a05-ict application overview eng -final

Topic A05: ICT Applications in Accounting Topic Overview P.1

BAFS Learning and Teaching Example As at April 2009

Learning Objectives: 1. To understand the advantages and disadvantages of using computerised accounting

systems; 2. To understand possible solutions to minimise the disadvantages; 3. To understand the impacts on different implementation methods of computerised

accounting systems; and 4. To understand how Accounting Information System (AIS) assists management

decision-making. Overview of Contents: Lesson 1 Advantages and Disadvantages of AIS - Part 1 Lesson 2 Advantages and Disadvantages of AIS - Part 2 Lesson 3 How AIS Assists Management Decision-making? Resources:

Topic Overview, Teaching Plan and Answers to Student Worksheet PowerPoint Presentation Student Worksheet

Suggested Activities:

Case Studies Group Discussion Role play Decision-making Game

Topic Overview Topic BAFS Elective Part – Accounting Module – Financial Accounting

A05: ICT Applications in Accounting Level S5 / S6 Duration 3 lessons (40 minutes per lesson)



Lesson 1

Theme Advantages and Disadvantages AIS - Part 1 Duration 40 minutes Expected Learning Outcomes: Upon completion of this lesson, students will be able to identify the advantages and disadvantages of using a computerised accounting system. Teaching Sequence and Time Allocation:

Activities Reference Time Allocation

Part I: Introduction Teacher begins lesson by emphasising the business

trend of using computerised accounting information system (AIS).

PPT#1-3 2 minutes

Part II: Content A Case Study

Teacher briefs students on the case before starting the role play.

Activity 1: Role play Students are divided into five groups, each group

represents one party. Groups will discuss and identify the advantages

and disadvantages of using the computerised AIS from their roles’ viewpoints.

Each group nominates one representative to role play.

Teacher chairs the meeting. Each representative presents an opinion. Teacher concludes meeting.

PPT #4-5

Student

Worksheet p.1

PPT #6-7

Student

Worksheet pp.2-6

PPT #8-13

5 minutes 15 minutes 10 minutes

Part III: Conclusion Teacher reviews the key points and briefs students to

prepare them for the next lesson. PPT #14-28

8 minutes

Preparation for the next lesson: Students will collect data concerning the impact of using different implementation methods of the computerised accounting systems and possible solutions to minimise the disadvantages.



Lesson 2

Theme Advantages and Disadvantages AIS - Part 2 Duration 40 minutes Expected Learning Outcomes: Upon completion of this lesson, students will be able to: 1. Find out possible solutions in minimising the disadvantages; and 2. Distinguish the impacts on different implementation methods of a computerised

accounting system. Teaching Sequence and Time Allocation:


Part I: Introduction Teacher begins by recalling the case and key points of

last lesson. PPT #29-31 3 minutes

Part II: Content Activity 2: Group Discussion

Students are divided into five groups. Groups will discuss and identify solutions to

minimise problems with the computerised AIS. Each group presents their findings. Teacher reviews the key points and ask students

to vote on group findings.

PPT #32

Student Worksheet

pp.7-8

PPT #33-41

15 minutes

4 minutes

Activity 3: Role play Students remain in the same groups from Activity

2. Groups will identify the advantages of the election

method on their role, and the disadvantages of the other two methods.

Each group nominates one representative to role play.

Teacher chairs the meeting. Each representative presents an opinion. Teacher concludes meeting.

PPT#42-43

Student Worksheet

P.9-13

PPT#44-45

10 minutes

5 minutes

Part III: Conclusion Teacher reviews the key points and briefs students in

preparation for the next lesson. PPT #46-53

3 minutes



Preparation for the next lesson: Students are required to review the following accounting ratios:

• Gross Profit Ratio; • Net Profit Ratio; • Current Ratio; • Quick Ratio; and • Sales to Capital Employed.

For the group discussion in lesson 3 Students will make investment decisions using the AIS reports and analysis.



Lesson 3

Theme How AIS Assists the Management Decision-making? Duration 40 minutes Prior knowledge required: Ratio analysis Expected Learning Outcomes: Upon completion of this lesson, students will be able to: 1. Describe the ICT applications in accounting 2. Explain how AIS assists management decision-making Teaching Sequence and Time Allocation:


Part I: Introduction Teacher begins by recalling the last lesson case work.

The Olympics faced another problem on how AIS assists management decision-making.

Teacher illustrates ICT applications in accounting.

PPT #54-61 10 minutes

Part II: Content Case Study

Teacher briefs students on the case. Activity 4: Group Discussion

Students are divided into five groups. Groups will discuss and comment on the

company’s performance based on the ratios provided.

Teacher checks answer with the class. Activity 5: Decision-making Game

Students remain in the five groups. Students will make two decisions:

Analysis NOT using AIS reports. Analysis USING AIS reports.

Students compare their investment decision results to illustrate the importance of AIS reports and analysis in decision making.

PPT #62

PPT #63-66

Student Worksheet pp.14-15

PPT #67-72

Student Worksheet pp.16-17

10 minutes

17 minutes

Part III: Conclusion Teacher concludes by highlighting the key points. PPT #73 3 minutes



Answer for Activity 2

Disadvantages Suggested Solutions

Work flow is controlled by the system.

1. System requirements must be clearly investigated and defined before system selection process; choose a system best fit for the current company work flow;

2. Thorough system analysis for possible unexpected events before system selection process, and

3. Develop possible manual override procedures to handle unexpected events.

System breakdowns will affect company operations

1. Arrange regular system maintenance ;

2. Use fault-tolerant / fault-safe systems;

3. Install suitable anti-virus software to avoid breakdowns due to viruses;

4. Check for and install security updates regularly; and

5. Do not allow staff to install unauthorised backup system software.

Hackers may breach the system to steal valuable information

1. Install suitable anti-virus software to handle virus attacks;

2. Regularly check for and install security updates;

3. Do not allow staff to install unauthorised software; and

4. Train staff to eliminate possible security pitfalls.

Employees may be fired due to a lack of required technology skills

1. Train unskilled workers to competently operate the system; and

2. Schedule regular training to keep workers abreast of latest technology changes.



Additional financial support is required to install and maintain the system

1. Select a proper system to increase the efficiency in order to compensate for additional costs; and

2. Hidden profits may also compensate for additional costs: company image, increased efficiency, rapid response to external events, improved clarity of current financial situation, accurate cost estimation, etc.

Special skills required to operate the system

1. Ask system supplier to provide system operations training;

2. Ask system supplier to provide thorough documentation;

3. Arrange in-house training to instruct staff on system operation; and

4. Auditor will seek assistance from system experts about how to conduct auditing with the system.



Mark Sheet: (Tick 1 box for 1 mark)

Advantages (1 mark for each point, maximum 4 marks) Sub-total

Disadvantages (1 mark for each point, maximum 4 marks)

Presentation skill (Maximum 2 marks)

Total




Total

Manager of Super Systems Limited

Manager of IT Department






Total

Manager of Professional Limited

1

BAFS Elective Part Accounting Module –Financial Accounting

Topic A05: ICT Applications in Accounting

Technology Education SectionCurriculum Development Institute

Education Bureau, HKSARGApril 2009

IntroductionThis session aims to introduce ICT Accounting applications to students. Students will gain a solid understanding through active participation in debate and case study.

DurationThree 40-minute lessons

ContentsLesson 1 – Advantages and Disadvantages of AIS - Part 1Lesson 2 – Advantages and Disadvantages of AIS - Part 2Lesson 3 – How AIS Assists in Management Decision-making?

2

2Topic A05ICT Applications in Accounting

BAFS Elective PartLearning and Teaching Example

Lesson 1Advantages and Disadvantages of the AIS - Part 1

Lesson 1

Pre-lesson preparation:Students will collect information about using the computerised accounting information system (AIS) such as: efficiency, cost, workflow, control, skills, competence, etc.

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Learning Objective

Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using AIS

Students will identify the advantages and disadvantages of using the AIS through a role plays with other members of a pseudo company.

After discussing the advantages and disadvantages in role play, teacher will summarise their findings by highlighting that the advantages outweigh thedisadvantages generally.

4



Activity 1: Role Play

Students read worksheet P.1 before the lesson and prepare for role-play activities.

Teacher introduces the case in P.1 of student worksheet.

This case study explores the advantages and disadvantages when using the computerised accounting system under different company roles.

Students are divided into 5 groups with different roles:1. Financial Controller – Internal financial control, responsible to maintain the financial health of the company2. Auditor – external party to audit the company financial reports3. Shareholder/Owner – owner of the company, responsible to provide required capital4. Customer – customer of the company5. Employee – responsible for daily company operations

To enhance group discussions keep groups to 6 students as there may be more than one group for each role. Teacher can assign role to the groups.

Each group will nominate a secretary, who is responsible to jot down discussions, and a presenter. The presenter will present the group discussions. The secretary will provide clear written details of group discussions to teacher.

5



Directions for discussion

EfficiencyCostWork flowControlSkillsCompetence

Teacher may give some directions to students for discussion.

For each role, students may consider how computerisation may affect their role in the following aspects:

1. Efficiency – How the efficiency of their daily work be affected?2. Cost – How the operation cost of the company be affected? Is there any

hidden cost?3. Work flow – How the daily work flow be affected?4. Control – Is there any possible system breakdown?5. Skills – What are the education background / training received by the

parties? 6. Competence – Is the role able to control/operate the new system?

6



Meetings Begin

Meeting begins

Teacher acts as director and chairs the meeting. Each group will form a circle to facilitate the discussions. Each group nominates a secretary and a presenter. The discussion starts.

Students have 5-8 minutes for discussions. They can also use worksheet P.2-6 to jot down the main points of their discussions.

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Discussion in progress

Teacher tours around during the discussions to provide input and assistance as required.

8



Presentation

The Director invites the 5 parties to present their findings on using a computerisedsystem.

Teacher asks students to stop discussions and prepare for presentations.

Each group will present their findings.

Teacher reminds groups to think of how the advantages of other roles may benefit their role, and how to solve/minimise the impact of disadvantages.

Teacher collects copy of discussions from secretary to review ideas maintaining a neutral position to guide students in presenting their viewpoint.

9



Financial controller

Financial controller illustrates how a computerised system improves efficiency. Also explaining the possible limitations of using such a system.

The Financial controller group will present first.

10



Auditor

Auditor explains how the audit process is affected / improved by the new system.

The auditor group presents the advantages and disadvantages of computerisation.

11



Shareholder/Owner

Shareholder/Owner explains how the new system brings improvement / drawbacks to the company.

The shareholder / owner group presents the advantages and disadvantages of computerisation.

12



Customer

Customer explains if the new system has any improvement / drawback on their relationship with the company.

The customer group presents the advantages and disadvantages of computerisation.

13



Employee

Employee explains how the system improves / affects their work.

The last presenter is the employee group. They are affected most by computerisation. They have to learn new skills and they may be laid off due to the reduction of manpower.

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Teacher summarises the advantages and disadvantages in the following slides.

Teacher also makes comments on the students’ findings

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Financial Controller

AdvantagesSimplified transaction postingsEasier transaction retrievalsReadily available financial dataShorter time to prepare reportsDifferent aspects of reports availableMore information for budgetingHigher overall operations efficiency

Teacher summarises the advantages from financial controller’s view point.

Most computerised systems allow users to input sales and purchases directly. The transactions will be automatically posted (debit and credit) to suitable accounts in the accounting system.

With the help of the system, user may retrieve transactions without searching through bundles of accounting books or receipts.

The system keeps up-to-date records of all transactions. The balance of accounts are readily available for inspection producing reports in a short time.

The system produces a variety of reports such as by different class of customers, different class of products, and different time periods.

The system tracks of data for years and provides valuable information for budget estimations.

16




DisadvantagesWork flow may be limited / controlled by the program – a change of work flow may require a change of programKnowledge on how to operate the system is requiredPossible system breakdown may affect company operation, or even a disaster

Teacher summarises the disadvantages from the financial controller’s perspective.

The company work flows will be controlled by the accounting software. Existing work flows may have to be changed to suit the software unless a custom software program is purchased. However, changes in work flows (e.g. company expansion, new sales store) will require a change of program.

All company personnel must be trained in operation of the software.

Company operations will be halted should the system fail.

17



Auditor

AdvantagesEasier transactions retrievalEasier data extraction – all data is stored in systemDifferent aspects of report availableShorter time for audit process

Teacher summarises the advantages from auditor’s view point.

Auditor may retrieve transactions without searching through bundles of accounting books or receipts.

Company data stored in the system allows quick extraction and transfer to auditing software for analysis without any manual data inputs. This minimises data input and search time. Depending on the auditing software used, many auditing reports can generated to assist in the auditing process. Thus the auditing time will be reduced.

18



Auditor

DisadvantagesSpecial system auditing skills requiredMore difficult data extractions – some data may be hidden in system

Teacher summarises the disadvantages from auditor’s view point.

Auditor must have adequate IT skills to extract data before the audit process can begin.

Having all data stored in the system has both advantages and disadvantages: the data can be easier to retrieve but some may be hidden.

19



Shareholder / Owner

AdvantagesCurrent financial situation is easily availableData for sales budgeting is availableEasier cost controlWork flow is controlled by system – less chance for manual overrideImproved company imageReduce staff

Teacher summarises the advantages from shareholder’s view point.

The accounting system keeps up-to-date record of all transactions. The balance of accounts and financial situation are readily available for inspection.

The system also keep tracks of data for years and provides valuable information for budget estimation and cost controls.

For the owner, the work flow control is an advantage. However, it may be a disadvantage for financial controller and employees.

The company image is improved when compared to those companies without a computer system. Customer feels the company has enhanced it accounting systems because it is expanding and growing.

The computer system reduces inputting and recording transactions, thus less employees are required.

20



Shareholder / Owner

DisadvantagesSystem installation and maintenance costsMust set-up a new IT department / employ IT related staffPossible system failures may affect operations, or even a disaster

Teacher summarises the disadvantages from shareholder’s view point.

Additional costs are required to install and maintain the system. In lesson 3, students will learn that the AIS system can be implemented in 3 ways: Buy off-the-shelf software, in-house development, or outsource to third parties. The first two ways involve costs to install and system maintenance. Developing in-house is expensive and costs more than pre-built, off-the-shelf software.

Whether the company decides to buy off-the-shelf commercial software or develop its own, it has to set-up a new IT department / employ IT related staff to maintain the system, resulting in increased costs and changing the management hierarchy.

System breakdown will impact all parties due to ceasing company operations.

21



Customer

AdvantagesFast transaction processingMore accurate transaction recordsBetter stock records, better shopping experience

Teacher summarises the advantages from customer’s view point.

Fast transaction processing since manual operation is minimised. The customer’s statement can be generated directly from the computerised AIS.

Accurate transaction records such as the customer’s statement.

Some systems have the capability of inventory control. It provides better stock control and a better customer shopping experience. If a customer order is out of stock, the AIS will indicate immediately for appropriate action.

22



Customer

DisadvantagesPossible personal information (e.g. credit card number) leakage

Teacher summarises the disadvantages from customer’s view point.

Hackers may steal personal information (e.g. credit card number) from the system.

23



Employee

AdvantagesLess effort to record a transactionLess time to record a transaction

Teacher summarises the advantages from employee’s view point.

Most manual operations are minimised, as a result:- Less effort to record a transaction; and - Less time to record a transaction.

24



Employee

DisadvantagesAll steps are controlled by system – unable to manage unexpected eventsMust learn new technology skillsPossibility of unemployment – especially low skilled workers

Teacher summarises the disadvantages from employee’s view point.

All working steps are controlled by system. If an unexpected event occurs that is not covered in the system, employees may not know how to handle, E.g. Bad debts caused by financial crisis.

Existing staff are familiar with manual accounting procedures. They have to learn new skills for the computerised AIS.

There is a possibility of releasing low skilled workers who cannot manage the computerised AIS.

25



Conclusion

Overall advantagesHigher efficiency Better financial and cost controlBetter company image

Teacher concludes the advantages.

Manual operations are minimised, therefore efficiency will be improved leading to faster responses to a rapid changing market.

As all financial data is readily available in the system, better financial and cost control is expected. Also, a better budgeting will improve financial controls (such as cash flow).

26



Conclusion

Overall disadvantagesCompany work flow controlled by systemPossible system breakdown and data leakagePossibility of unemploymentFinancial cost and hidden cost

Teacher summaries the overall disadvantages as shown on the slides.

Teacher reminds students that the cost may include financial costs (e.g. buy and maintain the system) and hidden costs (e.g. company image, staff emotion, customer loyalty, etc)

Though the advantages of the computerised AIS outweigh its disadvantages, teacher should highlight that management must consider the possible solutions to minimise the disadvantages before implementing a computerised AIS.

27



Conclusion

The impact of the disadvantages should be minimised by implementing effective measures.

Advantages of computerised accounting outweigh the disadvantages.

Teacher informs students that a second meeting will held to discuss how to minimise the disadvantages.

Teacher concludes that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages if the impact can be minimised. For example, install suitable anti-virus software to avoid breakdowns due to virus inflections and train un-skilled workers to effectively operate the system.

28



Preparation for next lesson

You are required to discuss:

Possible solutions to minimise disadvantages of using computerised accounting systems; andThe impacts of different computerisedaccounting systems implementation methods

Teacher asks students to prepare for discussions in next lesson.

End of lesson 1.

29

Lesson 2

Advantages and Disadvantages of AIS - Part 2

Lesson 2

In this lesson, students will continue to work on the cases from lesson 1. Group discussions and role-plays will be conducted.

30



Learning Objectives

Identify possible solutions in minimisingimpact of disadvantagesIdentify impacts on different implementation methods of computerisedaccounting systems

As a continuation of lesson 1, students will identify possible solutions in minimising the disadvantages and impacts on different implementation methods of computerised accounting systems in this lesson.

31



Recap of last lesson

Impacts of disadvantages of AIS must be minimised!Disadvantages include:

Affect company work flowSystem breakdownData leakageUnemploymentFinancial cost and hidden cost

Teacher recap the conclusion from last lesson.

Teacher can refer to slide #26 for details.

32



Activity 2: Open forum discussion

Teacher introduces activity 2 by referring to p.7 of student worksheet.

The objective of this activity is to explore the possible solutions in minimisingthe impacts of disadvantages of AIS as discussed in lesson one.

Students are divided into 5 groups and are required to propose solutions to minimise the impacts. In each group, a leader and a secretary are nominated. The leader will lead the discussion whilst the secretary will jot down the points in the student worksheet.

In guiding the discussion, teacher may refer to the suggested answer in appendix of overview.

Teacher tours around during their discussion and provides assistance if required.

33



Teacher asks students to present a short summary of their discussions.

Teacher will cover the suggested answers with students in the following slide.

34



Impact on Work Flow

The system controls the work flow of the company

Normal work flowUnexpected events

Teacher reviews the suggested solutions in the following slides.

Suggested solutions:

1. System requirements must be clearly investigated and defined before a system selection process; choose a best fit system that matches current company work flows;

2. Thorough system analysis about possible unexpected events must be conducted prior to system selection; and

3. Develop possible manual override procedures to manage unexpectedevents.

35



Impact on System Breakdown

Company operations stopped if system fails


Arrange adequate regular system maintenance procedures1. Use fault-tolerant / fault-safe systems2. Install suitable anti-virus software to avoid breakdowns caused by viruses3. Regularly check and Install security updates4. Do not allow staff to install unauthorised programs or files5. Backup system software

36



Impact on Data Leakage

Hackers may invade the system to steal valuable information


1. Install suitable anti-virus software to avoid breakdowns due to virus inflections

2. Check for and Install security updates regularly3. Do not allow staff to install unauthorised software4. Train staff to eliminate possible security pitfalls

37



Impact on Unemployment

Employees may be released due to reduction in processes and lack of technology skills to manage system


1. Train un-skilled workers to operate the system2. Regularly update workers on new technology advances

38



Impact on Financial Cost

Additional cost to install and maintain the system


1. Select a proper system to increase the efficiency to compensate for additional costs

2. Hidden profits may also compensate the financial costs: company image, employer efficiency, rapid response to external events, understand of current financial situation, accurate cost estimation, etc

39



Impact on Hidden Cost

Special skills required to manage and operate the system


1. Ask system vendor to provide training on operating the system2. Ask system vendor to provide thorough documentation3. Arrange in-house training for staff on system operation4. Auditor to seek guidance from auditing expert to effectively use system

40



Vote for the following statements

Disadvantages of using a computerisedaccounting system can be minimised by suggesting possible solutions.I would support the implementation of a computerised accounting system.

Teacher asks students to vote for the following statements:1.Disadvantages of using a computerised accounting system can be minimised by the suggesting possible solutions.2.I would support the implementation of a computerised accounting system.

Teacher counts the no. of students for and against the statements. A majority of students will vote for this statement after the discussion in activity 2. It would reinforce their concept that the disadvantages of using computerised accounting systems can be minimised by the suggested solutions.

41



Summary of Activity 2

Impacts of disadvantages may be reduced by the suggested solutions

Company decides to implement the computerised system

Teacher declares that the company will implement the computerised system.

42



Meeting: Selection of Implementation Method

Activity 3: Role Play

Teacher addresses different implementation AIS methods as listed in p.9 of student worksheet.

The objective of the case study is to guide students’ discussions on how the advantages of using a computerised accounting system may vary due to using different implementation methods.

Students remain in the 5 groups as in Activity 2. Each acts as one of the 3 parties in the student worksheet, the manager of Super Systems Limited, the manager of IT Department and the manager of Professional Limited.

Students will discuss within their groups and identify the advantages of their selection method based on their role, and the disadvantages of the other two. One student will act as the discussion leader and jot down their points from others on the student worksheet.

43



Directions for discussion

CostTimeControlUsers’ requirementsStaff competence, etc.

Teacher may give some directions to students for discussion.

For each role, students discuss how the advantages of using a computerisedaccounting system may vary due to different implementation methods.

Directions for discussion:Cost – What is the AIS cost due to different implementation methods?Time – What is the time required for implementing the AIS by differentmethods?Control – What is the degree of control over the AIS by different methods?Users’ requirements – Would the different methods meet the all users’requirements?Staff competence – Will staff be competent enough to use the AIS developed by the different methods?

44



Discussion in progress

Teacher tours around during their discussions to provide input and guidance as required.

Students are asked to use worksheet p.10-12 during discussions

45



Meeting Begins

During the meeting, the director (teacher) should be neutral as each method have both advantages and disadvantages. In starting the meeting, he should invite the participants to present their views in the following order:1. Manager of Super Systems Limited2. Manager of IT Department3. Manager of Professional Limited

Teacher should listen carefully to the points addressed by each student, raise questions if their points are not clear and guide them to express their viewpoints.

In the meantime, he should also fill in the mark sheet in the appendix of the topic overview (p.8-9) on:1. Advantages (1 mark for each point, maximum 4 marks)2. Disadvantages (1 mark for each point, maximum 4 marks)3. Presentation skill (maximum 2 marks)

46



Final Director Decision

At the end of the meeting, teacher is convinced by the manager with the highest marks (i.e. relevant points and presentation skill) and select their suggested best implementation method.

A summary of the advantages and disadvantages of implementing different methods is conducted by teacher in the following slides.

47



Buy an AIS Commercial version

AdvantagesCost is cheaper when comparing with developing in-houseAvailable within a short periodUpdates are inexpensiveThe purchased AIS are more likely to be bug-free after various testing

Teacher summarises the advantages of buying the AIS commercial version.• Cost is cheaper compared to developing in-house as the cost is shared by

other accounting package customers • Available immediately as its off the shelf.• Updates are inexpensive as the cost of updates are shared by other

accounting package customers.• The commercial version has been tried and tested over a period of time

and known bugs have been eliminated.

48



Buy an AIS

DisadvantagesPurchased AIS may not fit exact requirementsDeveloper may close down or cease to update the AISEvaluation of the purchased AIS is time-consuming and costlyReduced competitive advantages

Teacher summarises the disadvantages of buying an AIS commercial version.

• The purchased AIS may not fit exact requirements as it was developed for the general customer usage

• If the developer closes down or ceases to update the AIS, the buyer will be in trouble.

• As the AIS was not developed by the company, evaluation of the purchased AIS by the company is time-consuming and costly.

• As the AIS can be acquired by other companies in the market, it reduces the company’s competitive advantages.

49



Develop an in-house AIS

AdvantagesTailored to exact user needsSystem development process can be managed and controlledUsers may have greater loyalty Competitive advantages are built by a unique AIS

Teacher summarises the advantages of developing an in-house AIS.• As the AIS was developed by IT department based on the company

requirements, it can be tailored to exact users’ needs• As the AIS was developed in-house, the system development process can

be managed and controlled.• Users may have greater loyalty of systems developed in-house by the IT

department. They can suggest some functions that are company specific.• A competitive advantages are built by a unique AIS. No other company

will adopt the same software in handling their accounting tasks.

50



Develop an in-house AIS

Disadvantagescostlylabor intensivetakes longerNew programs contain bugs

Teacher summarises the disadvantages of developing an AIS.• It is costly as all cost is borne by the company.• It is labor intensive and the AIS is solely developed by the IT department.

It requires IT staff to monitor and support the system.• It takes a longer time for system development and testing. • The developed AIS is a new program and must be tested for bugs and

repaired requiring excessive time to perfect.

51



Outsourcing

Advantagesless costlyImproved company cash flow when avoiding substantial capital investment in computer hardware and softwareDevelopment time is not requiredAccess to more advanced technology

Teacher summarises the advantages of outsourcing.• It is less costly as no cost is incurred on the hardware and software.• As no substantial cost is incurred in the hardware and software, it

improves the company cash flow.• As the AIS is already developed, development time is not required.• The outsourcer will usually update with more advanced technology to

attract customers.

52



Outsourcing

DisadvantagesLoss of controlReduced competitive advantagesInflexible 5-year contractIneffective if communication fails between outsourcer and client

Teacher summarises the disadvantages of outsourcing.• Loss of control of the AIS as it is owed by the outsourcer.• Reduced competitive advantages as the AIS is owned by the outsourcer.

Other competitors may use the same outsourcer for handling theiraccounting tasks.

• Inflexible in 5-year contract. The company has to pay penalty for cancellation of agreement. (The company may negotiate with the outsourcer for shorter contract period.)

• If there is lack of good communications between the outsourcer and client, the AIS will not function properly.

53



Preparation for next lesson

You are required to review the following accounting ratios:

Gross profit ratioNet profit ratioCurrent ratioQuick ratioSales to capital employed

Make investment decisions with AIS reports and analysis

Students prepare for the discussion in next lesson.

End of lesson 2.

54

Lesson 3

How AIS assists in management decision-making?

Lesson 3

In this lesson, students are going to discuss how AIS assists in management decision-making. Students will conduct a group discussion to argue with whether to use AIS when having decision-making.

55



Learning Objectives

Describe ICT applications in accountingExplain how AIS assists management decision-making

Students will understand ICT application in accounting and how AIS assists management decision-making by group discussion and decision-making game.

56



ICT Applications in Accounting ~ Financial Reporting ~

Generate financial reportsDebtors / Creditors’ aging reportTrial balanceProfit and loss account / income statementBalance sheetCash flow statement

Teacher briefs students on the ICT applications in financial reporting.

Generate financial reports• Debtors / Creditors’ aging report: shows details of transactions with

debtors / creditors and due days eg. Due within 0-30 days, 31 – 60 days etc.

• Trial balance: shows ending balance (debit / credit) of accounts on a specific date

• Profit and loss account / income statement: shows income and expenses for a period

• Balance sheet: shows assets, liabilities and on a specific date• Cash flow statement: shows cash inflows and cash outflows for a

specific period

57



ICT Applications in Accounting ~ Costing Analysis ~

Perform financial result analysis in actual, fixed budget and flexible budgetConduct financial statement analysisConduct profit volume analysisPerform discounted cash flow analysis for financial management

Teacher briefs students on the ICT applications in costing analysis.1. Perform financial results analysis in actual, fixed budget and flexible

budget:• e.g. Sales budget, purchase budget and cash budget etc.• A fixed budget is designed to remain unchanged irrespective of

the quantity of goods produced. • A flexible budget is designed to change in accordance with the

level of the quantity of goods produced. 2. Conduct financial statement analysis, eg. compares the result between

this year and last year and shows the difference (variance).3. Conduct profit volume analysis:

• Study the relationship between costs and operating income at different sales levels for management decision-making.

4. Perform discounted cash flow analysis for financial management:• Compute present value and net present value for investment

decision.

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Examples of accounting systems and software

MYOBDacEasyMicrosoft Excel

MYOB and DacEasy are international providers of computerised accounting package for business owners and accountants.

MYOB provides multi-user business management software with accounting, inventory, time billing and multiple currency transaction capability

The DacEasy product line includes different systems, for example, Accounting, Payroll, Order Entry, Point of Sale and Job Costing.

Microsoft Excel is an electronic spreadsheet program that can produce professional-looking documents that perform numeric calculations. Its basic functions are formulas and charts.

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Examples of ICT Applications in Accounting

Charts and graphs in Excel

An example Excel charts and graphs

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Examples of ICT Applications in Accounting

Financial Functions in Excel: “PMT” function is used to calculate the periodic cash flow of annuity“PV” function is used to calculate the monthly contribution for a given return and expected sum“NPV” function is used to calculate the net present value of a stream of cash flows based on certain discount rate

Teacher briefs students on the usage of different financial functions.

“PMT” function (PMT stands for payment)• use this function to determine the monthly payment, total interest, and

total costs for a mortgage with input of principal, interest rate and repayment period.

“PV” function (PV stands for present value)• use this function to calculate the present value of an investment with

input of investment amount, interest rate and repayment period.

“NPV” function (NPV stands for net present value)• use this function to calculate the net present value of cash flow stream

by a certain interest rate.

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How AIS assists the management decision-making?

Step I: Identify areas requiring management actions

Step II: Provide a basis for choosing among alternative

actions

Teacher briefs students on the two steps on how AIS assists the management decision-making.

Step I: Identify areas requiring management action E.g. The AIS generates Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet. By computing the accounting ratios, the accountant can identify areas requiring management action.

Step II: Provide a basis for choosing among alternative actionsOnce an area of action is identified in step I, management must evaluate different actions to remedy the area. E.g. Evaluate theprofitability of different investment proposals by AIS.

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Activity 4 - Case Study

Identify areas requiring management actions

Teacher briefs the case as listed in P.14 of student worksheet.

The objective of the case study is to apply the 2 steps on how AIS assists management decision-making by:Activity 4: identifying areas requiring management actions (accounting ratios analysis)Activity 5: providing a basis for choosing among alternative actions (evaluation of investment proposals)

In activity 4, students are provided with an AIS report containing accounting ratios. They are required to comment on the company’s performance in the following aspects: profitability, liquidity and efficiency. Group discussions are suggested using student worksheet p.15 for recording notes.

Prior knowledge required: ratio analysis

Teacher conducts a review of accounting ratios in the next slide.

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Accounting Ratios

Gross profit ratio: Gross profit / SalesNet profit ratio: Net profit / Sales Current ratio: Current assets / Current liabilitiesQuick ratio: (Current assets – Inventory) / Current liabilitiesSales to capital employed: Sales / Capital employed

1.Gross profit ratio: Gross profit / Sales• indicates a company’s good or bad cost controls and its marketing

policies. Low margins may be caused by relatively low selling prices, high costs or both.

2.Net profit ratio: Net profit / Sales • indicates the profitability generated by a company. It can be viewed as

a measurement of efficient cost controls.3.Current ratio: Current assets / Current liabilities

• is used to measure the ability of a company to meet its current liabilities from current assets.

4.Quick ratio: (Current assets – Inventory) / Current liabilities• indicates a company’s ability to meet its immediate commitments.

5.Sales to capital employed: Sales / Capital employed• indicates the efficiency of using capital to generate sales.

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Profitability

Both the Gross Profit Ratio and Net Profit Ratio dropped.It may be caused by low selling prices, high costs, high administrative expenses etc.It indicates the company has poor cost controls or marketing policies.

Before going through the answer, teacher invites groups to provide comments. Then teacher goes through the suggested answers with students.

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Liquidity

Both the Current Ratio and Quick Ratio dropped.

Poor ratios indicate company has liquidity problems and is unable to meet its current commitments.

Teacher goes through the suggested answer with students.

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Efficiency

A sales drop to capital used indicates an inefficiency in using capital to generate sales.

Teacher goes through the suggested answer with students.

Teacher recaps that activity 4 is to identify areas requiring management decisions. It evaluates the company’s performance by accounting ratios generated by the AIS.

Teacher reminds students that the AIS will calculate the ratios thereby eliminating manual calculations.

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Activity 5 –Decision-making Game

Mr. Risky Ms Prudent

•Choosing among alternative actions

As mentioned before, the objective of the case study is to apply the 2 steps on how the AIS assists management decision-making by:

• Activity 4: identifying areas requiring management actions (accounting ratios analysis)

• Activity 5: providing a basis for choosing among alternative actions (evaluation of investment proposals)

The company’s performance is not good in activity 4, so the company would like to improve profitability and liquidity by taking 2 actions:

1. Decision 1: purchase a machine by bank loan (Which bank loan is more favourable?)

2. Decision 2: make investments (Which investment is more profitable?)

The objective of this decision-making game is to show that Ms Prudent would make better decisions than Mr. Risky with more useful information and analysis.

Teacher briefs students on the decision game. In this game, students remain in the group as in activity 4. In each group, they have dual roles of both Mr. Risky and Ms Prudent.

• Mr. Risky makes decisions without AIS reports and analysis but by experience. • Ms Prudent makes decisions with AIS reports and analysis.

One student will act as discussion leader and record answers of Mr. Risky and Ms Prudent.At the end, students will discover the importance of the AIS in selecting alternatives actions.

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Decision 1

Which is the best proposal?

Teacher briefs students on Decision 1 by referring to P.16 of student worksheet.

Teacher asks students to choose the best proposal for Mr. Risky. No reportwould be provided to them. They are also not allowed to use a calculator in making this decision. They have to write down their choice on the worksheet as Mr. Risky.

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Analysis of Loan Proposals

Scenario Summary

Bank A Bank B Bank C Bank D

Changing Cells:

Loan $100,000 $100,000 $100,000 $100,000

Interest rate 7% 8% 9% 10%

Years 7 8 9 10

Result Cells:

Monthly payment $1,509 $1,414 $1,354 $1,322

Total Interest $126,779 $135,712 $146,263 $158,581

Based on the AIS report, students are required to make decisions for Ms Prudent. They have to write down their choice on the worksheet as Ms Prudent.

(This analysis is intentionally not provided in the worksheet. Otherwise, students may refer to it in answering the question for Mr. Risky.)

The correct answer is Bank C because:1. Monthly payment is <$1,400 (i.e. Bank A and B are not feasible)2. Total interest is $146,263 (the least comparing with Bank C and Bank D)

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Decision 2

Which is the best investment plan?

Teacher briefs students on Decision 2 by referring to P.17 of student worksheet.

Students must select the best proposal for Mr. Risky. No report would be provided to them. They are also not allowed to use a calculator in making this decision.

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Analysis of Investment Plans

Plan A Plan B Plan C Plan D

Interest Rate 8% 8% 8% 8%

Year 1 Initial Cost ($300,000) ($400,000) ($500,000) ($600,000)

Year 2 Returns $95,000 $120,000 $150,000 $175,000

Year 3 Returns $95,000 $120,000 $150,000 $175,000

Year 4 Returns $95,000 $120,000 $150,000 $175,000

Year 5 Returns $95,000 $120,000 $150,000 $175,000

Year 6 Returns $95,000 $120,000 $150,000 $175,000

Net Present Value

$79,307 $79,125 $98,907 $98,724

Based on the AIS report, students are required to make decisions for Ms Prudent. The correct answer should be Plan C, which gets the highest Net Present Value.

(This analysis is intentionally not provided in the worksheet. Otherwise, students may refer to it in answering the question for Mr. Risky.)

Note:

NPV of returns

Year 2: Returns / (1+8%)Year 3: Returns /{ (1+8%) (1+8%)}Year 4: Returns /{ (1+8%) (1+8%) (1+8%)}Year 5: Returns /{ (1+8%) (1+8%) (1+8%) (1+8%)}Year 6: Returns /{ (1+8%) (1+8%) (1+8%) (1+8%) (1+8%)}

NPV of investment plan:

NPV of returns – Initial cost

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Activity 5: Decision Game

By comparing the answer of Mr. Risky and Ms Prudent, whose management decisions are better? And why?

The objective of this decision-making game is to show that Ms Prudent would make better decisions than Mr. Risky due to more useful information and analysis.

Ms Prudent’s performance is better because the AIS provides more useful information to make better and correct decisions. Mr. Risky’s performance is poor due to insufficient information.

At the end of the game, students will see the importance of the AIS in providing valuable information to choose among alternatives.

End of lesson 3



The End

Teacher concludes the lesson by highlighting the key points learned.

End of Lesson 3.

Topic A05 ICT Applications in Accounting Student Worksheet p.1


BAFS Elective Part – Accounting Module – Financial Accounting Topic A05: ICT Applications in Accounting

Activity 1 – Role Play

Olympics Limited is a sportswear trading company. Due to substantial increases in transactions, the current ‘manual system’ cannot meet the stakeholder requirements, especially in generating timely reports. The financial controller proposed implementing a computerised accounting system to improve efficiency and effectiveness of accounting. Meeting: Director calls a meeting with the following participants: 1. Financial Controller 2. Auditor 3. Shareholder/Owner 4. Customer 5. Employee

They are required to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the implementation of computerised accounting information systems (AIS) from their roles’ viewpoints. (Hint: Efficiency, cost, work flow, control, skills, competence etc.)



Financial controller illustrates how a computerised system improves efficiency. He also explains the possible limitations of using such a system. Advantages of computerised AIS Disadvantages of computerised AIS




Auditor explains how their audit process is affected / improved by the new system. Advantages of computerised AIS Disadvantages of computerised AIS

Auditor



Shareholder/Owner explains how the new system brings improvements / drawbacks to the company.

Advantages of computerised AIS Disadvantages of computerised AIS

Shareholder / Owner



Customer explains if the new system has any improvement / drawback on their relationship with the company. Advantages of computerised AIS Disadvantages of computerised AIS

Customer



Employee explains how the system improves / affects their work. Advantages of computerised AIS Disadvantages of computerised AIS

Employee



Activity 2 – Open Forum Discussion

Group Discussion:

Solutions to minimise implementation impacts of computerised AIS. Director calls a meeting to discuss solutions to minimise the implementation impacts of the computerised AIS. The main areas of impact are:

Company work flow System breakdown Data leakage Potential Unemployment Costs

Students form 5 groups to discuss and propose solutions to minimise the impact. Based on your particular role you will vote on agreeing or not with the solutions. Students can refer to p.8 for discussion.



Group Discussion Disadvantages Suggested Solutions

Work flow is controlled by the system.

System breakdowns will affect company operations.

Hackers may try to break into the system and steal valuable information.

Employees may be fired due to a lack of necessary technology skills.

Additional financial support is required to install and maintain the system.

Special skills are required to operate the system.



Activity 3 – Role Play

Meeting : Selection of Implementation Method

After the first meeting, Olympics Limited decides to adopt a computerised accounting information system (AIS) to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of accounting. There are three ways to acquire the system:

1. Buy an AIS Quotation of $700,000 is received from Super Systems Limited,

a supplier of popular accounting software. Setup is immediate.

2. Develop an AIS in-house The company Information Technology (IT) manager advised that

the AIS could be developed in-house at $1,000,000. Setup will take approximately 3 months.

3. Outsourcing

All accounting data processing activities could be handled by an outside firm, Professional Limited, for a monthly fee of $50,000 for 5 years.

Director calls a meeting to select an implementation method for Olympics Limited with the following participants: 1. Manager of Super Systems Limited 2. Manager of IT Department 3. Manager of Professional Limited



Quotation of $700,000 is received from Super Systems Limited, a supplier of popular accounting software. Setup is immediate. The manager tries to convince the Director to buy the AIS by emphasising the advantages and the disadvantages of the other 2 methods. (Hint: Cost, time, control, user requirements, staff competence etc.)

Advantages of buying the AIS Disadvantages of developing the AIS in-house Disadvantages of outsourcing

Manager of Super Systems Limited



The Information Technology (IT) manager advises that the AIS could be developed in-house at $1,000,000 within 3 months. The manager tries to convince the Director to develop the AIS by emphasising the advantages of developing it in-house and the disadvantages of the other 2 methods. (Hint: Cost, time, control, user requirements, staff competence etc.)

Advantages of developing the AIS in-house Disadvantages of buying the AIS Disadvantages of outsourcing

Manager of IT Department



All accounting data processing activities could be handled by outsourcing to Professional Limited at $50,000/month for 5 years. The manager tries to convince the Director to outsource by emphasising the advantages / disadvantages of outsourcing compared to the other 2 methods. (Hint: Cost, time, control, user requirements, staff competence etc.)

Advantages of outsourcing

Disadvantages of developing the AIS in-house Disadvantages of buying the AIS

Manager of Professional Limited



The Director (teacher) invites the 3 managers to present their proposals and then guides the discussion. After presenting their proposals, the managers are allowed to challenge other proposals by emphasising the disadvantages. In conducting the meeting, the Director should fill in the mark sheet based on relevant points made by managers and their presentation skills. At the end of the meeting, the Director would be convinced by the manager with the highest marks and select their proposal as the implementation method.

Director



Activity 4 – Group Discussion

After the Lesson 2 meeting, Olympics Limited has implemented a computerised accounting information system (AIS) to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the accounting work.

The AIS generated the company’s financial statements and the following ratios:

Ratios Current

Year Previous

Year 1 Gross Profit Ratio 19.8% 22.7% 2 Net Profit Ratio 12.9% 15.6% 3 Current Ratio 1.62 1.92 4 Quick Ratio 0.42 0.72 5 Sales to capital employed 1.58 1.63

Notes: Gross profit ratio: Gross profit / Sales Net profit ratio: Net profit / Sales Current ratio: Current assets / Current liabilities Quick ratio: (Current assets – Inventory) / Current liabilities Sales to capital employed: Sales / Capital employed



Based on the above ratios, comment on the company’s performance:

Profitability

Liquidity

Efficiency



Activity 5 – Decision-making Game To improve the profitability and liquidity of the company, managers are required to make two decisions. Two managers of Olympics Limited have different decision-making approach: Mr. Risky makes decisions WITHOUT the AIS reports and analysis but by experience.

Ms Prudent makes decisions WITH the AIS reports and analysis.

Decision 1:

Olympics Limited will purchase a machine at $100,000 for upgrading the product quality. The purchase will be financed by a bank loan. According to the cash flow budget, the company has surplus cash $1,400 available per month for loan repayment. The following four proposals were received from banks:

Bank A Offer a 7-year loan at an annual interest rate of 7% Bank B Offer an 8-year loan at an annual interest rate of 8% Bank C Offer a 9-year loan at an annual interest rate of 9% Bank D Offer a 10-year loan at an annual interest rate of 10% Which one is the best proposal?




Decision 2:

Olympics Limited would like to make investments through a fund manager. Assuming that the annual interest rate for the coming 6 years is 8%, the following four investment plans were received from the fund manager.

Plan A The investment requires an initial outlay of $300,000 at the beginning of first year. The expected returns at the beginning of second year to sixth year are $95,000.

Plan B The investment requires an initial outlay of $400,000 at the beginning of first year. The expected returns at the beginning of second year to sixth year are $120,000.

Plan C The investment requires an initial outlay of $500,000 at the beginning of first year. The expected returns at the beginning of second year to sixth year are $150,000.

Plan D The investment requires an initial outlay of $600,000 at the beginning of first year. The expected returns at the beginning of second year to sixth year are $175,000.

Which one is the best investment plan?


a05-ict application overview eng -final

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