a responsabilidade social e ambiental para uma inclusÃo sustentÁvel · a responsabilidade social...

A RESPONSABILIDADE SOCIAL E AMBIENTAL PARA UMA INCLUSÃO SUSTENTÁVEL

Seminário | 19.Novembro.2012

Amadora, Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente

Sustentabilidade Social: Indicadores e Métricas

Oikos – Cooperação e Desenvolvimento

João José Fernandes

Planet Boundaries

The safe and just space for humanity

Adaptado de: Raworth K. (Oxfam, 2012)

Social Sustainability

Like the general concept of sustainable development, social sustainability is an open and contested concept. While the concept of sustainable development (SD) generally refers to achieving a balance among the environmental, economic, and social pillars of sustainability, the meaning and associated objectives of the social pillar remain vague. Moreover, the social dimensions of sustainability have not received the same treatment as the other two pillars and there are various interpretations regarding what issues should be addressed (Dixon & Colantonio, 2008)

Initiative Brief description Inclusion of social sustainability

themes Human Development Report Indices UNDP, early 1990s

Human Development Index, Human Poverty Index

The indices have a focus on the basic need theme of social sustainability

CSD Indicators for Sustainable Development (UN, 1995)

50 core indicators part of a set of 96 indicators.

Social indicators include: (i) poverty; (ii) governance; (iii) health; (iv) education; and (v) demographics

Well-being assessment (IUCN & IDRC, mid-1990s)

It is based on the Well-being of Nations survey, introducing the‘Egg of Well-being’ formed bythe Ecosystem Well-being Index (EWI) and Human Well-being Index (HWI)

HWI focuses on: (i) health andpopulation; (ii) wealth; (iii) knowledgeand culture; (iv) community; and(v) equity. Aggregation uses severaltechniques (unweighted averages,weighted, and lowest value)

Genuine Progress Indicator and Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare Redefining Progress and Herman Daly, mid-1990s

Indicators that attempt to improve the Gross National Product measurements including environmental and social values

(i) crime and family breakdown;(ii) household and volunteer work;(iii) income distribution; (iv) changes in leisure time; and (v) lifespan of consumer durables and public infrastructure. Their aggregation method is still being developed

Urban Audit Eurostat and DG REGIO, piloted 1997-2000

A collection of 336 variables collected in nine statistical fields, divided into 25 domains.

Statistical fields related to social issues :(i) demography; (ii) social aspects;(i) demography; (ii) social aspects;(iii) civic involvement; (iv) training and education; (v) travel and transport; and(vi) culture and recreation. The initiative evaluates the relevance that different stakeholders assign to each value.

Sustainable development metrics initiatives by governmental and institutional organizations

Sustainable development metrics initiatives by governmental and institutional organizations

Initiative Brief description Inclusion of social sustainability themes

Policy Performance Index Jochen Jesinghaus on behalf of the European Commission, 1999

Aggregation process of several indices chosen and weighted according to consensus and international standards formed by five indices:(i) infrastructure; (ii) waste;(iii) health; (iv) education; and(v) city product

It has not been tested yet. Could be controversial in how group consensus is built (UNCSD, 2001)

City Development Index Habitat, 2001

Formed by five indices:(i) infrastructure; (ii) waste;(iii) health; (iv) education; and(v) city product

Three indices measure aspects ofsocial sustainability, but relevant issuesare left out. The overall aggregation considers all the indices to have the same weighting

Eurostat Sustainable Development Indicators Eurostat, 2001

Indicators are divided into 10 themes. There are level I, II and II indicators for each theme

The main focus on social sustainability is on poverty and social exclusion, ageing society, and governance

The Sustainability Dashboard Consultative Group on Sustainable Development Indicators, IUCN, early 2000s

Information panel formed by three dials labelled as ‘Environmental Quality’,‘Economic Performance’ and ‘Social Health’

The indicators and aggregation onEconomic Performance and SocialHealth are very general and basic.The Social Health Index is based onthe UNDP’s Human Development Index(UNCSD, 2001)

Sustainable Communities Indicators - Egan Review Egan Review, UK, 2004

50 indicators, 30 of which are ‘objective’, or statistically based, and 20 of which are ‘subjective’, based on surveys and questionnaires

First attempt to develop indicatorsexplicitly to monitor the sustainablecommunities approach as set out in theBristol Accord. Indicators are groupedin eight themes linked to the eightcharacteristics of sustainablecommunities described

EU Sustainable Communities Indicators ERBEDU and CUDEM, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK, 2007

These are EUROSTAT and Urban Audit Indicators mapped against the eight characteristics of sustainable communities. Each theme is subdivided into a number of sub-themes

The initiative calls for the EU statistical services (Eurostat and Urban Audit) to collect data that monitor progress with in individual communities, whether they be neighborhoods, towns, cities or metropolitan regions

Initiative/tool/technique Brief description/comment Social Capital Assessment Tool (SOCAT) quantitative/qualitative tool. An important feature is the detailed information about structural and cognitive social capital that is collected at the level of the household, which is crucial to link social capital information with poverty and household welfare outcomes. World Bank, http://www.worldbank.org

Multifaceted instrument designed to collect social capital data at the household, community and organizational levels. It is an integrated

Social Capital Question Bank Office for National Statistics (ONS),UK, http://www.statistics.gov.uk/socialcapital/

This tool is based on the ONS survey matrix developed in 2001, and contains related questions from 15 major government and non-government surveys. It uses the same themes as the original matrix and allows users to see the actual wording of questions. The matrix is divided into accessible, interactive blocks linked together through the matrix grid

Social Capital Impact Assessment (SCIA) and Social Capital Building Toolkit The Saguaro Seminar at Harvard University, USA

SCIA can be used to analyze the impact of the implementation of a program or project on social capital.

Social Capital as a Public Policy Tool Policy Research Initiative, Canada

Launched in January 2003, this tool is intended as a reference tool for measuring social capital for use by the public policy research community within the Government of Canada.

Social Capital Indicators The Siena Group at OECD

Indicators proposed by the Siena Group for social statistics based on a module of standardized questions

Main social capital initiatives, tools and techniques

Main CSR and SRI initiatives, tools and techniques

Initiative/tool/technique Organisation/website Brief description/comment

The Sustainability Assessment Model (SAM). University of Aberdeen. The limitations of this model stem from the lack of an operational definition of sustainability. The question of substitutability between several forms of capital and the extent to which an organisation can be held responsible are also unclear (Baxter et al., 2002)

British Petroleum (BP)

The Sustainability Assessment Model (SAM) follows a Full Cost Accounting(FCA) approach that considers the full life-cycle of a project and identifiesall its internal and external costs and translates them into monetary values.

SA8000 certification Social Accountability International (SAI)

SA 8000 is promoted as a voluntary, universal standard for companies interested in auditing and certifying labour practices in their facilities and those of their suppliers and vendors. It is designed for independent third-party

Equator Principles http://www.equator-principles.com The Equator Principles is a framework for financial institutions to manage environmental and social issues in project financing.

Global Sullivan Principles Leon Sullivan, http://www.thesullivanfoundation.org

Corporate codes of conduct designed to increase the active participation of corporations in the advancement of human rights and social justice

Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) http://www.globalreporting.org

Sustainability Reporting Guidelines set a globally applicable frameworkfor reporting the economic, environmental, and social dimensions of anorganisation’s activities, products, and services. It is the most widely used andinternationally recognised standard for corporate sustainability measurementand reporting

Dow Jones Sustainability Index http://www.sustainability-index.com

Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI) is described as the first global index tracking the financial performance of the leading sustainability-driven companies worldwide. Company questionnaire is designed to assess opportunities and risks deriving from economic, environmental and social activities of companies.

KLD Social Indices KLD, http://www.kld.com

Indices for investors who integrate environmental, social and governance factors into their investment decisions. Examples of such indices include: Domini 400 Social Index; Dividend Achievers Social Index; Global Climate100 Index; Large Cap Sudan Free Social Index.

Main CSR and SRI initiatives, tools and techniques Initiative/tool/technique Organisation/website Brief description/comment

FTSE4Good http://www.ftse.com/ftse4good/index.jsp

The FTSE4Good Index Series was created by FTSE, a UK-based financial index company, in response to the increasing interest in SRI. Its inclusion criteria measures the performance of companies that meet globally recognised corporate responsibility standards.

Smart Growth Network http://www.smartgrowth.org

The Smart Growth Network (SGN) was formed in response to increasing community concerns about the need for new ways to grow local communities while boosting the economy, protecting the environment, and enhancing community vitality.

Amnesty International Human Rights Principles for Companies

Amnesty International, http://web.amnesty.org

Amnesty International has produced an introductory checklist of human rights principles to assist multinational companies in the following areas: (i) company policy on human rights; (ii) security; (iii) community engagement; (iv) freedom from discrimination; (v) freedom from slavery; (vi) health and safety; (vii) freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining; (viii) fair working conditions; and (ix) monitoring human rights

Balanced Scorecard Robert Kaplan and David Norton, http://www.balancedscorecard.org

Developed in the early 1990s, the balanced scorecard is a management system (not only a measurement system) that enables organisations to clarify their vision and strategy and translate them into action. This approach provides a clear prescription as to what companies should measure in order to ‘balance’ the financial perspective. Other types of scorecards include stakeholder and key performance indicator scorecards.

Main CSR and SRI initiatives, tools and techniques

Initiative/tool/technique Organisation/website Brief description/comment

Sustainability Balanced Scorecard

Möller and Schaltegger A modification of the Balanced Scorecard that shows a greater focus on environmental reporting.

The Corporate Responsibility Index

Business in the Community, http://www.bitc.org.uk

Management and benchmarking index/tool that assesses the extent to which corporate strategy is integrated into business practice throughout an organisation. It provides a benchmark for companies to evaluate their management practices in four key areas of corporate responsibility and performance: (i) community; (ii) environment; (iii) market place; and(iv) work place

Social Sustainability Key Themes and Domains

Emerging Traditional

Basic needs, including Housing

Education and skills

Equity

Employment

Human rights

Poverty

Social justice

Demographic change (ageing and international migration)

Empowerment, Participation and Access

Identity, Sense of Place and Culture

Health and Safety

Social mixing and cohesion

Social Capital

Well being, Happiness and Quality of life

Theoretical Research Approaches to Social Sustainability Approach Main Authors Timeline

Equity and Human Rights (e.g. poverty studies and

unequal development)

Sen (1985, 1992), Sachs (2001) Since mid-1980s

Capital Stock (e.g. Social Capital, Environmental capital equity and cities’ footprint)

Coleman (1988), Putnam (1993), Rees and Wackernagel (1996)

Since late 1980s

Institutional Theory and Governance

(e.g. participation and stakeholder analysis)

Chambers (1992) Healey (1992)

Since early 1990s

Business and Corporate studies (e.g. Triple Bottom Line, Corporate Social Responsibility)

Elkington (1994) Since mid-1990s

Behavioural and Social Sciences (Well-being, health and happiness perspective)

Layard (2005)

Since late 1990s

Transition Theory Rotmans, Loorbach et al. (2006) 2000s

Social Sustainability Indicators

Emerging Traditional

Static

Mainly Quantitative

Product

Descriptive

Mono-dimensional

Target oriented

Top down selection

Intergenerational with uncertainty

Hybrid

Process

Strategic

Multi-dimensional

Principles and Objectives driven

Deliberative and reiterative selection

Housing & Environment

Sustainability Assessment

Uncertainty Principle

Equity and Human Rights

Capital Stock

Practice Methods, Themes and Indicators

Policy Principles and Objectives

Theory Approaches

Institutional Theory and Governance

Business and

Corporate studies

Behavioural and Welfare

Economics

Transition Theory

Intra- and inter- Generational

Equity

Protection and Promotion of Health and

Safety

Recognition and

Preservation of Diversity

Precautionary Principle

Education Employment Demography Health and

Safety

Social mixing/

cohesion

Identity, Image,

Heritage Well-being

Empowerment, Participation,

Access

Social Sustainability

Social Sustainability Assessment Framework (SSAF)

© Colantonio (2009)

Social Capital

Subsidiarity Principle

Aplicabilidade no âmbito de iniciativas de regeneração urbana em várias cidades europeias.

Tema urbano Sant Adriá de Besos

(Barcelona)

Cardiff Rotterdam Turin Leipzig

Habitação e saúde

ambiental

Educação e habilidades

Saúde e segurança

Mudança do perfil

demográfico

(envelhecimento,

migração e mobilidade)

Coesão e social mixing

Identidade, sentido de

pertença a um lugar e

cultura

Empoderamento,

participação e acesso

Capital social, bem-estar

(well-being), felicidade e

qualidade de vida

Equidade x x x x x

Direitos humanos e

género

x x

Pobreza x x x

Justiça social x x x x

SSAF: Scoring System and Visualisation

Theory of Change and Social Impact Assemssment

Social Impact Assessment (SIA) is a framework for catalyzing transformational change empowering e to re-think how an organizational model can address root causes of systemic social problems.

SIA Approach: Define, Quantify, and Track

DEFINE: Use the Theory of Change to describe why the planned activities will lead to the ultimate desired outcomes. Use the Impact Value Change to describe how activities will lead to the desired outcomes.

QUANTIFY: Identify measurable Social Impact Indicators that will most strongly correlate with the desired social outcomes. Explain how these indicators will be tracked as part of your normal operations. Provide calculations for these indicators and incorporate them into Impact Value Chain. (For Business, cooperatives and other Social enterprises, Selection of social impact indicators from the Impact Reporting and Investment Standards (IRIS) is encouraged.)

TRACK: Explain how the chosen indicators will be tracked as part of the your operations. Outline a clear and feasible plan for impact measurement and evaluation, including ongoing monitoring of unintended and/or negative consequences of the projects/investments/business operations.

Theory of Change and Social Impact Assessment A Theory of Change describes why a chain of activities lead to the desired social outcomes. A Theory of Change can often be summarized in an “If…then” statement and the change in the ultimate social outcome is expressed as an increase or decrease.

For example:

If low-income, marginalized teenagers have first-hand experience running a business, they will be more successful in their later careers.

If customers’ water usage is metered and they have to pay for it, they will use less water.

If jobs are created in low-income areas, personal well-being will increase and the quality of life in those neighborhoods will increase.

APA | Seminário sobre Responsabilidade Ambiental e Social para uma Inclusão Sustentável | Amadora | 19.Nov.2012 18

Theory of Change and Social Impact Assessment

The Impact Value Chain is a tool that illustrates how the v activities lead to the ultimate desired outcome and impact. The Impact Value Chain builds on your Theory of Change by articulating the relationship between the activities, outputs, outcomes, and impact.



Social impact indicators are specific operational metrics that can be utilized to assess whether a project/investment or organization is progressing towards their social benefit objectives. A social impact indicator should distinguish between a measure that is easy to count but unrelated to actual impact, and one that is both quantifiable and is in fact a valid proxy for impact.

The Impact Reporting & Investment Standards, or IRIS, is a framework for describing the social and environmental performance of an organization. IRIS provides a library of indicators, with standard definitions, that enable comparison and communication across the breadth of organizations that have social or environmental impact as a primary driver.

IRIS indicators: http://iris.thegiin.org/iris-standards



Dimensions of Social Impact


SROI: Social Return on Investment


Framework for telling us how effectively money is spent (Value for Money)

Adjusted form of cost-benefit analysis.

SROI = value of positive + negative outcomes investment (or cost)

Essentially a measure of the efficiency of achieving outcomes

It considers triple-bottom-line benefits and investments – economic, social & environmental



SROI Principles

1.Involve Stakeholders

2.Understande what changes

3.Value the things that mater

4.Only include what is material

5.Do not over claim

6.Be transparent

7.Verify the result


SROI


Stakeholder

Stakeholder (A): long

term unemployed

Outcome

Beneficiary (A) has

sustainable,

meaningful

employment

Indicators

• (A) sustains

employment for at

least 6 months

• (A) reports levels of

job satisfaction

• (A) improved

financial situation

Ways of measuring Select ‘ways of knowing’ that an outcome (a change) has taken place = indicators

Ways of measuring Stakeholder Outcome(s) Indicators (Data

Collection Method)

Stakeholder (B):

Volunteers (DDAs)

Increased employability • (B) increase in salary

Increased well-being

e.g. confidence,

empowerment,

aspiration

• (B) reported

improvements in well-

being

Stakeholder (C): State Improved economic

situation

• Increase in tax take

• Reduction in use of

state services (if

relevant)

Stakeholder (D): UK

State

Improved economic

situation (from

volunteering)

• Increased tax take

from salary increase

SROI

Valuing and Pricing SROI analyses value to all material stakeholders, not just the one funding the activity.

Value means different things to different people.

How much is your house/flat worth?

Who sets the price of fish?

BUT

What does it mean to an Amadora resident to have a job?

SROI uses financial proxies to estimate the social value of non-traded goods to different stakeholders.

Common currency


SROI

Financial Proxies

Sometimes this is straightforward

mainly with outcomes to the State (e.g. value of health)

More difficult with non-traded outcomes

These do not have a ‘price’ and so require a proxy, or stand-in (e.g. emotional well-being)

Standard economic valuation techniques

Contingent Valuation

Willingness to pay (e.g. new park) or willingness to accept compensation (e.g. noise pollution)

Revealed Preference

Hedonic pricing (e.g. high risk job); Travel cost method (e.g. local service); Observed spending on related goods (e.g. leisure)


SROI Monetisation

Each outcome is then valued

Where no direct financial value is available, we use financial proxies to represent the social value created

Beneficiary (A): long term

unemployed

Beneficiary (A) has

sustainable, meaningful

employment

£ Value of increased earning

potential

OR

£ Cost of fees for a skills

development training course

Stakeholder Outcome Possible proxy value

Stakeholder (B):

Volunteers

Increased well-being e.g.

confidence, empowerment,

aspiration

Contingent valuation: what

would (B) pay for to get

similar level of well-being?

Revealed preference – what

do we observe (B) does to

get a similar level of well-

being?

SROI

Understanding impact

Deadweight: what would have happened anyway?

Attribution: how much is down to this project, and how much down to other factors?

Displacement: have we just moved an outcome to / from somewhere else?

Benefit period: how long does the outcome last, and does the effect ‘drop off’ over time?

SROI

Development of a Social Cash Flow


Muito Obrigado!

João José Fernandes

Director Executivo

Oikos – Cooperação e Desenvolvimento

E-mail: [email protected]


a responsabilidade social e ambiental para uma inclusÃo sustentÁvel · a responsabilidade social...

Documents