a pra of fisher folk communities in ap

7/28/2019 A PRA of Fisher Folk Communities in AP

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A Participatory Rural Appraisal ofCoastal Fisher folk Communities in Andhra

Pradesh

Case study of Kotha Kalingapattinam Village in Srikakulam District


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Dr. S P Agarwal, Dr. A Lakshmana Rao, Mr. Hector Palacios

IRCS, established in 1920, is one of the largest and oldest indigenous humanitarianorganizations in the country. It is known for its work in disaster response(earthquake, cyclones, drought, floods and internal conflicts) as well as healthcare,blood services and welfare programs. India has 28 states, 6 union territories and 1national capital territory region. The IRCS is a national federation of 700 districtbranches and sub-district branches. Neither the headquarters nor the branches areby themselves the Society. Their collectivity interwoven together comprises theIRCS.

Copyright IRCS 2011

For more information, please contact:IRCS-NHQ, #1, Red Cross Road, New Delhi - 110001, INDIA

r photo: Hector Palacios Pujolar


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Phone:+91 11 23716441/2/3, www.indianredcross.org


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Participatory Rural Appraisal


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Table of Contents

Acronyms i

Acknowledgements ii

Introduction iii

1 SOCIAL MAPPING 8

1.1 Population 10

1.2 Education 11

1.3 Occupation 11

1.4 Others 12

2 TIMELINE AND TREND CHANGE 13

3 SEASONALITY CALENDAR 18

4 VENN DIAGRAM 21

5 LIVELIHOOD MATRIX 25

5.1 Women 25

5.2 Men 27

6 SOCIO ECONOMIC SECURITY 30

7 DAILY ROUTINE CHARTS 33

7.1 Inland Fishermen 33

7.2 Dried Fish Vendors - Men 33

7.3 Marine Fishermen 34

7.4 Fresh Fish Vendors - Women 36

7.5 Dried Fish Vendors - Women 37

8 PROBLEM MATRIX 38

8.1 Common Problems 38

8.2 Problems of Men 41

8.3 Problems of Women 45

9 NEEDS ANALYSIS OF WOMEN 48

10 WEALTH RANKING 50

Conclusion vi


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Acronyms

APSB Andhra Pradesh State Branch

ARC American Red Cross

BRC British Red Cross

CM Chief Minister

CRC Canadian Red Cross

DMC Disaster Management Cell

DRDA District Rural Development Agency i

FDO Fisheries Development Officer

FRP Fiber Reinforced Plastic

GoAP Government of Andhra Pradesh

GPS Global Positioning System

GRC German Red CrossICRC International Committee of Red Cross

IFRC International Federation of Red Cross & Red Crescent

IRCS Indian Red Cross Society

ItRC Italian Red Cross

LIC Life Insurance Corporation

MLA Member of Legislative Assembly

MP Member of Parliament i

MRO Mandal Revenue Officer

NGO Non Government Organization

NHQ National Head Quarters

PNS Partner National Society

PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal

SHG Self Help Group

SRC Spanish Red Cross

V


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Acknowledgements

The Indian Red Cross Society (IRCS) is grateful to the fisher folk community of KothaKalingapattinam village in Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh for their participation andcontributions in the development of the Participatory Rural Appraisal report.

We greatly appreciate the efforts of the IRCS Andhra Pradesh State Branch for developing thisdocument in view of the identification and formulation of project intervention with the support ofSpanish Red Cross in coastal Andhra Pradesh.

Thanks to Hansen Thambi Prem for training the IRCS Srikakulam District Staffs and volunteers onPRA both theoretically and practically to conduct PRA and appraise the information with thecommunity.

The authors thank Mr. J agan Mohan Rao, Srikakulam IRCS District Secretary and Deputy Director ofFisheries, Srikakulam, Government of Andhra Pradesh for the logistic arrangements, localadministration and cooperation with the study team in conducting the study.

Special thanks to all the staff and volunteers involved for their tireless efforts in planning andconducting field visits to develop this document.

ii


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iii

Introduction

IRCS, established in 1920, is one of the largest and oldest indigenous humanitarian organizations inthe country. It is known for its work in disaster response (earthquake, cyclones, drought, floods andinternal conflicts) as well as healthcare, blood services and welfare programs. India has 28 states, 6

union territories and 1 national capital territory region. The IRCS is a national federation of 700 districtbranches and sub-district branches. Neither the headquarters nor the branches are by themselvesthe Society. Their collectivity interwoven together comprises the IRCS.

The governance of the Society rests with its Managing Body which has powers to constitute and/ordissolve state branches. The branches enjoy high level of autonomy as they raise their ownresources and run their core activities by themselves. They prepare their annual report and annualaccount and may run programs specially suited for their respective territories. However, they broadlyadhere to the directives/guidelines issued by the NHQ and accept international donations/fundingthrough the NHQ.

The IRCS mobilizes peoples involvement as volunteers and members. In 2008, the society had over12 million members and volunteers. The IRCS collaborates with other organizations in the country,

which share similar objectives and principles. Red Cross partners in the country include the IFRC,ICRC and PNS (including ARC, BRC, CRC, GRC, ItRC and SRC). The IRCS also works closely withvarious government ministries such as health, social justice, defense, home external affairs &education. The IRCS has extensive experience in disaster relief work beginning with the 1934 Biharearthquake up to the Gujarat earthquake in 2001 which was of a magnitude 7.9 on the Richter scaleleaving around 20,000 people dead. Most recently IRCS has responded to Tsunami in December2004 and floods in 2009.

SRC started its intervention in India since 1999 with response to Orissa Super Cyclone. Thereafterassistance was extended to victims of Gujarat Earthquake 2001, Bihar and Assam Floods 2002,Tsunami 2004, J ammu & Kashmir Earthquake 2005, Andhra Pradesh Floods 2007, etc. SRC isworking in India mainly for Development Cooperation, Humanitarian Aid and Capacity Buildingfocusing on livelihood, community health, disaster preparedness and response.

PRA is an approach used by NGOs and other agencies involved in international development whichaims to incorporate the knowledge and opinions of rural people for development programmes. PRAcan be described as a family of approaches, methods and behaviors that enable people to expressand analyze the realities of their lives and conditions, to plan and to monitor & evaluate the results.PRA provides a structure and practical ideas to help stimulate local participation in the creation andsharing of new insights. There is no single way to do PRA, although there are core principles andseveral methods available to guide teamwork, do sampling, structure discussions and visualizeanalysis. The combination and sequence of methods will emerge from the context. Optimal ignoranceand triangulation of findings guide the fieldwork in recognition of the need to know enough withoutknowing it all and to ensure that the qualitative insights are cross-checked by different sources usingdifferent methods.

On March 2011, IRCS and SRC jointly conducted training for IRCS district staff and volunteers onPRA Tools - Theory & Practice. Mr. Mohan Krishna,IRCS State Project Coordinator introduced about IRCSand its activities followed by an introduction to the trainingby Mr. Madhu Sagili, SRC State Programme Coordinatorof Andhra Pradesh. Later, Mr. Hector Palacios, SRC Headof India Delegation briefed about SRC and its presence inIndia. He also shared in brief the projects implemented inOrissa, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. He also sharedthe purpose of the training and the importance ofvolunteers role in identifying projects. This was followedby detailed training on PRA tools by Mr. Hansen ThambiPrem, SRC Program Manager. The entire team visited

Kotha kalingapattinam village in Srikakulam district,Andhra Pradesh and with the community participation appraised information. The consolidatedinformation is presented in this document, detailed information is with IRCS and the community.


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1. Social Mapping

Date & Time : 15th

March 2011, 15:00 -18:30 HrsFacilitator : Hansen Thambi PremDocumenter : Satyanarayana

Venue : Fishermen ShelterParticipants : 12 (10 men & 2 children)

The social map tool allowed having an overall viewof the villages socio economic composition withtheir representation in a spatial distribution. Thistool provided information regarding the type ofhabitation structure, the distribution of familymembers per age and literacy rate classes, primarylivelihood option (occupation that more contributesto the total household income), assets, presence of electricity and the livestock reared by thehousehold, etc.

The tool was executed on the floor so as to give opportunity for more number of villagers to participatein sharing the information about the village and its households. The villagers identified and agreed touse the following symbols for appraising information on the household cards of the social map.

The symbols given by the community for the social mapping are as follows,

Symbols Description of the Symbols

Fishing in the lake

Fishing in sea

Opinion leaders

F Agriculture Coolie

Mestri Mason (construction)

Village Head

Vice President (Upa Sarpanch)

President of Fishermen Cooperative Society

Concrete houses

E Houses without electricity

Persons With Disability

T Houses owning coconut trees

Houses owning buffaloes (only male buffaloes used for agriculture purpose no female buffaloes)

A Houses owning Auto Rickshaw

Houses having ducks (Egg and meat used for consumption and not for business)

Member of Self Help Group

H


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Symbols given for appraising population details are as foll ows

AgeGender

Male Female

0 - 2 Years

3 - 11 Years

12 - 19 Years

20 - 35 Years

36 - 50 Years

Above 51 Years

Symbols given for appraising education details are as follows

Education StatusGender

Male Female

Illiterate X

Up to Class 5 5

Class 6 to 10 10

Class 11 to 12 12

UG, PG C

Social map of Kotha Kalingapattinam vil lage

12


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The information collected through social mapping has been depicted through pictorial form under thefollowing categories:

1.1 PopulationTotal population of the village - 924(472 Male and 452 Female)

36

18

8896

92

71

131 129

59

7266 66

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 - 2 Years 3 - 11 Years 12 - 19 Years 20 - 35 Years 36 - 50 Years Above 51 Years

Age Wis e Popu lation Detail s

Male

Female

51%

49%

Male

Female

1.2 Education

159

259

166

111 111

61

196 10 0

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Not Educated Up to Class 5 Class 6 to 10 Class 11 to 12 College

Education Status

Male

Female


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Total number of people uneducated in the village - 418 (159 Male and 259 Female)

Uneducated

38%

62%

Male

Female

Total number of people educated in the village - 484 (306 Male and 178 Female)

Educated

63%

37%

Male

Female

1.3 Occupation

The majority of the people are involved in fresh fish vending (mainly fisherwomen) and sea fishing(fishermen) which is their primary occupation. The other occupations are secondary and are done inaddition to the primary occupation during off seasons.

Village Occupation

22%

5%

17%

0%17%

23%

15%1%0%

Sea Fishing

Lake Fishing

Agriculture Coolie

Construction Mason

Daily Wage Labour

Fresh Fish Vending

Dried Fish Vending

Pettie business

Tailoring

Village Occupation No.

Sea Fishing 151

Lake Fishing 34

Agriculture Coolie 116

Construction Mason 1

Daily Wage Labour 116

Fresh Fish Vending 164

Dried Fish Vending 102

Pettie business 4

Tailoring 1


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1.4 Others

There are 10 opinion leaders in the village who areresponsible for taking important decisions for the village.There are two leaders (one is an elected representative of thevillage and the other is the one appointed by the

government). The vice president and fish cooperativepresident are also government representatives. There are atotal of 23 houses having people with disability (differenttypes). Two houses own auto rickshaw by which the entirevillage depend for community to and from the village. Majorityof the houses in the village (64%) own few ducks which theyrear only for consumption of egg and meat. None rear them as a means of livelihood or business.

Description Houses

Opinion Leaders 10

Village Head 2

Vice President 1

Fish Cooperative President 1

People with Disability 23

Auto Rickshaw 2

151

34

116

29

126

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Ducks Buffaloes Coconut Trees No Electricity Member of SHG

Houses


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2. Timeline and Trend Change

Date & Time : 16th March 2011, 10:30 -13:30 HrsFacilitator : Mohan KrishnaDocumenter : SatyanarayanaVenue : Fishermen Shelter

Participants : 19 (15 men, 1 woman & 3 children)

Through this participatory tool we could gatherinformation related to the history of the village,occupational changes, basic facilities, culturalchanges, important milestones, achievements, l ifestylechanges, area, etc. over a period of time and tounderstand the factors responsible for the trendchanges.

BEFORE 1957 1957-1986 1987-2006 2007-2011

Ori gin of the Vil lage

Due to difficulty in fishing20 families shifted fromYudavanipalem

1957 - 20 families settled &was named KothaKalingapatnam

1957 - 80 thatched huts

made of mud walls andcoconut leaves

2007 - First concrete housewas constructed in thevillage

2011 A total of 235 houses

which includes Hindus &Christians

Geography of the vil lageThe area of the village was

only 1 acre which is acommon property

2011 The area of the village

is seven acres commonproperty

Di sasters in the vil l age1967 - Entire community

went to Kusumuru forshelter during cyclone

1980 - Cyclone shelter wasconstructed by DMC-GoAP& all thatched houses wereburnt due to fire accidents

Wat er Source for t he vi ll age1957 - Used to dig pits anddraw water for drinking &domestic purpose

1970 Villagers dug wellsfor drawing water

2003 ARTIC & VISWASNGOs installed 2 bore wells

2003 Hand pumpsinstalled to draw water

Fishing practi ce in t he vi ll age1957 - Elderly fisher women

involved in vending fish,they travel to near by

villages like Sompet forvending fish. Fishermen

used only country craftscalled Theppa

1970 10 fishermenregularly migrate toAndaman (3 days) by boatfor fishing

1980 Fishermen usedupgraded country crafts

called Kara Theppa

1996 - 40 migrate to

Chennai, Goa & Mumbai bytrain for fishing during lean

seasons

2003 - ARTIC NGOprovided Fiber ReinforcedPlastic boats for fewfishermen

2008 - Fishermen use

country crafts made of FiberReinforced Plastics. Fish

vendors coordinate throughmobile for fish vending

2009 - Fish catch hasreduced and increasedprice/demand for fish. Morethan 100 migrate to Chennai,Goa & Mumbai by train forfishing

2011 Fisherwomentransport fish by truck autos

for vending

Educati on faci l i t ies for t he vi l l age


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1957 - Few learned under

thatched huts in the village

1966 - Formal educationunder thatched huts in thevillage by the government

2006 First person from the

village studied in a college

Electr ici ty supply for t he vi l lage1957 Villagers usedkerosene lamps and lanterns

1986 Villagers met the CMand submitted applicationfor electric supply

1996 Few houses in thevillage got electricity

2009 - Entire village hadaccess to electricity supply

Li vestock reari ng in t he vi ll age1957 Villagers rear chickenin their houses for eggs and

meat

2008 Villagers rear malebuffaloes for agriculture

activities and ducks for eggs& meat

Healt h faci l i t ies for the vi l l age1957 - Villagers travel 6 Km

for medical treatments.

Women gave birth at homeassisted by traditionalmidwives

1996 - Auxiliary Nurse

Midwives were appointed

by the government for thevillage for basic health care

2008 Villagers visited near

by village to obtain basic

health care from RuralMedical Practitioners

2009 Villagers travel to anear by village (Kusumur)for treatment from theGovernment Hospital

Vil l age Organizat ionsVillage was part offishermen cooperativesociety which included 3adjacent villages

1957 - New fishermencooperative society formedfor the village

1996 Government formed9 Self Help Groups throughDistrict Rural DevelopmentAgency

Publi c Infrastruct ures in the vi l lage1977 Government

constructed high school inthe village

1990 - Baptist church was

established in a thatched hut

2003 Villagers constructedShivarama dikshitha hindutemple

2004 Villagers constructedRadhakrishna hindu temple

and the Baptist church

2008 Government

constructed the Fishermenshelter through DRDA. Fishdrying platform wascontructed by MPs fund

2009 DRDA constructed a

30 metres concrete wall as abarrier to prevent

backwaters entering thevillage during high tide andprevent flooding

Transportat i on faci l i t ies for the vi l lageVillagers traveled by walkor boat to cross thebackwaters and reach themainland

1977 - School teacher guidedthe villagers in applying fora road to the village

1986 - Villagers met CM andapplied for a village road

2004 - Villages again met thenew CM and applied for avillage road

2009 - Village road wassanctioned through PM roadscheme

2010 The village road isbeing laid through the PMscheme

Li festy le practices of t he vill agersVillagers had only Ragi andcereals as rice was veryexpensive

1957 - Men wore dhothi andlalchi, women wore onlytraditional sarees withoutblouse

1966 - Food habits changed

to rice as the staple diet

1977 - Men wore shirt &

pants, Ladies woretraditional sareers withblouse

2000 Men started wearingJeans & t-shirt. Ladiesstarted wearing Punjabidress & fancy sarees.


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Origin of the Village: The village was established in the 1957 with not more than 20 families. It isduring the same year that they have named it as Kotha Kalingapatnam. These 20 families have comefrom Miliruputtaka. The following are the reasons for these families to come to this village:

Due to increased population size which led to difficulties in fishing

Due to less place in the village as sea water came forward

In search of better opportunities for sea fishingAs mentioned earlier, before the establishment of the village there were only 20 houses and in 1957the number of houses increased to 80. All these houses were thatched in nature (roof covered withcoconut leaves). In 2000, for the first time a concrete house was constructed in the village. At present

(2011) there are 235 houses in the village.

Geography of the village: Before 1957, the size of the village was only 1 acre. In 1977 when thepopulation size increased in the village (there were more than 80 houses) the size of the villageenlarged to 3 acres. It is during this year that the villagers started to have common coconut trees. In1980, the villagers have planted coconuts plants for individual families, at present (2011) the size ofthe village is 7 acres.

Disasters in the village: After the formation of the village for the first time the villagers haveexperienced cyclone and the entire village has fled to a nearby village (Kusumpuram) for shelter.Considering the vulnerability of the village for natural calamities the Disaster Management Cell ofGovernment of Andhra Pradesh constructed a cycle shelter in the village in 1980. The cyclone shelteris situated at the entrance of the village. During the same year (1980) all houses in the village were

burnt.

Water source for the village: In the initial stage of the establishment of the village (1957), thevillagers used to dig pits to draw water used for drinking. It is only in 1970 that the village had openwells used for drinking water. For the first time in 2003, 2 bore wells were made available for thevillagers by two organization (joint venture) ARTIC & VISWAS. In 2009, hand pumps were installed inthe village. At present the hand pumps are not working and the open well used for drinking water areonly 2. The water is most often dirty and during the summer the water level in the wells is goes downdrastically leading to insufficient water for all the households in the village.

Fishing practice in the village: It is learned from the villagers that in 1957 only elderly women(above 50 years age) used to be involved in vending fish. The villagers are not comfortable to sendyoung women for vending fish for the following reason - they have lot of responsibilities at home

(taking care of children, cooking and other household activities). Even at present only elderly womenare actively involved in vending fish. The villagers have expressed that they had good fish catch till2009, but later the quantity of fish caught in sea is reduced due to natural calamities. Due to lesssupply of fish the price of fish is increased. Since the year of village establishment, the villagers havebeen using the country crafts for fishing (Theppa). In 1980, the same country crafts were furthermodified by the villagers themselves, which they named it as Karra Theppa. The villagers feel that it istheir master work and later other villagers too started adopting similar crafts for fishing. In 2003, few ofthe villagers were provided FRP boats by two organizations ARTIC & VISWAS. From 1957 till 2008,women used to travel to neighbouring villages to vend dry fish but it is since 2008 that they began tocoordinate with agents in marketing their fish by contacting them over mobile phones. At present, theagents come to the village, after they are informed by the villagers, to buy fish (mostly dry fish). Forthe first time in 1970 a group of 10 fishermen have migrated to Andaman by boat for fishing activities.From 1996 more than 40 fishermen began to migrate to Chennai, Goa and Mumbai by train and work

for other agents in the above mentioned city (fishing). Since 2009 more than 100 fishermen migrate tothe above mentioned cities for a period of 4 months to 12 months. Majority of the fishermen with

Recreati on acti vi t ies of the vil lagers1957 - Traditional puppetshows were conducted

about Ramayanam &Mahabaratham in the village

1970 Villagers paid

external troops for recorddance and skits in thevillage


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whom the team interacted shared that they have lot of difficulties when they migrate to these cities asthey are not familiar with the language and more over the agents deceive the villagers particularlywhen it comes to making their payment. They are paid on monthly salary basis. At present they arepaid Rs. 5000/ per month as their salary.

Education facilities for the village: The villagers have shown a significant interest for education

since the establishment of the village in 1957. Though they did not have any official schoolestablished and supported by the government the village had the education facilities in a thatchedhouse (kamala pakala) and very few used to learn to read and write. It is only in 1966 formaleducation was started in the village under the same thatched house (kamala pakala). It was in 1977the foundation for construction of school building was laid and it completed in five years time. Theschool building was constructed by the government of Andhra Pradesh. It is after this that a goodnumber of children (who are not in later 30s) attending formal schooling. The villagers knew theimportance of education. The school teachers have played a major role in sensitizing the communityon education. In 2006, for the first time one individual started to go to college in the nearby townKaviti.

Electricity supply for the village: In 1957 the villagers used kerosene lamps and lanterns for light.As the villagers were finding it difficult due to lack of electricity in the village, in 1986 the villagers have

met the then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh (NTR) to submit an application for supply of electricity.In 1996 the electricity supply came for few houses for the first time. It is only in 2009, all the houses inthe village were supplied with electricity. However, there are more than 30 houses which do not haveelectricity at present as they are not able to pay the electricity bill.

Livestock rearing i n the village: Many households in the village rare chicken since the year 1957 tilldate. It is only in the year 2008 only five families started to rare buffaloes (male for ploughing andother activities) and ducks (for consumption by the family and not for selling).

Health facilities for the vi llage: The villagers have shared that in 1957 they had to travel 6 Kms formedical treatment in case of any serious illness. On the other hand, since the establishment of thevillage till date majority of the deliveries take place at home in the village. If only the delivery is foundto be complicated they rush the pregnant women to the hospital. In such cases they used to carry the

patient on cot or rap them in a mat due to lack of transportation facilities to access medical treatment.

Village organization: Even before the formation of the village there existed fishermen cooperativesociety for three neighbouring villages (Idduvanipalem, Ikkalapalem and Karrivanipalem). Afterestablishment of the village the villagers have started a new fishermen cooperative society for thevillage. In 1996, the government of Andhra Pradesh through Velugu project (DRDA) has formed 9 SelfHelp Groups. At present there are 10 SHGs in the village.

Public inf rastructures in the village: In 1957 the village had an informal school in a thatched houseand this was set up by the villagers themselves and in 1966 the formal education started in the villagebut under the same roof (thatched house). In 1977 the government of Andhra Pradesh began theconstruction of school in the village. The school has the facility to educate the village children up toclass 7. In 1980 the Disaster Management Cell Government of Andhra Pradesh has constructed a

cyclone shelter in the village. In 1990 a Baptist Church was established in the village in a thatchedhut. In 2003, Shivaram Dikshith temple was constructed by the villagers. In 2004, Radhakrishantemple was constructed by the villagers. It is during the same year that the Baptist Church constructeda new building as the church in the village. In 2008 the fishermen bhavan was constructed by DRDAand in the same year a fish drying platform was constructed by the then Member of Parliament (MP)near on the sea shore. In 2009, a 30 meter concrete wall was constructed behind the school buildingto prevent the inflow of water from the lake behind the village.

Transportation facilities for the village: The village had no transportation facility till September2011. It is only in the month of October 2011, the government started laying road leading to the villagefrom Kusumpuram. In order to achieve this, the villagers have taken lot of efforts. In 1977 with thesupport of the school teacher the villagers have submitted an application to the government of AndhraPradesh for laying of the road. In 1986 the villagers have met the then Chief Minister (NTR) and

submitted an application for road. Again in 2004 the villagers have met the late Chief Minster (YSR)and submitted an application for road. It is in 2009 the government of Andhra Pradesh has approved


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to lay road to the village under Prime Mister Scheme. The work for laying the road commenced in themonth of October 2010 and at present the road has almost reached the village. It is likely that thework will be over in 6 months time.

Life style practice of the villagers: In 1957 men wore dhoti and lalchi, whereas the women woreonly sarees. In 1966 the food habits of people changed to rice from using raagi. In few houses raagi is

consumed even now. In 1977 men started to wear shirts and pants, whereas the women wore blouseand saree. In 2000 the men started to wear T-shirts and J eans pants, the women wore Punjabi dressand fancy sarees.

Recreation activities of the villagers: During the initial years of the establishment of the village, thevillagers used puppet show as one of the main recreations, particularly on the feast days. In 1970 thevillagers hired troops (dancers) to dance during the village festivals. These dancers were paid for thevillagers. They also started to hire people for small skits.


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3. Seasonality Calendar

Date & Time : 16th March 2011, 10:30 -13:30 HrsFacilitator : Hansen Thambi PremDocumenter : SatyanarayanaVenue : Fishermen Shelter

Participants : 19 (15 men, 1 woman & 3 children)

The Seasonal Calendar was applied to have ageneral picture of important environmental,cultural and socioeconomic periods throughoutthe year, which allowed expansion of the teamsunderstanding of local conditions beyond thetime spent in the area (diversity and fluctuationsin terms of weather conditions, types of seasonaloccupation undertaken during the year, income and expenditure patterns, patterns ofmigration, periods susceptible to d isease, village festivals and marriage periods).

Using this tool with the villagers the team has observed that they are very familiar in addressing the

months by number rather than by their names.Months

EventsJan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Sea fishing Fibre boat

Ordinary boats Nearby trawlers

Discovala

Siragavala

J ogavala

Katlavala

Wind - N to S Wind - S to N Wind - W to E Wind - E to W Prawns catch Lake fishing Coolie work

Drying fish

Fish vending

Expenditure ` ` ` `Income

Marriages

Sickness Borrowing money Migration Mogili flowers Festivals Use of Buffaloes

Availability of Villagers


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Sea fishing: It is learned from the villagers that they are engaged in sea fishing activities for 9 monthsin a year (from August to April). During the months of May, J une and J uly the fishermen do not go forfishing as this is the breeding period. It is also learned that the government would announce in theirvillage about period for fish breeding and avoid fishermen going into the sea for fishing.

Use of fibre teppa (Fibre boats): The villagers have shared the information that they use the fiber

boats with motor for 8 months in a year (from September to April). At present there are only 5 motorboats in the village and each boat is used by 20 fishermen.

Karra teppa (Ordinary boats): These boats are used for fishing in the sea from August to April. Theyare not used for 3 months during the fish breeding period. These boats are used by 3 to 4 fishermen.Most of these boats are run rowing them.

Trawlers from neighboring cities: In a year for 11 months the trawlers come into the area of thefishermen for fishing. It is only in the month of April that these trawlers do not enter their area forfishing. It is also learned from the villagers that the frequent coming of the trawlers to the area of thefishermen using ordinary and motor boats makes it difficult for them to catch good fish as the fish isdisturbed by bigger boats. The villagers feel that they can question them as the opponents are might(bigger size of boat and they are rich) and the villagers feel that the government will not support the

fishermen if they complain on the issue.

Use of discovala (Nets): The Disco Nets are used for catching prawns during the months of August,September, October and November. The remaining months it is not used. At present there are only 3disco nets in the village. In order to catch prawns the fishermen leave for fishing at 5:00 am and comeback to the village by 12:00 pm during the above mentioned months.

Use of siragavala (Nets): The Siraga Net is used during the months of October, November andDecember. This is used to catch small size fish called Kalavalu. In order to catch this fish, thefishermen go to sea at 4:00 am and come back to the village by 10:00 am during the abovementioned months.

Use of jogavala (Nets): This net is used during the months of March, April and May to catch bigger

size fish called Kanagari and Vajram. This net is used only by three people in rowing boats.

Use of katlavala (Nets): The use of Katla nets takes place during the months of March, April, May,J une, J uly and August. This is used to catch medium size fish. Each of this costs from Rs. 1.50 to Rs.3.00.

Wind from North (Uttar gali): Usually during the months of September, October, November andDecember this wind falls. This wind is good for fishing.

Wind from South (Toorpu gali):This wind is supposed to start in the month of February and last tillMay. It is informed by the villagers that this wind can be very bad for fishing.

Wind from West: The wind from the west lasts for 7 months (February to August). If such wind

comes the fishermen identify it for caution for cyclone.

Wind from East: This occurs during the months of J une, J uly, August, September and October.During this season the currents will be very strong and it makes the fishermen very difficult to go forfishing.

Prawns catch: Fishermen catch prawns during the month of J une, J uly, August and September.

Fishing in lake (backwaters): Fishing in the nearby lake takes place throughout the year. But it isintensified during the months of May, J une and J uly as the fishermen do not go into the sea for fishingdue to fish breeding period. It is learned that every family during months go for fishing in the lake anduse them for consuming only and not for selling.

Agricu lture cool ie (women): It is learned from the villagers that during the month of August andDecember the women in the village go to neighboring village in the districts and at times to the


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villages in Orissa in search of work as agriculture coolies. They mainly work in paddy fields. Thewomen are paid between Rs. 100 to Rs. 150 a day.

Drying fish: Majority of the villagers/household are engaged in fish drying activities. The peak monthsfor drying fish are September, October, November and December.

Fish vending: Fish vending happens throughout the year (fresh and dry fish).

Expenditures: It is learned from the community that they have more expenditures during the monthof J anuary, February, March and April as this is the time when they have several festival (buyingclothes, painting house and variety food). In addition this is also a peak time for marriages.

Income: The income that the villagers get from vending fish is higher from August to Decembermonths. It is during this season that there is a good catch of fish compared to other seasons in a year.

Marriages:The marriage season begins in the month of February and last up to J une. It is learnedfrom the villagers that the bride and bridegroom will be of very young age and mostly the marriageshappen within the village and very few of them marry outsiders. And most of them who marry anoutsider (village) are love marriages.

Sickness/Illness: The villagers are prone to diarrhea and fever during the summer season (April toJ uly). The reason for such illness is that they eat lot of mangoes, which are not very hygienic and it isduring this season that plenty of fruits are available. Due to poor hygienic practices they are prone tobe to ill.

Borrowing of money: The villagers borrow money from the money lenders during the months ofApril, May and J une. This is the period for fish breeding and they do not go for fishing into the sea.They borrow money to run the family and to repay the loans they have taken from the money lenders.They borrow money from the following villages: Isukayapalem, Karrivanipalem and Kothapalem.

Migration: A good number of the villagers go on migration to other cities in search of job asfishermen. They migrate for 10 months (from August to May). Majority migrate to Chennai, Goa and

Mumbai.

Selling of Mogali dong flowers: The villagers are engaged in vending the mogali flowers from Aprilto August. The flowers are exported and essence to make perfume is drawn from these flowers. Eachflower is sold for more than Rs. 5.

Festivals: The village feast is called Chinthamani Grama Devatha Utsthavalu. This takes place inthe month of August for a period of nine days once in five years. All the expenditure is met by thevillages and they contribute towards this celebration for a period of five years. The funds are managedby the village committee.

Use of Buffaloes: The buffaloes are used for ploughing only two months a year (J anuary andAugust).

Availabili ty of vi llagers: All the villagers will be available in the village only during the months ofJ une and J uly. During this period, even the fishermen who have gone on migration return to thevillage.


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4. Venn Diagram

Date & Time : 18th March 2011, 12:00 -15:00 HrsFacilitator : Hansen Thambi PremDocumenter : SatyanarayanaVenue : Fishermen Shelter

Participants : 11 (8 men, 2 women & 1 boy)

The Venn diagram exercise was applied to explore andunderstand how the services and functions o f the localinstitutions, organizations and policies are relevant tothe community, based on the perception given byvillagers (Government organizations, NGOs, bank,police station, post office, court, local elites, healthnurse, fisheries department, fish market, ration shop, hospital, school, etc.)

1. Local Government School Teacher (Head Master): The community has identified the school

head master as VERY IMPORTANT for the village, it has very good rapport and places it very close tothe village. The community feels that the education is very important for them and there are 130getting educated. Prior to laying of the road, the school teachers were not regular but for the last oneyear, they are very regular to the school. The RELATIONSHIP between the teachers and thecommunity is highlighted to be at ITS BEST when compared to other institutions or persons. Theteachers show more interest in the development of the children studying in their school. The teachersalso share with the parents about the progress and behaviour of the children in the school. The villagehas appointed a volunteer teacher, who is paid by the village (from the savings of the village)

2. Mandal Education Officer: Situated in Kaviti about 7 Kms from the village. The community hasidentified the institution and the officer as VERY IMPORTANT but they have SATISFACTORYRAPPORT with the office and officer and therefore, they have placed it a bit away from the village(middle circle). Most often the villagers go to the office for any signatures on documents and if work is

not completed the villagers would approach the local Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA)


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3. Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA): The community feels that the MLA is VERYIMPORTANT. The MLA was very supportive to the village and has supported in educational needs,road and creating employment opportunities for the educated youth of the village at toll gates(temporary). In spite of this the community has expressed that the RELATIONSHIP WITH THE MLAIS SATISFACTORY as not all the requests and support sought by the villagers are sanctioned andattended to, therefore, they have placed the MLA at a distance (middle circle)

4. Fishermen Union:This is a union of the fishermen hailing from 23 villages in the mandal situatedin Kaviti. This union was started a year ago (2009) and the community feels the union as VERYIMPORTANT as any support related to their livelihood is done by the union and the unionmembers/officers are supportive to the fishermen in providing more information on their livelihoodsand attend to their needs regularly. The community expressed that they have a VERY GOODRAPPORT but not as good as they have with local school teacher (HM)

5. Electricity Officer: It is situated in Kavati, talking about the importance of the Assistant ElectricityOfficer the village expressed that the department and the officer are of VERY IMPORTANT as theycan help them lead a better life by providing electricity in the village and attend to the problemsreported by the village. The village has expressed that they have VERY POOR RAPPORT with thedepartment/officer as they do not attend to the electricity problems in the village and do not respect

them when they approach the officer. Recently (in 2009), the village caught fire due to electricity wiresand people were afraid that the entire village would be burnt. The villagers have informed theelectricity officer but did not bother of the complaint and therefore, the villagers informed one of thevillagers, who happened to be in Kaviti informed the police station and later the police requested toattend to the problem. Immediately the electricity department attended to it. Due to this the communityplaces it very far away from the village.

6. Mandal Revenue Officer (MRO): It is situated in Kaviti, the villagers approach MRO forsubmission of various requests for the development of the village, request to support them inpurchasing boats if they are destroyed. The community expressed that they have lot of work with therevenue inspector. The community identifies its importance as MEDIUM as they do not attend to theirneeds and the relationship with MRO is VERY POOR.

7. Fishermen Society: The villagers have expressed that it is VERY IMPORTANT for them but notmuch good has been done through the society. Through the society the fishermen are to get rice andother provisions from the government during the fish breeding period but so far, only 2 familiesreceived such support. Therefore, the villagers feel that they have AVERAGE RAPPORT with thesociety and places it in the middle circle.

8. Fisheries Development Officer: The villagers were very hesitant to speak anything about thefisheries department or fisheries development officer. Their reluctance was to an extent that they haveexhibited their poor knowledge about the department. Later when more clarity was given to thevillagers about the fisheries department they have expressed that they feel it is VERY IMPORTANTfor their development. The FDO comes to the village twice a year and does not related well with thecommunity. As they have not received any assistance till date from the fisheries department they haveexpressed that their rapport with the department is VERY POOR and placed it very far away from the

village.

9. Health/Hospital/ANM:The villagers expressed that the ANM comes regularly to the village basedon the health camps, which are conducted either on monthly or weekly basis. The health camps areconducted at Anganwadi school, most often she comes for giving polio drops to children. The villagersfeel that the ANM is VERY IMPORTANT for them. They have expressed that there is a GOODRAPPORT with ANM and placed her very close to the village but not as close as school head master.

10. Self Help Groups: There are 10 SHGs in the village, the women feel that SHGs are ofMODERATE IMPORTANCE and therefore, they still continue to work in SHGs. Currently the SHGsare not very actives due to lack of resources for development and lack of loan facility from banks andother money lending institutions. In the past the SHGs have availed huge loans and have a good trackof clearing loans in time. The women have placed it in the middle circle and expressed they DO NOT

HAVE A GOOD RAPPORT due to lack of money.


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20000/-. However, the villagers consider having MEDIUM IMPORTANCE and placed it very close tothe village expressing VERY GOOD RELATIONSHIP.

22. College:There is a Government Degree college situated in Kaviti, the villagers consider it to beVERY IMPORTANT as more than 20 attend regularly but presently the RAPPORT IS VERY POORand placed it far from the village.

23. Anganwadi Teacher: Anganwadi teach is VERY IMPORTANT as she supports the children andpregnant women and provides basic health care. The villagers have a VERY GOOD RAPPORT.

24. Agriculture Department: As many do not have lands for cultivation the villagers haveMODERATE IMPORTANCE for it and placed it very far away from the village expressing its POORRELATIONSHIP.

25. Village Elders: The villagers feel they are the MOST IMPORTANT people of the village. Theyexpressed them to be the backbone of the village. They have high respect for the leaders but theirRAPPORT IS MODERATE at present as the elders do not show much keen in village developmentactivities.

26. Member of Parliament:The fish drying platform in the village is constructed by the previous MPunder MPs funds, at present MP does not have good rapport with the village and feel it is ofMODERATE IMPORTANCE.


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5. Livelihood Matrix

5.1 Women

Date & Time : 18th March 2011, 15:00 -17:15 HrsFacilitator : Mohan Krishna

Documenter : SatyanarayanaVenue : Central Village StreetParticipants : 22 (2 men, 15 women & 5 children)

The livelihood matrix tool was conducted with afocused group of women to understand the livelihoodoptions existing in the village and their perspectivesin prioritizing the livelihood options. This tool is aboutlisting livelihood options, analyzing against eachlivelihood factors (travel, work load, skills required, duration of work, investment, expendituresand occupational hazards), scoring and ranking the livelihood options i n the community.

Livelihoods

Factors Essential f or Liv elihood

Score Rank

Skills

Travel

Duration

Investment

Expenditure

Income

Hazards

Sustainable

Fresh Fish Vending 23 II

Dry Fish Vending 11 V

Coolie (Agriculture) 14 IV

Coolie (Daily Wage) 20 III

Pettie Business 28 ILegend:Skills required - If more skills required the scoring is less, if less skills the scoring is more.Travel - If more travel involved the scoring is less, if less travel the scoring is more.Work duration - If work duration is more the scoring is less, if less work duration the scoring is more.Investment - If more investment required the scoring is less, if less investment the scoring is more.Expenditures - If more expenditure involved the scoring is less, if less expenditure the scoring is more.Income - If more income is obtained the scoring is more, if less income the scoring is less.Hazards - If more hazards involved the scoring is less, if fewer hazards the scoring is more.Sustainable - If the livelihood is sustainable (throughout the year) scoring is more, if it is seasonal the scoring is less.

Fresh fish vending: A countable number of women in the village are engaged in vending fresh fish inthe nearby villages. Due to lack of preservation and transportation facilities they do not vend morethan 10-15 kgs of fresh fish a day.

Skills No specific skills required, anybody could carry out the work. In the village there are 20 womeninvolved in this activity.

TravelTraveling is very difficult because they do not have transportation facility and have to walk tillKusumuru and board a bus from Sompet to other villages.

Work duration They start the activity in the morning at 7:00 and work till 4:00 pm

Investment They investment for buying baskets, utensils and tools for vending fish.

ExpenditureThey borrow money (approximately Rs.600) from others in the village to buy fish and travel whichis returned on daily basis.

Income They get less income as they can vend only few quantity of fish

Hazards

Due to lack of road and transportation facilities, the fisherwomen at times walk in the water (lake)

and travel by boat to reach other villages, which is at time very risky. In addition due to poortransportation facilities it takes long time to reach villages and fish loses its freshness as a resultit does not have good value in the market.


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SustainabilityThey get fish for 9 months a year and they vend fish during this 9 months only

Dried fish vending: Majority of the women in the village are dry fish vendors. Most of the dry fish issold for livestock due to poor infrastructure to dry fish for human consumption. It is learned that mostof the villagers travel to neighbouring state (Orissa) to vend fish. They usually transport the dry fish by

a truck/lorry to the market place, stay for more than two to three days until fish is sold.

Skills Anyone can do this business and but requires few skills in mixing salt to cure, time to cure, etc.

TravelThey travel long distances to sell the fish and at times if the fish is unsold they would need tostay back and move to other areas until sold

Work durationIf fish remains unsold the villagers would move from place to place. Therefore, they would takefrom 1 to 4 days to do this business.

InvestmentThe investment to carry out dry fish vending is very high compared to fresh fish vending. Thespend for purchase of curing tubs

ExpenditureSpend for buying salt, when they travel long distances they spend on travel, buying rice andvegetables.

IncomeThere is a very poor income from vending dry fish as it does not have good demand such asfresh fish in the market.

HazardsThere is fear during the rainy season as the fish can be spoilt due to poor storage and involvesmush risk.

Sustainability During the rainy seasons its difficult to cure and dry fish

Agricu lture cool ie: During the months of August and December most of the women in the villagemigrate to other villages (in Andhra Pradesh as well as Orissa) in search of work as agriculturecoolies. Most of them work in the paddy field (planting and harvesting). During these two months theywill have 30-40 days of work and earn Rs. 100 to Rs. 130 a day.

Skills Skills are learnt from parents and feel it is inherited to practice gardening and farming activities

TravelIn search of this work, the villagers migrate to Orissa for 2 months in a year and face difficultiesin traveling

Work duration They start the work at 6:00 am and come back homes after 6:00 pm.

Investment No investment is required for this occupation

Expenditure Involves expenditure such as travel, food and other provisions.

Income Income compared to vending of fresh and dried fish is very poor and preferred to score it (0)

Hazards The work is usually during rainy seasons, flooding and its difficult to work

Sustainability This is practiced only for 2 months (August & December) in a year.

Daily wage labour: Some of the villagers work as daily labourers at construction sites, road works,etc. The villagers will have to own required tools to work as coolies in the above mentioned workplaces.

Skills Anyone can carry out this occupation and do not require skills

Travel Travel to neighboring villages for work

Work duration They work for the entire day from morning till evening (6 am to 6 pm)

Investment Need to invest in buying crowbars, spades, etc

Expenditure Involves travel expenditures but not much


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IncomeIncome compared to vending of fresh and dried fish is much better because they can get Rs.100-150 per day

Hazards Less hazardous job and not much risk is involved

Sustainability This is practiced only for 4 to 5 weeks in a year depending on the need.

Pettie business: The information on petty business was appraised from one of the villagers (woman)who is engaged in petty business.

Skills Anyone can carry out this occupation and do not require skills

Travel Travel to neighboring towns to purchase provisions

Work durationAs the shop is in the house or very close to the house, they work for the entire day from morningtill evening (6 am to 7 pm).

Investment They invest money in buying provisions, vegetables, setting up a shop, etc

Expenditure Involves expenditures in traveling, purchasing provision and vegetables but not much

IncomeThe income is not very attractive but sufficient enough for a day. They earn about Rs. 50 to 75profit a day.

Hazards Pettie business has hazards but not very risky

Sustainability Sustainability for petty business is more.

5.2 Men

Date & Time : 19th March 2011, 15:00 -16:15 HrsFacilitator : Mohan KrishnaDocumenter : SatyanarayanaVenue : Fishermen ShelterParticipants : 15 men

A livelihood matrix tool was conducted with a focusedgroup of men to understand the livelihood optionsexisting in the village and their perspectives inprioritizing the livelihood options similar to the exercisedone with a group of women.

Livelihoods

Factors Essential f or Liv elihood

Score Rank

Skills

Travel

Duration

Investment

Expenditure

Income

Hazards

Sustainable

Sea Fishing 15 V

Lake Fishing 20 IV

Mogali Plants* 34 I

Agriculture 27 III

Tailoring 28 II* It is a kind of plant found in the v illage; the flowers from these plants are very expensive as it is used for cosmetics.

Sea Fishing: Majority of the men in the village are engaged in fishing, mostly sea fishing. There areonly 5 motorized boats in the village and each of this is used by nearly 15 fisherwomen, who share


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the expenditure and profit. Others use ordinary boats (rowing). They work 6 days a week and rest onevery Saturday.

SkillsLot of skills required to sail the boat into the sea and to estimate the fish availability.

Travel It will take nearly 2-3 hours to reach the spot and they have to sail on their own to reach there.

Work duration Normally they will spend 7-8 hours on fishing; if more fish is available they will spend even 18hours in the sea in a single stretch.

InvestmentThey have to invest a lot for the making of Boat and purchase of different nets. Sometimes thenets will damage frequently.

Expenditure Expenditures are limited.

Income they are getting average income compared to their difficulties etc.

Hazards Very high. They might drown in the sea, vulnerable for cyclones, life threat.

Sustainability 10 Months (2 months ban period)

Lake Fishing: The men who fish in the lake are of countable number in the village. However, duringthe fish breeding period, all the men go for fishing in the lake, but they do not sell the fish rather usethem for cooking.

SkillsRequired to prepare the bamboo traps, place the traps in right place, repairing of the trapseveryday

Travel Distance wise may be near but has to walk in the mud to reach the location

Work durationNormally they will spend around 7 hours a day for the occupation i.e. early morning 1 hour forcollecting fish from bamboo traps, 3 hours for repairing the damaged bamboo traps, 2 hours formaking new bamboo traps and 1 hour for insertion of repaired traps.

InvestmentThough few bamboo traps prepared by them, some bamboo traps has to purchase and needs tobe replace every 4 months. Sometimes they even damage very early.

Expenditure operation cost is low

Income they are getting only Rs. 50/- to Rs.70/- per day

Hazardsvulnerable for shell wounds while walking in the mud, they mentioned that there is no day forthem without getting a wound on their occupation

Sustainability 9 months (3 months water wont be there in the lake)

Mogali Plants: During the months of March, April, May and J une a good number of the villagers areengaged in vending Mogalidonga flowers. Few of the villagers own these plants. It is learned from thevillagers that they sell the flowers to agents and later they export the flowers to other countries.

Skills Not required, it is only to pluck the flowers from the tree and to squeeze to get the perfume

Travel Very less 0.5 to 1 Km. Mogali flowers are available surrounding of the village

Work duration Less 2- 3 Hrs. entire activities will take only limited time,

Investment Very less. No need of fertilizers or any other investment. Trees will grow on their own.

Expenditure No expenditure involved in this activity

Income they get income on average basis

Hazards vulnerable for snake bites and cut wounds by the sharp leaves)

Sustainability 9 months (3 months water wont be there in the lake)

Agricu lture: During the months of August and December the villagers work in the paddy fields.

Skills required to know farming process, when to fertilize etc. but easy to learn the process

Travel less 0.5 to 2 Km. need to go by walk on mud roads


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Work durationit will take entire day during work and will take 5 months per crop

Investment need to put investment for buying Seeds, fertilizers etc

Expenditure need to pay to the labor whenever they work in the process of farming

IncomeAverage compare to their investment and the period for the income. Sometimes they even lost

their crop due to cyclones, floods etc.

Hazards Very less

Sustainability 9 months (5 months one crop and 4 months another crop)

Tailoring: There are only 4 men who are engaged in tailoring. They stitch pants, shirts and dress forthe women.

Skills Need training on stitching, cutting etc

Travel no need of transportation can be sit in one place and can do the work

Work durationentire day time they will be involved in the work, even work in nights when they is lot of demand(festivals)

Investment Less. Only to buy threads etc

Expenditure no expenditure involved in carryout the activity

Income Income is high. They will get around Rs.150/- per pair

Hazards Very less, may get health problems in longer period

Sustainability work will be available in the entire year


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6. Socio Economic Security

Date & Time : 19th

March 2011, 11:45 -14:10 HrsFacilitator : Hansen Thambi PremDocumenter : KrishnaVenue : Nukadasus House

Participants : Nukadasus wife and 3 children (2 boys & 1 girl)

Based on the details furnished in the social mapping household card onefamily was identified randomly by the PRA team which represented thesame socio economic conditions of most families. The socio economicsecurity tool was conducted with the identified family, the family details areas follows,

Nukadasu, a fisherman aged 39 is head of the family his wifeBharathamma aged 33) is a home maker, they have 2 boys (Samuel aged 17 stopped studying after10th standard and Raju aged 10 studying in 5th standard) and 1 girl (Sara aged 13 studying 6thstandard. Nukadasus wife shared the information as Nukadasu had migrated to Mumbai for fishing.

The discussion was to understand the expenditures, income, savings and social security of the familyon daily, monthly and annual basis through a self analysis done by the family.

Expenditure in INR Daily Monthly Annually

Rice X 3500 X

Vegetables 15 X X

Edible Oil 10 X X

Breakfast/Tea 10 X X

Alcohol 77 X X

School Uniform for children X X 1200

Purchase of books/pens X X 500

Electricity X 60 X

Purchase of provision X 500 XTravel for agriculture coolie X X 1200

Loan repayment X 30 X

Medical expenditure X X >15000

House Tax X X 40

Payment to Village Committee X X 500

Make up Items - girl child X X 1000

Purchase of close on festivals X X 6000

Festival expenditure X X 1000

Boat repair and net mending X X 10000

Salt for curing fish X X 2250

Drying of fish X X 600

Fish curing (plastic sheets) X X 2400

Painting of house X X 100

Household articles X X 500

Lake fishing X X 400

Total 112 4090 42000

The economic security tool was used with a single family in the village. The following are the details ofthe family. The husbands name is Nukadasu and his wife is housewife. The family has 2 malechildren and 1 girl child. The eldest son studies up to class 10 and now stopped studying. The girl whois in the second in the family is studying class 6 and the last boy is studying class 5. The informationwas shared by the mother of the family as the father was away in Mumbai on migration.

The woman has shared that daily her family spends Rs.112 (Rupees one hundred and twelve only).

The details of the expenditure are as given below.


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It is learned that the family purchase vegetables and edible oil on daily basis. As milk is not easilyavailable in the village the family prefers to buy tea/coffee from the shop. It is also learned that herhusband consumes alcohol every day after coming back from fishing in the sea. The team wasinformed that the head of the family consumes minimum of 160 ml of alcohol every day. The preferredalcohol is brandy and not toddy or local alcohol (not available in the village).

The family purchase rice on monthly basis for an amount of Rs. 3500 to Rs. 4000. It is learned thatwhen the head of the family goes to sea for fishing he would have meals at least four times a day.This would increase the consumption of rice compared to the days when he does not go for fishing. Inaddition to rice, the family purchase salt, turmeric, tamarind, chilly power and chilies, onion, and otherprovisions for a total of Rs. 500 every month. As the family has electricity supply in the house it paysRs. 60 every month towards usage. In addition to this, the family pays an amount of Rs. 30 towardsclearance of the loan availed from SHG (the woman is member of SHG in the village).

As the family has two children who are studying in class 5 and 6, the family spends approximately Rs.1200/ towards purchase of school uniform. It is learned that from the coming academic year thegovernment would provide school uniforms to the students. Similarly the family spends Rs. 500 everyyears towards purchase of note books, pens and pencil for their children.

In the past one year the family has spent more than Rs. 15000 towards health care. One of the familymembers was not feeling well and they have spent that much amount in the hospital. When themother of the family goes for coolie work (agriculture) she spends approximately Rs. 1200 towardstravel, food and other expenditures. The family pays house tax (Rs. 40) on yearly basis. The familyalso makes payment to the village committee every year. A total of Rs. 500 is paid. The amount ispaid based on the number of male elders living in the house. As the family has a grown up boy andthe father of the boy they have paid Rs. 250 each. The girl children and woman need not pay to thevillage. The money paid will be utilized by the village committee for its development works.

In addition to this, the family spends about Rs. 1000 towards make up items and other items related towomen/children in the family. The family also spends lot of money on festivals mainly for purchasingclothes. As this family embraces Christianity, they purchase clothes on the Christmas day. It was alsoshared that on this day, the family also purchase clothes for the close relatives and gifts them. Other

expenditures that occur on Christmas are to paint the house, cook tasty food, etc.

The expenditure related to the livelihood is as given below: They spend approximately Rs. 10000towards repair of the boat annually. As the family is involved in drying fish, they spend Rs. 2250. Theybuy 15 bags of salt; each bag weighs 100 kgs of salt. In order to cure fish they dig earth and cure it ina plastic sheet and cover it again with plastic sheet.

Though the family has not spent any money on the marriages of their child so far, the team has ingeneral gathered information on how much money is spent on marriage. The following was theinformation shared by the villagers. The girls family spends approximately from Rs. 150000 to Rs.250000. The minimum dowry given to the boys family is Rs. 100000. Apart from this the girls familyhas to purchase gold, clothes for the girl. On the other hand the boys family will spend approximatelyRs. 50000.

It is also learned from the community that majority of the deliveries take place in the village and thereare four midwives in the village who attend to this. The following are the names of the midwives in thevillage: Karri Kanthamma Wife of Jagannaik, Karri Papamma No husband, Landa Vallamma Wife of Landa Ramayya and Yeddu Korlamma Wife of Yeddu Ramayya.

Income in INR Daily Monthly Annually

Fresh fish catch 500 X X

Dry fish vending X X 10000

Agriculture coolie X X 3000

Mogalidonga Flowers Vending X X 15000

Total 500 X 28000


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The above table illustrates the sources of income of the family. There are four major sources ofincome, such as, vending of fresh fish, selling of dry fish, agriculture coolie and selling of Mogalidongaflowers. The income from vending of fresh fish is Rs. 500 daily at an average. The family has a boat(rowing type) and the head of the family hires two more to support him in fishing. At the end of the daybased on the quantity of fish caught the head of the family pays them half of what is earned that day(50% of the total amount earned). In case the boat requires repair or the net needs mending, it is the

responsibility of the head of the family to meet these expenditure and not of the two persons who joinhim in fishing. The family dries fish but is not directly involved in vending fish. The family sells the fishto the parents of head of family (Mr. Nukadasu), who pay them Rs. 10000 (Rupees Ten Thousand ayear) and they vend the dry fish. Apart from the income from the fish business the family also earnsby going for coolie job (agriculture woman only) and also by vending Mogalidonga flower which isavailable in the village.

Savings in INR Cash Assets

Savings in Self Help Groups Rs. 30 (Daily) X

J ewels X 10000

LIC Policy 300000 X

Bajaj Life Insurance Policy 60000 X

Kattela Boat X 7000

Nets (4 types) X 90000

House X 30000

Compensation from fishermen society X 10000

Total 360000 147000

The family has savings in the form of cash as well as assets. As the woman in the family is member ofSelf Help Group, she saves Rs. 30 (Rupees Thirty Only) on daily basis (365 days * Rs. 30 = Rs.10950 a year). On the other hand the family has two life insurances: LIC and Bajaj Life Insurance.Under LIC annually the family saves Rs. 24000 (Rupees Twenty Four Thousand Only). However this

amount is paid on monthly basis Rs. 2000 (Rupees Two Thousand Only). This is paid for a period offifteen years and the total insured amount is Rs. 300000 (Rupees Three Lakhs only). Similarly thefamily has just started savings with Bajaj Life Insurance for a period of five years and annual paymentof Rs. 6000 (Rupees Six Thousand Only). The total sum assured is Rs. 60000 (Rupees SixtyThousand Only). In addition to the above the family has assets as given below: the woman has goldworth Rs. 10000 (Rupees Ten Thousand). It consists of ear rings gifted by her parents at the time ofmarriage. The family owns a boat and net which are worth Rs. 97000 (Boat Rs. 7000 and Net Rs.90000). The house they live in is worth Rs. 30000. This amount is specified only for the material andthe cost involved in constructing the house. The amount for the land is not calculated as it is given bythe village. Finally, the head of the family is the member of the fishermen cooperative society and thefamily is eligible for compensation of Rs. 10000, if anything happens to him while in the sea forfishing.


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7. Daily Rout ine Charts

7.1 Inland FishermenName of the Respondent : A. DevarajuHouse No : 1Family Members : 4

Date : 19th

March 2011Time : 14:30 to 15:00 HrsFacilitator : Mohana Krishna GDocumenter : SatyanarayanaDevaraju is an inland fisherman in the village who doesfishing in backwaters. The purpose of this tool was tounderstand the daily routine activity of the inland fishermenof the village using the daily routine chart to discuss withDevaraju.

06:00 to 07:00

07:00 to 08:00

08:00 to 11:00

11:00 to 13:00

13:00 to 15:00

15:00 to 18:00

18:00 to 21:00

21:00 to 06:00 06:00 to 07:00 Wakeup, colleting fish from the bamboo traps

07:00 to 08:00 Toilets / bath / breakfast

08:00 to 11:00 Repairing of Bamboo Traps

11:00 to 13:00 Lunch & Rest

13:00 to 15:00 Prepare new bamboo traps

15:00 to 18:00 Chatting / rest / TV

18:00 to 21:00 Dinner

20:00 to 06:00 Sleep

7.2 Dried Fish Vendors MenName of the Respondent : Lakshman BehraHouse No : 24Family Members : 4Date : 19

thMarch 2011

Time : 10:45 to 11:45 HrsFacilitator : Madhu SagiliDocumenter : Mohana Krishna GLakshman Behra is a fish vendor who is fully involved in the dried fish vending. He has a regularroutine from Monday to Thursday and a weekend routine on Saturdays and Sundays. One dailyroutine chart was applied to understand the Lakshmans regular routine and one chart was applied to

understand his weekend routine.

Monday to Friday

05:30 to 06:00

06:00 to 07:00

07:00 to 10:00

10:00 to 12:00

12:00 to 13:00

13:00 to 15:00

15:00 to 19:00

19:00 to 20:00

20:00 t0 20:30

20:30 to 21:00

21:00 to 05:30


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Fishing w ith Fiber Boat - Daily Routine Chart04:00 to 04:30

04:30 to 05:00

05:00 to 05:30

05:30 to 06:00

06:00 to 11:00

11:00 to 12:00

12:00 to 13:00

13:00 to 15:00

15:00 to 17:00

17:00 to 18:00

18:00 to 19:00

19:00 to 20:00

20:00 to 21:00

21:00 to 04:0004:00 to 04:30 Wakeup, toilet, bath

04:30 to 05:00 Preparing Net & Boat for fishing

05:30 to 05:30 Breakfast

05:30 to 06:00 Boat Travel for fishing

06:00 to 11:00 Fishing in the Sea11:00 to 12:00 Return J ourney

12:00 to 13:00 Lunch

13:00 to 15:00 Rest

15:00 to 17:00 Prepare Nets / Boats for next day fishing

17:00 to 18:00 Watching TV / Chatting with people

18:00 to 19:00 Other issues / Family issues

19:00 to 20:00 Dinner

20:00 to 21:00 Watching TV

21:00 to 04:00 Sleep

Fishermen wi th Country Craft

Name of the Respondent : R. PurushottamHouse No : 79Family Members : 5Date : 19th March 2011Time : 13:30 to 14:00 HrsFacilitator : Mohana Krishna GDocumenter : SatyanarayanaPurushotham catches the fish in a traditional boat with two other people. The traditional fishermen arefacing lot of difficulties in their daily livelihood activities such as, the sea waves in Kothakalingapatnamare very high, compare to other villages, the fishermen has to sail the traditional crafts on their own.Therefore the fishermen left with little energy after crossing the waves to carry out their livelihoodactivity. A part from this, trawlers equipped with technology and equipments are sweeping the fish intheir area before the traditional fishermen could reach the fishing spot. They have to start their activity

very early in the morning till the late afternoon; sometimes they even spend more time for fishing.02:00 to 03:00

03:00 to 03:30

03:30 to 05:30

05:30 to 17:00

17:00 to 18:00

18:00 to 19:00

19:00 to 20:00

20:00 to 21:00

21:00 to 02:00

02:00 to 03:00 Wakeup, toilet, bath

03:00 to 03:30 Breakfast / preparing Net & Boat for fishing

03:30 to 05:30 Boat Travel for fishing


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05:30 to 17:00 Fishing / Lunch

17:00 to 18:00 Separate fish from the Net

18:00 to 19:00 Fresh / Rest

19:00 to 20:00 Dinner

20:00 to 21:00 Watching TV

21:00 to 02:00 Sleep

7.4 Fresh Fish Vendors WomenName of the Respondent : Nanda PolammaHouse No : 92Family Members : 5Date : 19

thMarch 2011

Time : 11:50 to 12:10 HrsFacilitator : Mohana Krishna GDocumenter : Satyanarayana

The women fresh fish vendors work regularly from Sundays to Fridays and depend on the availabilityof fresh fish on that particular day. The fisherwomen of Kothakalingapatnam village purchases fish

from the sea going fishermen and will travel to Kaviti (or) Sompeta to sell their fish, now thegovernment is laying a road to their village, earlier days they have to cross the back waters by boat orwalk through the water to reach the road. They travel 15 20 kms to sell their fish. If the fish is unsoldthey either dry fish or throw them depending on its condition. Saturday is time for the entire villagers torefrain from work and relax at home.

Sunday to Friday

03:00 to 04:00

04:00 to 07:00

07:00 to 08:00

08:00 to 13:00

13:00 to 14:00

14:00 to 16:00

16:00 to 19:00

19:00 to 22:00

22:00 to 22:30

22:30 to 03:00


04:00 to 07:00 Wash vessels, clean the house and prepare breakfast / prepare children for school

07:00 to 08:00 Breakfast, sending children to school

08:00 to 13:00 Buying of Fresh Fish

13:00 to 14:00 Lunch

12:00 to 16:00 Travel to Vend Fish

16:00 to 19:00 Fish Vending

19:00 to 22:00 Return J ourney

22:00 to 22:30 Dinner22:30 to 03:00 Sleep

Saturdays

03:00 to 04:00

04:00 to 07:00

07:00 to 08:00

08:00 to 12:00

12:00 to 13:00

13:00 to 15:00

15:00 to 16:00

16:00 to 21:00

21:00 to 21:30

21:30 to 03:00


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08:00 to 12:00 Gathering of Fire Wood

12:00 to 13:00 Lunch

13:00 to 15:00 Rest / watching TV

15:00 to 16:00 Bath / cleaning of vessels / house keeping

16:00 to 21:00 Spending time in Temple

21:00 to 21:30 Dinner

21:30 to 03:00 Sleep

7.5 Dried Fish Vendors Women

Name of the Respondent : Nanda PolammaHouse No : 92Family Members : 5Date : 19

thMarch 2011

Time : 11:50 to 12:10 HrsFacilitator : Mohana Krishna GDocumenter : Satyanarayana

The fisherwomen of Kothakalingapatnam village purchases fresh fish from the sea going fishermenand dry them on the sand or at platform constructed by the department. Most of the fish dried is usedfor livestock. They will travel to Kaviti (or) Sompeta to sell their fish, now the government is laying aroad to their village, earlier days they have to cross the back waters by boat or by walk through thewater and mud to reach the road. From there they will travel 15 20 kms to sell their fish. If it delayedin selling the fish they have the stay in that town over night as there wont be any transportation facilityto the village at that time.

03:00 to 04:00

04:00 to 07:00

07:00 to 08:00

08:00 to 13:0013:00 to 14:00

14:00 to 17:00

17:00 to 18:00

18:00 to 21:00

21:00 to 21:30

21:30 to 03:00




08:00 to 13:00 Purchase of Fresh Fish

13:00 to 14:00 Lunch

14:00 to 17:00 Drying of Cured Fish

17:00 to 18:00 Bath / cleaning of vessels / house keeping

18:00 to 21:00 Spending time in Temple

21:00 to 21:30 Dinner

21:30 to 03:00 Sleep


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8. Problem Matrix

8.1 Common Problems

Date & Time : 19th

March 2011, 15:00 -16:30 HrsFacilitator : Madhu Sagili

Documenter : SatyanarayanaVenue : High School VerandaParticipants : 18 (10 women & 8 men)

The problem matrix is a tool to understand the feltproblems in the village and to understand theircauses. The identified problems are listed andanalyzed against each of the other problemshighlighted to prioritize them. This will help tounderstand the problems causing greater impact to the communities in the village. In thisregard, pair wise problem matrix tool was adopted and applied. At the end of the exercise theteam as well as the community had a general understanding about the problems in the village.

Problems

8-

Lac

ko

fprivacy

for

ba

thing

&de

feca

tion

7-

Difficu

lties

in

commu

ting

toan

dfrom

thev

illage

6-

Villagevu

lnera

bleto

floo

ding

by

bac

kwa

ters

during

hightide

5-

Frequen

tpowercu

ts

affec

tingac

tiv

itiesa

fter

dark

4-

Pooraccess

tobas

ic

educa

tiona

bove

7th

stan

dard

3-

Difficu

lty

inava

iling

hea

lthtrea

tmen

ts

2-

Pooraccess

tobas

ic

hea

lthfac

ilities

1-

Insu

fficien

tdrin

king

wa

ter

for

thev

illage

Score Rank

1 - Insufficient drinking water forthe village

1/8 1 1 1 1 1 1 X 7 (1) I (A)

2 - Poor access to basic healthfacilities

8 2 2 2 2 3 X X 4 (2) III

3 - Difficulty in availing healthtreatments

8 3 3 3 3 X X X 5 (3) II

4 - Poor access to basiceducation above 7

thstandard

8 4 4 4 X X X X 3 (4) IV

5 - Frequent power cutsaffecting activities after dark

8 7 5 X X X X X 1 (5) VI

6 - Village vulnerable to floodingby backwaters during high tide

8 7 X X X X X X 0 (6) VII

7 - Difficulties in commuting toand from the village

8 X X X X X X X 2 (7) V

8 - Lack of privacy for bathing &defecation

X X X X X X X X 7 (8) I (B)

Villagers identified the key problems, defined their problems and listed them which were analyzedagainst each of the other problems and prioritized.

1. Insufficient drinking water for the village: There are only two open wells from where thevillagers draw drinking water. However, the villagers have expressed that the drinking water is notsufficient for the entire village, particularly during summer, where the water level of these seas will beat the minimum level. On the other hand, the villagers have also shared that the water drawn from thewell (drinking) is not very hygienic, particularly during rainy season. Though an organization (thevillagers dont remember the name of the organization) has sensitized them on boiling the well waterbefore drinking, the villagers do not have such practice. Due to this, often people are affected withvarious illnesses.

2. Poor access to basic health facilities: The villagers have shared that the villagers have very

poor access to health facilities, particularly for availing treatment during the emergency period. In thepast, it is learned from the villagers, that one girl child was dead of fit, which she was on her way to


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hospital from the village. Similarly one pregnant woman also passed away while shifting her to thehospital. One of the main reasons for such incidents in the village was due to lack of poortransportation facilities. In the past, the villagers used to carry the sick either on a cot or cover them inmat. Often they used to walk up to Musunuru and from there either go by bus or any othertransportation to Government hospital either in Sompet or Kaviti. Taking into consideration all theseconcerns the villagers feel that they have very poor access to treatment facilities.

3. Difficulty in availing health treatments: The villagers have also shared that they have pooraccess to medicines for common sickness, such as, headache, fever, stomachache, diarrhea, cold,etc. It is learned that ANM visits the village quite frequently but she will not be available always for thevillage particularly if they need any basic or first aid treatment.

4. Poor access to basic education above 7th standard: The village has a government school uptoclass 7. In the recent times, majority of the children are going to the school and there is a goodrelationship between the school teachers and the villagers. However, a good number of the childrendrop out from schooling when they have to go out of the villager for further studies. It is learned thatdue to lack of facilities for transportation and long distances a good number of the student drop out ofschool.

5. Frequent power cuts affecting activities after dark: The frequency of power cut is very high.The villagers have power from 6:00 am to 12:00 pm and they get power again in the evening at 6:00pm to 10:00 pm. Due to power cuts in the night, a good number of the villagers prefer to sleep on theseashore along with small kids. The problem they have expressed related to this is that sleeping outwith new born children (3 to 12 months) is affecting their health. Apart from this they have no majorproblem in line with frequent power cuts.

6. Village vulnerable to flooding by backwaters during high tide: During the months of J une toSeptember, the lake situated behind the village is flooded with water (rain water as well from the sea).When the lake is full, the water flows into the village, particularly near the school area and itssurroundings. Due to this, the movement of the villagers in the village is restricted and the school willnot be functional during this season.

7. Difficulties in commuting to and from the village: The villagers have expressed that they havevery poor facilities to commute to and fro the village. Earlier they used to travel by boat for 2 Kms asthey did not have road. From this point they walk to Kusumur and go by bus or other transportationmeans to Sompet and Kaviti. For the last 6 months road is being laid and now the villagers use autorickshaw as means of transportation. However, they cannot depend on it when required by the villageras it would not be available.

8. Lack of p rivacy for bathing and defecation: Both the men and women present at the discussionhave expressed that lack of public toilets, particularly for the women, is one of the main concerns ofthe villagers. It is learned that people are used to defecation in open areas. On the other hand, theyhave expressed the lack of privacy for the women.

Prioritization of the problems: After identifying the problems the villagers have prioritized them by

comparing a problem with the rest. The following are the reasons for the villagers to prioritize theproblems.

Comparison of Problems Reasons for Prioriti zation

Insufficient drinkingwater for the village

Lack of privacy for bathing& defecation

When prioritizing the problem the community (men & women)had lot of confusion. The women have prioritized lack ofprivacy for defecation whereas the men prioritized insufficientdrinking water. Consensus could not be drawn on this due todifferences of opinion and both were given equal importance.


Difficulties for movementfrom and to the village

Insufficient drinking water is the key problem as the entirevillagers struggle without drinking water during summer. Nowthe village has a road and assumes that sooner they will havevehicles to commute to nearby villages.

Insufficient drinking

water for the village

Village vulnerable to flooding

by backwaters during hightide

Insufficient drinking water is the key problem compared to theother as the villagers have already acted to prevent the

flooding of backwaters by constructing a 39 mtrs wall behindthe school building.

Insufficient drinking Frequent power cuts Insufficient drinking water is the key problem compared to the


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water for the village affecting activities after dark other as the frequency of power cuts disturbs the after darkactivities but still could manage but not without drinkingwater.


Poor access to basiceducation above 7

th

standard

Insufficient drinking water is the key problem compared to theother as nearly 20 children are going outside the village forfurther studies. The community assumes that improvedaccess to transportation facilities after completion of the road

would reduce the number of drop outs in schools or colleges.

Insufficient drinkingwater

a pra of fisher folk communities in ap

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