. Cooperate with our Officers. Someday it might be your pet they’re looking for5. Help us recruit new members and Officers.6. If you know of a stolen pet let us know. All information is

confidential and rewards paid for most pets.7. Check with your dog shelter to see if any Pit Bulls have been captured.8. Be sure of who you buy a dog from, get papers.9. If you have mistakenly bought a stolen dog let us know, we’ll

help work something out with the owner so everyone is happy.10.If you know of anyone with a personal war against the Pit Bull, tell us.

JOIN TODAY. WE DESPERATELY NEED YOUR SUPPORT AND MEMBERSHIP FEES TOHELP FINANCE THIS UNDERTAKING.

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○


Appendix IV: Dog Impoundment Chart

Dog #

❑ Male ❑ Female

Breed

Color

Distinguishing Marks

Owner (if known)

Address

Date

Photo ❑ Yes ❑ No

Video ❑ Yes ❑ No

Case #

Impounding Officer’s Initials

48 The Final Round

Appendix V: HSUS Regional Offices

Southeast Regional Office1624 Metropolitan Circle, Suite BTallahassee, FL [email protected] Fax 850-386-4534Serves: AL, FL, GA, MS, SC

Southwest Regional Office3001 LBJ Freeway, Suite 224Dallas, TX 75234972-488-2964 Fax [email protected]: AR, AZ, LA, NM, OK, TX

West Coast Regional Office5301 Madison Avenue, Suite 202P.O. Box 417220Sacramento, CA 95841-7220916-344-1710 Fax [email protected]: CA, HI, NV

Central States Regional Office800 West 5th Avenue, Suite 110Naperville, IL 60563630-357-7015 Fax [email protected]: IL, KY, NC, TN, WI

Great Lakes Regional Office745 Haskins Road, Suite GBowling Green, OH 43402-1696419-352-5141 Fax [email protected]: IN, MI, OH, WV

Mid-Atlantic Regional OfficeBartley Square, 270 Route 206Flanders, NJ 07836973-927-5611 Fax [email protected]: DE, NJ, NY, PA

Midwest Regional Office1515 Linden Street, Suite 220Des Moines, IA 50309515-283-1393 Fax [email protected]: IA, KS, MN, MO, NE

New England Regional Office1787 VT Rt. 112Mailing address: P.O. Box 619Jacksonville, VT 05342-0619802-368-2790 Fax [email protected]: CT, MA, ME, NH, RI, VT

Northern Rockies Regional Office490 North 31st Street, Suite 315Billings, MT 59101406-255-7161 Fax [email protected]: CO, MT, ND, SD, UT, WY

Pacific Northwest Regional Office6613 South 192nd Street, Suite K102P.O. Box 88199Seattle, WA 98138-2199425-656-9797 Fax [email protected]: AK, ID, OR, WA

National Headquarters2100 L Street, NWWashington, DC 20037202-452-1100 Fax 202-778-6132www.hsus.orgServes: DC, MD, VA

When you need assistance from The HSUS, your regional office should be yourfirst contact. For more information, visit The HSUS website at www.hsus.org.


Notes

ANIMAL FIGHTING MATERIAL

Use a variety of these materials, produced and sponsored by The HSUS, to bring awarenessto your community about animal fighting and what can be done to end it.

Final Round Brochure(Available in English and Spanish)

Spread the word about the lethal dangersof animal fighting—for the animalsinvolved and the entire community—with our four-color The Final Roundbrochure. The brochure offers a general introduction to the violence and brutality of dogfighting and cockfighting.

Price: 1–24/50¢ each 25–99/25¢ each100 or more/20¢ each

Final Round VideoThe ugly truth of animal fighting comes alive in The Final Round video.These seven minutes of explicitinvestigative footage are a quick andeffective way to show law enforcementpersonnel the real-life horrors ofdogfighting and cockfighting.

Price: $7.00 each

Born to Lose Cockfighting Flyers and Posters(Available in English and Spanish)Thousands of birds are killed each year in cockfights. Let members of your community know about this cruel “sport” andencourage them to helpstop it with 8" x 10"flyers and a 2' x 3' full-color posteradvertising a $2,500 HSUS reward for reporting information leading to convictions for this brutal crime.

Price: Posters: $1.00 each Bulk** & Customized* with your logo:Orders of 5,000/$1,095.00***

Flyers: 1–24/$1.00 each25–49/60¢ each 50–99/50¢ each 100 or more/45¢ eachBulk** & Customized* with your logo: Orders of 5,000/$950.00***

Born to LoseDogfighting Flyer and Posters (Available in English and Spanish)Inform members of yourcommunity about the violent crimeof dogfighting and enlist their help in ending it with 8" x 10" flyers and a 2' x 3' full-color poster promising a$2,500 HSUS reward for informationleading to convictions of thoseengaging in this cruel activity.

Price: Posters: $1.00 each Bulk** & Customized* with your logo: Orders of 5,000/$1,095.00***

Flyers: 1–24/$1.00 each 25–49/60¢ each50–99/50¢ each 100 or more/45¢ eachBulk** & Customized* with your logo: Orders of 5,000/$950.00***

Illegal Animal Fighting ManualMore copies of this authoritativeprimer on illegal animal fightingactivities make importantresources for all of your law enforcement personnel.

Price: 1–9/$10.00 each10–19/$8.00 each20 or more/$6.00 each

**Additional bulk quantities please contact The HSUS Field Services staff at 202-452-1100

*Artwork Requirements: Camera ready artwork must not contain any screensof color or black. Acceptable software applications are QuarkXPress™,Pagemaker® 6.0, Freehand™ 7, Illustrator®, and Photoshop® original nativefiles. Illustrator® and Freehand™ files MUST have text converted to outlines.Files MUST include all supporting artwork and fonts. We do not accept “Post Script” files, JPEG or DCS images, TrueType fonts, or Microsoft® Wordfiles. Minimum image resolution is 300 DPI at 100%. Files can be supplied on CD-ROM, Zip 100, and Floppy 3.5" or e-mailed to [email protected].

***Prices good through December 31, 2005.

The Final Round Brochure (Available in English and Spanish)Provides general facts and information about animal fighting, _______ English including what you can do to help stop it.1–24/50¢ each; 25–99/25¢ each; 100 or more/20¢ each PM2270 _______ Spanish

The Final Round VideoPresents investigative footage showing the ugly truth about dogfighting and cockfighting. Length: 7 min.$7.00 each AV74

Illegal Animal Fighting Manual (For Law Enforcement Only)More copies of this authoritative primer on illegal animal fighting activities. 1–9/$10.00 each; 10–19/$8.00 each; 20 or more/$6.00 each PM2279

Born to Lose Cockfighting Flyer (Available in English and Spanish) _______ English Full color, 8" x 10" PM2271

1–24/$1.00 each; 25/60¢ each; 50/50¢ each; 100/45¢ each _______ SpanishBulk & Customized* with your logo: Orders of 5,000/$950.00 (Additional bulk quantities please contact The HSUS Field Services staff at 202-452-1100)

Born to Lose Cockfighting Poster (Available in English and Spanish) _______ English Full color, 2' x 3' $1.00 each PM2272

Bulk & Customized* with your logo: Orders of 5,000/$1,095.00 _______ Spanish(Additional bulk quantities please contact The HSUS Field Services staff at 202-452-1100)

Born to Lose Dogfighting Flyer (Available in English and Spanish) _______ English Full color, 8" x 10" PM2273

1–24/$1.00 each; 25/60¢ each; 50/50¢ each; 100/45¢ each Bulk & Customized* with your logo: Orders of 5,000/$950.00 (Additional bulk quantities please contact The HSUS Field Services staff at 202-452-1100) _______ Spanish

Born to Lose Dogfighting Poster (Available in English and Spanish) _______ English Full color, 2' x 3' $1.00 each PM2257

Bulk & Customized* with your logo: Orders of 5,000/$1,095.00 _______ Spanish(Additional bulk quantities please contact The HSUS Field Services staff at 202-452-1100)

Order FormTHE HSUS ON ANIMAL FIGHTING

FINALROUNDTHE

2100 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037202-452-1100 ■ Fax 301-258-3107 ■ www.hsus.org ■ www.AnimalFighting.org

The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) offers materials to help you educate your community about this important issue. QUANTITY COST

SUBTOTAL

STATE SALES TAX1

SHIPPING AND HANDLING2

BULK S&H PER 5,0003

FLYERS $40/POSTERS $115

TOTAL AMOUNT DUE

Help bring awareness of animal fighting to your community.

$3.00

AFSP01

METHOD OF PAYMENT: ■■ Check (payable to The HSUS)■■ Visa ■■ MasterCard ■■ Discover

ACCOUNT # EXP. DATE

SIGNATURE

NAME

ADDRESS

CITY STATE ZIP

DAYTIME TELEPHONE E-MAIL

All orders must be prepaid. Please provide your street address and allow five to ten weeks for delivery.

1 Residents of these states should add applicable sales tax: CA (7.25%), CT (6%), DC (5.75%), FL (6%), IL (6.25%), MD (5%), OH (5%).

2 For orders of $50.00 or more, please contact The HSUS Field Services staff at 202-452-1100 or [email protected] for shipping andhandling fees and bulk price discounts.

3 Prices good through December 31, 2005.

Please mail this order form with payment to:The HSUS on Animal Fighting: The Final Round2100 L Street, NWWashington, DC 20037-1595

Or fax with credit card information to 202-955-3686

*ARTWORK REQUIREMENTS: Camera ready artwork MUST NOT contain any screens of color or black.Acceptable software applications are QuarkXPress™, Pagemaker®6.0, Freehand™ 7, Illustrator®, andPhotoshop®original native files. Illustrator®and Freehand™ files MUST have text converted to outlines.Files MUST include all supporting artwork and fonts. We do not accept “Post Script” files, JPEG or DCSimages, TrueType fonts, or Microsoft® Word files. Minimum image resolution is 300 DPI at 100%. Filescan be supplied on CD-ROM, Zip 100, and Floppy 3.5" or e-mailed to [email protected].

Illegal Animal FightingA Law Enforcement Primer for the Investigation of Cockfighting and Dogfighting

Promoting the protection of all animals

FI

Revised 2004. ©The Humane Society of the United States.All rights reserved. Printed on recycled paper.

a law enforcement primer for the investigation of ... · a law enforcement primer for the...

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