ContentsHunters to Farmers - Prehistoric Times

1.1 �e body in the peat bog 61.2 Measuring time 81.3 Anachronisms 101.4 Prehistoric evidence 111.5 Hunter-gatherers 121.6 People become farmers 141.7 Burying the dead 161.8 �e World’s first town 20

Egypt2.1 Egypt and the River Nile 222.2 �e Egyptian people 242.3 Farming and food 262.4 Gods and goddesses 282.5 �e afterlife 302.6 Primary and secondary sources 322.7 �e Pyramids 342.8 �e Valley of the Kings 362.9 �e tomb workers 382.10 Temples 40

�e Classical World - Greece and Rome3.1 How historians use sources 423.2 Classical Greece 443.3 Gods and goddesses 463.4 Worshipping at a temple 483.5 Sparta 503.6 Athens 523.7 War 543.8 �e Greek Olympics 563.9 Alexander the Great 583.10 �e rise of Rome 603.11 �e Roman army 623.12 Trade 643.13 Engineering 663.14 Roman towns and cities 683.15 Roman homes 703.16 Public health 72

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3.17 �e baths 743.18 Games and the circus 763.19 Roman theatres 783.20 �e religions of the Romans 803.21 Jews and Christians 823.22 �e end of the Roman Empire 84

�e Dark Ages? Europe and the World 500–10004.1 Kingdoms of the Dark Ages 864.2 Muhammad and Islam 884.3 �e spread of Islam 904.4 Christian Europe 924.5 �e feudal system 944.6 Provenance and bias 964.7 Charlemagne 984.8 �e Vikings 1004.9 �e Vikings in the Netherlands 102

�e Middle Ages: �e growth of cities and states 1000–15005.1 �e Middle Ages 1045.2 Life in a monastery 1065.3 Conflict between Church and State 1085.4 �e First Crusade 1105.5 Later crusades 1125.6 �e effects of the crusades 1145.7 Castles: designed to kill people 1165.8 Life in towns 1185.9 Merchants and guilds 1205.10 �e wool trade 1225.11 �e Hanseatic League 1245.12 Floris V, Count of Holland 1265.13 Jacob van Artevelde 1285.14 �e Black Death 1305.15 �e effects of the Black Death 1325.16 �e Burgundian Low Countries 1345.17 A new age? 136

Glossary 138Index 144

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