a- organisms, a- organisms, (any living thing) share certain characteristics that set them apart...
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A- A- OrganismsOrganisms,, (any living thing) share certain characteristics that set them
apart from nonliving things.
II- Living Things Carry Out Life - Living Things Carry Out Life ProcessesProcesses
B- B- LifeLife ProcessesProcesses::
1-Getting and using energy1-Getting and using energy
a-Nutrition: Taking in food (ingestioningestion) and breaking it down into a usable molecule (digestiondigestion).
b-Transport: Move materials throughout organism
c-Respiration: Releasing energy stored in food.
2- 2- GettingGetting ridrid ofof wasteswastes:: Excretion
3- 3- RespondRespond toto changeschanges inin thethe EnvironmentEnvironment:: Regulation (Stimulus Stimulus causes a Response)causes a Response)
4- Growth & Development: Changing food into more of themselves.
5- Reproduction: Making of more organisms of same kind to ensure the survival of the species.
C- C- The Compound MicroscopeThe Compound Microscope::
1-1- Uses two lenses. Uses two lenses.
a- Eyepiece 10 times.
b- Objectives usually more than one 10 times and 40 times.
c- To find the total magnification you multiply the eyepiece with the
objective being used.
Example: eyepiece is 10 and objective is 40 = 400 times larger than actual size.
d- Stains are placed on the specimen to enhance the image iodine is a house
hold stain that is often used.
Parts of microscopeParts of microscope
Coarse-adjustment knob-Coarse-adjustment knob- used first under low power, once image is focused you use the fine adjustment knob to fine tune the image.
Eyepiece
Body tube
Arm
Stage
Base
Fine adjustmentCoarse
adjustment
Revolving nosepiece
Light/Illuminator
DiaphragmStage Clip
High power objective
Low power objective
D- Prokaryotes and D- Prokaryotes and EukaryotesEukaryotes
Cells come in many shapes and sizes.
•All cells:All cells:–are surrounded by a barrier are surrounded by a barrier called a cell membrane.called a cell membrane.
–all cells contain DNA.all cells contain DNA.
• Cells are classified into two groups, those with a nucleusnucleus and those without.
• The nucleusnucleus contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNADNA.
• The nucleus controls cell's activities. NucleuNucleu
ss
•EukaryotesEukaryotes cells have nuclei. •ProkaryotesProkaryotes cells do notdo not have
nuclei.
Characteristics of Characteristics of prokaryotes & prokaryotes & eukaryotes?eukaryotes?
–ProkaryoticProkaryotic genetic material notnot in a nucleus.
do notdo not have membrane-bound organelles.
generally smaller & simpler than eukaryotic cells.
Bacteria.
–EukaryoticEukaryotic cells HaveHave a nucleus.•larger and more complex than
prokaryotic cells. •contain membrane bonded organelles.
•Many cells are highly specialized.•Plants, animals, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.
II-The Life ProcessesII-The Life Processes •Getting and Using energyGetting and Using energy
•Getting Rid of WastesGetting Rid of Wastes
•Growth and DevelopmentGrowth and Development
•Responding to Changes in Responding to Changes in EnvironmentEnvironment
•ReproductionReproduction
1-1-Transport: is the movement of materials through organism. Water is a key nutrient for this to occur.
AA Closer look at Life Processes:
*Two types:*Two types: DiffusionDiffusion molecules move from a high concentration to a low concentration with out the use of energy. OsmosisOsmosis: diffusion of water.
ActiveActive TransportTransport used by cells need to move molecules from low concentration to a high concentration. Cells requirerequire the use of energy
2-2-GettingGetting andand usingusing energyenergy: :
a-Nutrition plants: GreenGreen plants make own food. Through the processes of photosynthesis.photosynthesis.
* PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis: plants use energy from the sun and change carbon dioxide COCO22 and water HH22OO into sugar CC66HH1212OO66. Energy from the sun is therefore stored in sugar.
*PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis produces oxygen O2.
*Chlorophyll greengreen pigment in leaves contains chloroplast needed for photosynthesis.
b-b-NutritionNutrition AnimalsAnimals:: get energy “nutritionnutrition” by eating other plants or animals. The original source of energy is the sun. “WaterWater” is also an important part of nutrition in plants and animals.
c-c-RespirationRespiration:: is the processes that organisms use to release “burnburn” energy stored in food. Respiration is the opposite of Photosynthesis.
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis:
energy + CO2+ H2O======= sugar + O2
RespirationRespiration:
sugar + O2========== energy + CO2+ H2O
3- 3- GettingGetting rideride ofof wasteswastes : : “ExcretionExcretion” process of removing waste from the body. Filtered out of blood.
a-Wastes = Carbon dioxide, urea, salt & excess water.
b-Wastes are removed by exhaling, perspiring, and urinating in animals, and by transpiration in plants.
4-4-RespondingResponding toto changeschanges inin thethe
environment:environment: regulationregulation Organisms respond to internal and external changes in their environment known as StimuliStimuli.
a- Examples = migration, drinking, perspiring, hibernation, growing of fur etc..
b- Regulation helps organisms maintain ““homeostasishomeostasis”” the maintenance of a constant internal environment.
5-5-ReproductionReproduction:: Organisms reproduce to ensure the survival of species.
a-a- Two Types of reproduction:
1)1) AsexualAsexual ReproductionReproduction: process of producing a new organism with only one parent. The new organism has the exact same DNA as the parent.
b-b- Types of Asexual Reproduction:Fission or Binary Fission:Fission or Binary Fission: one cell splits to
form two cells with the same DNA
BuddingBudding:: a new organism grow from the body of the parent. The bud can stay on to form a colony, or break apart
Regeneration: A new organism forms from a piece of the parent or the parent re-grows the missing piece
SporulationSporulation: Some organisms produce reproductive cells in a protective covering called a Spore.
2)2) Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction involves the combination of DNA from two parents. Fertilization is the joining of DNA from The male (SPERM, POLLEN)(SPERM, POLLEN) and DNA of the female (EGG).(EGG). The new organisms is a combination of both parents.
Levels of Organization–The levels of organization in a
multicellular organism are:• individual cells•Tissues (Groups of cells doing same job)
•Organs (groups of tissues doing same job)
•organ systems (groups of organs doing same job)
• Levels of OrganizationSmooth muscle tissueMuscle cell Stomach Digestive system
III-III-PartsParts andand FunctionFunction ofof AnimalAnimal CellsCells
a- a- CellCell MembraneMembrane: thin : thin structure covering the structure covering the surface of the cell.surface of the cell.
•Allows materials needed by cell Allows materials needed by cell to enter and wastes to leaveto enter and wastes to leave..b-b- CytoplasmCytoplasm: jellylike : jellylike
substance substance that fills cell. that fills cell. Contains proteins Contains proteins for for growth and repair. growth and repair.
Mitochondria
Vacuoles
Nucleus Cell membrane
Chromosomes
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Cytoplasm
Nuclear membrane
Ribosome
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
c- c- OrganellesOrganelles: tiny structures in : tiny structures in cytoplasm cytoplasm that perform special that perform special
jobs.jobs.
NucleusNucleus: : ““Control CenterControl Center”” Controls cell activities. These are Controls cell activities. These are stored in the stored in the chromosomeschromosomes found in nucleus on found in nucleus on genesgenes. .
• NuclearNuclear membranemembrane: allows : allows information to enter and leave information to enter and leave nucleus.nucleus.
MitochondriaMitochondria: : ““PowerhousePowerhouse”” cell cell respiration respiration food is burned food is burned by combining it with oxygen to by combining it with oxygen to release energy.release energy.
EndoplasmicEndoplasmic reticulumreticulum:: channels that run throughout the channels that run throughout the cell store and transport cell store and transport materials. materials. RibosomeRibosome proteins proteins used for growth and repair.used for growth and repair.VacuolesVacuoles: stores materials.: stores materials.
4-4-PlantPlant CellsCells differdiffer fromfrom AnimalAnimal CellsCells
a- a- CellCell WallWall:: gives support and gives support and shapeshape
b- b- ChlorophyllChlorophyll:: contains contains chloroplast chloroplast for carrying out for carrying out photosynthesis.photosynthesis.
c- c- LargeLarge VacuolesVacuoles:: stores stores mostly mostly water.water.
ribosomenucleus
nuclear membranechromosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
Cell membrane
cytoplasm
mitochondria
Cell Wall
VacuoleChlorophyll
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
5-5- BacteriaBacteria cellscells have no nucleus, mitochondria, or endoplasmic reticulum. They still carry out all five life processes.Cell Wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm Ribosomes
Chromosome