a run kumar chakraborty

8/13/2019 A Run Kumar Chakraborty

1/46

ByPROF ARUN KUMAR CHAKRABORTY

Associate Professor

Department of Civil Engineering

Bengal Engineering and Science UniversityShibpur; Howrah 711 103; West Bengal


2/46

INTRODUCTIONFly ash, a principal byproduct of coal burning power plants,

is an industrial waste product containing large amounts of silica,

alumina and small amount of unburned carbon, which pollutes

environment. This fly ash has real disposal problems, and should

hence be utilized effectively for various purposes.

Fly ash, being primarily pozzolanic, can actually replace a

percentage of the Portland cement, to produce a stronger, more

durable and more environment friendly concrete.

The cement production process releases a lot of carbon-di-oxide in atmosphere, which is the primary green house gas that

causes global warming. Hence replacement of a considerable

portion of cement by fly ash, can make a major contribution

toward solving the global warming problem.


3/46

Fly Ash Concrete:

In commercial practice, the dosage of fly ash is limited to

15%-30% by mass of the total cementitious material, which has

a beneficial effect on the workability and cost economy ofconcrete but for improved durability against sulfate attack,

alkali-silica expansion, and thermal cracking, larger amounts of

fly ash, are necessary.

High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete:

According to some researchers, more than 30% fly ash by

mass (equivalent as 50% by volume) of the cementitious

material may be considered enough to classify the mixtures asHigh-Volume Fly Ash (HVFA) concrete.

It is possible to produce sustainable, high performance

concrete mixtures with 50% or more cement replacement by fly

ash.


4/46

Behaviour of High Volume Fly Ash in Concrete:

It is generally observed that a higher substitution of

Portland cement by fly ash reduces the water requirement for

obtaining a given workability, mainly due to three mechanisms:

Fly ash gets absorbed on the surface of oppositely charged

cement particles and prevent them from flocculation, releasing

large amounts of water, thereby reducing the water-demand for

a given workability.

The spherical shape and the smooth surface of fly ash

particles help to reduce the interparticle friction and thusfacilitate mobility.

Due to its lower density and higher volume per unit mass, fly

ash is a more efficient void-filler than Portland cement.


5/46

Applications of High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete:

HVFA system has proven to be an economical construction

material. Several applications of HVFA concrete in structures,

and pavements have been reported all over the world.

Few information are available on long term properties and

durability aspects of HVFA concrete, particularly, in India,

where there is a lot of variation in quality and properties of fly

ash.

A detailed study is hence necessary to reveal these

aspects before prescribing the High Volume Fly Ash

Technology in practical application considering the availability

of local materials and climatic condition in our country.


6/46

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

MATERIALS USED:

Detailed properties of cement and fly ash is given in Table 1.

Detailed properties of Coarse and Fine aggregates are shown

in Table 2.

Conplast SP430 manufactured by M/S Fosroc India Ltd.

Bangalore, has been used as a superplasticizer (conforming to

ASTM C 494 type F) and Pidicrete CF-21 manufactured by Pidilite

Industries has been used as normal plasticizer (ASTM Type A).

TYPES OF CONCRETE MIXES:

Detailed mix proportions are given in tables T3.1, T3.2, T3.3,

T3.4, T3.5 and T3.6.


7/46

Table1: Physical Properties and Chemical Analysis of the Materials used

Physical TestsCementOPC

(Ambuja) CementPPC(Ambuja) Fly ashGarden ReachSpecific gravity Experimental Value 3.17 3.12 2.03

IS Code Requirement 3.15 - -

Fineness Experimental Value - passing 45 micron 84 92 88

-specific surface, Blaine, cm2/g 3294 3402 4892

IS Code Requirement 2250 3000 -

Compressive strength of 70.7 mm cubes, Mpa 3 - day 30.12 27.91 -

7 - day 37.22 37.49 -

28 - day 42.83 47.44 -

IS Code Requirement 3 - day 27 16 -

7 - day 37 22 -

28 - day 53 33 -

Chemical Analysis (%)

Silicon dioxide (SiO2) 18.67 - 57.1

Aluminium oxide (AI2O3) 6.07 - 27.1Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) 4.96 - 7.4

Calcium oxide (CaO) 60.12 - 2.1

Magnesium oxide (MgO) 2.13 2.93 1.2

Alkalis equivalent - - 2.42

Titanium oxide (TiO2) - - 1.2

Sulphur trioxide (SO3) 2.57 2.68 0.1

Loss on ignition 1.98 1.95 1.3


8/46

Table2: Grading of Coarse and Fine Aggregate

Coarse AggregateIndian StandardRequirements for

Coarse Aggregate

As per IS 383

Fine Aggregate

Indian

StandardRequirements

for Fine

Aggregate

As per IS 383

SieveSize

mm

Type IPassing

%

Type IIPassing

%

Type I(20mm

graded)

Type II(16mm

graded)

SieveSize

mm

Passing%

Passing

%( For Grading

Zone II )

20.00 100.00 100.00 95-100 100 4.75 100.0 90-100

16.00 90.00 100.00 - 90-100 2.36 95.7 75-100

12.50 - - - - 1.18 82.2 55-90

10.00 50.00 51.54 25-55 30-70 0.60 55.1 35-59

4.75 2.12 0.00 0-10 0-10 0.30 12.6 0-30

2.36 - - - - 0.15 0.9 0-10


9/46

Table T3.1: Mix Proportion and Fresh Properties of

different M20 concrete mixes having cementitious

material content 350 Kg/m3

made with O.P.C

MixNo.

FlyAsh%

Cement%

Aggregate

W/CMWRAL/m3

C.F.SlumpmmCoarse

kg/m3

Fine

kg/m3

OL-0 0 100

1217 745

0.50 3.0 0.94 75

OL-30 30 70 0.48 1.8 0.94 105

OL-40 40 60 0.46 3.1 0.95 105

OL-50 50 50 0.43 3.8 0.92 95


10/46



material content 400 Kg/m3

made with O.P.C

MixNo.

FlyAsh%

Cement%

Aggregate

W/CMS.P.L/m3

C.F.SlumpmmCoarse

kg/m3

Fine

kg/m3

OM-0 0 100

1183 800

0.40 5.5 0.94 120

OM-30 30 70 0.36 4.9 0.92 110

OM-40 40 60 0.34 4.6 0.95 105

OM-50 50 50 0.32 4.6 0.91 120


11/46



material content 450 Kg/m3made with O.P.C

MixNo.

FlyAsh%

Cement%

Aggregate

W/CMS.P.L/m3

C.F.SlumpmmCoarse

kg/m3

Fine

kg/m3

OH-0 0 100

1125 675

0.32 9.6 0.92 105

OH-30 30 70 0.29 5.8 0.95 95

OH-40 40 60 0.29 7.8 0.95 100

OH-50 50 50 0.28 6.2 0.93 115


12/46


different M20 concrete mixes having cementitious material

content 350 Kg/m3

made with P.P.C

MixNo.

FlyAsh%

Cement%

Aggregate

W/CMWRAL/m3

C.F.SlumpmmCoarse

kg/m3

Fine

kg/m3

PL-0 30 70

1217 745

0.52 3.6 0.95 80

PL-40 40 60 0.48 2.7 0.91 95

PL-50 50 50 0.46 3.7 0.93 110


13/46



content 400 Kg/m3

made with P.P.C

MixNo.

FlyAsh%

Cement%

Aggregate

W/CMS.P.L/m3

C.F.SlumpmmCoarse

kg/m3

Fine

kg/m3

PM-0 30 70

1183 800

0.42 5.5 0.92 90

PM-40 40 60 0.38 5.6 0.92 125

PM-50 50 50 0.36 5.4 0.95 115


14/46



content 450 Kg/m3

made with P.P.C

MixNo.

FlyAsh%

Cement%

Aggregate

W/CMS.P.L/m3

C.F.SlumpmmCoarse

kg/m3

Fine

kg/m3

PH-0 30 70

1125 675

0.34 9.6 0.94 85

PH-40 40 60 0.32 5.8 0.93 110

PH-50 50 50 0.30 6.4 0.93 110


15/46

TYPES OF TESTS ON CONCRETE SAMPLES:

Compressive strength at 28days, 91days, 180 days and 365

days as per IS 516:1959.

Flexural strengths at 28, 91 and 365 days as per IS516: 1959.

Splitting tensile strengths at 28, 91 and 365 days as per

IS 5816: 1999.

Abrasion test at 56 and 365 days as per IS 1237: 1980.

Water Permeability at 56 and 365 days as per DIN1048 part V.

Rebound Hammer Test and Ultra Sonic Pulse Velocity Test as

per IS 13311: 1992 Part I & II.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH VS %


16/46

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH VS %

FLYASH FOR M20 CONCRETE

HAVING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL

CONTENT 350 KG/M3 MADE WITH

O.P.C. & P.P.C.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

% flyash(as replacement of cement)

CompressiveS

trength(MPa)

91 days

180 days

365 days

28 days

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

30 35 40 45 50 55

% flyash (as replacement of cement)

compressives

trength(MPa)

28 days

365 days

180 days

91 days

O.P.C.

P.P.C.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH vs %


17/46





O.P.C. & P.P.C.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 10 20 30 40 50 60


commpressivestrength(MPa)

91 days

180 days

365 days

28 days

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

30 35 40 45 50 55


compressivestrength(Mpa)

28 days

91 days

365 days180 days

O.P.C.

P.P.C.



18/46





O.P.C. & P.P.C.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 10 20 30 40 50 60


compressivestrength(MPa)

28 days

91 days

180 days

365 days

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

30 35 40 45 50 55


compressivest

rength(MPa)

28 days

91 days

365 days

180 days

O.P.C.

P.P.C.


19/46

Comparison of Compressive Strength of M20 Concrete having cementitious

material content 350 Kg/m3using O.P.C & P.P.C. for different % of Fly Ash

46 4440 40 4138

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

30 40 50

% flyash (as replacement of cement )


O.P.C.

P.P.C

54 55

4145

51 49

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

30 40 50

% flyash (as replacement of cement )

compressivestrengt

h(MPa)

O.P.C.

P.P.C

28 Days 91 Days


20/46

Comparison of Compressive Strength of Concrete having cementitious

material content 350 Kg/m3using O.P.C & P.P.C. for different % of Fly Ash.

57

67

5347 49

62

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

30 40 50% flyash (as replacement of cement )

compressivestren

gth(MPa)

O.P.C

P.P.C.

61

7167

4852

66

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

30 40 50



O.P.C.

P.P.C.

180 Days 365 Days


21/46



5559

5046

52 51

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

30 40 50

%flyash(as replacement of cement)

compressivestreng

th(MPa)

O.P.C.

P.P.C

66

72

585759 60

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

30 40 50



O.P.C.

P.P.C

28 Days 91 Days


22/46



68 67

58

55

5761

0

10

20

30

40

5060

70

80

90

100

30 40 50


compressivestren

gth(MPa)

O.P.C.

P.P.C

70 72

60

55

64

55

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

30 40 50


compressivestren

gth(MPa)

O.P.C.

P.P.C.

180 Days 365 Days


23/46



68

60

7066

62

52

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

30 40 50% flyash (as replacement of cement)

compressivestreng

th(MPa)

O.P.C.

P.P.C

7772 72

68 6965

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

30 40 50


compressivestreng

th(MPa)

O.P.C.

P.P.C

28 Days 91 Days


24/46



64

75 76

70 7267

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

30 40 50



O.P.C.

P.P.C

8178 78

72 7368

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

30 40 50


compressivestre

ngth(MPa)

O.P.C.

P.P.C.

180 Days 365 Days


25/46

SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH VS %

FLYASH FOR M20 CONCRETE HAVING

CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL CONTENT

350 KG/M3MADE WITH O.P.C. & P.P.C.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

flyash (%)

SplitTensile

Strength(Mpa)

28 days

91 days365 days

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

30 35 40 45 50 55 60

flyash (%)

SplitTensileSt

rength(Mpa)

28 days91 days

365 days

O.P.C.

P.P.C.


26/46




O.P.C. & P.P.C.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

flyash (%)

SplitTensile

Strength(Mpa)

28 days

91 days

365 days

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

30 35 40 45 50 55 60

flyash (%)

SplitTensileStr

ength(Mpa)

28 days91 days

365 days

O.P.C.

P.P.C.


27/46




O.P.C. & P.P.C.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

flyash (%)

SplitTensileStrength(Mpa)

28 days

91 days

365 days

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

30 35 40 45 50 55 60

flyash (%)

SplitTensileS

trength(Mpa)

28 days

91 days

365 days

O.P.C.

P.P.C.

C i f 28 D S lit T il St th f C t h i diff t


28/46

Comparison of 28 Days Split Tensile Strength of Concrete having different

cementitious material content using O.P.C & P.P.C. for different % of Fly Ash.

4.43 4.35

3.72

4.865.21

3.98

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

30 40 50

FLYASH %

28DaysSplitTen

sileStrength(Mpa)

O.P.C

P.P.C

3.4 3.46

2.55

3.55 3.5

2.55

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

30 40 50FLYASH %

28DaysSplitTensileStrength(Mpa)

O.P.C

P.P.C

3.673.94

4.28 4.29

3.65

4.6

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

30 40 50FLYASH %


O.P.C

P.P.C

450 Kg/m3

350 Kg/m3 400 Kg/m3



29/46



3.944.28

3.94.51 4.43

3.56

0

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

30 40 50FLYASH %


O.P.C

P.P.C3.76

5.084.87

3.674.24

3.41

0

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

30 40 50FLYASH %

91DaysSplitTensileStre

ngth(Mpa)

O.P.C

P.P.C

4.52

3.54.02

5.92

5.125.57

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

30 40 50

FLYASH %


O.P.C

P.P.C

450 Kg/m3

350 Kg/m3 400 Kg/m3



30/46



4.69

5.67

4.595.05

5.88

5.06

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

30 40 50

FLYASH %

365DaysSplitTensileStre

ngth(Mpa)

O.P.C

P.P.C

4.83

5.596.23

4.004.254.53

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

30 40 50FLYASH %


O.P.C

P.P.C

4.64

5.344.88

5.28 5.38

6.17

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

30 40 50

FLYASH %

365DaysSplitTen

sileStrength(Mpa)

O.P.C

P.P.C

450 Kg/m3

350 Kg/m3 400 Kg/m3

FLEXURAL STRENGTH VS % FLY ASH


31/46


FOR CONCRETE HAVING



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

% of flyash (as replacement of cement)

Flexuralstrength(MPa)

28 days

91 days

365 days

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

30 35 40 45 50 55 60


Flexuralstre

ngth(MPa)

28 days91 days

365 days

O.P.C.

P.P.C.

FLEXURAL STRENGTH VS % FLY ASH 12


32/46


FOR CONCRETE HAVING



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 10 20 30 40 50 60



28 days

91 days

365 days

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

30 35 40 45 50 55 60


Flexuralst

rength(MPa)

28 days

91 days

365 days

O.P.C.

P.P.C.



33/46


FOR CONCRETE HAVING



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 10 20 30 40 50 60



28 days

91 days

365 days

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

30 35 40 45 50 55 60



28 days

91 days

365 days

O.P.C.

P.P.C.

C i f 28 D Fl l St th f C t h i diff t


34/46

Comparison of 28 Days Flexural Strength of Concrete having different


5.47 5.56

4.54.94

5.66 5.77

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

30 40 50


flexuralstrength(MPa)

O.P.C.

P.P.C.

450 Kg/m3

350 Kg/m3 400 Kg/m3

5.53

6.545.89

5.27

6.52

5.61

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

30 40 50



OPC

PPC

8.84

6.72 6.997.34 7.18

7.77

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

30 40 50

% of flyash (as replacement of ceme nt)

flexuralstre

ngth(MPa)

O.P.C.

P.P.C.



35/46



5.61

7.87

6.026.54 6.58

6.97

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

30 40 50


flexuralstrength(MP

a)

O.P.C.

P.P.C.

450 Kg/m3

350 Kg/m3 400 Kg/m3

7.39 7.5

6.536.45

8.89

8.00

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

30 40 50


flexuralstrength(MP

a)

OPC

PPC

9.38

7.83

7.067.67

7.25 7.03

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

30 40 50


flexuralstre

ngth(MPa)

O.P.C.

P.P.C.



36/46



6.83

9.83

8.157.98

5.93

9.27

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

30 40 50



O.P.C.

P.P.C.

450 Kg/m3

350 Kg/m3 400 Kg/m3

8.08 8.05

6.48

8.15 8.04

8.94

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

30 40 50


flexuralstrength(MP

a)

OPC

PPC

9.55

8.55 8.75

9.9610.59

9.52

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

30 40 50


flexuralstre

ngth(MPa)

O.P.C.

P.P.C.


37/46

Change in Compressive Strength (with respect to 28 days) of Concrete

made with O.P.C. and P.P.C having cementitious material content

350 Kg/m

3

for different % of Fly Ash due to various exposures.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 30 50

FLY ASH (%)

CHANGEINCOMPRES

SIVESTRENGTH

W.R.T.28DA

YS(%)

AirMgCl2

MgSO4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 30 50

FLY ASH (%)

CHANGEINCOMPRES

SIVESTRENGTH

W.R.T.28DA

YS(%)

AirMgCl2

MgSO4

O.P.C.

P.P.C.


38/46



400 Kg/m3for different % of Fly Ash due to various exposures.

O.P.C.

P.P.C.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 30 50

FLY ASH (%)

CHANGEINCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTH

W.R.T.28DAY

S(%)

Air

MgCl2

MgSO4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 30 50

FLY ASH (%)

CHANGEINCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTH

W.R.T.28DAY

S(%)

Air

MgCl2

MgSO4


39/46



450 Kg/m3for different % of Fly Ash due to various exposures.

O.P.C.

P.P.C.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 30 50

FLY ASH (%)

CHANGEINCOMPRESSI

VESTRENGTH

W.R.T.28DAYS(%)

Air

MgCl2

MgSO4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 30 50

FLY ASH (%)

CHANGEINCOMPRESSI

VESTRENGTH

W.R.T.28DAYS(%)

Air

MgCl2

MgSO4

D h f C b i f C d i h O P C d P P C


40/46

Depth of Carbonation for Concrete made with O.P.C. and P.P.C.

having different cementitious material content for different

percentages of Fly Ash after 365 days exposure in air.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 30 50

FLY ASH (%)

CARBONATIONDEPTH(mm

OPC

PPC

350Kg/m

3

Procedure

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 30 50

FLY ASH (%)

CARBONATIO

N

DEPTH

(mm

OPC

PPC400

Kg/m3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 30 50

FLY ASH (%)

CARBONATIONDEPTH(mm)

OPC

PPC450Kg/m

3


41/46

Abrasion Thickness of Concrete made with O.P.C. and P.P.C.

having cementitious material content 350 kg/m3 for different

percentages of Fly Ash at early and later ages

O.P.C. P.P.C.

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

0 30 50

FLY ASH (% )

ABRASIONTHICKNES

(mm

) 56 Days

365 Days

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

0 30 50

FLY ASH (% )

ABRASIONTHICKNES

(mm

) 56 Days

365 Days


42/46




O.P.C. P.P.C.

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

0 30 50

FLY ASH (% )

ABRASIONTHICKNES

(mm

) 56 Days

365 Days

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

0 30 50

FLY ASH (% )

ABRASIONTHICKNES

(mm

)

56 Days

365 Days


43/46




O.P.C. P.P.C.

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

0 30 50

FLY ASH (%)

ABRASIONTH

ICKNESS

(mm) 56 Days

365 Days

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

0 30 50

FLY ASH (%)

ABRASIONTH

ICKNESS

(mm) 56 Days

365 Days

WATER PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE FOR DIFFERENT


44/46

WATER PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE FOR DIFFERENT

PERCENTAGES OF FLY ASH AT 365 DAYS.

350Kg/m

3

400Kg/m

3

400Kg/m

3

350Kg/m

3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 30 50

FLY ASH (%)

WATERPERMEABILIT

Y

(mm) 365

Days

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 30 50

FLY ASH (%)

WATERPERMEABILITY

(mm)

365

Days

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 30 50

FLY ASH (%)

WATERPERMEA

BILITY

(mm)

365

Days

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 30 50

FLY ASH (%)

WATERPERMEA

BILITY

(mm)

365

Days

O.P.C

P.P.C

CONCLUSION


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CONCLUSIONFor similar cementitious material content and similar range of

slump, the use of fly ash (0 to 50 %) decreased the water-to-

cementitious-material ratio in general.

The long term strength of the concrete containing fly ash is

higher than that of control concrete without fly ash.

Abrasion resistance of fly ash concrete is less than

corresponding samples without fly ash both at early and longer

ages, in general. The loss of thickness due to abrasion increases

with percentage of fly ash in concrete.

The fly ash concrete shows lower water permeability compared

to that of control concrete.

The depth of carbonation is increased with the increase in

percentage replacement of fly ash in concrete.


46/46

a run kumar chakraborty

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