a.a b.b c.c d.d section 1-polling questionsection 1-polling question which of the following do you...
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Essential QuestionEssential Question W h a t w e r e t h e p r e c e d e n t s t h a t W a s h i n g t o n e s t a b l i s h e d a s t h e f i r s t p r e s i d e n t o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s ?TRANSCRIPT
A. AB. BC. CD. D
Which of the following do you think is the most important of the Bill of Rights?
A. Freedom of speech
B. The right to a fair trial
C. The right to keep and bear arms
D. Protection from unreasonable search and seizure
A B C D
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Chapter 8 A New Nation (1789-1800)
Section 1 The First President
What were the precedents that Washington established as the first president of the United States?
George Washington• Became the first president of the
United States on April 30, 1789• (Several others served as
president under the Articles of Confederation)
• John Adams became Vice President
• Washington knew that the precedentsprecedents he established would shape the future of the United States
• Washington created departments• Set up the court system• Added a Bill of Rights to the
Constitution
The First Cabinet• Washington chose prominent
figures to head departments• State Department- Handled
relations with other nations (Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson)
• Department of the Treasury- Handled financial matters (Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton)
• Department of War- Handled the nation’s defense (Henry Knox)
• Edmund Randolph became attorney general- Handled the government’s legal affairs
• Office of postmaster general was also established
• The three department heads and the attorney general became known as the cabinetcabinet
• The president has the power to dismiss cabinet members
A. AB. BC. CD. D
A B C D
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Which of the following is NOT a branch of the US Government?
A. The Executive branch
B. The Judicial branch
C. The Military branch
D. The Legislative branch
The Judiciary Act of 1789• Congress had to decide how
to set up the judicial system• Some wanted a uniformuniform
national legal system and some favored state courts
• The two groups compromised in the Judiciary Act of 1789
• Congress established a federal court system with the power to reverse state decisions
• The Supreme Court would be the supreme authority- John Jay was chosen as chief justice
The Bill of Rights• Many people insisted that the
Constitution include guarantees of civil liberties
• Some states supported the Constitution on the condition that a bill of rights would be added in the near future
• Congress passed 12 amendments and the states ratified 10 of them
• December 1791- The 10 amendments became the Bill of Bill of RightsRights
• The Bill of Rights limits the powers of government
• Protects individual rights (speech, press, trial by jury…)
• 10th amendment- Madison hoped to use the states as an important line of defense against a too powerful government
The New Country’s Economy• Washington left the
economic policies to his secretary of the treasury, Alexander Hamilton
• Hamilton had bold plans and policies to deal with the country’s finances
• The new nation faced a serious national debt… and it was growing
• Hamilton tried to find a way to improve the government’s financial reputation and strengthen the nation at the same time
Hamilton’s Financial Plan
• 1. Pay off war Debt
• 2. Raise revenue by tariffstariffs
• 3. Create a national bank
A. AB. BC. CD. D
A B C D
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Which of the following is not a part of Alexander Hamilton’s plan for strengthening the nation’s economy? A. Repaying debt to
foreign countries
B. Establishing a national bank
C. Collecting national taxes
D. Issuing bonds to American citizens
Opposition to the Plan• Those that bought bondsbonds
during the American Revolution- Many people sold them for lesser value
• The new bond owners would be paid off at original value
• Southern states objected because they accumulatedaccumulated much less debt than the Northern states
• Hamilton worked out a compromise with the South- If they paid off the debt, the new capital would be in the South
• Washington D.C. was now in planning
The Fight Over the Bank• Hamilton asked
Congress to create a national bank- The Bank of the United States
• Madison and Jefferson opposed a national bank saying it would benefit the wealthy and it was unconstitutional
• Hamilton argued that Congress had the power to do so
• Washington agreed, and a national bank was created
Tariffs and Taxes• Hamilton proposes a
tarifftariff to protect American industries from foreign competition
• A tax on imports• The South opposed,
but Hamilton won support in Congress
• A tax on whiskey distilled in the United States was also added
What were the precedents that Washington established as the first president of the United States?
Washington started the tradition of the Inaugural Address, two terms in office, the creation of the cabinet, and a foreign policy of neutrality.
Chapter 8 Section 1 Quiz
The nation's first vice president was
Geo
rge W
ashin
gton.
John A
dams.
Samuel
Adams.
Benjam
in Fran
klin.
25% 25%25%25%A. George Washington.
B. John Adams.C. Samuel Adams.D. Benjamin
Franklin.
One of the liberties guaranteed in the Bill of Rights is
the r
ight to
ban th
e p...
the r
ight to
refus
e tax
es.
freed
om of s
peech
.
the r
ight to
own a hom
e.
25% 25%25%25%A. the right to ban the press.
B. the right to refuse taxes.
C. freedom of speech.D. the right to own a
home.
The first chief justice of the United States was
John A
dams.
Alexan
der Ham
ilton.
Geo
rge W
ashin
gton.
John Ja
y.
25% 25%25%25%A. John Adams.B. Alexander
Hamilton.C. George
Washington.D. John Jay.
The Judiciary Act of 1789 established what kind of legal system?
congres
siona
l law
inter
national
court
s...
fede
ral co
urt sys
tem
stac
k cou
rt sy
stem
25% 25%25%25%A. congressional lawB. international court
systemC. federal court
systemD. stack court
system
To help build a strong national economy, Hamilton asked Congress to create
a nati
onal ban
k.
the s
tock m
arket.
trade t
ariffs
.
Was
hington, D
.C.
25% 25%25%25%A. a national bank.B. the stock market.C. trade tariffs.D. Washington, D.C.
A. AB. BC. C
Do you think it is right for the U.S. government to use force to keep order?
A. Yes, always
B. Yes, under certain circumstances
C. No, never
Chapter 8 The Federalist Era 1789-1800
Section 2 Early Challenges
What challenges did the United States face during Washington’s administration?
The Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion• Part of Hamilton’s
financial plan was a tax on whiskey
• 1794• Tax on whiskey
angered frontier farmers• Farmers also had
trouble taking their crops to market because of bad roads
• They decided to make their grain into whiskey
More of the Whiskey Rebellion• Whiskey would be
easier to carry• They often used
whiskey like money to buy salt, sugar, nails, and ammunition
• Did not have money to pay taxes
• The whiskey tax seemed as unfair as British taxes had been
• Some feared more taxes would follow
Results of the Whiskey Rebellion• Farmers in western
Pennsylvania refused to pay the tax
• Farmers took up arms and chased away the tax collectors
• Hamilton convinced Washington that troops should be sent to put down the rebellion
• 13,000 soldiers went into western Pennsylvania
• The rebels fled before a fight
• Showed that the National Government had the power and will to enforce laws
Struggle Over the West• Washington worried
about European ambitions for the Northwest Territory
• Washington signed treaties with the Indians
• He hoped that this would lessen the influence of the British and Spanish on them
• American settlers ignored the treaties and moved onto Indian land
• Fighting soon broke out
Washington Sends an Army• Washington sends in
General Arthur St. Clair• He was to restore order
in the Northwest Territory
• November 1791, St. Clair’s forces were defeated by Little Turtle, chief of the Miami people
• More than 600 American soldiers died in the battle by the Wabash River
Alliance With France?• Many believed an
alliance with France would help them defeat the British, Spanish, and Indians in the West
• The possibility of French involvement prompted Britain to take action in the West
• The British urged Indians to destroy American settlements west of the Appalachians
• The British began building a new fort in Ohio
More Fighting• The Native Americans
demanded that all settlers north of the Ohio River leave the territory
• Washington sent another army under Anthony Wayne
• 2,000 Indian troops planned to ambush Wayne’s smaller force
• Wayne’s troops moved closer to Fort Miami
The Battle of Fallen Timbers• Wayne knew that it
was an Indian custom not to eat before battle
• The warriors waited three days for Wayne’s force
• Grew weaker and hungrier
• Wayne soundly defeated the Indians at the Battle of Battle of Fallen TimbersFallen Timbers
After the Battle of Fallen Timbers• Indians fled to Fort Miami• British closed the gate on
them• British would not help them• Battle of Fallen Timbers
crushed the Indians’ hope of keeping their land
• Indians signed the Treaty of Treaty of GreenvilleGreenville-- agreeing to surrender their homelands in what is now Ohio
Problems with Europe• Many Americans cheered
the French Revolution, but it soon grew bloody
• France and Britain went to war and Washington hoped to maintain neutralityneutrality
• The French sent diplomat Edmund Genet to recruit American volunteers
• Washington then issued a Proclamation of Neutrality
• French and British warships were also barred from American ports
The British Fight Back• British warships captured
American ships that traded with France
• The British forced American sailors to join the British navy (impressmentimpressment)
• Washington sent John Jay to negotiate peace with Britain, and Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty was signed
• Britain agreed to leave American soil
• It said nothing about the impressment or British interference in trade
A. AB. BC. CD. D
Jay’s Treaty was an agreement with what country?
A. Spain
B. France
C. Britain
D. Russia
Treaty With Spain• Spain feared the US and
Britain would work together against them in North America
• Thomas Pickney was sent to Spain to settle the differences
• 1795- Pickney’s TreatyPickney’s Treaty gave the Americans free navigation of the Mississippi River and the right to trade at New Orleans
Washington’s Farewell• After two terms• In his farewell he
attacked political parties• Also attacked the
involvement in foreign affairs
• “Observe good faith and justice toward all nations…”
• “It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances”
• These words influenced the nation’s foreign policy for more than 100 years
• What challenges did the United States face during Washington’s administration?
1. Whiskey Rebellion2. Securing the Trans-Appalachian West3. French Revolution
What challenges did the United States face during Washington’s administration?
Chapter 8 Section 2 Quiz
During the Whiskey Rebellion, farmers peacefully protested a special tax.
A. TrueB. False
Washington served three terms as president.
A. TrueB. False
Alexander Hamilton's taxes led to rebellion in
A. the Oregon country.
B. western Pennsylvania.
C. Virginia.D. Boston.
French and British warships were barred from American ports by the
A. Declaration of War.
B. Treaty of Britain.C. Treaty of Paris.D. Proclamation of
Neutrality.
What did George Washington consider a grave danger to the new nation?
A. settlers moving west
B. national taxesC. growth of political
partiesD. France's influence
Chapter 8 The Federalist Era (1789-1800)
Section 3 The First Political Parties
A. AB. BC. CD. D
What do you think is the most important principle of Jefferson’s Republican party? A. Strong emphasis on
states’ rights
B. Accessibility of politics to the average citizen
C. Strict interpretation of the Constitution
D. Protection of civil liberties
How did the Federalist and Republican Parties form, and on what issues did they disagree?
Opposing Views• Even President
Washington was not liked by everyone
• Many of those were supporters of Thomas Jefferson
• Political Parties began to form
• People disagreed with each other, even in Washington’s cabinet (Hamilton and Jefferson)
• Even Washington was partisanpartisan (Favored one side of an issue)
• Washington usually favored Hamilton
Political Parties Emerge• Similar differences
existed in Congress• Two distinct political
parties formed• Federalists- supported
the policies of Washington’s administration
• Democratic-Republicans (Republicans)
A. AB. BC. CD. D
Which of the following was NOT a United States political party?
A. Democrats
B. Revisionists
C. Republicans
D. Federalists
Federalists• Stood for a strong federal
government• Favored banking and shipping
interests• Support in the Northeast and
wealthy plantation owners of the South
• 1791- Philip Freneau wrote the National Gazette that turned public opinion against the Federalist
• (Jefferson, Secretary of State, helped it get started)
• Jefferson and Madison later organized people who disagreed with Hamilton
• Were called the Democratic-Republicans
Democratic-Republicans• “Republicans” wanted to
limit the government’s power
• Feared a strong federal government would endanger people’s liberties
• Appealed to small farmers and urban workers
• Support in the Middle Atlantic states and the South
Views of the Constitution• Hamilton’s view (Fed.)- federal
government had implied implied powers powers (Loose Construction)
• Powers not expressly forbidden in the constitution
• Hamilton used this idea to justify a national bank
• Jefferson and Madison (D-R)- disagreed and said there is a strict construction of the Constitution
• They believed implied powers are “absolutely necessary” to carry out the expressed powers
The People’s Role• Federalists supported
representative government• Public office should be held by
honest and educated men• Ordinary people were too likely to
be swayed• Republicans feared a strong
central government• Washington tried to get his two
advisors (Hamilton and Jefferson) to work out their differences
• They didn’t and Jefferson resigned as Secretary of State
• Later Hamilton resigned as Secretary of the Treasury
Election of 1796• Federalists and Republicans
held meetings called caucuses
• Members of Congress and other leaders chose their parties’ candidates for office
• Federalists chose John Adams for President and Charles Pickney as VP
• Republicans chose Thomas Jefferson for President and Aaron Burr as VP
• The electoral college votes- • Adams 71, Jefferson 68• A Federalist president and a
Republican VP
President Adams Problems
• 1. The XYZ Affair• 2. Alien and
Sedition Acts• 3. Domestic and
Foreign Affairs
XYZ Affair• The French started to seize
American ships that carried cargo to the British
• Fall of 1797- Adams sent delegates to Paris to try to resolveresolve the dispute
• The French foreign minister, Charles de Talleyrand refused to meet with the delegates
• Instead he sent three agents (X,Y, and Z) who demanded a bribe and a loan for France
• The Americans replied “not a sixpence” and sent a report to Adams
• Adams said he would rather pay for a war and told Congress to prepare for war
• This became known as the XYZ Affair
Alien and Sedition Acts• Public anger rose against France,
Americans became suspicious of aliensaliens
• Immigrants living in the country who were not citizens
• Many Europeans who came to the US in the 1790s supported ideals of the French Revolution
• Some people questioned if aliens would remain loyal if the US went to war with France
• Federalists responded with strict laws to protect the nation’s security
• The Alien and Sedition ActsThe Alien and Sedition Acts• Sedition-Sedition- Activities aimed at
weakening the established government• Alien Act allowed the president to
imprison aliens, or send those considered dangerous out of the country
Domestic and Foreign Affairs• Republicans responded to the Alien
and Sedition Acts by standing up against what they regarded as Federalist tyranny
• Madison and Jefferson wrote protests that called the Virginia Virginia and Kentucky Resolutionsand Kentucky Resolutions
• Said that the A&S Acts violated the Constitution
• So the A&S Acts could not be put into action
• The Kentucky Resolution suggested that states might nullifynullify federal laws considered unconstitutional
A. AB. BC. CD. D
Which of the following is true of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions? A. They were drafted by
Federalists opposing Republican uses of federal power.
B. They claimed that the Alien and Sedition Acts violated the constitution.
C. They distributed land to settlers in Virginia and Kentucky.
D. They rejected the principle of state’s rights.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions• Supported the principle
of states’ rights• This states that the
powers of the federal government should be limited to those clearly assigned in the Constitution
• States should have all other powers not expressly forbidden to them
• The issue of states’ rights would remain an important issue
Adams’ Decision• To help them
politically, Federalists urged Adams to declare war on France
• Adams didn’t, instead appointed a new commission to seek peace with France
• 1800- France agreed to a treaty
• This hurt Adams chance of reelection
• Hamilton and his supporters now opposed the president
How did the Federalist and Republican Parties form, and on what issues did they disagree?
Federalists- Strong federal government, limit ordinary people’s role in governmentRepublicans- Limit federal government, protect individuals’ and states’ rights
Chapter 8 Section 3 Quiz
Which political party stood for a strong federal government?
A. FederalistB. AntifederalistC. Democratic-
RepublicanD. Democratic
Which party feared that a strong central government would endanger people's
liberties?A. FederalistB. AntifederalistC. RepublicanD. Democratic
The second president of the United States was
A. Thomas Jefferson.
B. Aaron Burr.C. John Adams.D. Charles Pinckney.
Which of the following proposed a challenge to the constitutional authority of the national
government?A. political partiesB. peace with FranceC. Sedition ActD. Virginia and
Kentucky Resolutions
What divided the Federalists and hurt John Adams's chance for reelection?
A. states' rightsB. treaty with FranceC. Neutrality ActD. war with France