a new nonlinear flexible sliding mode simultaneous …
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A NEW NONLINEAR FLEXIBLE SLIDING MODE SIMULTANEOUS
CONTROL OF DUAL-INTERFACING-CONVERTERS FOR MICROGRID
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT HARMONICS COMPENSATION
s KirupanandaVariyar Engineering College, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation (Deemed To Be
University), Salem-636308, Tamilnadu, India.
S. Saravana Kumar, PG Scholar, M.E – Power System Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Vinayaka Mission’s KirupanandaVariyar Engineering College, Vinayaka Mission’s Research
Foundation (Deemed to Be University), Salem-636308, Tamilnadu, India.
Abstract
Installation of distributed generation (DG)
system in low voltage distribution systems has
popularized the concept of nonlinear load harmonic
current compensation using multi-functional Dual
interfacing converters. It is analyzed in this method
the compensation of local load harmonic current
using a single DG interfacing converter may create
the amplification of supply voltage harmonics to
sensitive loads, mainly when the main grid voltage is
highly distorted. To discuss this limitation, unlike the
operation of the conventional converter with Dual
converter, a new nonlinear flexible sliding mode
simultaneous supply voltage and grid current
harmonic compensation strategy is proposed using
coordinated control of Bi-directional dual interfacing
converter is implemented. Grid voltage phase-locked
loop and the apprehension of the load current and the
supply voltage harmonics are irrelevant for both
interfacing converters. Therefore, the computational
load of interfacing converters can be significantly
diminished. Simulated and experimental results are
captured to verify the performance of the proposed
topology and the control strategy.
Keyword: nonlinear flexible sliding mode. Voltage
and current harmonics.
I. INTRODUCTION
Growing demands of using power conditioning
circuits in low and medium-voltage power
distribution System. Equating to bulky passive filters
that are extremely sensitive to circuit parameters
variations, the active power conditioning equipment
including active power filter (APF), dynamic voltage
restorer (DVR), and Unified power quality
conditioner is preferred due to the fast dynamic
response and the excellent immunity to system
parameter changes. So for, the high penetration of
distributed generation (DG) unit with power
electronics interfacing converter offers the possibility
of a power distribution system harmonic current
compensation using multifunctional dg interfacing
converter. During this charge of neighborhood load
harmonic current compensation is utilizing one DG
interface converters could create the intensification of
supply voltage harmonics delicate burdens, in the
main once the primary grid voltage is incredibly
mutilated. Dissimilar to the operation and generation
of unified power quality conditioners (UPQC) with
arrangement converter, another harmonic current
provide voltage and grid current harmonic play
methodology is planned a utilizing facility to
dominant of those shunt interfacing converters.
Especially, the first converter is responsible for
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Mr. G. Ramakrishnaprabu, M.E., Ph.D., Associate Professor , Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vinayaka
Mission
neighborhood offer voltage at load harmonics square
measure reduction. Another converter is used to
alleviate the harmonic current created by the
communication between the first interfacing
converter and also the near nonlinear load. Here
perceive essential, dominant and command of those
coincidental converters, associate altered mixture
voltage, and the current controller is in addition
created within the discussion of the paper. Utilizing
this introducing controller, the grid voltage stage
locked circle and identification of the heap current
and also the provide voltage harmonics square
measure pointless for each interfacing converters.
During this method, the machine heap of interfacing
converters may be basically lessened.
Figure1:Diagram of Local Harmonic
Compensation Using Interfacing Converter.
Past research predominantly centered on the control
of a single DG shunt interfacing converter as an
Active power filter, as their energy devices circuits
have comparative structure. To understand an
upgraded dynamic assigning objective, the ordinary
current control techniques for grid-tied DG
interfacing converter might be adjusted. To start with,
the wide data variation capacity current controllers
are utilized so that the frequencies of harmonic load
current can drop into the transmission capacity of the
user controller.
II.LITERATURE REVIEW
A half a century of the exploitation of
controlled electric drive systems built on
semiconductor elements converter devices proved to
be the most reliable and cost-effective systems.
Thyristor voltage converters (TVC) are used as soft
starters (MSS) for powerful asynchronous electric
drives and are promising in terms of their use as
systems with an economizer and for the development
of devices to control the drive speed [1]. However,
the use of TVC causes significant harmonic distortion
of the shape of the current consumed. The
excessively consumed reactive power, direct current
consumption, current pulses lead to the emergence of
additional losses of electrical energy in the elements
of the power supply system, accelerate the aging of
insulation of current-carrying parts of equipment and
negatively influence its electromagnetic
compatibility[2]. While for a soft starter with rare
starts of the drive these effects can be neglected, due
to the shunting of the TVC after acceleration of the
engine, for a soft starter with frequent starts and
systems where the TVC remains in the operation
after acceleration, they must be taken into account. In
this method, the authors describe a solution directed
at compensating the harmonic distortion [3] of the
consumable current in systems with a TVC. The main
element of the proposed device is an active energy
filter (AEF) performed on IGBT-switches controlled
by a relay current regulator [4]. The application
contains an analytical overview of the compensation
process for the harmonic distortion of the current
with the help of AEF and considers its structure and
selected components. The separate sets of amplitude
values of the phase's current consumed from the
mains also allow the AEF to solve the problem of
phase unbalance of the load currents [5]. The
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amplitude value of the current of the first harmonic
ILM is measured in the phases of the stator. The
possibilities of applying AEF in the systems with
TVC are estimated, the ways of obtaining a positive
economic effect are revealed, namely: increasing the
service life and reducing the nominal power of the
feeding equipment [6]. The main disadvantages of
this solution are the need to install expensive
equipment, additional power losses in the AEF. In
this connection, it is important to evaluate in more
detail the economic effect obtained with the use of
the AEF. Further it is necessary to investigate the
functioning of the AEF with the possibility of
correcting the current asymmetry, to evaluate the
effect of its work on the harmonic composition of the
supply voltage at the distortion of the first harmonic,
to study the efficiency of the AEF in the process of
stopping of AM with the help of MSS and at the
operation of TVC as an economizer [7]. The
modernized architecture of the control system of the
existing AEF for devices with a current transformer
is proposed, namely: feedback is introduced on the
delay angle φ, which allows compensating
exclusively the reactive power of higher current
harmonics, a voltage regulator in the DC link is
installed. Proposes a higher-order sliding mode
differentiator to give an estimate for a highly
nonlinear one-link flexible manipulator state. A
Euler-Bernoulli cantilever beam models the
manipulator, and the elastic movement is
approximated using the assumed modes method
based only on the first elastic mode [8]. Hamilton's
principle yields the nonlinear system equations that
are rearranged in the Bruno-sky canonical form in
order to derive the differentiator equations. This
article evaluates, via the included numerical
simulation results, the efficiency of the differentiator
scheme to lower the estimation error and to shorten
its required time to converge. It also evaluates its
ability to reconstruct the unknown input to the system
[9]. Multiple control strategies rely on an accurate
and robust estimation of the nonlinear controlled
system state that is not usually reachable via direct
measurement. Thus, state observation for multi-input-
multi-output (MIMO) nonlinear systems is an
attractive field in modern control theory. Based on
the higher order sliding modes, the problem of
differentiation has been subjecting of a large number
of research papers. It offers the possibility to avoid
derivatives direct calculation especially in the
presence of noise [10]. Step-by-step vector-state
reconstruction by means of sliding modes has been
presented in. The difficulty is estimating the
derivative of a signal is posed as an observer
problem, and it is based on a transformation to the
triangular canonical form, known as the canonical
form, followed by successive estimation of the state
vector using the equivalent output error injection.
The first-order robust exact differentiator was first
suggested by, but its successive application is
cumbersome and not effective. The same author
solved the problem using arbitrary order robust exact
finite-time convergent differentiators. The flexible
manipulators are widely encountered in modern
applications such as aircraft, and space structures due
to their exceptional advantages over rigid ones.
III.PROPOSED SYSTEM
The voltage and a current controller for a double
converter system in which the load is directly
associated with bidirectional. With the configuration,
the quality of the supply voltage can be enhanced
through direct current control of the filter capacitor
voltage. In the meantime, the harmonic current
caused by the nonlinear load and the main converter
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is repaid converter continuously. Grid current and the
supply voltage are both fundamentally made strides.
To lessen the computational load of dg interfacing
converter, the planned voltage and current control up
a parallel converter topology where the neigh-
boarhound nonlinear flexible sliding mode without
utilizing load current/supply voltage harmonic
extractions or phase-bolt loops is created to
acknowledge to facilitated control of voltage PWM
nonlinear flexible sliding mode converters. Here
builds load is directly introduced to the shunt filter
capacitor of the main converter. The principal
interfacing Dual converter enhances the nearby load
supply voltage quality through harmonic voltage
control.
Figure2: Proposed Block Diagram
This charges the storage of the bi-directional
converter at the nominal voltage. Performance of the
bidirectional converter during this mode is
comparable to that of a converter. Bidirectional dc-dc
converters are the device for the purpose of step-up
or step-down the voltage level with the capability of
flow power in either forward directions or in the
backward direction. This bidirectional converter is
intelligent of charging and discharging the battery
reliably. Charging and discharging is based on the
state of charge of the battery and direction of the
PWM nonlinear flexible sliding mode Algorithm for
charging of is voltage controller & power controller
proposed and given in upcoming sections. power &
voltage controller are stability Current controller
direction of the PWM nonlinear flexible sliding mode
Algorithm for charging of is voltage controller &
power controller inverter three phase load isolated
in load varying in the bidirectional connected is a
filter of sources
3.1 Battery:
An electric battery is a device containing of
one or more electrochemical cells with external
connections provided to electrical power devices
such as industries, residential application, and electric
cars. When a battery is supplying electric power, its
positive terminal is the cathode, and its negative
terminal is the anode the terminal marked negative is
the source of electrons that will flow through an
external electric circuit to the positive terminal.
When a battery is connected to an external electric
load, a redox reaction converts high-energy reactants
to lower-energy products, and the free-energy
difference is delivered to the external circuit as
electrical energy. Historically the term "battery"
specifically referred to a device composed of multiple
cells. However, the usage has evolved to include
devices consisting of a single cell
Figure3: Battery Circuit Diagram
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3.2 Bidirectional Dc to Dc Converter:
A conventional buck-boost converter can
management the power flow in one direction only,
but power can flow in both the direction in the
bidirectional converter. Bidirectional dc-dc
converters are the device for the purpose of step-up
or step-down the voltage level with the capability of
flow power in either forward directions or in the
backward direction. Converters work as a regulator
of power flow of the DC in both the direction. In the
power generation by windmills and solar power
systems, output fluctuates because of the changing
environmental condition. These energy systems are
not reliable to feed the power as a standalone system
because of the large fluctuations in output, and hence
these energy system systems are always connected
with energy storage devices such as batteries and
super capacitors Fig. 1(b). These energy storage
devices store the surplus energy during low load
demand and provide backup in case of system failure
and when the output of energy system changes due to
weather conditions. Thus, a bidirectional dc-dc
converter.
Figure4: DC TO DC Bidirectional Converter
3.3 Current Controller:
The controller is a cascade combination of a
current error amplifier with the PWM controller and
hysteresis current controller as shown in figure 7
constituting part of the current control loop. The
PWM controller has again given by K, of the
converter. The inhibit signal is enabled when the
current error exceeds the hysteresis, in turn,
suppresses the PWM block output Resulting in the
only output from the hysteresis block. If the present
failure is within the hysteresis windows, then the
PWh4 block is enabled, but the hysteresis block
becomes ineffective thereby the output of the
controller block comes only from the PWM part of
the controller. Decoupling of the induced EMF effect
is incorporated.
Figure 5: Current Controller
3.4 Filter:
Linear filters are the combinations of resistors
(R), inductors (L) and capacitors (C). These models
are collectively known as passive filters because they
do not depend upon an external power supply and/or
they do not include active components such as
transistors. Inductors block high-frequency signals
and control low-frequency signals, while capacitors
do the reverse. A filter in which the signal flows
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through an inductor, or in which a capacitor provides
a path to ground, performs less attenuation to low-
frequency signals than high-frequency signals and is,
therefore, a low-pass filter. If the signal progresses
through a capacitor or has a path to ground through
an inductor, then the filter presents inadequate to
high-frequency signals than low-frequency signals
and therefore is a high-pass filter. Resistors on their
own have no frequency-selective characteristics, but
are added to inductors and capacitors to prepare the
time-constants of the circuit, and therefore the
frequencies to which it responds. The inductors and
capacitors are the reactive elements of the filter. The
number of elements determines the order of the filter.
In this context, an LC tuned circuit being used in a
band-pass or band-stop filter is considered a single
element even though it consists of two components.
Figure6: Filter Circuit Diagram
3.5 Inverter:
Inverter boils down to a switching unit attached
to an electricity transformer. If considered our study
on transformers, you'll know that they're
electromagnetic devices that change low-voltage AC
to high-voltage AC, or vice-versa, using two coils of
wire (called the primary and secondary) wound
around a common iron core. In a mechanical inverter,
either an electric motor or some other kind of
automated switching device flips the incoming direct
current back and forth in the primary, easily by
reversing the contacts, and that generates an
alternating current in the secondary—so it's not so
very dissimilar from the imaginary inverter I
sketched out above. The switching device operates a
bit like the one in the various electronic application.
When the power is connected, it magnetizes the
switch, pulling it open and switching it off very
briefly. A spring pulls the switch back into position,
turning it on again and repeating the process—over
and over again.
Figure7: Inverter Circuit Diagram
3.6 Inductor:
An inductor is a passive electronic element that
stores energy in the form of a magnetic field. In its
modest form, an inductor consists of a wire loop or
coil. The inductance is instantly proportional to the
number of turns in the coil. Inductance also used
upon the radius of the coil and on the type of material
around which the coil is wound. For a presented coil
radius and amount of turns, air cores result in the
least inductance. Materials such as wood, glass, and
plastic - known as dielectric materials - are the same
as air for the determinations of inductor winding.
Ferromagnetic substances such as iron, laminated
iron, and powdered iron increase the inductance
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obtainable with a coil having a given number of
turns.
Figure8: Inductor Circuit Diagram
3.7 Three-Phase Grid:
Three-phase PV inverters are generally used for off-
grid industrial use or can be designed to provide
utility frequency AC for connection to the power
grid. This PLECS application standard model
demonstrates a three-phase grid-connected solar
inverter. The PV operation includes an actual PV
string model, and the strings can be the series-parallel
combination to scale to a desired array output power.
The simulation connects the electrical power circuit,
the DC/DC and DC/AC control schemes, and the
thermal behavior of the semiconductors. The DC/DC
control system includes three control loops: a
maximum power point current controller, a voltage
controller, and a current controller. The outer control
loop is a current controller that ensures maximum
power is extracted from the PV string for a given
isolation level. To do this, it determines the optimal
PV terminal voltage using a proposed algorithm
known as dP/dV control. The voltage control loop
operates a PI controller and regulates the PV voltage
to this optimal level by controlling the amount of
current that is used into the boost stage. The
innermost control loop, the current controller, sets the
modulation index of the IGBT such that the desired
current is injected into the DC-link.
3.8 PWMNonlinear Flexible Sliding:
Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or Pulse-
duration modulation (PDM), is a method of reducing
the common power given by an electrical signal, by
effectively chopping it up into discrete parts. The
average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load
is controlled by turning the switch connecting supply
and load on and off at a fast rate. The higher the
switch is on related to the off periods, the higher the
total power supplied to the load. Along with the
charging circuit, it is one of the primary methods of
reducing the output of solar panels to that which can
be utilized by a battery. PWM is particularly suited
for running inertial loads such as motors, which are
not as immediately affected by this discrete
switching. Because they have inertia, they respond
deliberately. The PWM switching frequency must be
high sufficient not to affect the load, which is to say
that the resultant waveform recognized by the load
must be as smooth as possible.
Figure 9: Three-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This proposed method of bidirectional
converter system utilizing MATLAB2017a software
is to be used and simulate the system function and
coordinated into the simulation model of a control
system. In the MATLAB/Simulink condition, using
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the capacities and Systems display library SIM Power
to set up the entire system.
Figure 10: Simulation Model of the Proposed
System
Fig 10 shows the simulation model of the
proposed method and the characteristics of the
Simulink screen of bidirectional converter utilizing
Nonlinear Flexible Sliding Mode Simultaneous
Control. The controller reproduction comes about are
talked in following figures.
Figure 11: Input Voltage
Figure 11 shows the input voltage of the
proposed system, in this voltage is taken to the dc
source in the battery.
Figure 12: Bidirectional Converter Voltage
Figure 12 shows the bidirectional converter
voltage of the proposed system, this converter is also
charging the battery. In this proposed controller give
the constant converter output voltage.
Figure 13: Output Voltage
Figure 13 shows the output voltage of the
proposed Nonlinear Flexible Sliding Mode
Simultaneous Control system, this output voltage
efficiency is better than the existing system.
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Figure 14: Output Current
Figure 14 shows the output current of the
proposed Nonlinear Flexible Sliding Mode
Simultaneous Control system,
Figure 15: Proposed System THD
Figure 15 shows the Total Harmonics
Distortion of the proposed Nonlinear Flexible
Sliding Mode Simultaneous Control system, and
the THD is 0.12%. In this THD is very low with
compare of existing system.
V. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Figure 16: Hardware Circuit Diagram
A battery-based energy storage element is
essential in solar PV based micro grid. Other electric
energy storage systems utilized in a micro grid are
discussed in operation involving a battery is
incorporated with the bidirectional DC-DC converter
(BDDC) is used to interface the battery source to the
DC bus. The two main objectives of the BDDC are
(a) Control of the direction and amount of power
from/to the battery and (b) Control the voltage and
power requirements of the DC link battery is used in
conjunction with a bidirectional converter to maintain
the DC bus voltage constant, using power converter
circuit as shown in figure 3. A buck-boost type DC-
DC bi-directional converter is employed to inject or
absorb power from DC bus. Switch S1 is operated
only when the switch is OFF giving boost operation
and switch S2 is performed only when the switch is
in OFF condition in order to realize buck mode of
operation. The design of inductor and capacitors on
high voltage side and low voltage side are crucial for
its proper function.
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5.1 Hardware Output Model:
Figure 17: Hardware Output Model
The circuit diagram which represents the Control
of Dual-Interfacing-Converters for Micro grid
Voltage and Current Harmonics Compensation.
In this system battery is the main source and also
contain Bidirectional dc to dc converter, inverter,
step-up transformer, isolator and load.
The battery is given the 12v DC to this system,
and it will boost with help of Bidirectional DC to
DC converter. This converter both working in
charging and discharging the battery volt.
The boosted voltage is given to the inverter
circuit, this will convert the DC to AC voltage to
the step-up transformer and it will give the 230v
to load.
The filter circuit is used to reduce the loss in the
inverter output so the harmonics of the system is
also decrease. The relay is used to isolate the
circuit output, if any fault occur the output
cutoff.
5.2 HARDWARE OUTPUT TABULATION
Hardware Specification Input
ranges
Output
ranges
Battery
Source
Input power 12v 7.5A
Bidirectional
DC to DC
converter
Input power 12v 24v
Controller PIC
(16f877a)
5V DC 5V DC
Inverter Output
Power
24v
DC
24v AC
Transformer step-up 24VAC 230VAC
Relay AC and DC (0-
230)v
Isolate
the circuit
Load DC Load 12V 1000RPM
Load Load 230V 3A
5.3 ADVANTAGES:
Effectively improve the power control
dynamic response.
Steady-state tracking error is zero for both
converters.
5.4 APPLICATIONS:
Micro grid system.
Power distribution system
VI.CONCLUSION:
Double-output DC-DC converters with
bidirectional characteristics were proposed in this
method. Besides the proposal of the suitable power
converters, presents their models, control strategies,
nonlinear Flexible sliding mode implementations,
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and design specification. As advantages of these
converters, it is possible to sort a single converter
with two outputs and elimination of one power
switch and its drive circuitry as well as better power
losses distribution among the power switches. The
dual-output DC-DC converter needs power switches
with current ratings higher than that observed in the
conventional solution. Selected simulated and
experimental results are presented to demonstrate the
feasibility of the converter.
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