a phonological account of length-manipulation in the ... · introduction possible analyses...
TRANSCRIPT
A phonological account ofLength-Manipulation in the Morphology
The case of Aymara
Jochen Trommer & Eva Zimmermann (University of Leipzig)
mfm 21
May 24, 2013
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 1 / 36
Introduction
Length Manipulation in the Morphology (=LMM)
Segment lengthening, shortening,
deletion, or insertion
that is triggered by morphology
not by phonology.
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 2 / 36
Introduction
Possible analyses
Transderivational Antifaithfulness (Alderete 2001)
The output of a derived form and the output of its base diUer for a speciVcphonological dimension, triggered by Antifaithfulness constraints.
Realize Morpheme (Kurisu 2001)
RM requires phonological distinctivity of output forms, the type of changeis determined by ranking morphologically indexed faithfulness constraints.
Cophonology Theory (Inkelas&Zoll 2005)
DiUerent morphological constructions may be associated with diUerentconstraint rankings.
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 3 / 36
Introduction
Possible analyses
Transderivational Antifaithfulness (Alderete 2001)
The output of a derived form and the output of its base diUer for a speciVcphonological dimension, triggered by Antifaithfulness constraints.
Realize Morpheme (Kurisu 2001)
RM requires phonological distinctivity of output forms, the type of changeis determined by ranking morphologically indexed faithfulness constraints.
Cophonology Theory (Inkelas&Zoll 2005)
DiUerent morphological constructions may be associated with diUerentconstraint rankings.
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 3 / 36
Introduction
Possible analyses
Transderivational Antifaithfulness (Alderete 2001)
The output of a derived form and the output of its base diUer for a speciVcphonological dimension, triggered by Antifaithfulness constraints.
Realize Morpheme (Kurisu 2001)
RM requires phonological distinctivity of output forms, the type of changeis determined by ranking morphologically indexed faithfulness constraints.
Cophonology Theory (Inkelas&Zoll 2005)
DiUerent morphological constructions may be associated with diUerentconstraint rankings.
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 3 / 36
Introduction
Another possible analysis
Generalized Nonlinear AXxation
‘reduce the role of morphology in all instances of apparentlynonconcatenative exponence to the insertion of pieces of nonlinear
phonological representation whose existence is independentlymotivated: [. . . ] fully or partially bare prosodic nodes.’
(Bermúdez-Otero 2012:49)
(Lieber 1992, Stonham 1994, Trommer&Zimmermann 2010, Bye&Svenonius 2012)
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 4 / 36
Introduction
Main claim
� propose an analysis for Aymara where four diUerent LMM patternsexist and interact
� argue that the GNA approach is superior to the alternative accountsrelying on cophonologies or paradigmatic distinctness
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 5 / 36
Introduction
Main claim
� propose an analysis for Aymara where four diUerent LMM patternsexist and interact
� argue that the GNA approach is superior to the alternative accountsrelying on cophonologies or paradigmatic distinctness
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 5 / 36
Introduction
1. Introduction
2. La Paz Aymara2.1 The LMM patterns2.2 An analysis in terms of GNA2.3 And the alternative accounts?
3. The Muylaque dialect of Aymara3.1 The LMM patterns in Muylaque Aymara3.2 An account assuming GNA3.3 And the alternative accounts?
4. Conclusion
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 6 / 36
La Paz Aymara
La Paz Aymara
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 7 / 36
La Paz Aymara The LMM patterns
Aymara (Briggs 1976, Cerron-Palomino 2000, Hardman et al. 2001, Hardman 2001, Kim
2003, Adelaar&Muysken 2004, Cerron-Palomino 2008)
(1)
Aymaran
Southern Northern
Aymara Jaqaru Cauqui
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 8 / 36
La Paz Aymara The LMM patterns
(La Paz) Aymara
� highly agglutinating language, only suXxes
� underlying length contrast for vowels
� a syntactically motivated vowel deletion rule:every word-Vnal vowel that is not phrase-Vnal is deleted
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 9 / 36
La Paz Aymara The LMM patterns
(La Paz) Aymara
� highly agglutinating language, only suXxes
� underlying length contrast for vowels
� a syntactically motivated vowel deletion rule:every word-Vnal vowel that is not phrase-Vnal is deleted
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 9 / 36
La Paz Aymara The LMM patterns
(La Paz) Aymara
� highly agglutinating language, only suXxes
� underlying length contrast for vowels
� a syntactically motivated vowel deletion rule:every word-Vnal vowel that is not phrase-Vnal is deleted
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 9 / 36
La Paz Aymara The LMM patterns
Aymara: LMM+
(2) Morphological lengthening (Beesley 2000, Kim 2003)
a. warmi ‘women’ warmi: ‘be a women’
b. wawa ‘baby’ wawa:Na ‘to be a baby’
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 10 / 36
La Paz Aymara The LMM patterns
Aymara: AXx & LMM+
(3) SuXxes triggering lengthening (Hardman 2001, Adelaar&Muysken 2004)
a. sara-:tago-2->3.Futsara:ta‘(you) will go’
b. naya-x˙a
Inv-Top
aymara-øAymara-Acc
yatiča-t’a-raki-:mateach-Mom-Add-1->2.Fut
nayax˙aymar yatičt’araki:ma
‘I shall also teach you Aymara’
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 11 / 36
La Paz Aymara The LMM patterns
Aymara: LEX-
� Vnal vowel deletion to mark the accusative or geographic goal, the‘zero complement’ (Briggs 1976:188)
(4) Zero complements (Adelaar&Muysken 2004:272+273)
a. uka-øthat.place-Acc
sara-tago-1S
uk sarta‘I went there’
b. kuna-tawhat-Abl
huk’ampi-ø-rakimore-Acc-Add
qulyqi-ømoney-Acc
muna-x˙a-ta-sti
want-Compl-2S-Top.Change
kunat huk’amprak qulyq munx˙tasti
‘And how much money will you need?’
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 12 / 36
La Paz Aymara The LMM patterns
Aymara: LEX-
(5) No vowel loss for subjects (Adelaar&Muysken 2004)
a. khiti-ø-sawho-Acc-Irr
suya-pačawait-3S.DedPst
khits suypača‘He must be waiting for someone?’
b. khiti-sawho-Irr
uta-ruhouse-All
sara-nigo-3S.Fut
khitis utar sarani‘Who will go to the house?’
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 13 / 36
La Paz Aymara The LMM patterns
Aymara: AXx & LMM-
� some suXxes trigger deletion of a preceding vowel, termed ‘dominantaXxes’ by Kim (2003)
(6) Deletion-triggering suXxes (Hardman 2001, Kim 2003)
a. apa -xata -Na apxataNa‘carry’ All Inf ‘put sthg. on top’ K3
b. sara -naqa -Na sarnaqaNa‘go’ Diffusive Inf ‘wander’ K3
c. uma -ta -wa umtawa‘to drink’ ‘2>3 S’ Aff ‘you drink’ H34
d. uma -ta -ta umttawa‘to drink’ ‘up’ ‘2>3 S’ ‘you drank fast’ H35
e. sara -qa -xa -Na saraqxaNa‘go’ ‘downward’ Completive Inf ‘go down/away’ K1
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 14 / 36
La Paz Aymara The LMM patterns
LMM in Aymara: a summary
(7) Four LMM patterns in Aymara
base derived form
CV# CV: LMM+
CV# CV:CVaXx AXx & LMM+
CV# C LMM-
CV# CCVaXx AXx & LMM-
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 15 / 36
La Paz Aymara An analysis in terms of GNA
Analyses
LMM+ws as ws as
μs μs+μ1
ws as ws as
μs μs μ1complete μ integration
AXx &
LMM+ ss as rs as
μs μs+μ1
t1 a1
μ1
ss as rs as
μs μs μ1
t1 a1
μ1complete μ integration
LMM-
ws as ws as
μs μs
σ σ+σ1
ws as ws as
μs μs
σ σ
Ft
σ1=
=
defective σ integration
AXx &
LMM- us ms as
μs μs+
t1 a1 us ms as
μs μs
t1 a1=
μ usurpation
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 16 / 36
La Paz Aymara An analysis in terms of GNA
(8) Complete μ-integration: LMM+
ws as ws as
μs μs+μ1 μ
V
σ
μ*μ
S*σ
μ*μμV
a.
ws as ws as
μs μs μ1
σ
*! * **
b.
ws as ws as
μs μs μ1
σ
*! * **
c.
ws as ws as
μs μs μ1
σ
*! ***
+ d.
ws as ws as
μs μs μ1
σ
* ***
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 17 / 36
La Paz Aymara An analysis in terms of GNA
(9) Defective syllable integration: LMM–
ws as ws as
μs μs+σ1
σ
μ/CDepμ OneRt *
Ft
σAf
Ft
σ
MaxS
a.
ws as ws as
μs μs
σ
Ft
σ1*!
b.
ws as ws as
μs μs μ
σ σ
Ft
σ1*! *
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 18 / 36
La Paz Aymara An analysis in terms of GNA
(10) Defective syllable integration: LMM–, contd.
ws as ws as
μs μs+σ1
σ
μ/CDepμ OneRt *
Ft
σAf
Ft
σ
MaxS
b.
ws as ws as
μs μs
σ σ
Ft
σ1*! *
+ c.
ws as ws as
μs μs
σ
Ft
σ1
* *
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 19 / 36
La Paz Aymara An analysis in terms of GNA
(11) Mora usurpation: AXx & LMM–
us ms as
μs μs+
t1 a1Depμ
μ
V*VμV *
μ
S= *
μ
SMaxS
a.
us ms as
μs μs
σ σ
t1 a1
*! **
b.
us ms as
μs μs
σ σ σ
μ
t1 a1
*!
c.
us ms as
μs μs
σ σ
t1 a1
*! * *
+ d.
us ms as
μs μs
σ σ
t1 a1
=
* * *
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 20 / 36
La Paz Aymara An analysis in terms of GNA
Deletion∼Shortening
An important empirical observation
� the suXxes triggering vowel deletion actually trigger deletion of a μ
(12) warmi-:-tawomen-V-1->3.NPst
(Briggs 1976:171)
warmita‘I am a woman’
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 21 / 36
La Paz Aymara An analysis in terms of GNA
Deletion∼Shortening
An important empirical observation
� the suXxes triggering vowel deletion actually trigger deletion of a μ
(12) warmi-:-tawomen-V-1->3.NPst
(Briggs 1976:171)
warmita‘I am a woman’
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 21 / 36
La Paz Aymara An analysis in terms of GNA
Deletion∼Shortening
An important empirical observation
� the suXxes triggering vowel deletion actually trigger deletion of a μ
(12) warmi-:-tawomen-V-1->3.NPst
(Briggs 1976:171)
warmita‘I am a woman’
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 21 / 36
La Paz Aymara An analysis in terms of GNA
(13) ‘Shortening’ as usurpation: AXx & LMM–
us ms as
μs μs+μ1
+t2 a2
Depμμ
V*VμV *
μ
S= *
μ
SMaxS
a.
us ms as
μs μs
σ σ
μ1
t2 a2
*! **
b.
us ms as
μs μs
σ σ
μ1
t2 a2
μ
σ
*! *
d.
us ms as
μs μs
σ σ
μ1
t2 a2
=*! * **
+ g.
us ms as
μs μs
σ σ
μ1
t2 a2
σ
*
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 22 / 36
La Paz Aymara An analysis in terms of GNA
Analyses, extended
LMM+ws as ws as
μs μs+μ1
ws as ws as
μs μs μ1complete μ integration
AXx &
LMM+ ss as rs as
μs μs+μ1
t1 a1
μ1
ss as rs as
μs μs μ1
t1 a1
μ1complete μ integration
LMM-
ws as ws as
μs μs
σ σ+σ1
ws as ws as
μs μs
σ σ
Ft
σ1=
=
defective σ integration
AXx &us ms as
μs μs+
t1 a1 us ms as
μs μs
t1 a1=
μ usurpation
LMM-usms as
μs μs+μ1
+t2 a2 usms as
μs μs μ1
t2 a2
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 23 / 36
La Paz Aymara And the alternative accounts?
And the alternative accounts?
Cophonology Theory
(14) a. Cophonology for Lengthening: V:#� Dep-μ
b. A cophonology for Deletion/Shortening?Ù Which ranking could trigger shortening of long vowels anddeletion of short vowels at the same time?
Transderivational Antifaithfulness
(15) a. Lengthening: ¬Dep-μV� Dep-μb. Deletion/Shortening: ¬Max-μta�Max-μ
Realize Morpheme
(16) a. Lengthening: RM� Dep-μVb. Deletion/Shortening: RM�Max-μta
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 24 / 36
La Paz Aymara And the alternative accounts?
And the alternative accounts?
Cophonology Theory
(14) a. Cophonology for Lengthening: V:#� Dep-μb. A cophonology for Deletion/Shortening?
Ù Which ranking could trigger shortening of long vowels anddeletion of short vowels at the same time?
Transderivational Antifaithfulness
(15) a. Lengthening: ¬Dep-μV� Dep-μb. Deletion/Shortening: ¬Max-μta�Max-μ
Realize Morpheme
(16) a. Lengthening: RM� Dep-μVb. Deletion/Shortening: RM�Max-μta
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 24 / 36
La Paz Aymara And the alternative accounts?
And the alternative accounts?
Cophonology Theory
(14) a. Cophonology for Lengthening: V:#� Dep-μb. A cophonology for Deletion/Shortening?
Ù Which ranking could trigger shortening of long vowels anddeletion of short vowels at the same time?
Transderivational Antifaithfulness
(15) a. Lengthening: ¬Dep-μV� Dep-μb. Deletion/Shortening: ¬Max-μta�Max-μ
Realize Morpheme
(16) a. Lengthening: RM� Dep-μVb. Deletion/Shortening: RM�Max-μta
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 24 / 36
La Paz Aymara And the alternative accounts?
And the alternative accounts?
Cophonology Theory
(14) a. Cophonology for Lengthening: V:#� Dep-μb. A cophonology for Deletion/Shortening?
Ù Which ranking could trigger shortening of long vowels anddeletion of short vowels at the same time?
Transderivational Antifaithfulness
(15) a. Lengthening: ¬Dep-μV� Dep-μb. Deletion/Shortening: ¬Max-μta�Max-μ
Realize Morpheme
(16) a. Lengthening: RM� Dep-μVb. Deletion/Shortening: RM�Max-μta
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 24 / 36
The Muylaque dialect of Aymara
The Muylaque dialect of Aymara
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 25 / 36
The Muylaque dialect of Aymara The LMM patterns in Muylaque Aymara
The Muylaque dialect of Aymara
Muylaque Aymara
� described in Coler (2010)
� spoken in the village of Muylaque, located on the Peruvian altiplano(district of San Christobal de Calacoa)
The big diUerence to La Paz Aymara
� there are no long vowels(Coler 2010:59)
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 26 / 36
The Muylaque dialect of Aymara The LMM patterns in Muylaque Aymara
The Muylaque dialect of Aymara
Muylaque Aymara
� described in Coler (2010)
� spoken in the village of Muylaque, located on the Peruvian altiplano(district of San Christobal de Calacoa)
The big diUerence to La Paz Aymara
� there are no long vowels(Coler 2010:59)
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 26 / 36
The Muylaque dialect of Aymara The LMM patterns in Muylaque Aymara
LMM in Muylaque Aymara I
� LMM- patterns are identical to those in La Paz Aymara
(17) AXx & LMM– (Coler 2010)
kuna-ø muna-ta-stiwhat-Acc want-2s-Irr
kun muntast‘What do you want?’
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 27 / 36
The Muylaque dialect of Aymara The LMM patterns in Muylaque Aymara
LMM in Muylaque Aymara II
(18) ‘Rescuer’ morpheme (Coler 2010:359+361)
a. taxa-???-ta-wathin-Cop.Verb-2s-Afftaxatawa‘you are thin’
b. kuntinawu-???-ta-waghost-Cop.Verb-2s-Affkuntinawutwa‘I am the ghost’
c. mara-ni-???-ta-wayear-have-Cop.Verb-1s-Affmaranitwa‘I am ... years old’
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 28 / 36
The Muylaque dialect of Aymara The LMM patterns in Muylaque Aymara
A ‘rescuer’ morpheme in Muylaque Aymara
� the morpheme that ‘rescues’ a vowel from deletion, is a lengtheningmorpheme in La Paz Aymara!
(19) Copulative verbalizer in La Paz Aymara (Adelaar&Muysken 2004:275)
a. hanq’u-:-njawhite-Cop.Verb-Inf
[hanq’u:nja]‘to be white’
b. huma-x˙a
you-Top
khiti-:-ta-sawho-Cop.V-2S-Irr
[humax˙khiti:tasa]
‘Who are you?’
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 29 / 36
The Muylaque dialect of Aymara The LMM patterns in Muylaque Aymara
A ‘rescuer’ morpheme in Muylaque Aymara
� the morpheme that ‘rescues’ a vowel from deletion, is a lengtheningmorpheme in La Paz Aymara!
(19) Copulative verbalizer in La Paz Aymara (Adelaar&Muysken 2004:275)
a. hanq’u-:-njawhite-Cop.Verb-Inf
[hanq’u:nja]‘to be white’
b. huma-x˙a
you-Top
khiti-:-ta-sawho-Cop.V-2S-Irr
[humax˙khiti:tasa]
‘Who are you?’
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 29 / 36
The Muylaque dialect of Aymara An account assuming GNA
Analyses for Muylaque Aymara
(LMM+)ls asws as
μs μs+μ1
ls asws as
μs μs μ1no μ integration
LMM-
ls as ws as
μs μs
σ σ+σ1
ls as ws as
μs μs
σ σ
Ft
σ1=
=
defective σ integration
AXx &ms us ns as
μs μs+
t1 a1 ms us ns as
μs μs
t1 a1=
μ usurpation
LMM-ts as xs as
μs μs+μ1
+t2 a2 ts as xs as
μs μs μ1
t2 a2
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 30 / 36
The Muylaque dialect of Aymara And the alternative accounts?
TAF and the ‘rescuer’ morpheme
(20) The verbaliser in Muylaque Aymara: no surface eUect
/xata/ + V Max Dep-μ *VV+ a. xata
b. xat *!c. xata: *!
(21) ‘Shortening’ in Muylaque Aymara
/xata/ + /ta/1->3.Npst ¬Max-μta Max-μ* a. xatata *!+ c. xatta *
Ù An analysis of the ‘rescuer morpheme’ is apparently impossible
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 31 / 36
The Muylaque dialect of Aymara And the alternative accounts?
TAF and the ‘rescuer’ morpheme
(20) The verbaliser in Muylaque Aymara: no surface eUect
/xata/ + V Max Dep-μ *VV+ a. xata
b. xat *!c. xata: *!
(21) ‘Shortening’ in Muylaque Aymara
/xata/ + /ta/1->3.Npst ¬Max-μta Max-μ* a. xatata *!+ c. xatta *
Ù An analysis of the ‘rescuer morpheme’ is apparently impossible
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 31 / 36
The Muylaque dialect of Aymara And the alternative accounts?
TAF and the ‘rescuer’ morpheme
(20) The verbaliser in Muylaque Aymara: no surface eUect
/xata/ + V Max Dep-μ *VV+ a. xata
b. xat *!c. xata: *!
(21) ‘Shortening’ in Muylaque Aymara
/xata/ + /ta/1->3.Npst ¬Max-μta Max-μ* a. xatata *!+ c. xatta *
Ù An analysis of the ‘rescuer morpheme’ is apparently impossible
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 31 / 36
The Muylaque dialect of Aymara And the alternative accounts?
RM and the ‘rescuer morpheme’
Recall:
(22) The RM-rankings for La Paz Aymara
a. Lengthening: RM� Dep-μVb. Deletion/Shortening: RM�Max-μta
(23) The RM-ranking for Muylaque Aymara
a. Deletion/Shortening: RM�Max-μtab. The ‘rescuer morpheme’: Faith� RM
This will always result in deletion, never in shortening:there is no existing (or ‘possible’) output form with a long vowel
(24) a. */taxa:/ –> taxatab. /taxa/ –> *taxta
Ù An analysis of the ‘rescuer morpheme’ is apparently impossible
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 32 / 36
The Muylaque dialect of Aymara And the alternative accounts?
RM and the ‘rescuer morpheme’
Recall:
(22) The RM-rankings for La Paz Aymara
a. Lengthening: RM� Dep-μVb. Deletion/Shortening: RM�Max-μta
(23) The RM-ranking for Muylaque Aymara
a. Deletion/Shortening: RM�Max-μtab. The ‘rescuer morpheme’: Faith� RM
This will always result in deletion, never in shortening:there is no existing (or ‘possible’) output form with a long vowel
(24) a. */taxa:/ –> taxatab. /taxa/ –> *taxta
Ù An analysis of the ‘rescuer morpheme’ is apparently impossible
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 32 / 36
The Muylaque dialect of Aymara And the alternative accounts?
RM and the ‘rescuer morpheme’
Recall:
(22) The RM-rankings for La Paz Aymara
a. Lengthening: RM� Dep-μVb. Deletion/Shortening: RM�Max-μta
(23) The RM-ranking for Muylaque Aymara
a. Deletion/Shortening: RM�Max-μtab. The ‘rescuer morpheme’: Faith� RM
This will always result in deletion, never in shortening:there is no existing (or ‘possible’) output form with a long vowel
(24) a. */taxa:/ –> taxatab. /taxa/ –> *taxta
Ù An analysis of the ‘rescuer morpheme’ is apparently impossible
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 32 / 36
The Muylaque dialect of Aymara And the alternative accounts?
RM and the ‘rescuer morpheme’
Recall:
(22) The RM-rankings for La Paz Aymara
a. Lengthening: RM� Dep-μVb. Deletion/Shortening: RM�Max-μta
(23) The RM-ranking for Muylaque Aymara
a. Deletion/Shortening: RM�Max-μtab. The ‘rescuer morpheme’: Faith� RM
This will always result in deletion, never in shortening:there is no existing (or ‘possible’) output form with a long vowel
(24) a. */taxa:/ –> taxatab. /taxa/ –> *taxta
Ù An analysis of the ‘rescuer morpheme’ is apparently impossible
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 32 / 36
The Muylaque dialect of Aymara And the alternative accounts?
Cophonologies and the ‘rescuer morpheme’
� the ‘rescuing’ cophonology (do not delete!) comes too late or too earlyto avoid vowel deletion
(25) taxa-???-ta-wathin-Cop.Verb-2s-AFtaxatawa‘you are thin’
Ù An analysis of the ‘rescuer morpheme’ is apparently impossible
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 33 / 36
The Muylaque dialect of Aymara And the alternative accounts?
Cophonologies and the ‘rescuer morpheme’
� the ‘rescuing’ cophonology (do not delete!) comes too late or too earlyto avoid vowel deletion
(25) taxa-???-ta-wathin-Cop.Verb-2s-AFtaxatawa‘you are thin’
Ù An analysis of the ‘rescuer morpheme’ is apparently impossible
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 33 / 36
Conclusion
Conclusion
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 34 / 36
Conclusion
Wrap up
� in Aymara, four diUerent LMM patterns coexist and interact
� the interaction of diUerent patterns result in a Duke of York-eUect:Lengthening + Deletion/Shortening = no surface eUect
TAF RM Cophonologies GNA
Lengthening 4 4 4 4
Segment deletion 4 4 4 4
μ deletion 4 4 – 4
the ‘rescuer morpheme’ in MA – – – 4
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 35 / 36
Conclusion
Wrap up
� in Aymara, four diUerent LMM patterns coexist and interact
� the interaction of diUerent patterns result in a Duke of York-eUect:Lengthening + Deletion/Shortening = no surface eUect
TAF RM Cophonologies GNA
Lengthening 4 4 4 4
Segment deletion 4 4 4 4
μ deletion 4 4 – 4
the ‘rescuer morpheme’ in MA – – – 4
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 35 / 36
Conclusion
Wrap up
� in Aymara, four diUerent LMM patterns coexist and interact
� the interaction of diUerent patterns result in a Duke of York-eUect:Lengthening + Deletion/Shortening = no surface eUect
TAF RM Cophonologies GNA
Lengthening 4 4 4 4
Segment deletion 4 4 4 4
μ deletion 4 4 – 4
the ‘rescuer morpheme’ in MA – – – 4
Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 35 / 36
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Trommer & Zimmermann (U Leipzig) The case of Aymara 36 / 36