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© 2018 IJRAR September 2018, Volume 5, Issue 3 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

IJRAR1903675 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 205

A Study on Avifaunal Diversity and

Distribution in Goalpara District, Assam

(India)

Al Faruki Ahmed

M.Sc. (Zoology)

Department of Zoology

University of Science & Technology, Meghalaya (USTM)

Techno City, Kiling Road, Baridua, 9th Mile, Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya-793101

Email ID: [email protected]

Abstract:

The present study aims to estimate the avifaunal diversity and distribution of some area of

Goalpara District of Assam State, India. The present study recorded 95 bird species which

indicate the high diversity of avian fauna in the study area. The study carried out dividing the

annual cycle into four seasons as pre-monsoon, monsoon, retreating monsoon and winter.

The avifaunal diversity and distribution survey of Goalpara District, Assam was carried out

from January 2017 to December 2017. A total of 95 species of birds belonging to 47 families

and 16 orders was recorded. Avifaunal diversity is very common in wetland ecosystem.

Wetlands like river, beels, and marshes provide a significant habitat for incalculable species

of birds. Avifaunal diversity is very common in that area. Out of 95 bird species includes 90

Least concern species (90.74%), 3 Near threatened species (3.16%), 1 Vulnerable species

(1.05%) and 1 Endangered species (1.05%). Highest number of families found in

Passeriformes (23 families) and include 39 bird species.

Keywords:

Avian fauna, diversity, distribution, endemic species, Red Data Book, Goalpara District,

Assam, India.

http://www.ijrar.org/

mailto:[email protected]



1. INTRODUCTION:

North East India is a mega-biodiversity centre and hotspot. Avian fauna are regarded as

important indicators of a country’s environmental health (Collar and Andrew, 1988) and

their high and low diversities are directly related with the environmental condition of the

area. The India subcontinent has 1340 birds’ species (Ali & Ripley, 1987; Manakadan &

Pittie, 2001) which is over 13% of the world’s birds. In Assam, more than 900 species

and subspecies of birds belonging to 20 orders has been recorded (Choudhury, 2000).

Birds are one of the most diversified of all creatures living on the earth today and

distributed almost throughout the world. They are the only true flyers and can freely

move across all geographical barriers. Birds play an important role in ecosystem by being

as a part of the food web. They are potential pollinators and bio-indicators. Due to

complexity at the subspecies level and lack of recent data on many forms, it was stated in

the new checklist that Assam harbors 820 species of birds including few doubtful species

which are likely to occur in Assam (Choudhury, 2000).

Birds are facing several threats such as deforestation, hunting, habitat loss and

climatic changes (Parsons, 1935). They occupy various types of habitats, from open field

to forest, desert to High Mountain and even in ice zone where it is quite tough for a

human or other animals to live. Birds are ideal bio indicators and useful models for

studying a variety of environmental problems, and the importance of local landscapes for

avian conservation can only be understood by knowing the structure of the bird

community in the region concerned (Kattan & Franco, 2004).

Bird diversity is influenced by habitat heterogeneity (MacArthur & MacArthur,

1961). Change in structural and compositional diversity of native vegetation would alter

the composition of the bird community (Fleishman et al., 1990; Leito et al., 2006;

Acevedo & Aide, 2008). Apparently many of bird populations in India have been

dwindling due to direct or indirect impacts of the increase in the human population and

poaching (Das, 2006). The Brahmaputra River contains an immense archipelago of

islands and sandbars; some of the islands are vast, including ‘Majuli’, the second largest

freshwater island in the world. This river is home to several threatened species such as

Ganges River Dolphin, Bengal Florican and several vultures and water birds (Birdlife

International, 2013).

A wetland is an any kind of land area that is submerged by water. Systematic study of

wetlands started just after the International Convention of Wetlands held in Ramsar or

Iran in 1971 which is known as Ramsar Convention. Ecologically wetlands are of great

significance for an area as they perform a number of vital functions in maintaining the

overall balancing of nature, flood and soil erosion control, water storage and purification

etc. Wetland supports congregation of large number of migratory and resident species of

birds as it has high nutritional value as well as productivity. As per Ali & Repley (1983),




273 species of birds in India can be considered as water fowls, the birds that depend on

wetland ecosystem.

The objectives of the study are:

To prepare a checklist of birds in and around of Goalpara District.

To calculate the diversity of the avifaunal recorded in the study.

To make a comparative analysis of the diversity of the recorded avifauna.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Description of Study site:

The present study has been carried out in Goalpara District, Assam (India). The study was

carried out during January 2017 to December 2017. Goalpara district of Assam is located

between 25°33´ and 26°12´ North latitude and 90°07´ and 91°15´ East longitude. The district

covers an area of 1,832 sq.km. It is bounded by West and East Garo Hill districts of

Meghalaya on the South and Kamrup district on the East, Dhubri district on the West and

mighty river Brahmaputra all along the North. The district is in the south western part of the

state bordering National boundary between Assam and Meghalaya and adjacent to

international boundary between India and Bangladesh in the west.

Study area map:

Location: 25° 53’- 26° 30 N and 90° 07’- 91° 05’ E.

Figure 1: Study area Goalpara District of Assam State.




Methodology:

This study was carried out from January 2017 to December 2017. Line transects were used to

record birds within or around the study sites. Birds count was from 7:00-10:30 (morning),

11:00-1:59 (midday) and 2:00-4:30 (Late afternoon). A 200 m long trail in each trail was

walked 10 times during the study period. The bird species were observed with field

binoculars (10×40) and using Digital Canon EOS 1300D, 18 MP DSLR). The entire study

area was divided into six segments viz. – Residential Area, Grassland Area, Fragmented

Jungles, Wetland area, Core Area and Overhead Flight. The identification of birds was

confirmed by the help of “Books of Birds of the Indian subcontinent” (Grimmett et al., 1998)

and Salim Ali book “The Book of Indian Birds”, Wikipedia and other net sources.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

Taxonomical analysis of Goalpara District birds:

There are in total of 95 species of birds (Table-2) belonging to 47 families and 16 orders

were recorded from Goalpara District, Assam, India. The family in terms of species

number of birds is Accipitridae which contributing to 2 (2.10%) number of species, while

Campephagidae contributing 2 (2.10%) number of species, Chloropseidae contributing 1

(1.05%) number of species, Cisticolidae contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species,

Corvidae contributing 2 (2.10%) number of species, Dicruridae contributing 2 (2.10%)

number of species, Estrildidae contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Hirundinidae

contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Laniidae contributing 2 (2.10%) number of

species, Leiothrichidae contributing 2 (2.10%) number of species, Monarchidae

contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Muscicapidae 6 (6.31%) number of species,

Nectariniidae contributing 3 (3.15%) number of species, Oriolidae contributing 2 (2.10%)

number of species, Oycnonotidae contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Paridae

contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Passeridae contributing 1 (1.05%) number of

species, Ploceidae contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Pycnonotidae contributing 1

(1.05%) number of species, Rhipiduridae contributing 2 (2.10%) number of species,

Stenostiridae contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Sturnidae contributing 3 (3.15%)

number of species), Tyrannidae contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Zosteropidae

contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Alcedininae contributing 5 (5.26%),

Coraciidae contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Meropidae contributing 2 (2.10%)




number of species, Anatidae contributing 8 (8.42%) number of species, Anhingidae

contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Ardeidae contributing 5 (5.26%) number of

species, Phalacrocoracidae contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Threskiornithidae

contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Charadriidae contributing 3 (3.15%) number of

species, Glareolidae contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Jacanidae contributing 1

(1.05%) number of species, Recurvirostridae contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species,

Scolopacidae contributing 2 (2.10%) number of species, Ciconiidae contributing 5

(5.26%) number of species, Columbidae contributing 2 (2.10%) number of species,

Cuculidae contributing 4 (4.21%) number of species, Rallidae contributing 1 (1.05%)

number of species, Megalaimidae contributing 2 (2.10%) number of species, Picidae

contributing 3 (3.15%) number of species, Psittaculidae contributing 1 (1.05%) number of

species, Strigidae contributing 2 (2.10%) number of species, Trogonidae contributing 1

(1.05%) number of species and Upupidae contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species.

The order Accipitriformes contributing 2 (2.10%) number of species, Passeriformes

contributing 39 (41.05%) number of species, Coraciiformes contributing 8 (8.42%)

number of species, Anseriformes contributing 8 (8.42%) number of species, Suliformes

contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species), Pelecaniformes contributing 7 (7.36%)

number of species, Charadriiformes contributing 8 (8.42%) number of species,

Ciconiiformes contributing 5 (5.26%) number of species, Columbiformes contributing 2

(2.10%) number of species, Cuculiformes contributing 4 (4.21%) number of species,

Gruiformes contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Piciformes contributing 5 (5.26%)

number of species, Psittaciformes contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Strigiformes

contributing 2 (2.10%) number of species, Trogoniformes contributing 1 (1.05%) number

of species and Bucerotiformes contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species.

The IUCN trends of Goalpara District birds:

The IUCN status of Goalpara District birds’ species are Least concern contributing 90

(94.74%) number of birds species, Vulnerable contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species,

Near threatened contributing 3 (3.16%) number of species and Endangered contributing 1

(1.05%) number of bird species.

Sl.No Order Family Number Number of Birds species

1 Accipitriformes 1 2

2 Passeriformes 23 39

3 Coraciiformes 3 8

4 Anseriformes 1 8




Table 1: Number of Bird species in order wise.

Figure 2: Taxonomical hierarchy of Goalpara District Bird species.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Acc

ipit

rifo

rmes

Pas

seri

form

es

Co

raci

ifo

rmes

An

seri

form

es

Sulif

orm

es

Pe

leca

nif

orm

es

Ch

arad

riif

orm

es

Cic

on

iifo

rmes

Co

lum

bif

orm

es

Cu

culif

orm

es

Gru

ifo

rmes

Pic

ifo

rmes

Psi

ttac

ifo

rmes

Stri

gifo

rmes

Tro

gon

ifo

rmes

Bu

cero

tifo

rmes

Total family number

Total number of Birds species

5 Suliformes 1 1

6 Pelecaniformes 3 7

7 Charadriiformes 5 8

8 Ciconiiformes 1 5

9 Columbiformes 1 2

10 Cuculiformes 1 4

11 Gruiformes 1 1

12 Piciformes 2 5

13 Psittaciformes 1 1

14 Strigiformes 1 2

15 Trogoniformes 1 1

16 Bucerotiformes 1 1




Figure 3: The IUCN status of Goalpara District Birds.

Table 2: Checklist of avian fauna of Goalpara District

Order Sl.

No

Family Common

Name

Scientific

Name

IUCN

Status

Accipitriformes 1 Accipitridae

Crested serpent

eagle

Spilornis cheela LC

2 Accipitridae Long legged buzzard Buteo rufinus LC

Passeriformes 3 Campephagidae Black winged

cuckooshrike

Lalage melaschistos LC

4 Campephagidae Long tailed minivet Pericrocotus

ethologus

LC

5 Chloropseidae Golden fronted

leafbird

Chloropsis aurifrons

LC

6 Cisticolidae Zitting cisticola

Cisticola juncidis LC

7 Corvidae House crow

Corvus splendens LC

8 Corvidae

Indian treepie

Dendrocitta

vagabunda

LC

9 Dicruridae

Black drongo Dicrurus

macrocercus

LC

10 Dicruridae Greater racket tailed

drongo

Dicrurus paradiseus LC

11 Estrildidae

Scaly breasted

munia

Lonchura punctulata LC

12 Hirundinidae

Barn swallow Hirundo rustica LC

13 Laniidae

Brown shrike

Lanius cristatus LC

14 Laniidae

Long tailed shrike Lanius schach LC

100

3.16

1.05

94.74

1.05

95

3

1

90

1

Total

Near Threatened

Endangered

Least Concern

Vulnerable

Number of species %




15 Leiothrichidae

Rufous necked

laughingthrush

Garrulax ruficollis LC

16 Leiothrichidae

Jungle babbler Turdoides striata LC

17 Monarchidae

Black naped

monarch

Hypothymis azurea LC

18 Muscicapidae Black redstart Phoenicurus

ochruros

LC

19 Muscicapidae Blue fronted redstart Phoenicurus

frontalis

LC

20 Muscicapidae Oriental magpie

robin

Copsychus saularis LC

21 Muscicapidae Siberian stonechat

Saxicola maurus LC

22 Muscicapidae Taiga flycatcher

Ficedula albicilla LC

23 Muscicapidae Verditer flycatcher Eumyias thalassinus LC

24 Nectariniidae

Crimson sunbird Aethopyga siparaja LC

25 Nectariniidae

Purple rumped

sunbird

Leptocoma zeylonica LC

26 Nectariniidae

Purple sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus LC

27 Oriolidae

Black headed oriole Oriolus larvatus LC

28 Oriolidae

Black hooded oriole

Oriolus xanthornus LC

29 Oycnonotidae

Red whiskered

bulbul

Pycnonotus jocosus LC

30 Paridae

Great tit Parus major LC

31 Passeridae

Eurasian tree

sparrow

Passer montanus LC

32 Ploceidae

Baya weaver

Ploceus philippinus LC

33 Pycnonotidae

Red vented bulbul

Pycnonotus cafer LC

34 Rhipiduridae

White brown fantail Rhipidura aureola LC

35 Rhipiduridae

White throated

fantail

Rhipidura albicollis LC

36 Stenostiridae

Grey headed canary

flycatcher

Culicicapa

ceylonensis

LC

37 Sturnidae

Chestnut tailed

starling

Sturnia malabarica LC

38 Sturnidae

Common myna

Acridotheres tristis LC

39 Sturnidae

Pied myna

Gracupica contra LC

40 Tyrannidae

Ash throated

flycatcher

Myiarchus

cinerascens

LC

41 Zosteropidae

Oriental white eye

Zosterops

palpebrosus

LC


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_flycatcher








Coraciiformes 42 Alcedininae

Blue eared

kingfisher

Alcedo meninting LC

43 Alcedininae

Common kingfisher

Alcedo atthis LC

44 Alcedininae

Oriental dwarf

kingfisher

Ceyx erithaca LC

45 Alcedininae

Pied kingfisher Ceryle rudis LC

46 Alcedininae

White throated

kingfisher

Halcyon smyrnensis LC

47 Coraciidae

Indian roller Coracias

benghalensis

LC

48 Meropidae Blue tailed bee eater Merops philippinus LC

49 Meropidae Green bee eater Merops orientalis LC

Anseriformes 50 Anatidae

Common shelduck Tadorna tadorna LC

51 Anatidae

Flying gadwall

Mareca strepera LC

52 Anatidae

Lesser whistling

duck

Dendrocygna

javanica

LC

53 Anatidae

Northern pintail

Anas acuta LC

54 Anatidae

Red crested pochard Netta rufina LC

55 Anatidae

Ruddy shelduck Tadorna ferruginea LC

56 Anatidae

Tufted duck

Aythya fuligula LC

57 Anatidae

Whistling duck

Anas arcuata LC

Suliformes 58 Anhingidae

Oriental darter Anhinga

melanogaster

NT

Pelecaniformes 59 Ardeidae Black crowned night

heron

Nycticorax

nycticorax

LC

60 Ardeidae

Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis LC

61 Ardeidae

Great egret Ardea alba LC

62 Ardeidae

Indian Pond heron Ardeola grayii LC

63 Ardeidae

Purple heron

Ardea purpurea LC

64 Phalacrocoracidae

Little cormorant Microcarbo niger LC

65 Threskiornithidae

Black headed ibis Threskiornis

melanocephalus

NT

Charadriiformes 66 Charadriidae

Grey headed

lapwing

Vanellus cinereus LC

67 Charadriidae

Little ringed plover

Charadrius dubius

LC

68 Charadriidae

Northern lapwing

Vanellus vanellus NT




69 Glareolidae

Small pratincole Glareola lacteal LC

70 Jacanidae

Pheasant tailed

jacana

Hydrophasianus

chirurgus

LC

71 Recurvirostridae

Pied avocet

Recurvirostra

avosetta

LC

72 Scolopacidae Green shank Tringa nebularia LC

73 Scolopacidae Wood sandpiper Tringa glareola LC

Ciconiiformes 74 Ciconiidae Asian openbill stork Anastomus oscitans LC

75 Ciconiidae Black necked stork Ephippiorhynchus

asiaticus

LC

76 Ciconiidae Black stork

Ciconia nigra LC

77 Ciconiidae Greater adjutant

stork

Leptoptilos dubius EN

78 Ciconiidae Lesser adjutant stork Leptoptilos

javanicus

VU

Columbiformes 79 Columbidae Spotted dove

Spilopelia chinensis LC

80 Columbidae Yellow footed green

pigeon

Treron

phoenicoptera

LC

Cuculiformes 81 Cuculidae

Common hawk

cuckoo

Hierococcyx varius LC

82 Cuculidae

Greater coucal Centropus sinensis LC

83 Cuculidae

Grey bellied cuckoo Cacomantis

passerines

LC

84 Cuculidae

Plaintive cuckoo

Cacomantis

merulinus

LC

Gruiformes 85 Rallidae

Western swamphene Porphyrio porphyria LC

Piciformes 86 Megalaimidae

Blue throated barbet Psilopogon asiaticus LC

87 Megalaimidae

Lineated barbet

Psilopogon lineatus LC

88 Picidae Black rumped

flameback

Dinopium

benghalense

LC

89 Picidae Rufous woodpecker Micropternus

brachyurus

LC

90 Picidae White browed

piculet

Sasia ochracea LC

Psittaciformes 91 Psittaculidae Rose ringed parakeet Psittacula krameri LC

Strigiformes 92 Strigidae Brown hawk owl Ninox scutulata LC

93 Strigidae Spotted owlet Athene brama LC

Trogoniformes 94 Trogonidae

Red headed trogon Harpactes

erythrocephalus

LC

Bucerotiformes 95 Upupidae Common hoopoe

Upupa epops LC

(LC: Least Concern, NT: Near Threatened, EN: Endangered, VU:

Vulnerable)




Figure: Bird species found in Goalpara District

Spilornis cheela Buteo rufinus Lalage melaschistos Pericrocotus ethologus

Chloropsis aurifrons Cisticola juncidis Corvus splendens Dendrocitta vagabunda

Dicrurus macrocercus Dicrurus paradiseus Lonchura punctulata Hirundo rustica

Lanius cristatus Lanius schach Garrulax ruficollis Turdoides striata

Hypothymis azurea Phoenicurus ochruros. Phoenicurus frontalis . Copsychus saular

Saxicola maurus Ficedula albicilla Eumyias thalassinus Aethopyga siparaja




Leptocoma zeylonica Cinnyris asiaticus Oriolus larvatus Oriolus xanthornus

Pycnonotus jocosus Parus major Passer montanus Ploceus philippinus

Pycnonotus cafer Rhipidura aureola Rhipidura albicollis Culicicapa ceylonensis

Sturnia malabarica Acridotheres tristis Gracupica contra Myiarchus cinerascens

Zosterops palpebrosus Alcedo meninting Alcedo atthis Ceyx erithaca




Ceryle rudis Halcyon smyrnensis Coracias benghalensis Merops philippinus

Merops orientalis Tadorna tadorna Mareca strepera Dendrocygna javanica

Anas acuta Netta rufina Tadorna ferruginea Aythya fuligula

Anas arcuata Anhinga melanogaster Nycticorax nycticorax Bubulcus ibis

Ardea alba Ardeola grayii Ardea purourea Microcarbo niger

Threskiornis melanocephalus Vanellus cinereus Charadrius dubius Vanellus vanellus




Glareola lacteal Hydrophasianus chirurgus Recurvirostra avosetta Tringa nebularia

Tringa glareola Anastomus oscitans Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus Ciconia nigra

Leptoptilos dubius Leptoptilos javanicus Spilopelia chinensis Treron phoenicoptera

Hierococcyx varius Centropus sinensis Cacomantis passerines Cacomantis merulinus

Porphyrio porphyria Psilopogon asiaticus Psilopogon lineatus Dinopium benghalense




Micropternus brachyurus Sasia ochracea Psittacula krameri Ninox scutulata

Athene brama Harpactes erythrocephalus Upupa epops

4. CONCLUSION:

Any activities that change the habitat structure effect avifaunal diversity and distribution.

The study suggests that both terrestrial and water bird are found in Goalpara District.

Many migratory birds are found in some beels of Goalpara District, Assam, India. Some

important beels of Goalpara District which found migratory birds such as Urpad Beel,

Hasila Beel, Kumri Beel, Sidli Beel, Sekseki Beel etc. In spite of being polluted, some

beels also holds a high species of terrestrial bird. All living organisms depend on water

chemistry either directly or indirectly. Although in this study the water parameters of the

wetland were not considered. The ecology of Goalpara District is keeps change in every

year because of flood. Present study also reveals that the wetland has been facing some

danger so far the habitat and its overall biodiversity is concerned.

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The authors are thankful to his father Mahiluddin Sheikh and mother Asful Nessa for

providing encouragement, guidance and co-operation whenever required during survey

works. Authors are also thankful to his friends.




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