Department of Dravyaguna IPGT&RA, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India

Pooja Rohilla MD scholar

R N Acharya Professor & Head

Raghvendra Naik Phd Scholar

dr.poojarohilla06@gmail.com,9904562033

A look into the contribution of Raja nighantu, an Ayurvedic Nighantu (lexicon) of 14th century AD,

towards drug safety

PHARMACOVIGILANCE

A basic and fundamental concept which plays an important role in assessing drug safety in any system of medicine. The science and activities related to detection, evaluation, understanding and prevention of adverse drug reactions or any other drug related problems.

5 trillion S

62 billion S Growing popularity

Sourse- Buisness standard ,2005

Pharmacovigilance- Ayurvedic view..

The concept of pharmacovigilance is not new to the Ayurveda. Ancient texts clearly mention that if a drug is used without the knowledge of its proper action, it would certainly act as a poison. The major goals of pharmacovigilance, i.e. to improve patient care and safety in relation to drug use, to promote rational drug use are recurrent themes of Ayurvedic pharmacology and therapeutics.

Ayurveda- Preventive aspect

•  Along with the detailed description of properties and therapeutic action of individual drugs, ancient texts of Ayurveda clearly described all the possible adverse reactions and consequences of medicines when they prepared or used inappropriately in clinical practice.

•  Documentation of such possible adverse drug reactions

explained in classical texts of Ayurveda to promote the rational use of drug and to prevent the ADR is the need of time.

Material and Methods ü  In the present review, an attempt has been made to reveal the possible

adverse drug documentation specified in Raja nighantu (A lexicon of 14th centaury of Ayurveda).

ü  After a critical analysis, the final observations has been given in a tabular

form consisting of the plants with their botanical name and their possible adverse reaction on different systems of the body.

ü  For easy understanding, an attempt has also been made to express the t

echnical Sanskrit terms into convenient English language.* *Baghel M.S (2011). Standardization of Ayurvedic Clinical termino logies. IPGT & RA, GAU, Jamnagar, Gujarat.

9 groups medicinal plants (Herbal origin)

10th group minerals and metals

3 groups typically focuses on food items

+ Remaining 10 groups non-medicinal groups

Raja Nighantu (14thcentury AD)

23 groups 166 -Plant origin 10 -Mineral origin, 20 -Animal origin, 32 -Food items 06 -Lavana (Salt)

Drugs with Possible ADR 234

Results    and  Discussion  

Total drugs 698

Effects on Dosha: In Ayurveda, Tridosha are the essential triad influencing the health and disease conditions. Thus, the knowledge of side effects of drugs that affect their normal functions becomes necessary.

Vitiate vata (28)

Vitiate pitta (40)

Vitiate kapha (20)

Vitiate all Doshas (5)

Mukhalu Raphanus sativus Linn.

Palashi Hedychium spicatum

Ham-ex Smith

Vidarika Pueraria tuberosa DC.

Aamra (Unripe) Mangifera indica Linn.

Ksheera kumbhi Cucurbita lageneria

Duch.

Granthika (Pippali mula) Roots of Piper longum

Linn.

Nishpatri (karira) Capparis aphylla Roth.

Kapitha Feronia elephantenum

Corr.

Hasti-koshataki Luffa acutangula Roxb.

Kancha lavana (Black salt)

Kharjuri Phoenix sylvestris Roxb.

Kusumbha(Oil) Carthamus tinctorius L

inn.

Tinduka Diospyros embryopteris

Pers.

Vatsanabha Aconitum ferox Wall.

Shleshmataka Cordia dichotoma Forst.

-

Effect on Dhatus : Dhatus (tissues system) are vital for basic metabolism in body. Thus, study of interference in their normal function by the side effects of some medicines is must.

Raktadushti (Vitiation of blood)

•  Soorana (Amorphophallus campanulatus Blume.) •  Bijora Nimbu Unripe (Citrus medica Linn.) •  Milk of newly delivered cow ( Nava Prasuta Dugdha)

Shukrakshaya (Oligospermia)

Sarshpa patra Leaves of Brassica compestris Var.

Punsatavghana (loss of libido)

Rajika (Brassica juncea L.) (Seed Oil)

Drugs having Possible ADR on Gastrointestinal system

Possible ADR No.

Appetite depressants (Vahni shanti) 5

Emetics (Vanti kruta) 6

Heavy to digest (Durjara) 12

Producing burning sensation (Dahakruta) 10

Purgatives (Rechani) 14

Laxatives (Saraka) 10

Stool binding agents (Samgrahi) 11

Anti-carminatives (Aadhmankari) 5

Constipates (Vibandh dayaka) 3

Max. no.

Appetite depressants (Vahni shanti kara)

Baluki Gisekia pharnaceoides Linn.

Kshudra chanchu Corcorus antichorus Linn.

Pinda kharjuri Phoenix dactylifera Linn.

Kastha kadali

Curd (Dadhi)

Produce burning sensation (Dahakruta)

Vishamusti Strychnos nux-vomica Linn.

Chitraka Plumbago zeylanica Linn.

Kanchalavna Black salt

Tinisha Ougeinia dalbergioldes Benth.

Contd..

Emetics (Vanti kruta)

Katutumbi Lagenaria vulgaris Ser.

Shweta kakadani Capparis sepiaria Linn.

Shanapushpi Crotalaria spectabilis L.

Shana Crotalaria juncea L.

Rakta apamarga Achyranthes rubra Hook.f Check Heavy to digest (Durjara)

Varataki Solanum melangena Linn.

Baluki Gisekia pharnaceoides Linn. Koshamra- Schleichera trijuga Willd. Panas- Artogarpus integrifolia Linn. Kadali- Musa sapientum Linn. Narikela- Cocos nucifera Linn. Madhu bijapura- Citrus decumana Linn.

Contd..

fruits

Cont… Trimala (three types of body wastes) namely Purisha (faeces), Mutra (urine) and Sweda (sweat) form an indispensable part of excretory processes which maintain equilibrium in the body by eliminating toxic waste products. Among them drugs having adverse effect on intestine directly affect the normal defecation which results in to- Defecation

Fecal output  ↑ Frequency ↑ Purgation

F𝐞𝐜𝐚𝐥  𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭↓ Constipation Difficult To Pass

Purgative (Rechani)

Tikta tundi Coccinia indica W.& A.

Indravaruni Citrullus colocynthis Schrad.

Yavatikta Andrographis paniculata Wall.

Kutaki Picrorriza kurroa Royal ex Benth.

Danti Baliospermum montanum Muell. Arg.

Trivrut Operculina turpethum Silva Manso.

Patola Trichosanthes dioica Roxb

Haritaki Terminalia chebula Retz.

Poogaphala Areca catechu Linn.

Kampillaka Mallotus phillepinensis Muell. Arg

Contd..

Cont.… Laxative (Saraka)

Shana Crotalaria juncea Linn.

Atiamlaparni Vitis pentaphyla Thunb.

Brahmi Hydrocotyle asiatica Linn

Yavakshara Potassium carbonate K2Co3

Singhada Trapa bispinosa Roxb.

Tool Morus indica Griff.

Asana Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.

Kunda Jasminum pubescens Willd.

Peelu Salvadora persica Linn.

Madhu Honey

Stool binding agents (Sangrahi)

Shitivara (Siriyari) Celosia argentia Linn.

Tinduka Diospyros embryopteris Pers.

Kapittha Feronia elephantenum Corr.

Bilva Aegle marmelos Corr.

Navaneeta Butter Tila Sesamum indicum Linn. Shyamaka Echineochloa frumentacea Link.

Anti-carminative (Adhmanakari) Hasti-koshataki Luffa acutangula Roxb. Nishpatri (karira) Capparis aphylla Roth. Chanaka Cicer arientum Linn. Mudagadi (Ardhapkava) Semicooked cereals

Constipative (Vibandh dayaka)

Chanchu Corcorus acutangulus Lam. Gajapippali Scindapsus officinalis Schott

•  The drugs shown on slides attributed with different ADRs but maximum drugs have purgation as an adverse reaction, after that some fruits are heavy to digest.

•  There are about 11 drugs which have stool binding property. So we can see the ADR like prolonged constipation, nausea, heaviness in abdomen etc.

•  so whenever prescribing these medicines individually or with formulation we have to keep in mind that dose of the drug or formulation should be according to the constitution (Prakriti) and strength of patient (Rogibala). Otherwise it may lead to loose stools ,abdominal pains etc.

•  Some poisonous drug like Strychnos nux-vomica Linn. should be given

after proper purification with a therapeutic value mention in API.

Cont…

Urinary system Urine output

Increased (diuresis)

Tila - Sisamum indicum Linn. Oushar lavana - Salt from bay region Chinodaka shali dhanya.

Shali dhanya - One type of rice

Trapusha - Cucumis sativus Linn.

Karkati - Cucumis sativus Linn. Ikshu (shweta) - Sacharum album

Linn.

Decreased (oliguria)

Nervous system

Sleep increased (Bahu nidrakari)

•  Raja palandu- Allium cepa Linn. •  Upodika- Basella rubra Linn. •  Sneha yukta takra

Paranoia (Unmada)

•  Ketaki - Pandanus odorattisimus Roxb. •  Vasanti- Ixora arboria Roxb.

Delusions (Bhrma)

•  Poogaphala- Areca catechu Linn. •  Ahiphena- Papaver sominiferum Linn. •  Chida- Pinus longifolia Roxb.

(excess quantity)

Five senses Skin- •  Pruritis (Kandu) •  Skin disorder (kustha janana) •  Twakadosh (skin disorders)

•  Jaggary / tracle made from juice of yavanala •  Dugdha (Milk)along with fish, meat jaggery, mudga, moolaka. •  Freshly collected leaves of Tambula (Piper betle Linn.)

Nose •  Rhinitis- Pinasa

•  Baluki (Gisekia pharnaceoides

Linn.) Tongue •  Stiffness, burning sensation,

dysguesia (bad taste) •  Freshly collected leaves of Tambula (Piper betle Linn.)

Miscellaneous Actions on lymphatics

Oedema Baala moolaka Raphanus sativus Linn. Uncooked and stale

Graying of hair Samudra lavana (Sodi muras)

Falling of hair

Shami (Prosopis spicigera Linn.

Obesity Rajadana (Mimusops hexandra Roxb.)

Pyretic Vatsanabha (Aconitum ferox Wall.)

Conclusion

There  is  a  popular  misconception  that  Ayurvedic  medicines  are  devoid  of  adverse  reactions.      

However,  different  classical  texts  of  Ayurveda,  describes  all  the  adverse  reactions  to  medicines  when  they  are  prepared  or  used  inappropriately.        

These    mentioned  possible  risk    of  adverse    effect    can    be  minimize  by      following   various   guidelines     and   instructions   mentioned   in   classical            text  of    Ayurveda    related    to    administration    of    drugs    and  dietetics.      The  success  in  any  pharmacovigilance  system  is  in  the  ability  to  prevent    further  adverse  reactions  successfully  by  understanding  and  using  the    available  information  in  a  proper  and  judicious  manner.      

dr.poojarohilla06@gmail.com,9904562033

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