a new diplomatic order european balance of power and led ... · the unification of italy and...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: a new diplomatic order European balance of power and led ... · The unification of Italy and Germany transformed the European balance of power and led to efforts to construct a new](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050521/5fa4e4dbdac3cf1983585e33/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Italian and German Unification
The unification of Italy and Germany transformed the European balance of power and led to efforts to construct
a new diplomatic order
![Page 2: a new diplomatic order European balance of power and led ... · The unification of Italy and Germany transformed the European balance of power and led to efforts to construct a new](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050521/5fa4e4dbdac3cf1983585e33/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Italian Unification
![Page 3: a new diplomatic order European balance of power and led ... · The unification of Italy and Germany transformed the European balance of power and led to efforts to construct a new](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050521/5fa4e4dbdac3cf1983585e33/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: a new diplomatic order European balance of power and led ... · The unification of Italy and Germany transformed the European balance of power and led to efforts to construct a new](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050521/5fa4e4dbdac3cf1983585e33/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Italian Unification (1815-1871) ● The unification, known as the Risorgimento
(Resurgence), began in 1848 with an attempt by Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi to unite Italy under democracy in the wake of the 1848 revolutions but these efforts failed○ Example: Garibaldi’s Red Shirts
(guerrilla army who invaded Sicily in 1860)
● However a combo of Garibaldi’s military campaigns as well as Count Cavour’s diplomatic strategies finally prevailed in unifying the individual states of Italy
![Page 5: a new diplomatic order European balance of power and led ... · The unification of Italy and Germany transformed the European balance of power and led to efforts to construct a new](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050521/5fa4e4dbdac3cf1983585e33/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Cavour’s Steps to Italian Unification 1. Create a strong state
● Piedmont was one of the few independent Italian states thus it would be the leader of Italian unification
● Other states were controlled by France and Austria
Cavour subscribed to the idea known as Realpolitik
● Politics must be realistic and reflect interest of individual states
● Accomplishing what is best for the citizens of your country accomplished by whatever means necessary (Machiavellian politics)
![Page 6: a new diplomatic order European balance of power and led ... · The unification of Italy and Germany transformed the European balance of power and led to efforts to construct a new](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050521/5fa4e4dbdac3cf1983585e33/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
2. Find allies and unify the north ● In 1855, Cavour joins Crimean War
on the side of the French○ Negotiates with Emperor
Napoleon III to give France some territories if France supports Italy’s war of independence from Austria, Italy’s greatest enemy to unification
● Result: Italians closer to unification by joining Lombardy and Sardinia under Garibaldi’s military conquests
● In 1861, Italy was united under the King Victor Emmanuel except for Venice and Rome
![Page 7: a new diplomatic order European balance of power and led ... · The unification of Italy and Germany transformed the European balance of power and led to efforts to construct a new](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050521/5fa4e4dbdac3cf1983585e33/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
3. Finish Unification ● 1866: Venice joins
Kingdom of Italy● 1871: French troops left
Rome then attacked by Prussia so Italians join the fray leaving the entire Italian Peninsula under the rule of King Emmanuel ○ Renders pope a
prisoner in Rome, he was against Italian unification
![Page 8: a new diplomatic order European balance of power and led ... · The unification of Italy and Germany transformed the European balance of power and led to efforts to construct a new](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050521/5fa4e4dbdac3cf1983585e33/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Evaluate the debate over Italian national identity and unification, 1830-1870 (2010 AP DBQ Question)
Goal: Connect nationalism to realpolitik
Cavour’s application of realpolitik was violent and ruthless in that he was not afraid to make a deal in order to give something up for the greater good of the Italian people
● Ex: He joins Crimean War thus willing to sacrifice Italian lives to gain the support of the French
● Ex: Gave up some Italian territories
Realpolitik connected to nationalism because it assumes that there is a nation that people care about and that needs protecting at whatever cost
![Page 9: a new diplomatic order European balance of power and led ... · The unification of Italy and Germany transformed the European balance of power and led to efforts to construct a new](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050521/5fa4e4dbdac3cf1983585e33/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
German Unification
![Page 10: a new diplomatic order European balance of power and led ... · The unification of Italy and Germany transformed the European balance of power and led to efforts to construct a new](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050521/5fa4e4dbdac3cf1983585e33/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
German Unification (1815-1871)Significance: The unification of Germany was the most important political event of 1848-1914, fundamentally altering the Balance of Power in Europe and setting the stage for the World Wars.
● Since the Middle Ages, Germany had been politically fragmented in the Holy Roman Empire, a loose association of hundreds of German principalities that had come to be meaningless (Voltaire claimed that it was “Neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire”), was abolished by Napoleon in 1806. The Congress of Vienna established the German Confederation, an association of 39 politically sovereign states.
● The two most powerful states in the German Confederation: Prussia and Austria ● The Congress of Vienna established Austria as the most powerful German state,
but Prussia would eclipse Austria by embracing militarism and modern industry Prussia and Austria would compete for supremacy in the unification movement
“Those who speak the same language are joined to each other by a multitude of invisible bonds by nature herself.” - Johann Gottlieb Fichte
![Page 11: a new diplomatic order European balance of power and led ... · The unification of Italy and Germany transformed the European balance of power and led to efforts to construct a new](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050521/5fa4e4dbdac3cf1983585e33/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: a new diplomatic order European balance of power and led ... · The unification of Italy and Germany transformed the European balance of power and led to efforts to construct a new](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050521/5fa4e4dbdac3cf1983585e33/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Two Models for Unification
● What was the Zollverein? First European economic union that allowed goods to move between member states without tariffs while charging an uniform tariff against other nations; goals: stimulate trade and increase state revenue
● The Frankfurt Assembly attempted unsuccessfully to unite Germany on the basis of liberalism
● Otto von Bismarck would unite Germany using realpolitik a school of political thought that rejects ideology, instead of opting for a project of Power (think Machiavelli). Although a conservative at heart, Bismarck would selectively use nationalism, liberalism, and even socialism in order to unify Germany under Prussian dominance.
● In order to silence socialists, Bismarck banned the Social Democratic Party, but instituted the first social welfare programs (accident insurance, health insurance mandates, old age pensions) introduced in Europe. In order to appease Liberals, he instituted anti-Catholic politics and supported industrialization
Big Germany Small Germany
Included Austria Excluded Austria
“Not through speeches and majority decisions will the great questions of the day be decided...but by iron and blood.” - Otto von Bismarck
![Page 13: a new diplomatic order European balance of power and led ... · The unification of Italy and Germany transformed the European balance of power and led to efforts to construct a new](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050521/5fa4e4dbdac3cf1983585e33/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Wars of German Unification
● Germany’s annexation of the French territory of Alsace-Lorraine would cause
lasting divisions between France and Germany in the years leading up to WWI
● Germany becomes most powerful in Europe, replacing France, after 2 decades of
conflict
Blood and IronBismarck’s strategy for unifying Germany
Schleswig Wars Asserted German dominance over areas with German speaking populations
Austro-Prussian War (aka “Seven Weeks War”)
Established Prussia as the dominant German State. Excluded Austria from a united Germany
Franco-Prussian War United Northern and Southern Germany
![Page 14: a new diplomatic order European balance of power and led ... · The unification of Italy and Germany transformed the European balance of power and led to efforts to construct a new](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050521/5fa4e4dbdac3cf1983585e33/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Bismarck and Realpolitik ● Used Realpolitik employing diplomacy,
industrialized warfare, weaponry, and the manipulation of democratic mechanisms to unify Germany
● After 1871, Bismarck attempted to maintain the balance of power through a complex system of alliances directed at isolating France○ Ex: Three Emperors’ League: Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Austria in 1873○ Ex: Triple Alliance: Austria, Italy, Germany
in 1882● Realpolitik brought about German unification but
German unification ended realpolitik
![Page 15: a new diplomatic order European balance of power and led ... · The unification of Italy and Germany transformed the European balance of power and led to efforts to construct a new](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050521/5fa4e4dbdac3cf1983585e33/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Germany, Alliances, WWI● Realpolitik is power politics - the most
powerful nation wins so led to all nations entering an arms race and confrontation
● Realpolitik left Europe with fewer options as alliance systems developed ○ When Germany annexed Alsace-Lorraine
led to German-French split ○ Rise of anti German coalition since it was
the most powerful like France was the century before
● Germany is encircled○ Bismarck’s dismissal in 1890 eventually
led to a system of mutually antagonistic alliances and heightened international tensions culminating in WWI