a systematic exploration of the relationship between technological innovation and enterprise...
TRANSCRIPT
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a systematic exploration of the relationship between
technological innovation and enterprise boundaries is
needed
David J. Teece, 1996
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coopération technologique et fusions d’entreprises
quand les partenariats technologiques mènent aux
regroupements
David MessierUniversité LavalMars 2000
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introduction
I
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« catch the (merger) wave… »Times Warner se fusionne avec AOLAir Canada absorbe CanadienRogers achète VidéotronHollinger acquiert les journaux de SouthamAbitibi Consolidated avale Donohue (7 B$)BCE met la main sur Téléglobe (15 février) et tente d’acquérir CTVAlcatel s’approprie Newbridge Networks (15 B$; 22 février)Smurfith Stone se fiance avec Cartons St-Laurent (2 B$; 23 février)
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les entreprises de télécommunication
les compagnies pharmaceutiques
les alumineries
les fabricants automobiles
les chemins de fer
les banques voudraient bien mais…
etc.
etc.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
(dépêchez-vous,
y’en aura pas pour tout l’monde…)
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…rien de nouveau sous le soleil
cinq vagues de fusions et acquisitions (F&A) depuis le tournant du siècle
multiples causes et multiples théories
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une constante:
importance des facteurs technologiques
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la question:
le lien entre F&A et facteurs technologiques s’explique-t-il par le fait que le regroupement d’entreprises peut être une structure organisationnelle relativement plus efficace que les structures alternatives en ce qui touche à la conduite et à la gouvernance de deux types de relations de coopération technologique, soit les partenariats de R&D et les transferts de technologie?
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les alternatives: R&D
à l’interne investissement direct
à l’externe contrat (impartition de R&D) research joint venture et autres formes de
partenariat partenariat informel participation minoritaire au capital d’une firme
innovatrice regroupement
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les alternatives: transfert de technologie
à l’interne: imitation par rétro-ingénierie (reverse
engineering)achat d’actif avec technologie incorporée
à l’externe:contrats de tranfert: license, franchise, … regroupement
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pourquoi cette question?
compétitivité des entreprises
« paysage » industriel
compétitivité d’une économie, rythme d’innovation et tendance monopolistique
importance théorique
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plan
II. problématique
III. présentation du modèle théorique
IV. conclusion
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problématique
II
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problématique du regroupement comme problématique du choix d’une structure organisationnelle particulière
théorie de la firme:existence des firmes frontières d’une firme
frontières d’une firme intégration
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les théories de la firme et le problème de l’intégration
théorie classique
modèles d’agence
théorie des coûts de transaction
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théorie des coûts de transaction (TCT)
Ronald CoaseThe nature of the firm (1937)
Oliver E. WilliamsonMarkets and Hierarchies (1975)The Economics Institutions of
Capitalism (1985)
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paradigme transactionnel
caractéristiques de la transaction
problèmes et coûts de transaction
structure organisationnelle
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caractéristiques d’une transaction
quant au produit et aux objectifs visésquant aux agents et actifs impliquésquant à l’environnement de la transaction
trois sources de CTrationalité limitée, incertitude et informationdivergences d’intérêts et opportunismespécificité d’une relation
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coûts de transaction(transactional hazards)
conclure et écrire contrats
problèmes d’agence risque moralantisélection recherche de rente
coûts de renégociation
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coûts de renégociation
ex post
ex ante
risque d’expropriation
problème du hold-up
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structure organisationnelle
rôle
mécanismes et éléments structurants rétribution des parties information et surveillanceautorité et pouvoir de décisionpouvoir de renégociationconfiance et respect du contrat
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structure organisationnelle
composante contractuelle (explicite)
composante extra-contractuelle (implicite) ou structure de gouvernance
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le spectre M-H
MM HH- structuration organisationnelle +
+ incitatifs de marché -
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TCT et intégration
réponse aux deux questions
critiques de Hart
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approche des droits de propriété (ADP) ou des
contrats incomplets
Grossman et HartThe costs and benefits of ownership (1986)
HartFirms, Contracts, and Financial Structure
(1995)
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explication de l’intégration
incomplétude des contrats
risque d’expropriation
désincitatif à investissement
autorité et structure de propriété
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quand contrats sont incomplets
intégration
type d’intégration selon nature de spécificité entre actifs
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dans monprojet de mémoire
…
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méthodologie:présentation du
modèle théorique
Hart (1995) d’après
Grossman et Hart (1986)III
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structure et hypothèses
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description des agentset de leur relation
a2a1
M2M1
A = {a1}, B = {a2}
x
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spécificité de l’intrant
est spécifique à relation entre M1 et M2
se vend à prix
existe un intrant substitut non-spécifique vendu à
x
x
x p
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séquence
modèle à deux périodes:
à :1. anticipation de la division du surplus ex
post
2. échange de la propriété des actifs
3. investissements spécifiques
0t
BAei ,,,
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séquence (suite)
à :
1. incertitude quant au type requis de est levée
2. renégociation possible du contrat quant à
3. production et fourniture de
1t
x
xp
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structure informationnelleinformation complète et symétrique
type requis de est indescriptible
autres variables observables mais non-vérifiables
anticipations rationnelles
x
incomplétude du contrat
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fonctions de revenu ex post
échange M1 M2
pAir
piR
);(
)(
);(
)(
Becp
eCp
oui
non
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);()(
);()(
BeceC
AiriR
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investissements spécifiques
0,0 ei
);()2;()2,1;()(
);()1;()2,1;()(
ecaecaaeceC
irairaairiR
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surplus ex post
);();(
);();(
)()(
)()(
BecAir
BecppAir
eCiR
eCppiR
si l’échange a lieu
si l’échange n’a pas lieu
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gains à l’échange ex post
))];();(())()([( BecAireCiR
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division ex post du surplus
•est toujours optimale
•règle de négociation
)()(2
1
)()(2
1
2
1
crCRcp
Cp
crCRpr
pR
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choix coopératifs des investissements
(solution de premier rang)
****
,)()(max
**eeCiiR
ei
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choix non-coopératifs des investissements
(solution de second rang)
2
1
max
max
e
i
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conditions de premier ordre
1);()(
1);()(
21
21
21
21
BeceC
AiriR
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types d’intégration
type 0:
type 1:
type 2: }2,1{},{
}{},2,1{
}2{},1{
aaBA
BaaA
aBaA
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102*
201*
eeee
iiii
1
i2 i0 i1 i*
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surplus ex ante
eeCiiRS )()(
qui est distribué ex ante par transfert
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propositions
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proposition #1
j
ee
ii
j
j
*
*
où j est le type d’intégration
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proposition #2
si la décision d’investissement de M2 est inélastique, alors l’intégration de type 1 est optimale (et inversement)
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proposition #3
si l’investissement de M2 devient relativement improductif par rapport à celui de M1 et que a2 est complémentaire à a1, alors l’intégration de type 1 est optimale
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proposition #4
si a1 et a2 sont indépendants, alors la non-intégration (type 0) est optimale
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proposition #5
si a1 et a2 sont strictement complémentaires, alors une forme d’intégration est optimale
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proposition #6
si le capital humain de M1 est d’une importance cruciale, alors l’intégration de type 1 est optimale
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proposition #7
si à la fois les actifs humains de M1 et M2 sont d’une importance cruciale, alors tous les types d’intégration se valent
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résumé et discussion
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hold-up, propriété, incitations et intégration
deux piliers du modèles incomplétude du contratcomplémentarité spécifique aux agents
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conclusion
IV
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questions:
pertinence du modèle
applicabilité
améliorations
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types de relation
spécificité dans relations de coopération technologique
type et degré d’intégration
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commentaireset
questions