A search for

Antibiotics & Antimicrobials

Human well-being

Presented by Dr. Sudhakar KokateDirector PPRC, India

Bacteria

PPRC/INDIA 01

About bacterial diseases

Caused by bacteria

Range from minor skin infections to bubonic

plague and tuberculosis, cholera, diphtheria,

meningitis and syphilis

Bacteria cause diseases by secreting / excreting

toxins by producing toxins internally

PPRC/INDIA 02

Bacterial diseases

Cutaneous anthrax

Pulmonary anthrax

Gastro-intestinal anthrax

Whooping cough

Bacterial pneumonia

Lyme disease

PPRC/INDIA 03

Bacterial diseases

Brucellosis

Acute enteritis

Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)

Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)

Trachoma

Psiltacosis

PPRC/INDIA 04

Bacterial diseases

Conjunctivitis of newborn (ICN)

Botulism

Pseudomembranchus colitis

Gas gangrene

Anaerobic cellulitis

Tetanus

PPRC/INDIA 05

Bacterial diseases

Diphtheria

Nosocomial infections

Urinary tract infections (UTI)

Diarrhoea

Meningitis in children

PPRC/INDIA 06

Bacterial diseases

Haemorrhagic colitis

Haemolytic-uremic syndrome

Upper respiratory tract infections

Peptic ulcer

Gastric carcinoma

PPRC/INDIA 07

Bacterial diseases

Legionnaire’s disease

Pontiac fever

Leptospirosis

Lesteriosis

Leprosy

Tuberculosis

PPRC/INDIA 08

Bacterial diseases

Mycoplasma pneumonia

Gonorrhoea

Ophthalmia neonatorum

Septic arthritis

Typhoid fever

Salmonellosis

PPRC/INDIA 09

Fungus

PPRC/INDIA 10

About Fungal diseases

Caused by fungi in the environment

Most are not dangerous

Some types are harmful to health

These are > 1.5 mn different species

of fungi on earth

300 are known

PPRC/INDIA 11

Fungal diseases

Aspergillosis

Blastomycosis

Candidiasis

Coccidioidomycosis (valley fever)

C. neoformans cryptococcosis

PPRC/INDIA 12

Fungal diseases

C. gattii cryptococcosis

Dermatophytes

Fungal keratitis

Histoplasmosis

Ringworm

PPRC/INDIA 13

Fungal infections (Mycosis)

Estimated to occur in over a billion people / yr

Infects skin, nails, respiratory tract, alimentary canal

‘Candida albicans’ cause most fungal infections

Antibiotics & immuno-suppressive drugs e.g.

Corticosteroids are major factors contributing to

frequency of fungal infections

PPRC/INDIA 14

Dermatophyte infections

Athlete’s foot (Tinea pedis)

Nail infections (Tinea unguium)

Ringworm of the body (Tinea corporis)

Ringworm of the groin (Tinea cruris)

Ringworm of the scalp (Tinea capitis)

PPRC/INDIA 15

Yeast infections

Interigo

Pityriasis versicolor (Tinea versicolor)

Thrush (Candida albicans)

PPRC/INDIA 16

Some of the antibiotics

Amkin

Kantex

Neofradin

Netromycin

Neboin

Humatin

PPRC/INDIA 17

Trobicin

Xifaxan

Lorabid

Invanz

Doribax

Primaxin

Some of the antibiotics

Merrem

Ancef

Keffin

Mandol

Cefzil

Suprax

PPRC/INDIA 18

Keflex

Cefobid

Claforan

Vantin

Fortaz

Cedax

Some of the antibiotics

Maxiprime

Teflaro

Zeftera

Vancocin

Vibativ

Cleocin

PPRC/INDIA 19

Lencocin

Cubcin

Xithrone

Biaxin

Dynabac

Erythrocin

Some of the antibiotics

Erythroped

Ketek

Rovamycin

Azactam

Furoxone

Zyvox

PPRC/INDIA 20

Amoxil

Chloromycitin

Tetracyclin

Vibramycin

Teramycin

Acromycin

Side effects of antibiotics

Stomach upset

Bitter taste

Itchiness

Rash

Anaemia

Headache

PPRC/INDIA 21

Side effects of antibiotics

Discoloured urine

Nausea

Neurotoxicity

Ototoxicity

Sensitivity to sunlight

Enamel hypoplasia

PPRC/INDIA 22

Side effects of antibiotics

Transisent depression of bone growth

Pneumonia

Mycoplasmal infections

Gonorrhoea

Bacterial prostatitis

Urinary tract infections (UTI)

PPRC/INDIA 23

Phytoalexins

Plants are exposed in environment

They need defence mechanisms for

survival

The plants produce secondary

metabolites – “Phytoalexins”

Have broad range of activity

PPRC/INDIA 24

Phyto antimicrobials

in

Drug market

Styrax

PPRC/INDIA 26

Styrax

Anti-microbial compound: Benzoic

acid

Activity: Anti-bacterial

PPRC/INDIA 27

Cinchona & Remijima

PPRC/INDIA 28

Cinchona & Remijima

Anti-microbial compound: Quinine

hydrochloride

Activity: Anti-bacterial

PPRC/INDIA 29

Coptis japonica

PPRC/INDIA 30

Coptis japonica

Anti-microbial compound: Berberine

chloride

Activity: Anti-bacterial

PPRC/INDIA 31

Rhus japonica

PPRC/INDIA 32

Rhus japonica

Anti-microbial compound: Tannic acid,

berberine

Activity: Anti-bacterial

PPRC/INDIA 33

Salix sub fragilis

PPRC/INDIA 34

Salix sub fragilis

Anti-microbial compound: Salicylic

acid

Activity: Anti-bacterial

PPRC/INDIA 35

Cinnamomum camphora

PPRC/INDIA 36

Cinnamomum camphora

Anti-microbial compound: Camphor

Activity: Anti-bacterial

PPRC/INDIA 37

Antimicrobial compounds

in

Pharmaceuticals

Aloe vera

PPRC/INDIA 39

Aloe vera

Family: Xanthorrhoeaceae

Compound: Anthraquinones

Bioactivity: Burns, wound, infections

PPRC/INDIA 40

Arnica

PPRC/INDIA 41

Arnica

Family: Asteraceae

Compound: Sesquiterpene, lactones

Bioactivity: Burns, wound, infections

PPRC/INDIA 42

Tea tree oil

PPRC/INDIA 43

Tea tree oil

Leaves of: Melaleuca alternifolia

Compound: Terpene hydrocarbone

Bioactivity: Skin infections

PPRC/INDIA 44

Berberis

PPRC/INDIA 45

Berberis

Family: Berberidaceae

Compound: Phenol glycoside

Bioactivity: Urinary antiseptic

PPRC/INDIA 46

Cranberry

PPRC/INDIA 47

Cranberry

Family: Ericaceae

Compound: Plant acids

Bioactivity: Urinary antiseptic

PPRC/INDIA 48

Echinacea

PPRC/INDIA 49

Echinacea

Family: Asteraceae

Compound: Polysaccharide

Bioactivity: Stimulation of

immuno-stimulant

PPRC/INDIA 50

Cinchona

PPRC/INDIA 51

Cinchona

Family: Rubiaceae

Compound: Quinine

Bioactivity: Malaria remedy

PPRC/INDIA 52

Phyto anti-microbial compounds

for

antiseptics

Grape

PPRC/INDIA 54

Grape

Family: Vitaceae

Antimicrobial compounds: Pectin

PPRC/INDIA 55

Thuja

PPRC/INDIA 56

Thuja

Family: Cupressaceae

Antimicrobial compounds: Hinokitiol

PPRC/INDIA 57

Magnolia

PPRC/INDIA 58

Magnolia

Family: Magnoliaceae

Antimicrobial compounds: Magnolol

PPRC/INDIA 59

Euonymus

PPRC/INDIA 60

Euonymus

Family: Celastraceae

Antimicrobial compounds: Capillene

PPRC/INDIA 61

Forsythia

PPRC/INDIA 62

Forsythia

Family: Oleaceae

Antimicrobial compounds: Pillyrin

PPRC/INDIA 63

Swertia

PPRC/INDIA 64

Swertia

Family: Gentianaceae

Antimicrobial compounds: Benzoic acid

PPRC/INDIA 65

Phellodendron

PPRC/INDIA 66

Phellodendron

Family: Rutaceae

Antimicrobial compounds: Berberine

PPRC/INDIA 67

Tea tree oil

PPRC/INDIA 68

Tea tree oil

Family: Myrtaceae

Antimicrobial compounds: Essential

oil

PPRC/INDIA 69

Antifungal compounds

from

PLANTS

Grape

PPRC/INDIA 71

Grape

Family: Vitaceae

Compounds: Grape fruit seed extract

Ref: Jo. et. al. 1994

PPRC/INDIA 72

Mustard

PPRC/INDIA 73

Mustard

Family: Brassicaceae

Compounds: Allyl isolisothiocyanate

Ref: Zaika et. al. 1978

PPRC/INDIA 74

Clove, allspice, cinnamon

PPRC/INDIA 75

Clove, allspice, cinnamon

PPRC/INDIA 76

Clove, allspice, cinnamon

Family: Myrtaceae

Compound: Eugenol

Ref: Zaika et. al. 1978

PPRC/INDIA 77

Thuja

PPRC/INDIA 78

Thuja

Family: Cupressaceae

Compound: Thymol

Ref: Grayer & Harbone 1994

PPRC/INDIA 79

Thyme

PPRC/INDIA 80

Thyme

Family: Labiatae

Compound: Carvacrol

Ref: Dan Palevitch 1994

PPRC/INDIA 81

Origanum vulgare

PPRC/INDIA 82

Origanum vulgare

Family: Lamiaceae

Compound: Organic oil

Ref: Pasture et. al. 1990

PPRC/INDIA 83

Some more POTENT plants

as

Antibiotics

Antimicrobial agents

Tulas (Ocimum sanctum)

PPRC/INDIA 85

Bael (Aegle marmelos)

PPRC/INDIA 86

Neem (Azadirachta indica)

PPRC/INDIA 87

Schima wallichii sp. liukiuensis

PPRC/INDIA 88

Acacia nilotica

PPRC/INDIA 89

Bittergourd

PPRC/INDIA 90

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