a syntactic analysis of sentence structure on...
TRANSCRIPT
A SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF SENTENCE STRUCTURE ON A
FAIRY TALES BY AKRAMULLA USING GENERATIVE
TRANSFORMATIONAL GRAMMAR
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty
In Partial Accomplishment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata 1
Novalinda Puspita A. S. P.
1112026000101
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
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ABSTRACT
Novalinda Puspita ASP, A Syntactic Analysis of Sentence Structure on
Fairy Tales by Akramulla using Generative Transformational Grammar. Thesis:
English Letter Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty of Syarif Hidayatullah
State Islamic University, Jakarta 2018.
In this case, the aims of this research are to find out the types of sentence used
in the fairy tales and the dominant type of sentence used in the fairy tales. The
method of this research is using qualitative analysis. The research questions will be
answered in analytical description. The collected types of sentence have been picked
up from the fairy tales then classified based on the structure. The types of sentence
are analyzed using Noam Chomsky theory which are elaborated into table and tree
diagram to see the structure.
The result of this research shows that there are twenty five data collected from
the fairy tales. Those collected data show three types of sentence which are mostly
found based on the table and tree diagram. The table and tree diagram process proves
that the meaning of sentences can be easier to understand, so the content of the story
is delivered successfully to the listener.
Keywords: Syntax, Types of Sentence, Structure, Tree Diagram, Noam Chomsky,
Fairy Tales.
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DEDICATIONS
My father and my mother
Thank you for always giving me a chance to prove and improve myself
through all my walks of life.
Thanks for love and support in all the way and condition that the writer went
through for finishing this thesis.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the Most Glorious, the Most Merciful
Praise be to Allah SWT, the Lord of universe, who has created heaven and
earth, who has created mankind and all that we perceive. The writer finally could
finish her thesis with His blessing and mercy. Peace and blessing be upon the prophet
Muhammad SAW, his families, friends and followers.
The writer would like to express a special thanks to my little brother, Dzaky
Huda, because of his love and support in all the way and condition that the writer
went through for finishing this thesis.
A special thanks is also given to the writer’s advisor, Abdurrosyid, SS.,
M.EIL. for great advices and contribution in finishing this thesis. May Allah SWT
bless him and his family.
The writer also woukd like to convey her sincere fratitude particularly to:
1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.A., as the Dean of Adab and Humanities
Faculty.
2. Dr. H. M. Farkhan, M.Pd., as the vice-Dean of Adab and Humanities
Faculty.
3. Drs. A. Saefuddin, M.Pd., as the Head of English Letters Department.
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4. Mrs. Elve Oktaviani, M.Hum., as the Secretary of English Letters
Department.
5. All lectures in English Language and Literature Department who gave
thought and educated her during her studies at university.
6. Karina Nur Inayati, Nurrifa Yusran, Reyuna Larasatika, Khairun Nisa,
Fekky Noviyanty as my best friend who accompany me to do my
thesis.
7. All people who helped me in finishing this thesis who cannot be
mentioned one by one.
8. The last but not least is Me, Myself, Novalinda for keep struggling and
not giving up.
The writer hopes and prays that Allah SWT blesses, guides, and protects them
all. The writer realizes that this thesis is far from being perfect. Hence, the writer will
be very open to any suggestions and critics.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ i
APPROVEMENT ................................................................................................. ii
LEGALIZATION ................................................................................................ iii
DECLARATION .................................................................................................. iv
DEDICATIONS ..................................................................................................... v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................... viii
CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1
A. Research Background................................................................................... 1
B. Research Focus............................................................................................. 4
C. Research Questions ...................................................................................... 4
D. Objectives of the Research ........................................................................... 5
E. Significance of the Research ........................................................................ 5
F. Research Methodology................................................................................. 5
1. The Method of the Research .................................................................. 5
2. Technique Data………………………………………………………...5
3. Unit of Analyis ....................................................................................... 6
4. Instrument of the Research..................................................................... 6
CHAPTER II – THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ........................................... 7
A. Previous Research ........................................................................................ 7
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B. Theoritical Framework ................................................................................. 9
1. Syntax ..................................................................................................... 9
C. Grammar .................................................................................................... 13
1. Morpheme ............................................................................................ 11
2. Word ..................................................................................................... 13
3. Phrases ................................................................................................. 15
4. Clause ................................................................................................... 16
5. Sentence Types..................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER III – RESEARCH FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS ......................... 20
A. Data Description......................................................................................... 20
B. Data Analysis ............................................................................................. 21
C. Research Finding…………………………………………………………50
CHAPTER IV – CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS .............................. 51
A. Conclusions ................................................................................................ 51
B. Suggestions ................................................................................................ 52
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 53
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………...55
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background
Language is the main instrument of communication, it cannot be
separated from human being. We use language to express our feeling, respond
the phenomena, share an idea, and also critisize. Due to these facts people realize
that language plays an important role in their daily life. In communication with
other people either in oral or written forms; we use language as the media. Here,
the language we used ought to be meaningful and understandable to avoid
misunderstanding and misinterpretation.
In linguistics, the study about the sentence of language is syntax.
Gleason (128) defines syntax as the principles of arrangement of the contruction
formed by the process of derivation and inflection (word) into larger construction
of various kinds. According to the above definition of syntax, it is concluded that
syntax is the arrangement and relationship among words, phrases, and clauses
forming sentences or larger constructions based on grammatical rules.
Language is also a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of
which a social goup cooperates (Lyons, 3-4). By using language, people can
develop their knowledge and know something. Beside, we also use language to
write, speak, and analyze, for example, the fairy tales.
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Language can also be expressed through fairy tales. The language in
fairy tales mostly used to entertain people. The people can use their own
language, their own style to express their feeling and imagination and they can
write it into a short story.
For beginners, the understanding of english structure is very
important. To understand the english text, learners can try to identify simple
sentences and try to create simple sentences in spoken or writing. A simple
sentence has only one full predication in the form of an independent clause
(Srijono, 70).
In the short story of fairy tales mostly use simple sentence, because
fairy tales is also simple story for kids. The readers of fairy tales can easily give
understanding to kids with simple sentences. There are many fairy tales which
have many simple sentences. For example the fairy tales by Akramulla Syed
entitled The hare and The Tortoise, and The Ant and The Dove.
There is a reason why the researcher selects fairy tales written by
Akramulla as the object of this research; first the writer wants to make an easy
research in order to make the beginner readers easily understand about types of
sentence, and in the Akramulla’s fairy tales there are some types of sentence
which the readers need to know. Writer also analyze with one simple way, which
is classifying using table and tree diagram which will certainly be easily
understood by the readers. These are the reasons why the writer took a fairy tales
as the corpus and the writer is interested in analyzing it.
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For example:
A Tortoise One Day Met A Hare Who Made fun of Her
A Tortoise + One day + Met + A hare + Who + Made fun of + her
S + Adv + V + O + Conj + V + O
A tortoise One day Met A hare Who Made fun of Her
Conj V O
S Adv V O Adverb of manner
S
NP VP
V VP
Adv V NP VP NP
N AdvM V N
A Tortoise one day met a hare who made fun of her
In the sentence above, the word A Tortoise is categorized as a subject,
one day is categorized as an adverb of time, met is categorized as a verb, a hare
is categorized as an object, who is categorized as conjunction, made is
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categorized as a verb, her is categorized as an object, and who made fun of her
are merged into Adverb of manner. This is type of complex sentence.
Previous research related studies of syntax have been carried out by a
number of researchers. For example, Astuti (2007) and Muntamah (2008). The
writer has similarities and differences with the previous research, the explanation
will be explained in chapter two. So the writer conduct a research on fairy tales
structure using the theory of Generative Transformational Grammar by Noam
Chomsky.
B. Research Focus
Based on the background of this research. This research will analyze the
type of Grammar in the fairy tales using the grammatical style. The writer will
focus on syntax with analyzing fairi tales by Akramulla Syed entitled The Hare
and The tortoise and The Ant and The Dove.
C. Research Questions
Based on the research background, the writer proposes two following
Problems, these are the following:
1. What are the types of sentence used in the fairy tales The Hare and The
tortoise and the Ant and The Dove?
2. What is the dominant types of sentence used in the fairy tales The Hare
and The tortoise and the Ant and The Dove?
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D. Objectives of The Research
The research aims to answer the problems stated above :
1. To find out the types of sentence used in the fairy tales The Hare and The
tortoise and the Ant and The Dove.
2. To find out the dominant type of sentence used in the fairy tales The Hare
and The tortoise and the Ant and The Dove.
E. Research Significance
The result of this research is expected to be useful for other
researchers who are interested in investigating other short stories which has
the same topic. It is also expected to be useful for the English students of State
Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta as linguistic reference which
will assist them to understand and appreciate works of linguistics, especially
types of grammar in syntax.
F. Research Methodology
1. Research Method
The research method in this research is a descriptive qualitative
which description of the types and forms of research that will be used in
research.. Qualitative method is the method which uses the descriptive data
and gathers the information not in numerical form (McLeod 2008), so the data
that is analyzed is a word form not a number (Mahsun 257).
2. Technique of Data Collecting and Data Analysis
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The technique of collecting data that used in this research by using the following
steps :
a. Download the short story by Akramulla Syed at
http://www.islamicoccasions.com
b. Choose two short stories by Akramulla Syed.
c. Read carefully of the short story that had been chosen as the
corpus.
d. Identify the types of grammar in the short stories.
e. List them in tabel.
3. Unit of Analysis
The unit analysis of this research is all sentences which are produced
in the fairy tales of The Hare and The Tortoise and The Ant and The Dove.
4. Research Instrument
The instrument of this research are some references and the writer
herself. After collecting data and choosing some of data findings, the writer
analyzes one by one data by reading and understanding the fairy tales and
analyzing using noam Chomsky theory.
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Previous Research
There are some previous studies related to the topic of syntax analysist as
follows. The first study came from School Of Teacher Training and Education,
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, written by Zakiyah Wasnadi Astuti
(2007), the second study came from the same university written by Muntamah
(2008), and the third study came from Faculty of Letters, University of North
Sumatra of Medan written by Yun Friska Irene Ginting (2009).
1. A Syntactic Analysis of Noun Phrase in Pride and Prejudice Novel by
Jane Austen Written by Zakiyah Wasnadi Astuti (2007)
Astuti’s research (2007) found that: (1) based on the position, there
are three positions of the modifiers in the noun phrase such 5 as
preposition (Modifier + Noun), post-position (Noun + Modifier) and
before and after noun (Modifier + Noun + Modifier), (2) based on
grammatical structure there are 6 constituent that function as modifier of
Noun Phrase such as adjective, noun, preposition, Infinitive, adverb, and
clause.
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2. Syntactic Study of Adjectival Clauses in Hans Christian Andersen’s Fairy
Tales Written by Muntamah (2008)
Futhermore, Muntamah (2008) had found her study: 1) there are 19
types of forms of adjectival clause constructions with the introductory
words, relative pronouns, functioning as subject, 14 types of forms of
adjectival clause constructions with the introductory words, relative
pronouns and relative adverbs, functioning as object of verb, and one type
of form of adjectival clause construction with the introductory word,
relative pronoun, functioning as object of preposition; 2) the types of
adjectival clause patterns are similar with the forms, due to the fact that
the patterns are described based on those forms; 3) there are 19 types of
meaning of adjectival clauses with the introductory words functioning as
subject, 11 types of meaning of adjectival clauses with the introductory
words functioning as object of verb, and one type of meaning of
adjectival clause with the introductory word functioning as object of
preposition.
3. An Analysis of Sentence Structure in Tenesse William’s A Street Cat
Named Desire Written by Yun Friska Irene Ginting (2009)
Ginting (2008) research found that the play has four types of
sentence which are simple sentence, compound sentence, complex
sentence, and compound – complex sentence. Tenesse William used a
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variety of sentence types to make it more interesting and easier to
understand so the readers are interested in reading the play.
B. Theoritical Framework
1. Syntax
Syntax a branch of linguistics that is study of the structure of a
sentence and its elements. Some linguists gave devinition about syntax:
“Knowing a language includes the ability to construct phrases and
sentences out of morphemes and words. The part of the grammar that
represents a structure and their formation is called syntax” (Fromkin
and Rodman 106)
“Syntax studies the organization of words into phrases and phrases
into sentences” (Dwight 171)
“Syntax is study of principles and processes by which sentences are
constructed in particular language” (Chomsky 2002)
From the definitions above the writer concluded that syntax is the
branch of grammar which deals with: word syntactic structure, phrase
syntactic structure, clause syntactic structure, and sentence syntactic
structure.
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2. The Analys of syntactical theory
Avram Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, philosopher,
cognitive scientist, historian, political activist and social critic. Sometimes
called as “the father of modern linguistics” he developed the theory to be a
modern theory with his book “Syntactic Structures”. Noam Chomsky’s
wrote a theory about syntax in his book Syntactic Structure (2002), he argue
that grammar is Generative, because it can generate or create an infinite
number of sentences. It is called Transformational since a basic or simple
sentence like:
Nova writes a letter
Can be changed or transformed into other sentences with either the same
meaning
A letter is written by Nova
Or with different meaning
Does Nova write a letter?
Nova writes a letter, doesn’t she?
Nova does not write a letter
The basic sentence has been transformed by adding words, and by
the movement of word positions. Even though is not mentioned in the
examples above, the transformation also can be done by deleting words.
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These changes take place through specific rule, which are called the
Transformational Rule. From the examples above Noam Chomsky named
his theory Transformational Generative Grammar because Grammar
generates and transforms sentences. In generative/transformational grammar
there are three important aspects of sentence structure:
1. The linear order of words from left to right
2. The categorization of words into parts of speech
3. The grouping of words
Phrase structure trees or phrase markers or tree diagram represent
the framework of Transformational Generative Grammar. The trees provide
information about the sentencecs they represent by showing the hierarchical
relations between their component parts (Chomsky, 27). For example:
S
NP VP
V NP
Det N
Nova bring the pen
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3. Basic Structure of English Syntax
a. Morpheme
Morpheme is a form of language that does not contain parts which are
similar to other forms, either the sound or the meaning. (Bloomfield 6).
Morpheme described as the minimal linguistic sign which means that the
morpheme is the smallest component of a word which contributes to its
meaning (Radford,140). Morpheme is the smallest unit of form can distinguish
the meaning or significance. Morpheme has been divided into two, namely free
morpheme and bound morpheme. These the following of explanation:
1. Free Morpheme
A free morpheme is one word that can stand alone in a language,
without requiring the presence of additional morphemes in order to be freely
pronounceable as a word. Thus, words made up of only one morpheme, such as
cat, elephant, are necessarily free morpheme. It does not mean that free
morphemes always occur on their own, with no other morphemes attached for
example cat forms such as:
Cats and catty.
Elephant also have elephants.
The point is that form such as cat and elephant do not require the
presence of another morpheme in order to be pronounceable in isolation in
English.
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2. Bound Morpheme
A bound morpheme is one which cannot stand alone as a freely
pronounceable word in a language, but which requires the presence of some
morphemes. Thus, morpheme in English such as -ed “past”, -s plural (more
than one), re- (again, back) or mis- (wrongly) are bound morphemes. None of
these forms are never pronounced on their own by speaker of English. There
are always attached to some morphemes, and occur in words such as kill-ed,
dog-s, re-write and mis-hear.
Morpheme can also be classified according to whether they are roots or
not. A root is a morpheme which has the potential of having other morpheme
attached to it. A non-root, on the other hand, can never have any other
morpheme attached to it. The classification of morphemes into free and
bound morphemes, and into roots and non-roots, is cross cutting
classification. This means that there are either free roots or bounds.
b. Word
The smallest form of the sentence can stand alone and have meaning. In
terms of the form of words can be distinguished two kinds: single word of
morpheme, and a word that many basic word of morpheme: words that do
not have basic word affixes in general are potentially to be developed to be
derived terms.
1. Affixation
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Plag states that affix as a bound morpheme that attaches to bases
(Plag). An affix can be possessed in the beginning or the end of a base.
Affix that appears in the beginning of base is prefixes such as un- and mis-,
while affix that appears in the end of the base is suffixes such as –less and
–ish (Yule 59). Another example of suffixes are –ing in word sleeping and–
er in word beautifier (Fromkin 78). In addition, another example of
prefixes are de- in worddecomposition, and anti- in word antivirus (Plag
107-108).
2. Blend
Blend is the process of combining of two separate forms to produce a
single new term. Blending is taken by cutting the beginning of the word and
joining it to the end of other word. The combined effects of smoke and fog,
result a new word smog (Yule 55-56). Moreover, Plag states the best
treatment in describing blends is in terms of prosodic categories
(phonological phenomenon as the domain of syllabification). Blends mostly
are built of two or more base words, but the base words cut with a massive
loss of phonetic (or orthographic) material. According to Dressler quoted
by Plag, blending has often been described as a rather irregular
phenomenon where the rule is not transparent, yet Plag finds degree of
regularity (121-122).
3. Compound
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Derivation is not the only way of forming new words, of course. In
many languages, compounding is the most frequently used way of making
new words. Its defining property is that it consists of the combination of
lexemes into larger words. According to Plag compound is a word that
consists of two elements which the first is either a root, word or phrase, and
the second is either a root or word (135).
c. Phrase
Phrase is a group of related words does not contain a subject with an
attached verb (Betty Azar, 239). This element includes investigation of the
complexity of noun phrases and verb phrase in a text. Noun phrases are any
and all structures headed by a noun, or by a pronoun, or any other word or
structure that stands in for a noun. Thus even an entire clause may function
as a noun phrase (Tufte 41).
Based on Quirk and Greenbaum’s A Student’s Grammar of the English
Language (363), there are three components in describing a complex noun
phrase:
1. The Head.
Head is defined as something around which the other components
cluster and which dictates concord and other kinds of congruence with the
rest of the sentence outside the noun phrase.
2. The Pre-modifier.
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It comprises all the items placed before the head notably adjectives
and nouns. Pre- modifier includes noun, adjective, adjective phrase,
participle -ed and -ing.
3. The Post-modifier.
It comprises all the items placed after the head notably prepositional
phrases, non-finite clauses, and relative clauses. Post-modifier includes
prepositional phrase, relative clause and complementation but also there is
determiner in forming noun phrase.
d. Clause
A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb. On the
other hand, if a group of related words does not contain a subject with an
attached verb, it is simply a phrase (Betty Azar, 239). Clause is divided
into two kinds; dependent clause and independent clause. Dependent
clause is clause that cannot stand by itself. While independent clause can
stand by itself. This chapter will distinguish two large categories of
dependent clauses relative and subordinate (Tufte, 116).
A Dependent clause begins with a subordinator such as when, before,
even though, as soon as, whether, if, since, while, if, that, because,
although, and so forth (Danesi 247). A dependent clause also known as a
subordinate clause is a clause that relies on the information from an
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independent clause to form a complete, logical thought. It means that
dependent clause cannot stand on its own to form a sentence.
A relative clause substitutes a relative pronoun which consists of
(who, which, that). Relative pronoun introduces the clause stands for the
subject, and only the verb is needed to complete the clause. There is no
substitution in subordinate clauses, where a subordinator (because, if, as,
while, when, that) is added to a complete clause in order to connect it to the
main body of the sentence.
Dependent clauses are usually marked by dependent words, such as
subordinating conjunctions, relative pronouns, or relative adverbs.
Dependent clause has three kinds, such as adjective clause, adverb clause,
and noun clause.
e. Sentence Types
A sentence is a predication, something said about a subject. Writer
focuses to categorizes sentences based on their complexity. In general, there
are three main structures of sentences: simple sentences, compound
sentences and complex sentences.
1. Simple Sentences
Betty Mattix (95) states that Simple sentence is an independent
clause- one complete thought that can stand-alone. A sentence is considered
a simple one whenever it contains only a single clause. A simple sentence
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only has one subject and one predicate, or one clause. In the simple
sentence, the clause called independent which meant clause can stand alone
by himself. For example:
He is a teacher
In this sentence only has an independent clause, and it is the example
of a simple sentence structure.
2. Compound Sentence
Compound sentence may also be formed by using a semicolon, with
or without the coordinating conjunction. It also can be formed by using
semicolon and conjunctive adverb such as moreover, in addition, besides,
otherwise, however, still, nevertheless, therefore, consequently, and
accordingly (frank 7). For example:
He ran as fast as he could, but he could not catch up with the
tortoise
In this sentence has two independent clauses, and this is example of
compound sentence.
3. Complex Sentence
Complex sentence is made of one independent clause and one or
more dependent clause. While any sentence that has more than one clause is
included into a complex sentence. According to Comma Rule, in a complex
sentence, when the dependent clause comes first, separate the clauses with a
comma. When the independent clause comes first, do not separate them
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(112). It depends on an independent clause for its meaning to be clear. For
example:
Nova likes to watch a funny story that make her happy when she is
sad
In this sentence there are two clauses, independent and dependent. It
represents the type of complex sentence.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Description
The data of this research is the sentences in the fairy tales by
Akramulla. There are two story titles which will be analyzed, they are The
Hare And The Tortoise And The Ant And The Dove. The types of sentence
will be analyzed by using Chomsky’s theory in his book syntactic
structure, that grammar is generative, because it can generate or create an
infinite number of sentences.
There are 25 sentences found in this research, which contain
syntactic structure the types of sentence into three categories: Simple
sentence, Compound sentence, and Complex sentence.
The syntactic Features of Corpus Data
Data 1
No Corpuses Syntactic
Features
1 A tortoise one day met a hare who made of her Complex Sentence
2 My, my, you move so slowly, you will never get far. Compound
Sentence
3 The tortoises, upset by the hare’s manner, said “let’s have a
race and see who is faster.”
Compound
Sentence
4 The hare laughed and said, “you must be joking! But all
right, we’ll see who reaches the other side of the hill first.”
Compound
Sentence
5 Off he ran, leaving the tortoise far behind Compound
Sentence
6 After a while, the hare stopped to wait the tortoise to come
long. Simple Sentence
7 He waited and waited till he felt sleepy. Complex Sentence
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8 “I might as well take a nap” he thought. Complex Sentence
9 “Even if she catches up with me, I can easily win the race.” Complex Sentence
10 So he lay down under a shady tree and close his eyes Complex Sentence
11 When the tortoise passed the sleeping hare, she walked down
slowly but steady. Complex Sentence
12 By the time the hare woke up, the tortoise was near the
finishing line.
Compound
Sentence
13 He ran as fast as he could but he could not catch up with the
tortoise. Complex Sentence
Data 2
No Corpuses Syntactic
Features
14 One hot day, an ant was searching for some water. Complex Sentence
15 After walking around for some time, she came to a spring. Complex Sentence
16 To reach the spring, she had to climb up a blade of grass. Complex Sentence
17 While walking her way up, she slipped and fell into the
water. Complex Sentence
18 She could have drowned if a dove up a nearby tree had not
seen her. Complex Sentence
19 Seeing that the ant was in trouble, the dove quickly plucked
off a leaf and dropped into the water near the struggling ant. Complex Sentence
20 The ant moved towards the leaf and climbed up there. Compound
Sentence
21 Soon it carried her safely to dry ground. Compound
Sentence
22 Just at the time, a hunter nearby was throwing out his net
towards the dove, hoping to trap it.
Compound
Sentence
23 Guessing what he was about to do, the ant quickly bit him on
the heel. Complex Sentence
24 Feeling the pain, the hunter dropped his net. Compound
Sentence
25 The dove was quick to fly away to safety. Compound
Sentence
B. Data Analysis
All sentences in the table above will be analyzed by the writer. The
writer uses theory of Chomsky the syntactic structure about the
transformational grammar.
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The analysis are as follows:
1. Simple Sentence
There are three sentences represent the type of simple sentence.
The type of simple sentence is derived from the table and tree
diagram process based on the syntactic structure found in data card
number 6, 21, and 25.
a. Datum no. 6: After a while, the hare stopped to wait for the
tortoise to come long.
After a while
The hare
Stopped to Wait For the tortoise
To come Long
Adv of time
S V1 V2 O1 V3 O3
Object2
In the sentence above, a while is classified as an adverb of time, the hare is
classified as a subject, stopped to is classified as verb1, wait for the tortoise to
come long are classified merged into object2, wait is classified as a verb2, for the
tortoise is classified as an object1, to come is classified as a verb3, long is classified
as an object3. This is categorized as the type of simple sentence that can stand by
itself.
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S
VP NP VP
Adv Det N VP V VP
V P PP NP PP V NP
P Det N N
After
a while the hare stopped to wait for the tortoise to come long
b. Datum no.21: soon it carried her safely to dry ground
Soon It Carried Her Safely To dry ground
Adv of time S V O Adv of manner
Adv of place
The sentence above is categorized as the type of simple sentence. Soon is
categorized as adverb of time, it is categorized as subject, carried is categorized as
verb, her is categorized as object, safely is categorized as adverb of manner, to dry
ground is categorized as adverb of place. Here are the tree diagram:
S
S S
VP NP VP NP VP
Adv pro V pro Adv PP
Prep NP
Adj N
Soon it carried her safely to dry ground
24
c. Datum no.25: the dove was quick to fly away to safety
The dove Was Quick to fly away To safety
S V Adv of manner Adv of place
In the sentence above the dove is categorized as subject, was is categorized
as verb, quick to fly away is categorized as adverb of manner, to safety is
categorized as adverb of place. This is the type of simple sentence because there is
no conjunction word that connects to each other. Here is the tree diagram:
S
NP VP
Det N V VP
PP V PP
Adj prep prep N
The dove was quick to fly away to safety
2. Compound Sentence
There are eight sentences represent the type of compound
sentence. The type of compound sentence is derived from the table
25
and tree diagram process based on the syntactic structure found in
data card number 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, 20, 22, and 24.
a. Datum no.2: you move so slowly, you will never get far
You Move So slowly You Will never get
far
S V Adv of manner S V
There are two sentences that the writer found in this sentence. This is
categorized as the type of compound sentence because there is no conjunction
word that connects to each other. In the first sentence is you move so slowly, you is
categorized as a subject, move is categorized as a verb, so slowly is categorized as
an adverb of manner. In the second sentence is you will never get far, you is
categorized as a subject, will never get far are categorized as a verb. The tree
diagram as follows:
S
S S
NP VP AdvP NP Aux VP
N V Adv Adv N Adv V Adj
You move so slowly you will never get far
26
b. Datum no.3: the tortoise, upset by the hare’s manner, said “let’s
have a race and see who is faster.”
The Upset By the Said Let’s Have a And See
Tortoise hare’s race who is
manner faster
S V O V V S O O
Adjective Object
1. There are four clauses in the sentence above, the tortoise upset by the hare’s
manner, said let’s have a race, and see who is faster. All of the sentence above
is independent clause except said, said is dependent clause.
2. There are three phrases in the sentence above, first is verb phrase with the
key word “upset”, second one is verb phrase with the key word “race”,
third is adjective phrase with the key word “faster”.
3. In view of word, the words above mostly are basic words, except upset, let’s,
and faster. Upset is a basic word plus prefix –up, let’s is a basic word plus
suffix –us, faster is a basic word plus suffix –er.
4. In view of morpheme
There are three sentences above. In the first sentence the tortoise is
classified as a subject, upset is classified as a verb, by the hare’s manner is
27
classified as an object, upset by the hare’s manner is classified as adjective. In the
second sentence, said is classified as a verb, let’s is classified as a, have a race is
classified as an object. In the third sentence, and is classified as a conjunction, see
who is faster is classified as an object, let’s have a race and see who is faster is
classified as an object. This is type of compound sentence because there aren’t
connecting words that connect to each other. Here the tree diagram:
S
S V S
NP VP cons VP conj V
Det N V PP V NP V NP VP
Prep NP det N pro V Adj
Det PP
NP
The tortoise upset by the hare’s said let’s have a race and see who is faster
c. Datum no.4: the hare laughed and said, “you must be joking! But
all right, we’ll see who reaches the other side of the hill first.
The Laughed And Said You Must be
Hare joking
S V Conj V S V
verb phrase
28
In the sentence above, The hare is classified as a subject, laughed is classified
as a verb, and is classified as conjunction, said is classified as a verb, you is
classified as a subject, must be joking is classified as a verb, you must be joking is
classified as an object phrase.
But is categorized as conjunction, all right is categorized as an adjective. In
the second paragraph we’ll see who reaches the other side of the hill first. We’ll is
categorized as a subject1,seeis categorized as a verb1, who reaches the other side of
the hill first is categorized as an object1, who is categorized as a subject2, reaches
is categorized as a verb2, the other side of the hill is categorized as an object2, first
is categorized as an adverb of time. The tree diagram divided into two tree
diagram:
c.1
S
S conj S
NP VP VP NP VP
Det N V V pro VP NP
N
The Hare laughed and said you must be joking
29
c.2
S
Conj S S
NP VP NP VP
Adj N aux V pro V NP VP
pro NP Adv
PP NP
Prep det N
the
But all right we will see who reaches other of the hill first
side
d. Datum no.5: off he ran, leaving the tortoise far behind
Off He Ran Leaving The Far behind
tortoise
Adv of S1 V1 V2 S2 Adv of place2
place1
Adjective 1
30
In the sentence above Off is categorized as an adverb of place, he is
categorized as a subject1, ran is categorized as a verb1, leaving the tortoise far
behind are categorized as merged into adjective1, leaving is categorized as a verb2,
the tortoise is categorized as a subject2, far behind are categorized as merged into
adverb of place2. This is categorized as the type of compound sentence. The tree
diagram as follows:
S
VP VP NP Adv
Adv NP V V det N
Pro
Off He Ran leaving the tortoise far behind
e. Datum no.12: by the time the hare woke up, the tortoise was near
the finishing line
By the The hare
Woke up The tortoise Was Near the
Time finishing line
Adv of S V S V Adv of place
Time
Adv phrase
31
In this sentence, By the time is categorized as an adverb of time, the hare is
categorized as subject, woke up is categorized as verb, the hare woke up are
merged into adverb phrase. Second sentence is the tortoise was near the finishing
line. The tortoise is categorized as subject, was is categorized as verb, near the
finishing line is categorized as adverb of place. This is categorized as the type of
compound sentence. Here is the tree diagram:
S
S S
NP VP NP VP
PP det N NP V det N V AdvP
prep det N V Adv Adj NP
Det adj N
By the time the hare woke up the tortoise was near the line finishing
f. Datum no.20: the ant moved towards the leaf and climbed up
there
32
The ant Moved Towards the And Climbed up There
leaf
S V O Conj V Adv of
place
In the sentence above, The ant is categorized as subject, moves is
categorized as verb, toward the leaf is categorized as object, and is categorized as
conjunction, climbed up is categorized as verb, there is categorized as adverb of
place. This sentence is categorized as the type of compound sentence, and here is
the tree diagram:
S
NP VP
Det N V PP conj AdvP
Prep NP V Adv Adv
Det N
The ant moved toward the leaf and climbed up there
g. Datum no.22: just at that time a hunter nearby was throwing out
his net towards the dove hoping to trap it
33
Just at A Nearby Was His Towards The Hoping
that hunter throwing net dove to trap
time out it
Adv S Adv of V O Adv of O Adv of
of place place manner
time
In the sentence above, is just at that time, a hunter nearby was throwing
out his net towards the dove. Just at that time is classified as adverb of time, a
hunter is classified as subject, nearby is classified as adverb of place, was
throwing out is classified as verb, his net is classified as object, towards is
classified as adverb of place, the dove is classified as an object. Hoping to trap it
is classified as adverb of manner. The tree diagram as follows:
S
S S
VP NP VP S S
Adv PP art N Adv VP NP VP NP VP
Prep NP V AdvP pro N Adv det N V AdvP
Conj N NP Adv PP V NP
Prep pro
Just at that time a hunter nearby was throwing out his net towards the dove hoping to trap it
34
h. Datum no.24: feeling the pain the hunter dropped his net
Feeling The pain The hunter Dropped His net
V2 O2 S V O
Verb1
1. There are two clauses in the sentence above, the first clause is dependent
clause and the second one is independent clause.
2. There are two phrase in the sentence above, first is noun phrase with the key
word “pain”, second one is noun phrase with the key word “hunter”.
Verb phrase with pattern Noun + Verb + Adjective.
3. In view of word, all of the words are single word.
4. In view morpheme, all the words above are free morpheme except –ing, -er, -
ed. Feeling, Hunter, Dropped because feel is free and –ing is bound
morpheme.
In the sentence above, Feeling the pain is merged as verb1, feeling is
categorized as verb2, the pain is categorized as object2. The hunter is categorized as
subject, dropped is categorized as verb, his net is categorized as object. This is
categorized as compound sentence, and here is the tree diagram:
35
S
VP NP VP
V NP det N V NP
Det N pro N
Feeling the pain the hunter dropped his net
3. Complex Sentence
There are fourteen sentences represent the type of complex
sentence. The type of complex sentence is derived from the table and
tree diagram process based on the syntactic structure found in data
card number 1,7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 23.
a. Datum no.1: a tortoise one day met a hare who made fun of her
A
tortoise
One
day Met A hare Who
Made
fun of Her
Conj V O
S Adv V O Adverb of manner
1. There are two clauses in the sentence above, an independent clause (a tortoise
one day met a hare) and relative clause (who made fun of her).
2. The sentence above is a verb phrase with pattern noun + adjective + Verb +
noun + relative pronoun + Verb + noun.
3. In view of word, the words above all are basic words.
36
4. In view of morpheme, all the words above are free morpheme
In the first sentence of fairy tales entitle the hare and the tortoise, there are
many grammatical words that the writer found. In the first word, A Tortoise is
categorized as a subject, one day is categorized as an adverb of time, met is
categorized as a verb, a hare is categorized as an object, who is categorized as
conjunction, made is categorized as a verb, her is categorized as an object, and
who made fun of her are merged into Adverb of manner. This is the type of
complex sentence that only has one clause.
The sentence above is categorized as complex sentence. A Tortoise is
categorized as a subject, one day is categorized as an adverb of time, met is
categorized as a verb, a hare is categorized as an object, who is categorized as
conjunction, made is categorized as a verb, her is categorized as an object, and
who made fun of her are merged into Adverb of manner. Here is the tree diagram:
S
NP VP VP
Det N Adv V NP conj VP
Det N V PP NP
NP prep pro
N
A tortoise one day met a hare who made fun of her
37
b. Datum no.7: he waited and waited till he felt sleepy
He Waited And Waited Till He Felt Sleepy
S V1 Conj V1 Adv S V2 adj
Adjective1
In the sentence above, Both waited is classified as a verb1. He is classified
as a subject, waited is classified as a verb1, and is classified as a conjunction,
waited is classified as a verb1, till he felt sleepy is classified as an adjective1, till is
classified as an adverb, he is classified as a subject, felt is classified as a verb2,
sleepy is classified as an adjective. This is categorized as the type of complex
sentence. The tree diagram is:
S
S conj S
NP VP VP NP VP
Pro V
V Adv pro V NP
Adj
He waited and waited till he felt sleepy
38
c. Datum no.8: I might as well take a nap he though
I Might as well Take A nap He Thought
S Adv V O S V1
Object Phrase1
This is categorized as the type of complex sentence, I refer to The Hare. I
might as well take a nap are categorized as merged into object phrase1, I is categorized
as a subject, might as well is categorized as an adverb, take is categorized as a verb, a
nap is categorized as an object, he is categorized as a subject, thought is categorized as
a verb1. Here is the tree diagram:
S
VP NP VP
NP Adv V det N NP V
pro pro
I might as well take a nap he though
39
d. Datum no.9: even if she catches up with me, I can easily win the
race
Even She Catches With I Can Easily Win The
If up me race
Adv S V O S Adv Adv V O1
In the sentence above, Even if is categorized as an Adverb, she is
categorized as subject, catches up is categorized as verb, with me is categorized as
an object. Second sentence is I can easily win the race. I is categorized as subject,
can is categorized as an adverb, easily is categorized as an adverb, win is
categorized as verb, the race is categorized as object1. This is categorized as the
type of complex sentence that there are two sentences. Here is the tree diagram:
S
S S
VP NP NP VP NP
Adv NP V PP N pro Mod Adv V det N
Pro Prep pro
Even if she catches up with me I can easily win the race
40
e. Datum no.10: so he lay down under a shady tree and closed his
eyes
So He Lay down
Under a
shady
tree
And Closed His eyes
Adv S V Adv of Place
Conj V1 O1
In the sentence above, So is classified as an adverb, he is classified as
subject, lay down is classified as verb, under a shady tree is classified as an adverb
of place, and is classified as conjunction, closed is classified as verb, his eyes is
classified as object1. This is categorized as the type of complex sentence, in word
and they are connecting each other. Here is the tree diagram:
S
S conj S
VP NP VP NP
Adv NP V PP art Adj N V N N
pro prep pro
so he lay down under a shady tree closed his eyes
f. Datum no.11: when the tortoise passed the sleeping hare she
walked on slowly but steadily
41
When The
tortoise Passed
The
sleeping
hare
She Walked on Slowly but
steadily
Adv of time
S V O S V Adv of
manner
Adverb Phrase
In the sentence above, When is classified as adverb of time, the tortoise is
classified as a subject, passed is classified as a verb, the sleeping hare is classified
as an object, when the tortoise passed the sleeping hare are merged into adverb
phrase. Second sentence is she walked on slowly but steadily. She is classified as
subject, walked on is classified as verb, slowly but steadily is classified as adverb
of manner. This is categorized as the type of complex sentence because it consists
of two clauses that asymmetrical relationship one to another. Here is the tree
diagram:
S
Conj S S
NP VP NP VP
Det N V NP pro V V
Det Adj N V PP Adv conj Adv
Prep
When the tortoise passed the sleeping hare she walked on slowly but steadily
g. Datum no.13: he ran as fast as he could but he could not to catch
up with the tortoise
42
He Ran As fast as he But He Could not to With the
could catch up tortoise
S V Adv of manner Conj S V O
In the sentence above, He is categorized as subject, ran is categorized as a
verb, as fast as he could is categorized as adverb of manner. Second sentence is
but he could not to catch up with the tortoise. But is categorized as conjunction, he
is categorized as subject, could not to catch up is categorized as verb take from
catch word, with the tortoise is categorized as an object. This is categorized as the
type of complex sentence. The tree diagram as follows:
S
S conj S
NP VP NP VP
Pro V clause pro clause PP
Prep NP
Det N
as fast as couldn’t to
He ran he could but he catch up with the tortoise
h. Datum no.14: one hot day an ant was searching for some water
One hot day An ant Was searching for Some water
Adv of time S V O
43
In the sentence above, One hot day is classified as adverb of time, an ant is
classified as a subject, was searching for is classified as a verb, some water is
classified as an object. This is categorized as the type of complex sentence. Here is
the tree diagram:
S
NP VP
Adj P N NP V NP
Adj Adj Art N PP NP
N prep Adj N
One hot day an ant was searching for some water
i. Datum no.15: after walking around for some time she came to a
spring
After walking around She Came To a spring
for some time
Adv of time S V O
1. There are two clauses in the sentence above, the first clause is dependent
clause and the second one is independent clause.
44
2. There are two phrase in the sentence above, first is verb phrase with the key
word “walking around”, second one is verb phrase with the key word “came”.
Verb phrase with pattern noun + Verb + adjective.
3. In view of word, all of the words are single word.
4. In view of morpheme, all the words above are free morpheme. Except
walking, because walk is free and –ing is bound morpheme.
This is the example of complex sentence that has two sentences because it
consists of two clauses that asymmetrical relationship one to another. In the second
sentence of fairy tales entitle the ant and the dove there are two sentences. First
sentence is after walking around for some time. After walking around for some
time is classified as adverb of time. Second sentence is she came to a spring. She is
classified as a subject, came is classified as a verb, to a spring is classified as an
object. The tree diagram as follows:
S
Conj S S
VP NP NP VP
PP N pro V PP
Prep Adj prep NP
Art N
walking
After around for some time she came to a spring
45
j. Datum no.16: to reach the spring she had to climb a blade of
grass
To reach The spring She Had to climb A blade of grass
V2 O2 S V O
Object2
In the sentence above, To reach is categorized as verb2, the spring is
categorized as an object2, and to reach the spring are merged into object2. Second
sentence is she had to climb a blade of grass. She is categorized as subject, had to
climb is categorized as a verb, and a blade of grass is categorized as an object.
This is categorized as the type of complex sentence. And here is the tree diagram:
S
S S
VP NP NP VP
PP V det N pro clause NP
prep NP PP
Art N prep N
To reach the spring she had to climb a blade of grass
46
k. Datum no.17: while making her way up she slipped and feel into
the water
While Making Her way
up She
Slipped and
fell
Into
the
water
Adv of time2
V2 O2 S1 V1 Adv of place1
Adverb of time1
In the sentence above, While is categorized as adverb of time2, making is
categorized as verb2, and her way up is categorized as an object2, while making
her way up are merged into adverb of time1. Second sentence is she slipped and
fell into the water. She is categorized as a subject1, slipped and fell is categorized
as a verb1, into the water is categorized adverb of place1. This is categorized and
the type of complex sentence, because it consists of two clauses that asymmetrical
relationship one to another. Here is the tree diagram:
S
Conj S S
VP NP NP NP VP
Pro NP Adv pro VP NP
N V conj V PP NP
Prep det N
While making her way up she slipped and fell into the water
47
l. Datum no.18: she could have drowned if a dove up a nearby tree
had not seen her
She Could have
drowned If
A
dove
Up a nearby
tree
Had not
seen her
S1 V1 Conj S1 Adv of place V O
In the sentence above, She is classified as a subject1, could have drowned is
classified as a verb1, if is classified as conjunction, a dove is classified as a
subject1, up a nearby tree is classified as adverb of place, had not seen is classified
as verb, her is classified as an object. And this is categorized as the type of
complex sentence, because it consists of two clauses that asymmetrical relationship
one to another. Because this is complex sentence so there are two subjects and two
verbs. Here is the tree diagram:
S
S conj S
NP VP NP AdvP VP
Pro art N Adv Art Adv V NP
Adj N
She could have drowned if a dove up a nearby hadn’t seen her
48
m. Datum no.19: seeing that the ant was in trouble the dove quickly
plucked off a leaf and dropped it into the water near the
struggling ant
Seeing That The
ant
Was in
trouble
The
dove Quickly Plucked of
A
leaf
V2 Conj O3 V3 S1 Adv of manner1
V1 O1
O2
Adverb of manner 1
And dropped It Into the
water
Near the struggling
ant
Conj V1 O1 O1 Adv of place1
This is categorized as the type of complex sentence, in the sentence above,
seeing is classified as a verb2, that is classified as conjunction, the ant is classified
as an object3, was in trouble is classified as a verb3, that the ant was in trouble is
merged into object2. Second sentence is the dove quickly plucked off a leaf and
dropped it into the water near the struggling ant. The dove is classified as a
subject1, quickly is classified as adverb of manner1, plucked off is classified as
verb1, a leaf is classified as an object1, and is classified as conjunction, dropped is
classified as verb1, it is classified as object1, into the water is classified as an
object1, near the struggling ant is classified as adverb of place1. Here is the tree
diagram:
49
S
S conj S
S S VP PP VP
VP conj NP VP NP VP V NP Prep NP Adj NP
V det N V PP NP det N Adv V NP det N det N
Prep N art N
plucked
Seeing the was trouble dove of leaf dropped it into the near ant
that ant in the quickly a and water the
struggling
n. Datum no.23: guessing what he was about to do the ant quickly
bit him on the heel
Guessing What He
Was
about
to do
The
ant Quickly Bit Him
On
the
heel
V2 O2 S3 V3 S Adv of manner
V O
Adv of place
O1
V1
In the sentence above, Guessing what he was about to do is merged into
verb1, what he was about to do is merged into object1, guessing is classified as
verb2, what is classified as an object2, he is classified as a subject3, was about to do
is classified as verb3. Second sentence is the ant quickly bit him on the heel. The
50
ant is classified as subject, quickly is classified as adverb of manner, bit is
classified as verb, him is classified as object, on the heel is classified as adverb of
place. This is categorized as the type of complex sentence, because it consists of
two clauses that asymmetrical relationship one to another. The tree diagram as
follows:
S
S S
VP NP VP NP VP
V pro pro V PP V det N VP PP
Prep prep Adv V N prep NP
Pro det N
what was to do the ant quickly bit him in the heel
Guessing he about
C. Research Finding
In brief, this research has found that many complex sentences. It is to show
that relates with the story generally by Akramulla Syed. The writer found 25 data
from this fairy tales, which is simple sentence, compound sentence, complex
sentence. The researcher found the dominant types of sentence is complex sentence.
The complex sentence is mostly appear rather than simple sentence and compound
sentence.
51
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
After analyzing the data using table and tree diagram, the writer would like to
draw some conclusions and give some suggestion dealing with what has been
discussed in chapter III.
A. Conclusion
Having discussed the data, the next step is to draw conclusion of the
syntactical study concerning the types of sentence of Akramulla’s fairy tales related
to the theory of syntax based on the theory transformational grammar by Noam
Chomsky. It can be concluded that from the two of Akramulla’s fairy tales used as
the samples in this thesis, the types of sentence used in the Akramulla’s fairy tales are
simple sentence, compound sentence, and complex sentence. Through the discussion,
the researcher also found the dominant type of sentence used in the fairy tales. The
complex sentence mostly appear rather than simple sentence and compound sentence.
To give clear understanding of the conclusion, these are the types of sentence
and the number of each type. The simple sentence 3, the compound sentence 8, and
the complex sentence 14.
52
B. Suggestion
Considering the importance of understanding the sentence structure especially
in the study of syntax, these are some suggestions. For students who are willing to
conduct a research on the same topic, it will hopefully give a clear understanding and
a wider analysis of fairy tale. For instance, the analysis of the suitability of the
structure in a fairy tales with the children’s cognitive.
It is also hoped that there are other students who will conduct study on related
topic from different angle, hoping that there will be a new findings dealing with
syntactical study. Finally, the writer hopes that this thesis can be used as a reference
for those who are interested in studying syntactical study.
53
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APPENDIX