a rapid assessment of septage management in asia policies and practices in india, indonesia,...

7/30/2019 A RAPID ASSESSMENT OF SEPTAGE MANAGEMENT IN ASIA Policies and Practices in India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the

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Policies and Practies in India, Indonesia, Malaysia,

the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam

A RAPID ASSESSMENT OF

SEPTAGE MANAGEMENT IN ASIA

LINKING WATER OPERATORS THROUGHOUT

This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It wprepared by AECOM International Development and the Swiss Institute of Aquatic Sciences and Technolog


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A RAPID ASSESSMENT OF

SEPTAGE MANAGEMENT IN ASIAPOLICIES AND PRACTICES IN INDIA, INDONESIA, MALAYSIA,

THE PHILIPPINES, SRI LANKA, THAILAND, AND VIETNAM

DISCLAIMER

Te autors views epressed i tis publicatio do ot ecessarily relect te views o te Uited StatesAgecy or Iteratioal Developmet or te Uited States Govermet.


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Title: A Rapid Assessmet o Septage Maagemet i Asia: Policies ad Practices i Idia, Idoesia,Malaysia, te Pilippies, Sri Laa, Tailad, ad Vietam

USAID award number: 486-C-00-05-00010-00

Strateic obective (SO) number: 486-004 Improved Evirometal Coditios i Asia

Proect title: Evirometal Cooperatio-Asia (ECO-Asia)

Author(s): AECOM Iteratioal Developmet, Ic. ad te Departmet o Water ad Saitatioi Developig Coutries (Sadec) at te Swiss Federal Istitute o Aquatic Sciece ad Tecology(Eawag)

Sponsorin USAID operatin unit(s): Regioal Developmet Missio or Asia (RDMA)

Date o Publication: Jauary 2010


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY VII

ACkNOwlEDGEMENTS IX

GlOSSARY X

ACRONYMS XI

INTRODUCTION 1

OVERVIEw OF SEPTAGE MANAGEMENT 3

1.0 ThE CASE FOR IMPROVED SEPTAGE MAnAGEMEnT In ASIA. . . . . . . . . . . . 32.0 SEPTIC TAnkS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.0 COLLECTIOn AnD TREATMEnT InFRASTRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6EnDnOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

REGIONAl ChAllENGES AND GOOD PRACTICES 11

1.0 SUMMARY OF COUnTRY ExPERIEnCES In SEPTAGE MAnAGEMEnT. . . . . . .112.0 COMMOn ChALLEnGES TO EFFECTIVE SEPTAGE MAnAGEMEnT . . . . . . . .18EnDnOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

REGIONAl RECOMMENDATIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES 23

1.0 RECOMMEnDATIOnS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232.0 OPPORTUnITIES FOR PEER-TO-PEER COOPERATIOn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27EnDnOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

COUNTRY ASSESSMENTS 31

COUNTRY ASSESSMENT: INDIA 33

1.0 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342.0 BACkGROUnD AnD COnTExT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343.0 LEGAL FRAMEWORk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354.0 InSTITUTIOnS AnD IMPLEMEnTATIOn CAPACITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385.0 FUnDInG SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416.0 RECOMMEnDATIOnS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42EnDnOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

COUNTRY ASSESSMENT: INDONESIA 47

1.0 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482.0 BACkGROUnD AnD COnTExT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493.0 LEGAL FRAMEWORk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .504.0 InSTITUTIOnS AnD IMPLEMEnTATIOn CAPACITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .525.0 FUnDInG SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .556.0 RECOMMEnDATIOnS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57EnDnOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

Tabe of Contents


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COUNTRY ASSESSMENT: MAlAYSIA 63

1.0 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .642.0 BACkGROUnD AnD COnTExT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .643.0 LEGAL FRAMEWORk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .674.0 InSTITUTIOnS AnD IMPLEMEnTATIOn CAPACITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

5.0 FUnDInG SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .716.0 RECOMMEnDATIOnS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72EnDnOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73

COUNTRY ASSESSMENT: ThE PhIlIPPINES 75

1.0 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .762.0 BACkGROUnD AnD COnTExT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763.0 LEGAL FRAMEWORk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .774.0 InSTITUTIOnS AnD IMPLEMEnTATIOn CAPACITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .805.0 FUnDInG SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .826.0 RECOMMEnDATIOnS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84EnDnOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

COUNTRY ASSESSMENT: SRI lANkA 89

1.0 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .902.0 BACkGROUnD AnD COnTExT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903.0 LEGAL FRAMEWORk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .924.0 InSTITUTIOnS AnD IMPLEMEnTATIOn CAPACITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .935.0 FUnDInG SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .956.0 RECOMMEnDATIOnS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96EnDnOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98

COUNTRY ASSESSMENT: ThAIlAND 101

1.0 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

2.0 BACkGROUnD AnD COnTExT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1023.0 LEGAL FRAMEWORk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1044.0 InSTITUTIOnS AnD IMPLEMEnTATIOn CAPACITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065.0 FUnDInG SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1096.0 RECOMMEnDATIOnS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110EnDnOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

COUNTRY ASSESSMENT: VIETNAM 115

1.0 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1162.0 BACkGROUnD AnD COnTExT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163.0 LEGAL FRAMEWORk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1194.0 InSTITUTIOnS AnD IMPLEMEnTATIOn CAPACITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1205.0 FUnDInG SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1236.0 RECOMMEnDATIOnS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124EnDnOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126


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TABLE 1: CLASSIFICATIOn OF OnSITE SAnITATIOn SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5TABLE 2: SnAPShOT OF ThE STATE OF SAnITATIOn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12TABLE 3: SEPTAGE MAnAGEMEnT POLICY FRAMEWORk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15TABLE 4: IMPLEMEnTATIOn RESPOnSIBILITIES In SEPTAGE MAnAGEMEnT . . . . . . . . . .17TABLE 5. FUnDInG SOURCES FOR SEPTAGE MAnAGEMEnT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19TABLE 6: PRACTITIOnER RECOMMEnDATIOnS TO IMPROVE SEPTAGE MAnAGEMEnT . .24TABLE 7: REGIOnAL ExAMPLES OF GOOD PRACTICES In SEPTAGE MAnAGEMEnT . . . .27TABLE 8: ACTUAL AnD TARGETED ACCESS TO SAnITATIOn InFRASTRUCTURE AT ThE

EnD OF FIVE-YEAR PLAn PERIODS In InDIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35TABLE 9: PUBLIC SEWAGE TREATMEnT PLAnTS In MALAYSIA AS OF 2008 . . . . . . . . . .66TABLE 10: nUMBER OF InDIVIDUAL SEPTIC TAnk DESLUDGED In SChEDULED CYCLES In

MALAYSIA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66TABLE 11: EFFECT OF SEPTAGE On ThE AVERAGE GROWTh OF TREES In MALAYSIA . . . .66TABLE 12: COMMUnITY SURVEYS OF SEPTIC TAnk AWAREnESS In MAnILA . . . . . . . . .83

FIGURE 1: InCREASED ACCESS TO IMPROVED WATER, 1990-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3FIGURE 2: InCREASED ACCESS TO IMPROVED SAnITATIOn, 1990-2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3FIGURE 3: ThE IMPACT OF FULL SEPTIC TAnkS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6FIGURE 4: ThE COMPLETE SEPTAGE MAnAGEMEnT CYCLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6FIGURE 5: SCALE OF SEPTAGE TREATMEnT: CEnTRALIzED OR SEMI-DECEnTRALIzED? . . 8FIGURE 6: InCREASInG InVESTMEnTS In WATER SUPPLY AnD SAnITATIOn In InDIA . . .41FIGURE 7: SEWERAGE ACCESS In MAJOR ASIAn CITIES, 2001 TO 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

list of Tabes

list of Figures


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Accordig to te WhO/UnICEF 2008 Joit Moitorig

Program, urba access to improved saitatio as rise

to 57 ad 78 percet i Sout Asia ad Souteast Asia,

respectively, due i large part to ivestmets i osite

saitatio systems suc as septic tas ad pour-flus

latries. however, te maagemet of osite saitatioremais a eglected compoet of urba saitatio ad

wastewater maagemet. Oly recetly ave atioal

govermets, cities, ad wastewater utilities begu to

address te maagemet of septage, or te sludge

tat accumulates iside septic tas. Rater, most

saitatio programs ave focused o toilet istallatio

ad sewerage developmet, viewig osite saitatio

as a iformal, temporary form of ifrastructure. As

a result, septic tas ad latries i urba areas ave

become major sources of groudwater ad surface

water pollutio, wit sigificat evirometal, publicealt, ad ecoomic impacts.

To better uderstad te status of septage

maagemet policy ad practice i Asia, Evirometal

Cooperatio-Asia (ECO-Asia), a regioal program

of te Uited States Agecy for Iteratioal

Developmet (USAID), coducted a rapid assessmet

of septage maagemet i Idia, Idoesia, Malaysia,

te Pilippies, Sri Laa, Tailad, ad Vietam.

Tis assessmet report summarizes te istitutioal

ad ifrastructure capacity of tese coutries to

maage septage, idetifies te commo callegestat prevet better service provisio, ad provides

recommedatios for program improvemets based

o good practices across te regio. Give te prevailig

focus o pysical ifrastructure i tis field, tis report

focuses pricipally o te eablig coditios tat elp

cities better maage septage, icludig private sector

participatio ad staeolder awareess.

To validate te fidigs of te assessmet ad to

facilitate dialogue amog regioal staeolders, ECO-

Asia ad Ida Water kosortium (IWk), Malaysias

atioal sewerage services provider, co-orgaized a

worsop ad traiig i kuala Lumpur from May 25-

28, 2009. Te Departmet of Water ad Saitatio

i Developig Coutries (Sadec) at te Swiss Federal

Istitute of Aquatic Sciece ad Tecology (Eawag)

also collaborated wit ECO-Asia i te assessmet.

Oe fidig from te assessmet is tat a ey callege

sared by all coutries is te limited awareess

of policymaers about septage maagemet ad

te correspodig eed for policy settig, fudig

allocatio, ad eforcemet. At te implemetatio

level, as detailed i te assessmet, tis lac ofawareess traslates ito a rage of commo

calleges, icludig wea eforcemet of septic ta

costructio codes; lac of data o te locatio ad

coditio of septic tas; ifrastructure developmet

witout correspodig adoptio of local policies ad

regulatios, capacity buildig programs, or public

promotio iitiatives; limited local capacity to desig,

costruct, ad operate collectio ad treatmet

ifrastructure; ad tariff structures tat do ot

promote cost recovery, compliace wit septage

maagemet regulatios, or etrepreeursip. Iadditio, wile private operators provide septage

collectio ad disposal services i most coutries i

te regio, few local govermets or utilities regulate

teir activities, or leverage teir capabilities to expad

local sceduled desludgig services.

Despite gaps i atioal policymaig ad wea

septage maagemet programs, owever, te

assessmet idetified good practices i septage

maagemet i every coutry related to legal ad

istitutioal framewors, ifrastructure developmet,

private sector ivolvemet, capacity buildig, adservices promotio. Wile Malaysia is te clear leader

of te target coutries examied, every coutry

as developed some good practices tat deserve

cosideratio. Some coutries, especially Idia, te

Pilippies, ad Vietam, are icreasigly recogizig

te eed to ivest i septage maagemet as a

complemet to sewerage developmet.

Te report also offers a series of recommedatios

based o te lessos leared ad good practices

idetified troug te coutry assessmets. Some of

te ey recommedatios based o te assessmet

fidigs are:

Raise Awareness of Both Policymakers and Septic

Tank Users. Buildig staeolder awareess is criticalor creatig eective ew policies ad programs, ad


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or esurig public ad iacial support or iitiatives.Eorts sould ocus o raisig policymaer awareess ote direct ealt, evirometal, ad ecoomic beeitso improved septage maagemet. Resposible ageciesad orgaiatio sould also implemet commuity-level awareess iitiatives tat igligt te beeits omore requet desludgig to esure acceptace o ew

programs ad costs.

Establish and Enforce Clear National and Local

Policies. Clear legal ad regulatory requiremetsor sceduled desludgig, ad septage collectio adtreatmet provide te oudatio or compreesiveseptage maagemet programs. Coutries souldwor to establis appropriate legal ad regulatoryramewors ad also create regulatory regimes tatesure eective eorcemet.

Strengthen the Capacity of Implementing Agencies

and Utilities. Iadequate uma ad istitutioalcapacity at te local level is a major barrier tocostructig ad maitaiig irastructure, adregulatig programs. natioal ad local govermetssould develop capacity buildig iitiatives tat providetecical support ad traiig or atioal ad localoicials, ad bot public ad private operators. Focusareas sould iclude tecical, istitutioal, plaig,social ad iacial aspects.

Enable Private Service Providers in Scale Up

Scheduled Desludging. At preset, private operatorsare major providers o septage maagemet services imost coutries i te regio. By creatig ew icetivescemes ad regulatory programs, local govermetsca better leverage te private sector to scale up

sceduled desludgig, wile miimiig irastructurerequiremets ad creatig busiess opportuities.

Increase Funding and Reform Tariff Structures. Tobuild or reabilitate irastructure, local govermetsad utilities must ave access to atioal udig adlow-iterest loas, ad/or ave te autority to icrease

septage or wastewater taris. Were tere are atioalcaps o desludgig taris, rates sould be icreased tocover te cost o septage collectio, treatmet, addisposal. Were possible, billig ad collectio orseptage maagemet sould be combied wit tat owater services, i order to brea customer paymetsito istallmets, reduce uregulated private desludgigactivity, ad icrease willigess to pay.

I worig to develop ew policies ad practices, as

well as stregte capacity, wastewater operators ad

cities sould sare experieces ad iformatio toug

partersips, etworig, ad owledge sarig. Oe

prove approac for cooperatio are water operator

partersips (WOPs), wic eable te direct trasfer

of tecical assistace troug peer-to-peer excage.

I particular, tese partersips li metor utilities

tat ave developed good practices wit recipiet

utilities tat are iterested i tecical assistace.

WOPs leverage metor iterests i corporate social

resposibility, staff traiig, or uderstadig of

oter coutries wit recipiet iterest i adoptig

ew policies or practices. WaterLis, a regioal

etwor tat facilitates WOPs wit te support ofte Asia Developmet Ba, Iteratioal Water

Associatio ad Uited States Agecy for Iteratioal

Developmet, as implemeted dozes of successful

WOPs (www.waterlis.org).


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Te septage maagemet report was developed byLida Si rom AECOM Iteratioal Developmet, Ic.,wic implemets te Evirometal Cooperatio-Asiaprogram (ECO-Asia) uder cotract wit USAID, icollaboratio wit Doulaye ko rom te Departmet

o Water ad Saitatio or Developig Coutries atte Swiss Istitute o Aquatic Sciece ad Tecology(Sadec/Eawag). Te ollowig researcers coductedte researc ad writig or te coutry assessmets:Lisa Lumbao, Amada McMao, nguye Ti Da,Vilas nitivattaao, Feita Rosaria, ad naraya Bat.ECO-Asia sta, icludig Paul Violette ad niels vaDij, ad cosultat Eliabet kirwood providedguidace ad editig or tis report.

Te autors are very grateul to te ollowig eperts

wo reviewed te coutry assessmets or tecicalaccuracy ad provided critical updates rom te ieldad isigtul commets: Cesar Yigue (Pilippiecosultat), Mar Muligbaya (Maila Water Compay,

Ic.), Joselito Riego de Dios (Pilippie Departmeto healt), Soya Istadar (Water ad SaitatioProgram-East Asia ad Paciic), nugroo Tri Utomo(Idoesia natioal Developmet Plaig Agecy,BAPPEnAS), nguye Viet-A (haoi Uiversity o

Civil Egieerig), Pa Ti nu (Daag UREnCO),Pug Ti huog (Vietam Miistry o naturalResources ad Eviromet), Amad Sarui ModSalle ad Lim Pe Boo (Ida Water kosortium),Tammarat koottatep (Asia Istitute o Tecology),ad Josep Raviumar (Water ad Saitatio Program-Sout Asia).

Te autors would also lie to ta te may waterad wastewater utilities, atioal govermet agecies,local govermet agecies, ad academicias, icludig

tose wo participated i te May 2009 septagemaagemet worsop, or so geerously sarig teirtime, epertise, ad isigts.

ACkNOwlEDGMENTS


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GlOSSARY*

Biosolids te byproduct of te treatmet ofdomestic wastewater i a domestic wastewater

treatmet plat. Biosolids cosist primarily of dead

microbes ad oter orgaic matter ad ca be used

as orgaic fertilizer or soil amedmets.

Desludging te process of cleaig or removig te

accumulated septage from a septic ta or wastewater

treatmet facility.

Digestion a microbiological process tat coverts

cemically complex orgaic sludge to metae, carbo

dioxide, ad ioffesive umus-lie material.

Domestic Sewage wastewater composed of

utreated uma waste comig from residetial

ad commercial sources. Domestic sewage does oticlude idustrial ad/or azardous wastes.

Effluent a geeral term for ay wastewater, partiallyor completely treated, or i its atural state, flowig out

of a draiage caal, septic ta, buildig, maufacturig

plat, idustrial plat, or treatmet plat.

Faecal Sludge Management also ow as septagemaagemet, FSM cocers te various tecologies

ad mecaisms tat ca be used to treat ad dispose

of sludge te geeral term for solid matter wit

igly variable water cotet produced by septic

tas, latries, ad wastewater treatmet plats.

Improved Water access to a ouseold coectio,

public stadpipe, boreole, protected dug well,

protected sprig, or raiwater collectio, accordig to

te Milleium Developmet Goals.

Improved Sanitation a coectio to a public sewer

or septic system, or access to a pour-flus latrie, a

simple pit latrie or a vetilated improved pit latrie,

accordig to te Milleium Developmet Goals.

Onsite Sanitation System irastructure tat aimsto cotai uma ecreta at te buildig; comprises oseptic tas ad improved latries.

Seepage Pit a ole i te groud tat receives te

effluet from a septic ta ad allows te effluet to

seep troug te pit bottom ad sides; may be lied

wit brics or filled wit gravel.

Septage te combiatio of scum, sludge, ad liquidtat accumulates i septic tas.

Septic Tank a watertigt, multi-cambered

receptacle tat receives sewage from ouses or oter

buildigs ad is desiged to separate ad store te

solids ad partially digest te orgaic matter i te

sewage.

Service Provider a public or private etity, operator

or water utility tat is egaged i te collectio,

desludgig, adlig, trasportig, treatig, addisposig of sludge ad septage from septic tas,

cesspools, Imoff tas, portalets, sewage treatmet

plats.

Sewage maily liquid waste cotaiig some solids

produced by umas, wic typically cosists of

wasig water, feces, urie, laudry wastes, ad oter

material tat flows dow drais ad toilets from

ouseolds ad oter buildigs.

Sewer a pipe or coduit for carryig sewage ad

wastewater.

Sewerage a system of sewers tat coveys

wastewater to a treatmet plat or disposal poit. It

icludes all irastructure or collectig, trasportig,ad pumpig sewage.

Sludge precipitated solid matter wit a iglymieralied cotet produced by domestic wastewatertreatmet processes.

Stabilization te process o treatig septage orsludge to reduce patoge desities ad vectorattractio to produce a orgaic material tatmay be applied to te lad as a soils coditioer.

*note:Tis glossary ollows tat oud i te ollowig source: Govermet o te Pilippies, Departmet o healt. Operatios Maualo te Rules ad Regulatios Goverig Sludge ad Septage. Maila: Departmet o healt, 2008.


12/144A RAPID ASSESSMEnT OF SEPTAGE MAnAGEMEnT In ASIA i

Tis list cotais acroyms used i te report, wit te ame o te coutry were te term is used i pareteses,were appropriate.

ADB Asia Developmet BaAnAMAI Departmet o healt i te Miistry o Public healt (Tailad)

AusAID Australia Govermet Overseas Aid ProgramBAPPEDA Local braces o te BAPPEnAS (Idoesia)BAPPEnAS natioal Developmet Plaig Agecy (Idoesia)BMA Bago Metropolita Autority (BMA)BORDA Breme Overseas Researc ad Developmet Associatio (Germay)BOT Build-Operate-Traser scemesCBO Commuity-Based OrgaiatioCEA Cetral Evirometal Autority (Sri Laa)CPhEEO Cetral Public healt ad Evirometal Egieerig Orgaiatio (Idia)CWA 2004 Clea Water Act (Pilippies)DAk Special Allocatio Fuds (Idoesia)

DAnIDA Dais Iteratioal Developmet AgecyDEnR Departmet o Eviromet ad natural Resources (Pilippies)DkP Dinas Kebersihan dan Pertamanan, also Dias, or saitatio agecies (Idoesia)DPWh Departmet o Public Wors ad higways (Pilippies)DOE Departmet o Eergy (Malaysia)DOh Departmet o healt (Pilippies)EOLA Departmet o Local Admiistratio (Tailad)DEWATS Decetralied Wastewater Treatmet SystemsECO-Asia Evirometal Cooperatio-Asia, a program o USAIDEAWAG Swiss Istitute or Aquatic Sciece ad TecologyEPA Evirometal Protectio Agecy (Uited States)ESP Evirometal Services Program, a program o USAID (Idoesia)

ISSDP Idoesia Saitatio Sector Developmet Program (Idoesia)FORkALIM Forum Komunikasi Air Limbah or te commuicatio etwor or wastewater

treatmet operators (Idoesia)GDP Gross Domestic ProductGIS Geograpic Iormatio SystemGOI Govermet o IdiaGTz Germa Agecy or Tecical CooperatiohCMC ho Ci Mi City, VietamIMF Iteratioal Moetary FudIPLT Instalasi Pengolahan Lumpur Tinja or septage treatmet plat (Idoesia)IRD Researc Istitute or FraceIRR Implemetig Rules ad Regulatios (Pilippies)IWA Iteratioal Water AssociatioIWk Ida Water kosortium (Malaysia)IST Idividual Septic Ta (Malaysia)JBIC Japa Ba o Iteratioal CooperatioJnnURM Jawaarlal neru natioal Urba Missio (Idia)kW Germa Recostructio Credit IstituteLA Local Autority (Malaysia, Sri Laa)LGA Local Govermet Autority (Tailad)

ACRONYMS


13/144ii A RAPID ASSESSMEnT OF SEPTAGE MAnAGEMEnT In ASIA

LGU Local Govermet Uit (Idoesia, Pilippies)LWUA Local Water Utilities Admiistratio (Pilippies)MDG Milleium Developmet GoalMOC Miistry o Costructio (Vietam)MOE Miistry o Eviromet (Idoesia)MOF Miistry o Fiace (Idoesia)MOh Miistry o healt (Idoesia, Vietam)

MOnRE Miistry o natural Resources ad Eviromet (Malaysia, Tailad)MOPh Miistry o Public healt (Tailad)MOUD Miistry o Urba Developmet (Idia)MPW Miistry o Public Wors (Idoesia)MWCI Maila Water Compay, Ic. (Pilippies)MWSI Mayilad Water Services, Ic. (Pilippies)nA not availablenAP natioal Actio Pla (Idoesia)nEQA 1992 natioal Evirometal Quality Act (Tailad)nGO nogovermetal OrgaiationSP Nirmal Shahar Puraskaror Clea Cities Award (Idia)nSSMP natioal Sewerage ad Septage Maagemet Program (Pilippies)

nUSP 2008 natioal Urba Saitatio Policy (Idia)nWQMF natioal Water Quality Maagemet Fud (Pilippies)nWSDB natioal Water Supply ad Draiage Board (Sri Laa)ODA Oicial Developmet AssistaceO&M Operatios ad MaiteaceOSS Osite Saitatio SystemOUSDD Orietatio or te Developmet o Urba Sewerage ad Draiage util 2020 (Vietam)PC Provicial Coucils (Sri Laa)PCD Pollutio Cotrol Departmet (Tailad)PDAM Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum or local water supply agecy (Idoesia)PhA 1992 Public healt Act (Tailad)

PhED Public healt Egieerig Departmets (Idia)PS Pradeshiya Sabhas or tow coucils (Sri Laa)PSA Pilippie Saitatio Alliace (Pilippies)PWRF Pilippie Water Revolvig Fud (Pilippies)Sadec Departmet or Water ad Saitatio i Developig Coutries uder EawagSAnIMAS Sanitasi Berbasis Masyarakat or Saitatio or Commuities (Idoesia)SDC Swiss Agecy or Developmet ad CooperatioSPAn Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara or Water Commissio (Malaysia)SSA 1993 Sewerage Services Act (Malaysia)SSD Sewerage Services Departmet (Malaysia)STP Septage treatmet platsSUSEA Sustaiable Saitatio i East Asia, a program o WSP

UASB Uplow Aaerobic Sludge BlaetUDA Urba Developmet Autority (Sri Laa)UIDSSMT Urba Irastructure Developmet or Small ad Medium Tows (Idia)ULB Urba Local Bodies (Idia)UnICEF Uited natios Cildres FudUPWC Urba Public Wors Compaies (Vietam)UREnCO Urba Evirometal Compay (Vietam)USAID Uited States Agecy or Iteratioal Developmet


14/144A RAPID ASSESSMEnT OF SEPTAGE MAnAGEMEnT In ASIA iii

WASPOLA Water ad Saitatio Policy Formulatio ad Actio Plaig Project (Idoesia)WhO World healt OrgaiatioWMA Wastewater Maagemet Autority uder MOnRE (Tailad)WOP Water Operator PartersipWQMA Water Quality Maagemet Area (Pilippies)WSDC Water Supply ad Draiage Compaies (Vietam)WSIA Water Services Idustry Act (Malaysia)

WSP World Ba Water ad Saitatio ProgramWWTP Wastewater treatmet platWSS Water Supply ad Sewerage sector (Idia)


15/144


16/144

Widespread migratio to urba ceters trougoutAsia is placig tremedous stress o urba watersupplies ad saitatio services, wit a disproportioateimpact o te poor ad wome. Improvig access toclea water ad adequate saitatio or te urba

poor is amog te igest priorities acig Asiadecisio-maers, wo are committed to acievigte Milleium Developmet Goals (MDG) target oalvig te proportio o people witout sustaiableaccess to sae driig water ad saitatio by 2015. I2005, te Uited States Govermet stregteed itscommitmet to elpig tese coutries acieve teirMDG targets by passig te 2005 Paul Simo Wateror te Poor Act.

Te Evirometal Cooperatio-Asia (ECO-Asia)

program, a regioal project o te Uited States Agecyor Iteratioal Developmet (USAID) RegioalDevelopmet Missio Asia (RDMA), wors to improveaccess to sae driig water ad sustaiable saitatio.As part o tese eorts, ECO-Asia developed tisrapid assessmet o te legal ad policy rameworsad istitutioal capacity o seve coutries i Soutad Souteast Asia to maage septage. Septage is teuma waste cotaied i osite saitatio systems,suc as septic tas ad latries, ad are oe o temost prevalet ad least addressed orms o saitatioi Asia cities. Tis assessmet aims to: (1) cosolidate

iormatio o te status o septage maagemeti te regio; (2) determie te barriers to eectiveseptage maagemet programs aced by govermetagecies ad utilities; ad (3) idetiy best practices ite regio ad elp icrease coutry capacity to providesustaiable saitatio ad wastewater treatmet.

Tis report draws maily o des studies o policies, laws,ad sector assessmets or Idia, Idoesia, Malaysia,te Pilippies, Sri Laa, Tailad, ad Vietam. As ageeral approac, researcers visited septage acilities

tat typiy te situatio i eac coutry, ad coductediterviews wit represetatives rom relevatgovermet agecies ad private sector compaies.Sice most coutries curretly do ot compreesivelyaddress septage maagemet, iormatio o tis sectoris ote very limited. To improve te accuracy o teassessmet, idepedet eperts rom eac coutry,icludig sta rom lie agecies, utilities, iteratioalorgaiatios, ad uiversities reviewed drat coutry

reports. I developig te irst tree capters o tisreport, ECO-Asia collaborated wit te Departmet oWater ad Saitatio i Developig Coutries (Sadec)at te Swiss Federal Istitute o Aquatic Sciece adTecology (Eawag), a researc istitute tat specialies

i applied researc ad capacity buildig, particularlyi te ield o septage maagemet. Tis assessmetcotais te ollowig sectios:

AnOverviewofSeptageManagementthatprovides

bacgroud o te eed or septage services, teuctio o septic tas, ad te compoets o aseptage maagemet program;

Regional Challenges and Good Practices that

summarie te status o te seve target coutries,ad ey commo calleges ad good practices;

RegionalRecommendationsandOpportunitiesthatprovide recommedatios to elp stregteprograms as well as a strategy or regioal capacitybuildig; ad

Country Assessments that document the

irastructure, legal, istitutioal, ad udigcoditios i eac coutry ad te ability oatioal govermets, cities agecies, ad operatorsto provide compreesive septage maagemet.

To validate prelimiary idigs rom te des studies,i May 2009, ECO-Asia ad Ida Water kosortium

(IWk), Malaysias atioal sewerage services provider,co-orgaied a worsop i kuala Lumpur to discussidigs ad provide practitioer traiig o eectiveseptage maagemet. Fity participats rom waterad wastewater utilities, govermet miistries, localgovermet agecies, uiversities, ad iteratioalorgaiatios rom Idia, Idoesia, Malaysia, tePilippies, Tailad, ad Vietam atteded teworsop. Te valuable eedbac ad recommedatiosprovided by tese participats ave bee icorporatedito tis report.

Tis assessmet also serves as a owledge product oWaterLis, a regioal etwor tat supports wateroperator partersips i Asia. WaterLis dissemiatesowledge products suc as tis report to providewater operators wit additioal tools to address teregios water ad saitatio calleges. WaterLisis supported by te Asia Developmet Ba (ADB),Iteratioal Water Associatio (IWA), ad USAID.

INTRODUCTION

1A RAPID ASSESSMEnT OF SEPTAGE MAnAGEMEnT In ASIA


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A privately-owned septae collection truck empties its waste on a piece o vacant land. In the cities all over developin countries,

septae haulers empty waste into water bodies, vacant land, drains, and landills due to the lack o treatment acilities, easily accessibleacilities, and incentives or compliance.

DOULAYE kOn, SAnDEC/EAWAG


18/1443OVERVIEW OF SEPTAGE MAnAGEMEnT

1.0 THE CASE FOR IMPROVED SEPTAgE

MANAgEMENT IN ASIA

Despite gais i te past two decades, sae saitatioremais a public ealt ad evirometal crisis or maycoutries i Sout ad Souteast Asia. A estimated 1.2billio people i Sout ad Souteast Asia still lac accessto improved saitatio, ad waterbore diseases causeover 800,000 premature deats eac year, 90 perceto wom are cildre uder te age o ive.1 I SoutAsia, wic is ot o trac to meet te MilleiumDevelopmet Goal (MDG) o alvig te proportioo people witout sustaiable access to basic saitatiorom 1990 to 2015, oly 33 percet o te populatioad attaied access to improved saitatio as o 2006.2I Souteast Asia, wic is o trac to meet te MDG

saitatio target, 67 percet o te populatio ad

FIgURE 1: INCREASED ACCESS TO IMPROVED WATER, 1990-2006 (% OF POPULATION)5

FIgURE 2: INCREASED ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION, 1990-2006 (% OF POPULATION)6

attaied access to improved saitatio as o 2006.3 Wileaccess is gradually icreasig i te regio (see Figures 1ad 2), a World Ba Water ad Saitatio Program studyo Cambodia, Idoesia, te Pilippies, ad Vietamestimates tat poor saitatio costs tese coutries a

total o $9 billio per year rougly 2 percet o teircombied GDPs i te orm o ecoomic, ealt, adevirometal losses.4

Te callege to acievig te MDG targets or saitatio,as well as te MDG cild ealt target o reducig bytwo-tirds te mortality rate o cildre uder te age oive betwee 1990 ad 2015, is te treatmet o umaecreta, ot te provisio o saitatio acilities.

Te MDGs deie a improved saitatio acility as oe

tat ygieically separates uma ecreta rom uma

OVERVIEw OF SEPTAGE MANAGEMENT

3



cotact.7 Tese acilities iclude coectios to publicsewers, as well as osite saitatio systems suc as septictas, pour-lus latries, simple pit latries, pit latrieswit slabs, vetilated improved pit latries, ad compostigtoilets. Sice access to improved water as reaced92 ad 95 percet or urba areas i Sout Asia adSouteast Asia, respectively, ouseolds are icreasigly

upgradig to water-lused orms o saitatio acilities,tereby icreasig te volume o wastewater.8

O paper, tese acilities cout towards reacig teMDG targets, but i reality, most improved saitatioacilities i Sout ad Souteast Asia drai utreated itowaterways ad groudwater, ad do ot ully separateuma ecreta rom uma cotact i te log ru (seeTable 2, p. 12). I te coutries studied i tis report,septic tas are oe o te more commo, i ot temost, commo, orms o urba improved saitatioacilities, wit 29 to 89 percet o urba ouseoldsrelyig o tese systems. As most septic tas arerarely desludged, tey ted to be too ull to perorm teiteded primary treatmet, ad istead eectively serveas oldig tas. higly cotamiated septic eluetlowig out o septic tas eters waterways troug teope bottoms o older septic tas or via te draiagesystem, wic usually empties ito te earest waterway.We tas are desludged, te septage, or sludge isideseptic tas, is ote dumped ito waterways, drais,ladills, ad vacat lad due to te lac o septagetreatmet plats ad iadequate eorcemet. Ecept

or Tailad ad Malaysia, coutries i tis report treative percet or less o teir septage. Eve areas tat avedirect sewage coectios, wic comprise two to 40percet o te urba populatio i te coutries studiedi tis report ecept Malaysia, sewage treatmet is lessta 15 percet o te total volume.

Across te regio, domestic wastewater as becomete mai cotributor to te degradatio o rivers, laes,groudwater, ad coastal waters. Tis i tur treateste provisio o sae water supply, especially to te poor.Witout septage maagemet ad sewage treatmet,

eve so-called improved saitatio acilities willremai a sigiicat source o waterbore diseases adwater pollutio. Stregteig septage maagemet bydevelopig te eablig policies ad pysical irastructureor septage collectio ad treatmet capacity ca be aeective ad practical sort- to medium-term solutioor wastewater treatmet.

2.0 SEPTIC TANKS

Osite saitatio systems (OSS) aims to cotai umaecreta ad domestic wastewater at te ouseoldlevel, ad ca be classiied ito two mai categories(wet ad dry) ad seve sub-systems as sow i Table1. A overview o tese systems is described i te

Compedium o Saitatio Systems ad Tecologiespublised by Eawag/Sadec i 2008.9 Tis report broadlycategories OSS as septic tas ad latries ad ocusesparticularly o septic tas. however, as discussed ite bo to te rigt o termiology, may septic tasi te regio are ot built to code ad uctio more asimproved latries, wic also eed to be desludged.

Septic tas are watertigt, multi-camberedreceptacles tat receive blac ad/or grey water adseparate te liquid rom te solid waste, wic it storesad partially digests. Tey provide primary treatmet,

or te separatio o solids ad liquids, typically trougtwo-camber settlig tas. Oce raw sewage lowsito te tas, solids settle to te bottom, ormigsludge. Oil ad grease loat to te top, creatig a layero scum tat prevets oyge rom peetratig tesurace. Uder tese aaerobic coditios, bacteriadigest te wastewater, usually over a period o at least24 ours. I a regularly desludged system, sludge illsless ta oe-tird o te ta, leavig te remaiigtwo-tirds o te ta to perorm aaerobic digestio.Fuctioig septic tas remove 60 to 80 percet

orgaic pollutats ad total suspeded solids, but areless eective i removig patoges.11 Some ave a iltersystem, wic ca urter icrease primary treatmeteiciecy by 25 percet.

Togeter wit leacig ields, septic tas ca reducecotamiat levels to less ta oe percet. however,urba eviromets do ot ave space or leacigields ad urba septic tas usually discarge eluetito te soil, a soaage pit, ope caels, drais, orsewers. Eluet is particularly a treat to groudwateri te water table is less ta two meters deep.12

I a ta is ot regularly desludged, te sludge graduallyills te ta, leavig less ad less space or aaerobicdigestio ad icreasig te level o suspeded solidsad utreated sewage i te eluet discarged romte ta (see Figure 3). I suc cases, polluted eluetwill also quicly clog te ilters. Te quality ad quatityo septage collected rom osite saitatio systems



TABLE 1: CLASSIFICATION OF ONSITE SANITATION SYSTEMS10

no. OSS Tecology Waste Flows

1 Septic ta coected to eistig sewer systems Wet; mied blac water ad grey water system witosite treatmet

2 Septic Ta wit osite eluet treatmet or iiltratio Wet; mied blac water ad grey water system witosite treatmet

3 Septic ta wit osite eluet treatmet or iiltratio;latries

Wet; blac water systems tat are separate rom greywater

4 Septic ta discargig to eistig sewer systems Wet; urie-diversio system

5 Latries, compostig toilet, VIP latries Dry; grey water-separate system

6 Urie Divertig toilet, deydratio toilet Dry; urie- ad grey water-diversio system

7 Latries Dry; all wastes mied togeter

Carifying te Terminoogy

Osite saitatio systems iclude bot septic tas ad latries, ad dieret coutries call te waste tataccumulates iside OSS by dieret ames. Tailad calls it igt soil, Vietam calls it septic ta waste,some Eglis speaig coutries use septage, ad Sadec/Eawag deies it as aecal sludge.

Septic tas are watertigt, multi-cambered receptacles tat receive blac ad/or grey wateryad separate te liquid rom te solid waste, wic it stores ad partially digests. May OSS aremistaely called septic tas, eve we tey are iadequately sied or desiged, ave oly oecamber, or ave ope bottoms, ad tereore do ot perorm primary wastewater treatmet.

Septage is te combiatio o scum, sludge, ad liquid tat accumulates i septic tas. Altougytis term tecically applies oly to septic ta wastewater, may people use it to describe wasterom all osite saitatio systems.

Sludge by itsel reers to ay precipitated solid wit a igly mieralied cotet produced byydomestic wastewater treatmet processes, icludig tose created by septic tas, cetralied

wastewater plats, or idustrial processes.Faecal sludge is a term developed by Sadec/Eawag uses to apply to uma ecreta i bot septicytas ad latries.

Give te umber o coutries i te regio tat use te term septage to describe waste i ositesaitatio, tis report also uses te term or all types o uma ecreta collected rom osite saitatiosystems, icludig wet ad dry systems, ad private or public toilets. Tese elemets o osite saitatiosould ot be coused wit te piped wastewater collectio system:

Sewage is maily liquid waste cotaiig some solids produced by umas, wic typically cosistsyo wasig water, eces, urie, laudry wastes, ad oter material tat lows dow drais ad toiletsrom ouseolds ad oter buildigs. It is usually applied to wastewater tat lows ito sewers.

Sewers are pipes or coduits or carryig sewage ad wastewater.y

Sewerage is te system o sewers tat coveys wastewater to a treatmet plat or disposal poit.yIt icludes all irastructure or collectig, trasportig, ad pumpig sewage, but does ot icludete wastewater treatmet plat, sice sewerage systems ca covey sewage to waterways as well.



depeds largely o te types o tecology i use, terequecy o desludgig, climate, ad soil coditios.Te septic tas primary treatmet eicacy ca alsodecrease i ouseolds use cemical cleaers to cleate toilet, wic may ill te bacteria ad destroyaaerobic digestio.

Wile may coutries ad iteratioal orgaiatios

ave publised guidelies or OSS desig, i may casestese guidelies are iappropriate, iadequate, or oteorced. Tereore, i reality, te sies ad desigs oseptic ta or latries vary rom oe coutry to aoter,ad are ilueced largely by te local costructiostadards or te sill o masos.

30 COllECTION AND

TREATMENT INFRASTRUCTURE

Despite te widespread promotio o osite saitatiosystems i reacig te MDGs saitatio target,

most toilet provisio programs ad city agecies doot address te issue o wat people do wit teseptage tat accumulates iside OSS. I te absece oadequate public services, private service providers aveemerged to empty OSS by ad or wit vacuum trucs.Operators wit mecaied equipmet ote trasportad dispose o septage several ilometers rom peoplesomes i drais, waterways, ope lad, ad agricultural

ields. Maual desludgers worig i low-icome areasad squatter settlemets, wic are ote iaccessibleby truc, usually deposit te septage witi te amilyscompoud, ito earby laes, drais, ope lad orwaterways. Tus, te poorest ave te igest ealtris bot because tey are te most liely to providemaual desludgig services, ad because teir omesare closest to te actual dumpig grouds.

To acieve eective ad sustaied ealt protectioor tese eposed urba populatios, uture toiletprovisio programs ad city agecies must address te

FIgURE 3: THE IMPACT OF FULL SEPTIC TANKS13

TreatmentSoil conditioning

and fertilisation

Uncontrolled use

or dispasalFaecal sludge

transportFood

Faecal sludge

storage collection

FIgURE 4: THE COMPLETE SEPTAgE MANAgEMENT CYCLE15

Inecient IST,

Which has NOT been desludged regularly

Rectangular Metal Cover

SewageFromPremises

Euent withRaw Sewage toFilter & Drain

Scum Scum

Ecient IST,

Which has been desludged regularly


SewageFromPremises

Euent toFilter & Drain

Scum

IST, after desludges


SewageFromPremises

MinimumSludge

Euent toFilter & Drain



Eamples o collection vehicles in Malaysia. Clockwise rom the upper let: a 2.5 m3 tanker or small tanks and narrow lanes, a 4.5 m3

tanker or most domestic and commercial septic tanks, and an 11 m3 tanker or lare industrial and overnment septic tanks and slude

removal rom wastewater treatment plants.

InDAhWATERkOnSORTIUMSBnBhD

collectio, trasport, treatmet, ad sae disposal orreuse o treated septage rom OSS (see Figure 4). Acompreesive septage maagemet program cosistso te ollowig pysical irastructure ad processes,ad ca be modiied depedig o te commuitysdemad, desity, ad ability to pay.14

31 Septage Transportation

Wile desludgig requecies vary, it is typicallycosidered best practice to desludge tas oce everytree to ve years, or we te ta becomes oe-tird ull. Studies ave sow tat ater tis period,sludge decomposes, solidies, ad ca o loger beremoved by suctio aloe.16 Frequet desludgig alsoelps reduce te pollutio levels i te liquid efuet,wic typically eters waterways utreated.

Desludgig trucs play te role o a mobile seweretwor or osite saitatio systems. Tey collect tepollutio at te buildig level ad covey it to treatmetor discarge sites, ece providig te same serviceas te udergroud sewer etwor. Today, tere area umber o vacuum trucs ad gully sucers tatdesludge OSS. Tese systems rage i sie ad desig,ad some, lie te Un-habitat Vacutug, ca ow reaclow-icome areas tat were previously iaccessible tomecaied desludgig veicles. Te city o hai Pog,Vietam, or eample, uses a combiatio o small,ad-pused vacuum tugs o 350 liters ad truc-mouted vacuum tas o ve cubic meters.17

Give te saety ad ealt riss o maual OSSdesludgig, it is critical or cities to tae steps toed tis commo practice, wic is dagerous adupleasat wor ote carried out by te poor. Amaual o practice ca guide service providers oow to properly cotact customers, ispect ad cleatas, tae saety precautios, trasport te waste, admaitai te equipmet. Coductig pysical surveys

ad maitaiig accurate records troug maiestsad receipts o desludgig evets, locatios, ad wastevolumes elp esure accurate billig ad develop adatabase o iormatio to acilitate uture desludgig.Procedures tat tie records to paymet or collectiooperators ca also prevet illegally dumpig.

32 Septage Treatment and Disposa

Septage ca be treated i a variety o ways, adtere is o sigle best optio give te widely varyigcoditios o urba areas i developig coutries.Sadec ad its parters ave oud tat treatmet usigatural processes, icludig waste stabiliatio pods,uplated sludge dryig beds, reed-plated dryigbeds, costructed wetlads, ad compostig, are temost cost-eective solutios. Sadec as developeda series o guidelies or plaers ad egieersto build ad implemet tese optios.18 Aaerobicdigestio (wit biogas geeratio), l ime treatmet, ad

mecaied systems, suc as activated sludge process,are also widely used tecologies i treatig septage.Importat cosideratios iclude te cost o lad, tecapacity o sta to operate ad maitai te system,ad te locatio o te treatmet acility wit respectto OSS. Digested sludge rom OSS is 100 times morecocetrated ta domestic wastewater lowig i tesewer systems, ad tereore sould ot be treatedwit wastewater i sewage treatmet plats.19

Altoug septage ad sewage may sare dryig beds,

tis combiatio may aect te quality o te driedoutput i te sewage icludes idustrial wastewater. Ite dried sludge meets establised stadards, it ca beused as a soil amedmet or reclaimed lad, ladillcover, ladscapig compost, or ertilier or o-edibleplatatios. For use as compost or edible crops,treatmet acilities eed to esure tat te ed productattais stadards or agricultural reuse. Te Worldhealt Orgaiatios 2006 Volume 4: Ecreta ad



Grey Water Use i Agriculture o te Guidelies orte Sae Use o Wastewater, Ecreta, ad Grey Waterprovides stadards or reuse.

I coosig te most appropriate treatmet optio,te ollowig actors sould be cosidered:populatio desity; capital ad operatig cost; levelso mecaiatio; levels o eteral eergy iput;compatibility wit available local epertise; ad te

eistig istitutioal ramewor. Low capital adoperatig cost treatmet optios are usually associatedwit large lad requiremets. We selectig atreatmet optio, a balace betwee ecoomicad tecical easibility o te oe ad ad ladrequiremet o te oter must be acieved to matclocal coditios ad eeds.20

Eamples o septae treatment acilities in Malaysia. Clockwise rom the upper let: a trenchin site, a slude dryin bed, a mobile

dewaterin unit, and an activated slude acility - ust some o the possible septae treatment technoloies.

InDAhWATE

RkOnSORTIUMSBnBhD

LInDAShI,EC

O-ASIA

LInDAShI,ECO-ASIA

In

DAhWATERkOnSORTIUMSBnBhD

33 Decentraizing Pysica Infrastructure

Give te diiculty o collectig septage ad auligit across cities to desigated disposal ad treatmetsites, medium-scale satellite treatmet plats i easilyaccessible locatios may sigiicatly reduce collectioad aulage costs (see Figure 5). Capital, operatig admaiteace costs decrease wit icreasig plat sie.however, sice larger treatmet plats require loger

aulage distaces betwee pits ad disposal sites,costs escalate or collectio compaies, wic i turicreases te ris o idiscrimiate ad illegal dumpig.Te optimum plat sie as to be determied o a case-by-case basis as it depeds o te local cotet (e.g.,labor cost, lad price, treatmet plat scale, aulagedistace, ad site coditios).

FIgURE 5: SCALE OF SEPTAgE TREATMENT: CENTRALIzED OR SEMI-DECENTRALIzED?21

What scale for FS treatment:

centralised or semi-centralised?

Objective:

Minimize overall cost for collection, haulage and treatment

while guaranteeing safety in FS handling, use or disposal

FSTP



World healt Orgaiatio ad Uited natios Cildres1.Fud Joit Moitorig Programme or Water Supply adSaitatio ( JMP). Progress o Driig Water ad Saitatio:Special Focus o Saitatio. UnICEF, new Yor ad WhO,Geeva, 2008 (ereiater, WHO/UNICEF, 2008). Also, Worldhealt Orgaiatio. Te World healt Report 2004:

Cagig history. Geeva, 2004.WhO/UnICEF, 2008.2.

Ibid.3.

hutto, G., U.E. Rodrigue, L. napitupulu, P. Tag, P. kov.4.Ecoomic Impacts o Saitatio i Souteast Asia: SummaryReport. World Ba Water ad Saitatio Program, 2008.

WhO/UnICEF, 2008.5.

Ibid.6.

Ibid.7.

Ibid.8.

Tilley, E., Lti, C., Morel, A., zurbrgg, C. ad Scerteleib,9.

R. Compedium o Saitatio Systems ad Tecologies.Switerlad: Eawag, 2008.

networ or te Developmet o Sustaiable Approaces10.or Large Scale Implemetatio o Saitatio i Arica -nETSSAF. Evaluatio o eistig low cost covetioalas well as iovative saitatio system ad tecologies.nETSSAF, 2007. Project co-uded by te EuropeaCommissio witi te Sit Framewor Programme..

Cericaro, et al. 2001 as cited i vo Sperlig, Marcos,11.ad Carlos Augusto de Lemos Cericaro. BiologicalWastewater Treatmet i Warm Climate Regios. Lodo:Iteratioal Water Associatio, 2006. See also, Traser,

David. Desig ad Use o Pressure Sewer Systems. Miciga:Lewis Publisers, Ic., 1988.

Cave, B. ad P. kolsy. Groudwater, Latries ad healt.12.WELL Study Tas no: 163. Uited kigdom: Lodo Scoolo hygiee ad Tropical Medicie ad WEDC, LougborougUiversity, 2007.

Ida Water kosortium. Idividual Septic Ta. .

For guidace o developig a septage maagemet program,14.see te ollowig documets:Plaig ad Developmet Collaborative Iteratioal, Ic.Septic Tas ad Septage Maagemet: A Practical Guideor Developig Compreesive Programs or Septage

Maagemet or Local Govermets. Maila: USAID, 2007.Govermet o te Pilippies, Departmet o healt.Operatios Maual o te Rules ad Regulatios GoverigSeptage ad Septage. Maila: Departmet o healt, 2008.

Govermet o te Uited States, Evirometal ProtectioAgecy. Osite Wastewater Treatmet Systems Maual.Wasigto, DC: U.S. EPA, 2002.

Strauss, M., W.C. Barreiro, M. Steier, A. Mesa, M.15.Jeulad, S. Bolomey, A. Motagero, ad D. ko. UrbaEcreta Maagemet Situatio, Calleges, ad Promisig

ENDNOTES

Solutios. Paper preseted at te IWA Asia-Paciic RegioalCoerece i Bago, Tailad, 19-23 Oct. 2003.

Boesc, A. ad R. Scerteleib. Pit Emptyig O-Site16.Ecreta Disposal Systems. Field Tests wit MecaiedEquipmet i Gaboroe (Botswaa). IRCWD, IteratioalReerece Cetre or Waste Disposal, 1985.

kligel, F., A. Motagero, ad M. Strauss. nam Di17.(Vietam) Plaig or Improved Faecal SludgeMaagemet ad Treatmet. Paper preseted at te AualCoerece o te Water Supply ad Sewerage Associatioo Vietam, 6-7 Dec. 2001.

For additioal iormatio o septage treatmet tecologies,18.see te ollowig guides:heiss, U., S.A. Larmie, ad M. Strauss. Solids Separatioad Pod Systems or te Treatmet o Septage ad PublicToilet Sludges i Tropical Climate - Lessos Leart adRecommedatios or Prelimiary Desig. Eawag/SadecReport no. 05, 1998. .

kligel, F., A. Motagero, ad M. Strauss. nam Di(Vietam) Plaig or Improved Faecal SludgeMaagemet ad Treatmet. Paper preseted at te AualCoerece o te Water Supply ad Sewerage Associatioo Vietam, 6-7 Dec. 2001.

ko, D. ad M. Strauss. Low-Cost Optios or TreatigFaecal Sludge (FS) i Developig Coutries:Calleges ad Perormace. I, ASTEE, ed. 9tIteratioal Coerece o Wetlad Systems or WaterPollutio Cotrol. Avigo, Frace: IWA, Vol. 1, 2004.

koottatep, T., n. Suriul, C. Polprasert, A.S.M. kamal, D.ko, A. Motagero, U. heiss, ad M. Strauss. Treatmet

o Septage i Costructed Wetlads i Tropical Climate:Lessos Leart rom Seve Years o Operatio. WaterScience & Technology, Vol. 51(9), 2005.

Saguietti G.S., V. Ferrer, M.C. Garca, C. Tortul, A.Motagero, D. ko, ad M. Strauss. Isolatio o Salmoellasp. i Sludge rom Septage Treatmet Plat. Water Science &Technology, Vol. 51(12), 2005.

Coie, O., S. Agbotta, M. Strauss, h. Esseu, A. Motagero,E. Awua, ad D. ko. Solid-Liquid Separatio o FaecalSludge Usig Dryig Beds i Gaa: Implicatios or nutrietRecyclig i Urba Agriculture. Water Research, Vol.40(1),2006.

ko D., M. Strauss, ad D. Saywell. Towards a Improved19.

Faecal Sludge Maagemet (FSM). Proceedigs o te 1stIteratioal Symposium ad Worsop o Faecal SludgeMaagemet (FSM) Policy, 9-12 May 2006 Daar, Baglades.Fial report, 2007.

Motagero, A., D. ko, ad M. Strauss. Plaig Towards20.Improved Ecreta Maagemet. Istabul, Turey: 2002.

Strauss, M., A. Motagero. FS Maagemet Review21.o Practices, Problems ad Iitiatives. DFID Egieerigkowledge ad Researc Project-R8056. Cosultacy report

to Ghk, te Uited kigdom: 2002.


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Many septic tanks are diicult to access or not built to code in the reion. Developin a database o their location and condition is the

irst o a number o challenes to developin a successul septae manaement proram.

InDAh WATER kOnSORTIUM SDn BhD AnD LUkE DUGGLEBY, ECO-ASIA


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Te developmet o pysical irastructure is olyoe compoet o a uctioig septage maagemetprogram, wic also depeds upo sustaiedpublic sector commitmet ad udig, eectivepolicies, appropriate implemetatio, ad compliace

eorcemet. To uderstad te diverse policies adpractices or septage maagemet i te regio, tisreport coducted coutry assessmets or Idia,Idoesia, Malaysia, te Pilippies, Sri Laa, Tailad,ad Vietam.

Broadly speaig, septage maagemet i mostcoutries is a public sector activity. I te mostcommo model, te atioal govermet adopts alegal ad policy ramewor requirig local govermetsto develop septage ad sewerage programs, ad local

govermets develop collectio services ad treatmetacilities. Actual implemetatio approaces ca bequite varied. Coutries regulate septage maagemettroug dieret atioal miistries (e.g. eviromet,public ealt, public wors, plaig, ad costructio),ad maage septage wit wastewater services, water,or solid waste. Service providers ca iclude localpublic service providers, atioalied public serviceoperators, private cocessioaires, private cotractors,or a combiatio o orgaiatios. Wit te eceptioo Malaysia, idepedet service providers ted to illgaps created by iadequate public services, ad operate

witout public moitorig or regulatio. Altouglittle is ow about tese iormal operators, i maycoutries tey are te mai service providers ad souldbe a itegral part o ormal desludgig programs.

To validate te prelimiary idigs o tis assessmet,ad to stregte awareess, capacity, ad regioaldialogue, ECO-Asia ad Ida Water kosortium(IWk), Malaysias atioal sewerage services provider,orgaied a worsop ad traiig i kuala Lumpurrom May 25-28, 2009. Te worsop was atteded

by 50 participats rom water ad wastewater utilities,govermet miistries, local govermet agecies,uiversities, ad iteratioal orgaiatios romIdia, Idoesia, Malaysia, te Pilippies, Tailad, adVietam. Tese participats cotributed importatiormatio ad isigts o curret coditios,calleges, ad opportuities, wic are icludedtrougout te report, but particularly i tis sectio(see Tables 3-5) ad te et.

REGIONAl ChAllENGES AND GOOD PRACTICES

Te eperieces o tese coutries, summariedbelow, demostrate tat ay umber o approacesca be successul we implemeted i cojuctiowit a compreesive legal ad policy ramewor, cleardelieatio ad appropriate delegatio o roles ad

resposibility, ad dedicated public udig. Across teregio, tere are some cities, utilities, ad agecies tateectively maage septage, ad ca serve as models oroters. neverteless, te coutry assessmets revealtat, overall, septage maagemet remais a sigiicatcallege ad is ot a top priority or most coutries.

Were govermets do udertae septage maagemetiitiatives, tey ted to ocus o pysical irastructure,particularly te costructio o treatmet acilities,ad place less empasis o eablig coditios, suc as

policies, educatio, operator traiig, ad sustaiableiacig. I may cases, witout a eective eabligeviromet, septage treatmet acilities sit emptyor uderutilied ad ote evetually sut dow. keycalleges, summaried below, iclude ragmetedor iadequate local regulatios, wea eorcemet,wea istitutioal capacity, uclear delieatio oresposibilities, ad iadequate local ad atioaludig or capital ad operatioal epeses.

10 SUMMARY OF COUNTRY

EXPERIENCES IN SEPTAGEMANAGEMENT

Stregteig septage maagemet capabilities adcapacity is ot a top priority o most coutries i teregio. Policymaers ted to perceive septic tas adoter osite saitatio acilities as iterim solutiostat sould ot receive sigiicat public udig. Asa result, sector udig as ocused o seweragedevelopmet ad te costructio o cetraliedwastewater treatmet acilities, projects tat ca taedecades to complete give te epese ad diiculty

o retroittig cities wit wastewater irastructure.Meawile, septic tas ad septage will cotiue to bea prevalet orm o urba saitatio, ad will cotiueto ave a sigiicat impact o public ealt ad teeviromet. Some coutries, amely Idia, tePilippies, ad Vietam, are begiig to recogie teeed to epad ivestmets i septage maagemetater uderstadig te potetial ealt impacts adte calleges o developig large cetralied sewerage

11REGIOnAL ChALLEnGES AnD GOOD PRACTICES


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systems. Wile tese irastructure iitiatives ca acemay calleges, some coutries, particularly i Malaysia,te Pilippies, ad Tailad ave made good progressi overcomig obstacles.

Wat ollows is a brie summary o te status o

septage maagemet policies ad practice i tetarget coutries. Tese summaries are complemetedby Tables 2-5, wic compare te pysical, political,istitutioal, ad iacial situatios ad calleges i teseve coutries. Te data i tese tables are draw romte coutry assessmets, as well as te eedbac romparticipats at te septage maagemet worsop. Tecoutry assessmets i later sectios provide detailediormatio o te legal ad istitutioal ramewors,

Southeast Asia South Asia

Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Vietnam India Sri Lanka

Populatio(i millios)

222 28 88 63 86 1,150 19

Urba Populatio

(i millios)

93 18 54 21 23 350 3

% Access toimproved water(urba)

89% 98% 96% 99% 98% 96% 98%

% Access toimprovedsaitatio (urba)

67% 95% 81% 99% 88% 52-86% 89%

% Seweragecoectios

2.3%(urba)

73%(atioal)

7%(urba)

nA nA 40%(urba)

4%(urba)

% Sewagetreated


28/14413REGIOnAL ChALLEnGES AnD GOOD PRACTICES

tere are over 160 millio OSS i Idia cities, tereare o septage maagemet programs or treatmetacilities i te coutry.3 As a result, wile as may as86 percet o urba residets i Idia ave access toimproved saitatio, te cotiued pollutio o watersources wit uma ecreta taes a immese toll opublic ealt.

historically, te Govermet o Idia as ocused itswastewater ivestmets o cetralied seweragead treatmet. however, te 2008 natioal UrbaSaitatio Policy (nUSP) caged te coutrysapproac to urba saitatio. Accordig to te nUSP,local govermets are to be resposible or beavioralcage, total saitatio, 100 percet sae waste disposal,ad edig maual scavegig, i additio to seweragedevelopmet.4 Te nUSP tass state govermetswit dratig state urba saitatio policies tat itur require cities to develop city saitatio strategies.As o 2009, si states ave developed tese plasad some cities ave begu te citywide saitatioplaig process. Ulie oter coutries were tecostructio o acilities as preceded policy, Idiasocus o policy developmet allows cities to developitegrated strategies tat maimie te eicacy o teuture pysical irastructure. Tese are very positivesteps, altoug te lac o eistig local ad statepolicy ad maagemet practices, ad te lac opysical irastructure to treat septage pose sigiicatcalleges or Idia as it begis to address te critical

issue o osite saitatio. To implemet nUSP, Idiawill eed to urter icrease sector udig, wic is$2.80 per capita or saitatio ad $3.60 per capita orwater.5

12 Indonesia

Approimately 62 to 71 percet o te urbapopulatio i Idoesia uses septic tas ad latries,a igure tat is epected to rise as te coutryimplemets lad titlig policies tat oster omeowerivestmets.6 Altoug Idoesia ras tird i te

world ater Idia ad Cia i terms o uder-builtsewerage irastructure, it is amog te ew coutriesi te regio tat ave built a large umber o septagetreatmet plats. Uortuately, over 90 percet otese acilities are ot i operatio, due to limited localcapacity to maitai ad ud collectio ad treatmetprograms.7 As a result, leaig septic tas as well asseptage disposed o i waterways cause as muc as 70percet o te coutrys groudwater cotamiatio.8

Te World Ba estimates tat iadequate saitatioad wastewater treatmet costs Idoesia $6.3 billioi ecoomic losses eac year, equal to 2.3 percet o itsgross domestic product (GDP).9

Idoesias saitatio sector aces may calleges,icludig a ragmeted policy ad istitutioal

ramewor, low govermet prioritiatio o saitatio(as demostrated by te atioal budget o $0.37per capita or saitatio, versus $3.40 per capita orwater),10 ad overlappig resposibilities or saitatioacross may agecies. Decetraliatio i Idoesia asalso preseted a callege, as local govermets, wicmaage saitatio troug two to our departmets,ote lac awareess ad capacity to implemetsaitatio programs, or may eve use atioal saitatioallocatios or oter departmets. Recogiig tediiculties o implemetig saitatio projects ite coutry, te natioal Developmet PlaigAgecy (BAPPEnAS) is worig wit iteratioalorgaiatios, suc as USAID, BORDA, ad te WorldBa, to develop top-dow ad bottom-up iitiativesor commuity-based saitatio.

13 Maaysia

Malaysia is a clear leader i te regio i septagemaagemet. As o 2006, 98 percet o te coutryad access to sae water ad 95 percet to improvedsaitatio.11 Malaysia icreased te umber o ouseolds

wit sewerage coectios rom ive percet i 1993to 73 percet i 2009.12 For ouseolds coected toseptic tas, 50 percet ow participate i sceduleddesludgig i compliace wit ederal law. Malaysiaseperiece provides may importat lessos i policyormatio, istitutioal ad implemetatio capacity, adudig or oter coutries iterested i implemetigsuccessul septage maagemet programs.

Prior to 1993, local govermets were resposible orbot water ad sewerage services, but typically lacedte capacity to provide adequate sewerage services,

wic were more epesive ad comple ta watersupply. I respose, Malaysia atioalied sewerageservices i 1993, traserred all wastewater assets tote ederal govermet, ad oered services troug asigle, private cocessioaire, Ida Water kosortium(IWk). From 1993 to 2008, IWk built sewers,developed desludgig services, costructed septage adwastewater treatmet acilities across te coutry, ad,togeter wit te regulatory agecy, establised clear


29/144A RAPID ASSESSMEnT OF SEPTAGE MAnAGEMEnT In ASIA14

policy guidelies ad stadard operatig proceduresor developers ad wastewater operators. Importatto Malaysias success was te atioal requiremet tatdevelopers costruct teir ow wastewater treatmetsystems. By leveragig a private sector buildig boomto costruct ad ud 70 to 80 percet o te coutryssewerage ad wastewater treatmet irastructure,

te govermet reduced its capital epeses ad couldocus o subsidies or operatios ad maiteace(O&M) costs ad pro-poor services. Malaysias atioalbudget is $8 per capita or saitatio, ad $17 percapita or water, te igest amog te coutries i tisreport.13

Te cosolidatio o sewerage services uder oepolicy ad oe implemeter empowered IWk toeectively develop ad reiorce its epertise ad todissemiate its owledge across brac oices i tecoutry. havig establised a uctioig program adirastructure, te ederal govermet is deployig aew ramewor to decetralie resposibilities bac tolocal service providers ad itegrate te maagemeto water ad wastewater resources i eac locality.Tis restructurig raises ew questios o ow todecetralie IWks epertise, ow ar to decetraliecollectio ad treatmet operatios, ad ow tomaage cotractors ad esure regular desludgig.Oter coutries tat already provide joit water adwastewater services may provide lessos ad modelsor Malaysia as it trasitios ito te ew ramewor.

Inadequate wastewater collection and treatment has turned Metro Manilas many waterways into open sewers. Onoin and planned

proects in sewerae and septae development aim to restore local water quality.

LInDAShI,ECO-ASIA

14 Te Piippines

More ta 40 percet o residets i te Pilippiesad 85 percet o residets i Metro Maila use latriesad septic tas.14 Oly our percet o all cities avea sewer coectio tat leads to a treatmet acility.As tere are oly a ew septage treatmet acilities i

te etire coutry, te Pilippies treats very little oits domestic wastewater. As a result, te World Baestimates tat, altoug 78 percet o te coutry asaccess to improved saitatio, te Pilippies still losesover $1.4 billio i related ealt, evirometal, adecoomic costs per year.15

Recogiig te urget eed to address tis issue, tePilippies adopted te Clea Water Act i 2004, wicrequires atioal agecies, local govermets, adwater districts to provide eiter septage maagemetor sewerage services or all domestic wastewater

discargers. Early adoptig cities, suc as Mariiaad Dumaguete, ave developed local ordiacesrequirig regular desludgig ad ave costructed ewseptage treatmet acilities. Te Departmet o healtas also issued a compreesive maual guidig localimplemetatio o septage maagemet programs.Tese eorts serve as useul models or oter citiesad coutries. Te relevat atioal agecies are owdevelopig a atioal implemetatio master pla orseptage maagemet.


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Implemetatio as bee delayed, owever, i largepart because te atioal govermet as yet todisburse te ecessary uds. Ideed, te Pilippiesatioal saitatio budget per capita amouts to $0.34agaist $10 per capita i te water sector.16 Witoutatioal udig, ew local govermets ave bee ableto costruct septage treatmet acilities; as a result, te

coutrys private septage aulers cotiue to disposeo uma ecreta directly ito waterways ad otovacat lad. Ogoig iitiatives are eavily drive byiteratioal orgaiatios, icludig USAID, te WorldBa, ad Japa Ba o Iteratioal Cooperatio(JBIC). A impressive model eists i Metro Maila,were Maila Water Compay, Ic., a private waterad sewerage services cocessioaire, as successullycostructed several septage treatmet acilities,iitiated regular desludgig, ad coducted successulpublic promotio campaigs. Te positive models ite Pilippies ow eed to be replicated coutrywide

wit te support o atioal udig.

15 Sri lana

As o 2006, 82 percet o people i Sri Laa aveaccess to sae driig water ad 86 percet toimproved saitatio.18 Te rise i access to improvedsaitatio is due maily to ouseold upgrades toOSS; oly our percet o te populatio as a directsewerage coectio. Desludgig is te resposibilityo local autorities ad, ater te 2004 tsuami, most

received gully sucers troug developmet assistace.however, oly oe local autority as a small septagetreatmet acility, wile te remaiig local autoritiesdispose o septage i ladills or treces. Tere are opolicies at atioal or local levels speciically requirigregular desludgig or madatig septage treatmet. Iadditio, te Govermet o Sri Laa as istoricallyot prioritied wastewater treatmet ad oly ivepercet o te water ad saitatio budget as beeused or saitatio over te past two decades.19Tereore, may local autorities are eiter aware ote eed or septage maagemet, or ave udig

or implemetig suc programs.

16 Taiand

I Tailad, 99 percet o all ouseolds ave improvedwater ad saitatio.20 Almost all ouseolds rely osome id o septic ta, ecept i igly urbaiedareas, as tere are ew direct sewer coectios i tecoutry. Typically, septic ta eluet eters drais ad

te travels by urba caals to waterways or, i someareas, to wastewater treatmet plats. Wile citiestypically ave relatively ig capacity to covey sewagead collect septage, most lac adequate septage adwastewater treatmet acilities. As a result, 86 perceto sewage ad 70 percet o septage are directlydisposed o i waterways, drais, armlad, ad ladills.

Aroud te coutry, uma waste causes 54 perceto orgaic water pollutio, wic remais oe o tecoutrys most pressig evirometal calleges.21

Te 1992 Public healt Act requires local govermetsto provide collectio ad disposal services or solidwaste ad septage. Te Miistry o Public healts 2001guide outlies te desigs speciicatios or septic tasad aaerobic digestio tas or septage treatmet;te stadards or ealt, saety, ad recordeepig;ad cost estimates or acilities o varyig sies. Mostlocal govermets ave adopted regulatios o septagemaagemet. however, due to a lac o udig or urbaevirometal projects lie septage ad solid waste, aswell as limited tecical assistace rom te Miistryo Public healt, oly 20 percet o local govermetsave active septage treatmet acilities.22 A sigiicatbarrier to more widespread implemetatio is telegal classiicatio o septage wit solid waste raterta wastewater. As a result, te etities resposibleor septage operate i complete isolatio rom tosetat address wastewater maagemet. neverteless,notaburi Muicipality i Tailad provides oe

o te best eamples o septage maagemet i teregio, ad ca be a appropriate model or replicatio,especially i small- ad medium-sie muicipalities.

17 Vietnam

As o 2009, over tree-quarters o urba ouseoldsi Vietam rely o septic tas; by 2015 tis umberis epected to grow to a estimated 95 percetamog urba dwellers ad 60 percet amog ruralomeowers, due to te implemetatio o a 1999policy tat requires all ouseolds to use at least a septic

ta. however, util recetly, te cetral govermetdid ot speciically direct local govermets to addressseptage treatmet or disposal. I most cities, a mi opublic ad private service providers ave bee desludgigseptic tas. Publicly-owed evirometal compaiescollect septage ad dispose o it legally i ladills, wilemost private compaies dispose o septage illegallyito waterways, drais, ad aquaculture pods toavoid payig a ee or te use o te public ladills.


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Iadequate saitatio ad wastewater treatmet costVietam a estimated $780 millio eac year i ealt,evirometal, ad ecoomic epeses.23

A ew cities i Vietam icludig Da nag, haLog, hai Pog, ad nam Di ave built septagetreatmet acilities or iitiated regular desludgig

programs as part o larger sewerage developmetprojects uded by iteratioal orgaiatios, suc aste Germa Tecical Cooperatio, Swiss Agecy orDevelopmet ad Cooperatio, JBIC, ad te WorldBa. however, abset cetral govermet pressure,tese cities did ot prepare te ecessary ordiacesrequirig septage maagemet, or reserve operatiosad maiteace uds, wic resulted i several otese projects ot proceedig to ull operatio. Asa result o participatio by represetatives rom teMiistry o Costructio i te septage maagemetworsop, tis Miistry updated sector policy to requirewastewater treatmet plats to treat sludge, icludigseptic ta sludge. Te Miistry o Costructio plasto develop a ramewor or actio ad guidelies orseptage maagemet i Vietam.

20 COMMON ChAllENGES TO

EFFECTIVE SEPTAGE MANAGEMENT

Most coutries ave iitiated at least some elemetso a septage maagemet program, but ew atioalagecies ad cities provide compreesive maagemet

tat esures sae disposal o septage. Give teprevailig empasis o pysical irastructure i tisield, tis assessmet ocuses o coutry progress iputtig i place te eablig coditios tat lead toeective programs. Tis sectio idetiies te commocalleges coutries ad cities ace i creatig eabligeviromets based o te coutry assessmets adeedbac rom coutries durig te regioal worsop.

21 Fragmented Poicy Frameors and

wea Enforcement

Weak Policies and Piecemeal Implementation.Despite te widespread use o septic tas, mostcoutries ave ot developed compreesive policiesad legal ad istitutioal ramewors or septagemaagemet. Policymaers typically do ot view waterad saitatio as itercoected, leadig to a piecemealpolicy ramewor. not surprisigly, dieret water adwastewater agecies typically implemet policies ad

udertae projects witout eective coordiatio. Asa result, septage receives limited attetio ad udig,altoug it directly impacts public ealt ad waterquality i prooud ways. Tis restricted view o septagemaagemet prevets policymaers ad implemetersrom cosiderig related causes ad impacts, suc aspublic ealt, water quality, agricultural codes, ad urba

developmet treds. May policies are also segmetedierarcically ad developed witout cosultig teeeds o te local implemeters ad service providers.

Lack o Clear Delineation and Deleation o

Responsibility. Sice implemetatio o septagemaagemet policies requires ivolvemet at multiplegovermet levels, it is importat to establis a coeretistitutioal ramewor tat clearly delieates roles adresposibilities amog resposible agecies, icludigdecetraliig or devolvig autority i lie wit atioalad local laws. At preset, most coutries ave ot puti place clear ad eective istitutioal arragemets,or establised iter-agecy coordiatio mecaisms,wic ca lead to iactio or eve cousio. Somepolicies o septage maagemet ivolve too mayparties, wile oters do ot suicietly require relevatagecies to coordiate activities. I Tailad, oristace, te Miistry o Public healt is resposible orguidig muicipalities o maagig te septage isidete septic ta, wile a separate regulatio requireste Miistry o natural Resources ad Eviromet tomaage te liquid waste discarged rom septic tas. I

te Pilippies, te Clea Water Act delegates to treemiistries at te atioal level, ad bot water districtsad local govermets uits at te local level, resultig idieret iterpretatios about roles ad resposibilities.I additio, wit te eceptio o Malaysia, all coutriesdelegate septage maagemet to local govermets;te more levels o govermet ivolved, te greaterte eed or traiig ad capacity buildig.

Weak Enorcement and Implementation o Septae

Manaement Policies. Were septage regulatios eist,te level o eorcemet varies by coutry, depedig

o te autoritys powers ad resource capabilities.I Tailad, or eample, te Public healt Act asrequired cities to udertae septage maagemet sice1992, yet a estimated 80 percet o local govermetslac septage treatmet acilities; at te same time, teMiistry o Public healt lacs eorcemet autority. IVietam, may cities are reluctat to eorce a atioalmadate requirig te city to carge a wastewater ee,



TABLE5.FUNDINgSOU

RCESFORSEPTAgEMANAgEMENT25

SoutheastAsia

SouthAsia

Indonesia

Malaysia

Philippines

Thailand

Vietnam

India

SriLanka

Waterbudet

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wic would raise udig or projects lie septagemaagemet. I Malaysia, te regulatory agecy asrarely, i ever, ied or orced ouseolds to coductsceduled desludgig, altoug te law allows or sucmeasures. I may coutries, ispectios o septic ta,a commo requiremet o costructio codes, areiadequate due to limited local capacity or cocer.

22 wea human and Institutiona

Capacity

Limited Stakeholder Awareness. Across te regiopolicymaers, govermet oicials, civil society adeve academics ave a limited awareess about teimportace o eective OSS maagemet, icludigimplemetatio strategies ad costs, ealt adeviromet impacts or eve te maret potetialor treated septage. Govermetal agecies typicallyprioritie water above saitatio, ad saitatio

provisio above wastewater treatmet; or tem,septage maagemet is ote oly a atertougt. Forouseolds, septic tas are ote costructed below orbeid te ouse ad are diicult ad icoveiet toaccess ad ope; te lump-sum epese o desludgigalso discourages requet emptyig. Moreover, ewpeople ow were desludged septage goes oceit leaves teir ouses, or uderstad ow improperlydisposed septage ca impact water quality ad uma

ARIEISTAnDA

R,ECO-ASIA

In many cities in Asia, lack o household water connections and

intermittent water supply causes many households to rely on

public waterways or their water. The contamination o public

waterways with oranic pollution, larely due to untreated sewae

and septae, has a direct impact on public and environmental

health.

ealt. Tis lac o awareess about septage adeective septage maagemet is cosistetly cited aste mai cause o iadequate septage maagemetservices trougout te regio.26

Limited Human Capacity. I additio to a lac oawareess, at all govermetal levels i most coutries

tere is a sigiicat capacity gap o te tecicalad istitutioal aspects o septage maagemet.Moreover, uiversities ad traiig ceters ave oticorporated septage maagemet ito teir curricula.Accordigly, we resposibilities are delegated to localgovermets, tey are uable to udertae eectiveor timely implemetatio. As a result, may coutriesrely o iteratioal eperts or developig septageprograms.

Limited Reulation o or Partnership with Private

Service Providers. I most coutries i Sout adSouteast Asia, private etrepreeurs play a importatrole i providig eiter all desludgig services orsupportig limited public desludgig services. Teirpresece demostrates te iability o public serviceproviders to meet eistig desludgig eeds. Wile someoperators provide ig quality services tat comply witevirometal ad oter legal requiremets, otersviolate te law ad icrease proits by sellig septageto armers or use as a ertilier, illegally dump septageto avoid travelig log distaces to desigated disposalsites, delay ecessary ivestmets i equipmet, ad

igore ealt ad saety regulatios. Tese practicesdegrade te quality o service, impact te eviromet,ad edager te ealt o worers ad oters. Imay coutries, cities do ot ave te capability adresources to regulate private service providers, or dotey orm strategic public-private partersips.

Insuicient Wastewater Plannin. Urba growt imost Asia cities outpaces te public sectors ability topla or or provide saitatio services, especially orew residetial ad commercial developmets. As aresult, te public sector typically is compelled to istallrelatively more costly sewerage ad saitatio systemsater te developmets are built.

23 Funding Capita and Operationa Costs

Inadequate Public Fundin and Overreliance on

Eternal Aid. Wile at a atioal level, may Asiadevelopig coutries allocate uds or water ad



saitatio projects, most udig is or water adcetralied wastewater treatmet, ad ot septagemaagemet (Table 5). I additio, may o te targetcoutries rely o oicial developmet assistace toud saitatio ad wastewater projects. Depedeceo eteral assistace ca relect a lac o log-termcommitmet ad project owersip.

Low Wastewater Taris and Lack o O&M Fundin.

Cities ad utilities tat ave costructed cetralied

wastewater treatmet ad septage treatmet acilitiesote ave diiculty geeratig uds to cover O&Mcosts. Eve i Malaysia, te sewerage ee covers oly20 percet o operatig epeses. I Malaysia ad alsoi Tailad, atioal regulatios o septage taris aveeiter reduced user carges over time, or ept temte same, eve wile costs ave ilated. Otetimes,

ouseold paymets or desludgig also oly covercollectio costs, ot treatmet costs.

ENDNOTES

See coutry assessmets or te citatios.1.

World Ba. Idia Water ad Saitatio: Bridgig te Gap2.betwee Irastructure ad Service. Ja. 2006 (ereiater,World Bank, 2006).

Govermet o Idia, Miistry o Urba Developmet.3.natioal Urba Saitatio Policy. Sep. 2008.

Water ad Saitatio Program. Govermet o Idia4.Lauces new Urba Saitatio Policy. 2008..

World Ba, 2006.5.

Uited natios Developmet Programme. Lets Spea out6.or MDGs: Acievig te Milleium Developmet Goalsi Idoesia. Uited natios Developmet Programme,2007/2008. See also, World healt Orgaiatio ad Uitednatios Cildres Fud. Idoesia: Coverage Estimates orImproved Saitatio. Joit Moitorig Programme or WaterSupply ad Saitatio. Ju. 2006. See also, Govermet o

Idoesia, Bada Pusat Statisti,

a rapid assessment of septage management in asia policies and practices in india, indonesia,...

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